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Thermo 5th Chap10 P001
Thermo 5th Chap10 P001
Chapter 10
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES
Carnot Vapor Cycle
10-1C Because excessive moisture in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades. The highest moisture
content allowed is about 10%.
10-2C The Carnot cycle is not a realistic model for steam power plants because (1) limiting the heat
transfer processes to two-phase systems to maintain isothermal conditions severely limits the maximum
temperature that can be used in the cycle, (2) the turbine will have to handle steam with a high moisture
content which causes erosion, and (3) it is not practical to design a compressor that will handle two phases.
10-3E A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the quality at the end of the heat rejection process, and the net work output are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We note that
TH = Tsat @180 psia = 373.1F = 833.1 R
TL = Tsat @14.7 psia = 212.0F = 672.0 R
and
th,C = 1
TL
672.0 R
= 1
= 19.3%
TH
833.1 R
1 180 psia 2
qin
s4 s f
s fg
0.53274 0.31215
= 0.153
1.44441
14.7 psia
4
(c) The enthalpies before and after the heat addition process are
h1 = h f @ 180 psia = 346.14 Btu/lbm
Thus,
q in = h2 h1 = 1112.2 346.14 = 766.0 Btu/lbm
and,
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10-2
10-4 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 20 kPa = 60.06C = 333.1 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
th,C = 1
TL
333.1 K
= 1
= 0.3632 = 36.3%
523 K
TH
250C
qin
Thus,
q out
20 kPa
333.1 K
T
(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 1092.3 kJ/kg
= q L = L q in =
TH
523 K
qout
3
s
10-5 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 10 kPa = 45.81C = 318.8 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
th, C = 1
TL
318.8 K
=1
= 39.04%
TH
523 K
250C
qin
Thus,
q out
318.8 K
T
(1715.3 kJ/kg ) = 1045.6 kJ/kg
= q L = L q in =
TH
523 K
10 kPa
4
qout
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10-3
10-6 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the pressure at the turbine inlet, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from
th, C = 1
TL
60 + 273 K
= 1
= 46.5%
TH
350 + 273 K
350C
60C
T2 = 350C
(c) The net work can be determined by calculating the enclosed area on the T-s diagram,
s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.8313 + (0.1)(7.0769) = 1.5390 kJ/kg K
Thus,
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10-4
10-15 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the net power output of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 50 kPa = 340.54 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.001030 m 3 /kg (3000 50 ) kPa
1 kPa m 3
= 3.04 kJ/kg
3 MPa
qin
50 kPa
qout
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 340.54 + (0.8382)(2304.7 )
= 2272.3 kJ/kg
Thus,
q in = h3 h2 = 2994.3 343.58 = 2650.7 kJ/kg
q out = h4 h1 = 2272.3 340.54 = 1931.8 kJ/kg
wnet = q in q out = 2650.7 1931.8 = 718.9 kJ/kg
and
th = 1
(b)
q out
1931.8
= 1
= 27.1%
q in
2650.7
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10-5
10-16 A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of the
steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 10.09 kJ/kg
3
10 MPa
qin
10 kPa
qout
s 4 s f 6.5995 0.6492
P4 = 10 kPa
=
= 0.7934
x4 =
s 4 = s3
s fg
7.4996
(b)
and
th =
(c)
m& =
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10-6
10-17 A steam power plant that operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of
the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m /kg (10,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 11.87 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 11.87 = 203.68 kJ/kg
3
/ (0.85)
10 MPa
qin
10 kPa
1
qout
4 4
s 4s s f
P4 s = 10 kPa
6.5995 0.6492
=
= 0.7934
x 4s =
s 4s = s3
s
7.4996
fg
T =
h3 h4
h4 = h3 T (h3 h4 s )
h3 h4 s
= 3375.1 (0.85)(3375.1 2089.7 ) = 2282.5 kJ/kg
h4 h f
2282.5 191.81
=
= 0.874
x4 =
h4 = 2282.5 kJ/kg
h fg
2392.1
P4 = 10 kPa
(b)
and
th =
(c)
m& =
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10-7
10-18E A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.
1 Btu
= 3.75 Btu/lbm
1250 psia
Qin
2 psia
Qout
4
x4 = 0.9
s3 = s 4
T3 = 1337F
(b)
(c)
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10-8
10-19E A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible.
