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    23-28 Quesos PDF

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    Jaime Ccorimanya Condori

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    a ISSN: 1815-8846 © Medwell Journals, 2009 ESE Research Journal of Biological Seienoes 4 (1): 23-28, 2009 Effects of Processing Factors on Biogenic Amines Production in Iranian White Brine Cheese “lavad Aliakbarlu, °Mohamad Alizadeh, 'Seyed Mehdi Razavi-Rohani, *Zakaria Vahabzade,‘Seyed Siavash Saei and "Naser Agh "Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran “Department of Food Seiences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, ‘Urmia University, Urmia, fran Artemia and Aquatic Animal Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran “Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre Kord University, Shahre Kord, Iran Abstract: Simultaneous effects of processing factors such as ripening time (20-60 days), ripening temperature (5-10°C) level of rennet added (1-2 g/100 kg mill), brine concentration (12-16% w v~), type of brine (NaC, 25% Kel + 75% NaCl) and level of starter (1, 3%) on biogenic amines formation in Iranian white brine cheese were investigated. Four biogenic amines ic, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and putreseine were determined by HPLC. The main biogenic amine was cadaverine, whose contents were higher than other amines. Among these studied factors, ripening time, ripening temperature and brine concentration were the most important factors Biogenie amines inereased with increasing time and temperature of ripening, while brine concentration had negative effect on biogenic amines content. Key words: Bi zenic amines, white brine cheese, HPLC INTRODUCTION Biogenic amines are low molecular weight organic bases that possess biological activity. Biogenic amines are mainly generated by the enzymatic decarboxylation of amino acids by microorganism. The amino-producing abilities of various baetera differ widely. The production of biogenic amines in cheese has offen been linked to nonstarter lactic acid bacteria like Enievobacteriaceae (Novella-Rodkiguez et al, 2002; Valsamaki ef af, 2000, Holasz etal, 1994) ‘The presence and accumulation of biogenic amines depend on many factors such as availablity of free amino acids (level of proteolysis), pH, water activity, sat- insmoisture level, temperature, bacterial density and synergistic effect between microorganisms (Gardin e al 2001; Stratton ef al, 1991) and primarily the presence of microorganisms that bave amino acid decarboxylase activity such as lactobacilli, enterooveei, micrococes and many strains of Enferobacteriaceae (Suzzi and Cardi, 2003; Galgano er al., 2001; Joosten and Northolt, 1989; Edwards and Sandine, 1981). ‘These compounds, auch a2 tyramine, histamine, pputreseine, cadaverine, tyyptamin and 2-phenyle cethylamine, have been found in several types of cheese (Santose, 1996). Cheese represent an ideal environment for production of biogenic amines but amine concentration differs widely and depends om several factors as cheese variety, storage temperature, ripening time and microflora Joosten, 1988, Vale and Gloria, 1997). ‘The presence of biogenic amines can cause several problems for susceptible consumers, such as nausea, respiratory disorders, hot flushes, sweating, heart palpation, headache, bright red rash, oral buming, hypo or hypertension, whose intensity is depend on quantitative and qualitative differences (Stratton et al., 1991). After fish, cheese is the next most commonly implicated food item associated with histamine intoxication (Stratton et af, 1991), Besides histamine, tyramine has been implicated in adverse reactions involving headache and liypertensive crisis in Potients taking MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) (Smith and Durack, 1978). Patreseine, eadaverine and agmatine have been identified as potentiators. that enhance the toxicity of histamine to Iumans by depressing histamine oxidation (Taylor, 1986). Furthermore, putrescine and cadaverine can react with nites to form carcinogenic nitrosamines (Scanlan, 1983) Corresponding Author: Javad Aliakbariu, Department of Food Urmia, iran 23 Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unmia University, Res, J Biol Sei, ‘White brined cheese is one of the major items in the diet in Iran and the consumption per eapita per annum is about 5.4 kg, At the industrial level, the ripening time is about 45-90 days (Azamia ef al, 1997). White brined cheese, like other types of ripened cheese, requires maturation to develop the required sensory properties. In warm climates it is necessary to preserve cheeses in brine. The specific characteristics of brine cheese develop in the salted water and chemical, physical and sensorial properties of this type of cheese are controlled by processing and environmental conditions {Abd El-Salam, 1987; Abou-Donia, 1991). ‘The objective of the present study, was to determine the contents of biogenic amines in Trenian white brine cheese, as well as to evaluate effects of various processing factors on the formation of these compounds, MATERIALS AND METHODS ‘Cheese making: The brine cheese was manufactured for this research according to the method used in Iranian cheese making plants, White brined cheese was prepared from cows’ milk The milk was standardized to a fat content of 2.6%, pasteurized at 72°C for 15 see and cooled to 32-35°C. CaCl, was added at alevel of 15 g/100 kg of milk followed by the addition of two different starter concentrations (1 and 3%) 30 min before renneting, 4(Dt 23-28, 2009 Cultures of Streprococens salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were uused as starter (Hansen's Laboratory, Denmark) Commercial powdered microbial rennet (Meito, Sangyo Co, Japan) with milk cloting activity of 1g 100 kg of milk was added at 2 level of experiment (1 and 2 g. 100 kg~ milk) to coagulate milk samples. Following cccagulation, the curds were eut and then stirred, The curds were pressed by using weights for 2h (15 kg. weights 30 kg” final curd), The eurds were then cut to a suitable shape and size and soaked in sterile brine (22% wv" for 16h, The curd pieces were then placed in tins; brines with 2 different concentrations (12 and 16%, w v~)) and two types (NaCl and 259% Kel + 75% NaCl were added to cover the curds completely and to fill tins, The filled tins were sealed immediately after brining. The sealed tins were stored at 2 different ripening temperatures (5 and 10°C) for 2 different ripening, times (20 and 60 days) Experimental design and statistical analysis: Six processing factors were stuslied simultancously using a factorial splitplot design (Table 1). In splitplot designs there is restriction on randomization and these design Iypes are more effective when there are some hard to change factors (Montgomery, 2001). In our study, 2 of 6 factors (starter and rennet concentrations), were selected “Table: Elrod so esate fist of posse arsles ongeneation rv" 26) concentration he) Cencetaicn 98) Tine) _Tempersue CC) _ ine pe WaCI-KEI Nach RCI dal dacl Nach KCI Mach RCI wacl dacl dal macl-Kel dct dc KCI Nucl Nach KCI dal NachKel NachRCI deci NachKel dct dacl-KCI Niel dachKCI $ racl 5 machKel duct ‘ wicl 5 Nach KCI : yal WchKCI Nucl Macl-KeL 16 2 6 16 2 16 16 a 16 SeyyVSzsyySsySSsSyBsVBsSsyseysy Res, J. Biol Soi, 4 (Dt as hard to change factors and we made only & vat of cheese and the eurd of each vat was randomly divided to 4 parts and other 4 studied factors were applied to these parts, A completely randomized design would require 32 vats of cheese, which was completely unrealistic compared to 8 vats in spit-plot design, Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using the SAS system for windows V9 (SAS institute Ine, Cary, NC, USA). Biogenic amines determination Instruments: The chromatographio system consisted of| a Wellcnom HPLC pump, K-1001 (KNAVER Germany),

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