8

(Second order circuit)

8.1

(RLC Circuit) RLC (Differential
equation) (Order)
(Second order circuit)
RLC
(Source free) (Natural
response)

8.2
RLC 8.1

iC

iL(0)

iR
V

ref

8.1 RLC

KCL
v 1
dv
vdt iL (t0 ) C
0
R L
dt

(8.1)

v(t)

C

d 2v 1 dv v

0
dt 2 R dt L

(8.2)



(8.2)
v Ae st

(8.3)

dv
d 2v
sAe st
s 2 Ae st
dt
dt 2

(8.3) (8.2)
Ae st (Cs 2

(8.4)

1
1
s )0
R
L

1
1
1
4C
R
R
L
s
2C

(8.5)

1
1 1
s

2 RC
2 RC LC

(8.6)

(8.6) 2 (8.3)
2

v(t ) A1es1t A2es2t

(8.7)

A1 A2
(Resonant frequency)
0

1
LC

(8.8)

 (Neper frequency)
(Exponential damping coefficient)

(8.9)

1
2RC

(Steady state) (8.7) s1 s2 s 1 Hz

s1 2 02

(8.10)

s2
2

2
0

8.3
(8.7)
s1 s2 A1 A2


v(0) A1 A2

(8.11)

v
dv(0)
A1s1 A2 s2
dt

(8.12)

(8.11) (8.12) A1 A2 (8.10)

2 02 0
2 02 0
2 02 0
1 RLC (Over-damped RLC circuit)

 8.2 t=0 s
150 V

1
300

150V
t=0
iR

iL

5 mH

iC

200

20F

8.2 Overdamped RLC

1
5 103 20 109

100, 000 Hz

1
125, 000 Hz
2 200 20 109
0 Overdamped

s1 , s2 125,000 75,000 50,000 and -200,000 Hz

vc (t ) A1e50000t A2e200000t ------------(a)

300

150V

iL(0 )
200

+
vc(0-)
-

iL 0 150 0.3 A
500

vc (0

) 0.3 200 60 V

(a)

60 A1 A2

------------(b)

A1 A2

dvc
dt

dvc 1
1
iC iL iR
------------(c)
dt C
C
iL 0 iL 0 0.3 A

8.2 t=0+ s

t=0+ s
0.3 A
iR = 0.3 A (c)

dvc
dt

0 50, 000 A1 200, 000 A2

A1 4 A2 0

------------(d)

t 0

(b) (d)

A2 20
V t 0

A1 80

vc (t ) 80e50000t 20e200000t

70
60
Voltage (V)

50
40
30
20
10
0

Time (s)

2 RLC (Under-damped RLC circuit)

2 02 (8.10)
(Damped radian frequency)
d 02 2

(8.7)

(8.13)

v(t ) A1e t e jd t A2e t e jd t

=e
A A2 cos d t j A1 A2 sin d t
1
B1
B2

t
=e B1 cos d t B2 sin d t
t

(8.14)

B1 B2 A1 A2
2
(Initial conditions)
v(0) 0 V i(0) 10 A v(t )

10.5

7H

1
F
42

ref

2 Hz 0 6 Hz 2 02
(Under-damped) d 6 4 2 Hz
v(t ) e2t B1 cos 2t B2 sin 2t V
v(0) 0 V B1 0
B2
ic (0) dv 0 2t

e cos
C

2t 2 sin 2t e2t 2

t 0
dt
10
B2 2 B2 210 2
1 42

v(t ) 210

2e2t sin 2t V

 3 RLC (Critically damped RLC circuit)

2 02 (8.10)

(8.15)

v(t ) e t ( At
1 A2 )

3
(Initial conditions)
v(0) 0 V i(0) 10 A v(t )

7 6

7H

1
F
42

ref

6 Hz 0 6 Hz 2 02
(Critically-damped)
v(t ) e 6t At1 A2 V
v(0) 0 V A2 0
A2

ic (0) dv 0

A1 e 6t te 6t 6

t 0
C
dt
10
A1 A1 420
1 42

v(t ) 420te

6t

70
60

Voltage (V)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
Time (s)

8.3
xC ( )
(8.7) (8.14) (8.15)

8.3

(Oscillatory damping)
e t

8.4 RLC
RLC 8.4

L

(8.16)

d 2i
di i
R 0
2
dt
dt C

(8.2)
L

+
vc(0)
-

8.4 RLC

s di (8.16)
dt

R
R 1
s

2L
2 L LC

(8.17)

(8.10) RLC
RLC

R
2L

(8.18)

RLC
3

 8.1 RLC

Over-damp
Criticallydamp

2 02

xc (t ) A1es1t A2es2t

2 02

xc (t ) e t ( At
1 A2 )

Under-damp

2 02

xc

xc (t ) e

v(t )

i (t )

( B1 cos d t B2 sin d t )

02 2

8.5 (Complete response)

(
) (Forced response)
4
0- 0+
+ vR 30
4u (t )

+
vL
-

iR
3H
iL

+
vc
-

1
F
27
iC

5A

0- 4u(t) 5 A


vL (0) 0 V iL (0) 5 A
vC (0) 30 5 150 V
iC (0) 0 A
vR (0) 150 V iR (0) 5 A 5 A

0+ 4u(t)

iL (0) iL (0) 5 A

vC (0) vC (0) 150 V

4 A 5 A
iR (0) 4 5 1 A vR (0) 1 30 30 V
KCL iC (0) iR (0) 5 4 A
KVL
vL (0) vR (0) vC (0) 30 150 120 V

5
4 vc (t ) t

t

vc (t ) vc, f vc,n (t )

t vc, f

150 V

R
30

5 Hz
2L 2 3
1
1
0

3 Hz
LC
1
3
27

Over-damped s1 , s2 1, 9

vc (t ) 150 Aet Be9t

A B
t=0+ s vC (0) 150 A B 150 --------------(a)
A B 0

dvC
dt

A 9 B 108

--------------(b)

(a) (b) A= 13.5 V/s B= -13.5 V/s

vc (t ) 150 13.5et 13.5e9t V

160

Capacitor voltage (V)

159
158
157
156
155
154
153
152
151
150
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
Time (s)