2s
1 Btu
= 0.01623 ft 3 /lbm (1250 2 psia )
5.4039 psia ft 3
= 4.41 Btu/lbm
/ 0.85
1250 psia
Qin
2 psia
Qout
4s 4
x4 = 0.9
T3 = 900F
s 3 = 1.5826 Btu/lbm.R
x 4s =
s 4s s f
s fg
s3 s f
s fg
1.5826 0.17499
= 0.8069
1.74444
T =
Try 2:
h3 h4 1439.0 1013.6
=
= 0.8171
h3 h4 s
1439.0 918.4
s4s s f
s fg
s3 s f
s fg
1.6249 0.17499
= 0.8312
1.74444
T =
h3 h4 1498.6 1013.6
=
= 0.8734
h3 h4 s 1498.6 943.3
By linear interpolation, at T = 0.85 we obtain T3 = 958.4F. This is approximate. We can determine state 3
exactly using EES software with these results: T3 = 955.7F, h3 = 1472.5 Btu/lbm.
(b)
(c)
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10-9
10-20 A 300-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the
specified pressure limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of the coal supply are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 25 kPa = 271.96 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.00102 m 3 /kg (5000 25 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 5.07 kJ/kg
5 MPa
Qin
25 kPa
Qout
s 4 = s3
and
th = 1
Thus,
q out
2004.2
= 1
= 0.3407
3040.2
q in
m& coal = in =
C coal
29,300 kJ/kg 1000 kg
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10-10
10-21 A solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the
working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the power output of the plant are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13),
h1 = h f @ 0.7 MPa = 88.82 kJ/kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 P1 )
1 kJ
= 0.0008331 m 3 /kg (1400 700 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 0.58 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 88.82 + 0.58 = 89.40 kJ/kg
1.4 MPa
2
qin
R-134a
0.7 MPa
sat.vapor
s 3 = s g @ 1.4 MPa = 0.9105 kJ/kg K
qout
s 4 s f 0.9105 0.33230
P4 = 0.7 MPa
=
= 0.9839
x4 =
s 4 = s3
s fg
0.58763
Thus ,
q in = h3 h2 = 276.12 89.40 = 186.72 kJ/kg
q out = h4 h1 = 262.20 88.82 = 173.38 kJ/kg
wnet = q in q out = 186.72 173.38 = 13.34 kJ/kg
and
th =
(b)
wnet
13.34 kJ/kg
=
= 7.1%
q in
186.72 kJ/kg
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10-11
10-22 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the cooling
water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 P1 )
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 7.06 kJ/kg
3
2
7 MPa
qin
10 kPa
qout
s 4 = s3
Thus,
and
th =
(b)
m& =
W&net
45,000 kJ/s
=
= 36.0 kg/s
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (35.98 kg/s )(1961.8 kJ/kg ) = 70,586 kJ/s
Q& out
70,586 kJ/s
Tcooling water =
=
= 8.4C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg C )
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10-12
10-23 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the
cooling water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 8.11 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 8.11 = 199.92 kJ/kg
/ (0.87 )
7 MPa
qin
10 kPa
1
qout
4 4
T =
Thus,
h3 h4
h4 = h3 T (h3 h4 s )
h3 h4 s
= 3411.4 (0.87 )(3411.4 2153.6) = 2317.1 kJ/kg
and
th =
(b)
m& =
W&net
45,000 kJ/s
=
= 41.43 kg/s
wnet 1086.2 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (41.43 kg/s )(2125.3 kJ/kg ) = 88,051 kJ/s
Tcooling water =
Q& out
(m& c) cooling water
88,051 kJ/s
= 10.5C
(2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg C)
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10-13
10-24 The net work outputs and the thermal efficiencies for a Carnot cycle and a simple ideal Rankine
cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Rankine cycle analysis: From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
Rankine
cycle
1 kJ
= 10.15 kJ/kg
3
2
x3 = 1
s 3 = 5.6159 kJ/kg K
s4 s f
P4 = 20 kPa
5.6159 0.8320
=
= 0.6761
x4 =
s 4 = s3
7.0752
s fg
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 251.42 + (0.6761)(2357.5)
= 1845.3 kJ/kg
th = 1
q out
1594.0
= 1
= 0.353
2463.9
q in
x3 = 1
T3 = 311.0 C
T2 = T3 = 311.0 C h2 = 1407.8 kJ/kg
x2 = 0
s 2 = 3.3603 kJ/kg K
x1 =
s1 s f
=
P1 = 20 kPa
s fg
h = h +x h
s1 = s 2
f
1 fg
1
3.3603 0.8320
= 0.3574
7.0752
Carnot
cycle
2
4
s
th = 1
q out
751.4
= 1
= 0.430
1317.7
q in
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10-14
10-25 A binary geothermal power operates on the simple Rankine cycle with isobutane as the working
fluid. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the net power output, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The specific heat of geothermal water is taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis (a) We need properties of isobutane,
which are not available in the book. However,
we can obtain the properties from EES.
Turbine:
T3 = 147C
s3 = 2.5457 kJ/kg K
h3 h4
761.54 689.74
=
= 0.788
h3 h4 s 761.54 670.40
turbine
pump
P4 = 410 kPa
h4 s = 670.40 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3
P4 = 410 kPa
h4 = 689.74 kJ/kg
T4 = 179.5C
T =
air-cooled
condenser
2
heat exchanger
Geothermal
water in
Geothermal
water out
T
(b) Pump:
h1 = h f @ 410 kPa = 273.01 kJ/kg
3.25 MPa
2s
1 kJ
/ 0.90
= 0.001842 m3 /kg (3250 410 ) kPa
1 kPa m3
= 5.81 kJ/kg
qin
410 kPa
1
qout
4s 4
W& P,in = m& (h2 h1 ) = m& wp,in = (305.6 kJ/kg)(5.81 kJ/kg) = 1777 kW
W& net = W& T,out W& P,in = 21,941 1777 = 20,165 kW
Heat Exchanger:
Q& in = m& geocgeo (Tin Tout ) = (555.9 kJ/kg)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(160 90)C = 162,656 kW
(c)
th =
W& net
20,165
=
= 0.124 = 12.4%
&
162,656
Qin
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10-15
10-26 A single-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat source. The
mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the power output from
the turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for
geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230C
h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0
h2 h f
P2 = 500 kPa
990.14 640.09
=
= 0.1661
x2 =
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
h fg
2108
3
steam
turbine
condenser
(b) Turbine:
6
x3 = 1
s 3 = 6.8207 kJ/kg K
P4 = 10 kPa
h4 s = 2160.3 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3
Flash
chamber
production
well
P4 = 10 kPa
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90)(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90
T =
separator
reinjection
well
h3 h4
2748.1 2344.7
=
= 0.686
h3 h4 s 2748.1 2160.3
(d) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25C
h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0
th =
W& T,out
15,410
=
= 0.0757 = 7.6%
&
203,622
E in
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10-16
10-27 A double-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat source. The
temperature of the steam at the exit of the second flash chamber, the power produced from the second
turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230C
h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0
P2 = 500 kPa
x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
P4 = 10 kPa
h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90
8
4
separator
2
6
P6 = 500 kPa
h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg
x6 = 0
h7 = h6
x 7 = 0.0777
steam
turbine
Flash
chamber
production
well
condenser
separator
Flash
chamber
reinjection
well
P8 = 150 kPa
h8 = 2693.1 kJ/kg
x8 = 1
(b) The mass flow rate at the lower stage of the turbine is
m& 8 = x7 m& 6 = (0.0777)(191.80 kg/s) = 14.90 kg/s
The power outputs from the high and low pressure stages of the turbine are
W&T1, out = m& 3 (h3 h4 ) = (38.20 kJ/kg)(2748.1 2344.7)kJ/kg = 15,410 kW
W&T2, out = m& 8 (h8 h4 ) = (14.90 kJ/kg)(2693.1 2344.7)kJ/kg = 5191 kW
(c) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for the dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25C
h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0
th =
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10-17
10-28 A combined flash-binary geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat
source. The mass flow rate of isobutane in the binary cycle, the net power outputs from the steam turbine
and the binary cycle, and the thermal efficiencies for the binary cycle and the combined plant are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230C
h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0
P2 = 500 kPa
x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
m& 3 = x2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s
m& 6 = m& 1 m& 3 = 230 38.20 = 191.80 kg/s
P3 = 500 kPa
h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg
x3 = 1
3
separator
P4 = 10 kPa
h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90
P6 = 500 kPa
h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg
x6 = 0
T7 = 90C
h7 = 377.04 kJ/kg
x7 = 0
condenser
isobutane
turbine
BINARY
CYCLE
pump
heat exchanger
flash
chamber
air-cooled
condenser
P9 = 400 kPa
h9 = 691.01 kJ/kg
T9 = 80C
steam
turbine
production
well
reinjection
well
3
x10 = 0
v 10 = 0.001839 m /kg
w p ,in = v10 (P11 P10 ) / p
1 kJ
/ 0.90
= 0.001819 m3 /kg (3250 400 ) kPa
1 kPa m3
= 5.82 kJ/kg.
(b) The power outputs from the steam turbine and the binary cycle are
W&T,steam = m& 3 (h3 h4 ) = (38.19 kJ/kg)(2748.1 2344.7)kJ/kg = 15,410 kW
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10-18
(c) The thermal efficiencies of the binary cycle and the combined plant are
Q& in, binary = m& iso (h8 h11 ) = (105.46 kJ/kg)(755.05 276.65)kJ/kg = 50,454 kW
th,binary =
T0 = 25C
h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0
th,plant =
T
3
7 9
II III
I
4
2
1
10
10-31C The thermal efficiency of the simple ideal Rankine cycle will probably be higher since the average
temperature at which heat is added will be higher in this case.
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10-19
10-32 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine
cycle is considered. The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
T
3
1 kJ
= 8.12 kJ/kg
8 MPa
4
2
20 kPa
1
s6 = s5
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
wT,out = (h3 h4 ) + (h5 h6 ) = 3399.5 3105.1 + 3457.2 2385.2 = 1366.4 kJ/kg
and
Thus,
th =
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10-20
10-33 EES Problem 10-32 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data entry
feature of EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and reheat on the steam quality
at the low-pressure turbine exit Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data - from diagram window"
{P[6] = 20 [kPa]
P[3] = 8000 [kPa]
T[3] = 500 [C]
P[4] = 3000 [kPa]
T[5] = 500 [C]
Eta_t = 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_p = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"}
"Pump analysis"
function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[4],P=P[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
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10-21
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])
"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in
7 00
Id e a l R a n k in e c yc le w ith re h e a t
6 00
5 00
T [C]
4 00
4
3 00
8 0 0 0 kP a
3 0 0 0 kP a
2 00
1 00
1 ,2
0
0.0
2 0 kP a
1.1
2 .2
3 .3
4.4
5 .5
6 .6
7.7
8.8
9 .9
1 1.0
s [k J /k g -K ]
SOLUTION
Eff=0.389
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
h[3]=3400 [kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385 [kJ/kg]
P[1]=20 [kPa]
P[4]=3000 [kPa]
Q_in=3493 [kJ/kg]
s[2]=0.8321 [kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K]
T[3]=500 [C]
T[6]=60.06 [C]
v[1]=0.001017 [m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968 [m^3/kg]
W_p=8.117 [kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072 [kJ/kg]
x[6]=0.9051
Eta_p=1
h[1]=251.4 [kJ/kg]
h[4]=3105 [kJ/kg]
hs[4]=3105 [kJ/kg]
P[2]=8000 [kPa]
P[5]=3000 [kPa]
Q_out=2134 [kJ/kg]
s[3]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K]
T[1]=60.06 [C]
T[4]=345.2 [C]
Ts[4]=345.2 [C]
v[2]=0.001014 [m^3/kg]
vs[6]=6.922 [m^3/kg]
W_p_s=8.117 [kJ/kg]
x6s$=''
Eta_t=1
h[2]=259.5 [kJ/kg]
h[5]=3457 [kJ/kg]
hs[6]=2385 [kJ/kg]
P[3]=8000 [kPa]
P[6]=20 [kPa]
s[1]=0.832 [kJ/kg-K]
s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s_s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
T[2]=60.4 [C]
T[5]=500 [C]
Ts[6]=60.06 [C]
v[3]=0.04177 [m^3/kg]
W_net=1359 [kJ/kg]
W_t_hp=294.8 [kJ/kg]
x[1]=0
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10-22
10-34 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 10.62 kJ/kg
/ (0.95)
10 MPa
2
4s 4
2
10 kPa
1
6 6
P4 s = 1 MPa
h4 s = 2783.8 kJ/kg
s4 s = s3
T =
h3 h4
h4 = h3 T (h3 h4 s )
h3 h4 s
= 3375.1 (0.80 )(3375.1 2783.7 ) = 2902.0 kJ/kg
s 6s = s5
T =
h5 h6
h6 = h5 T (h5 h6 s )
h5 h6 s
= 3479.1 (0.80)(3479.1 2461.2)
wT, out = (h3 h4 ) + (h5 h6 ) = 3375.1 2902.0 + 3479.1 2664.8 = 1287.4 kJ/kg
qin = (h3 h2 ) + (h5 h4 ) = 3375.1 202.43 + 3479.1 2902.0 = 3749.8 kJ/kg
wnet = wT, out wp,in = 1287.4 10.62 = 1276.8 kJ/kg
th =
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10-23
10-35 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 10.09 kJ/kg
10 MPa
4
2
10 kPa
1
P4 = 1 MPa
h4 = 2783.8 kJ/kg
s4 = s3
s6 = s5
(b)
wT, out = (h3 h4 ) + (h5 h6 ) = 3375.1 2783.7 + 3479.1 2461.2 = 1609.3 kJ/kg
qin = (h3 h2 ) + (h5 h4 ) = 3375.1 201.90 + 3479.1 2783.7 = 3868.5 kJ/kg
wnet = wT, out w p ,in = 1609.4 10.09 = 1599.3 kJ/kg
th =
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10-24
10-36E A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The pressure at
which reheating takes place, the net power output, the thermal efficiency, and the minimum mass flow rate
of the cooling water required are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
h1 = hsat @ 1 psia = 69.72 Btu/lbm
800 psia
4
1 Btu
= 0.01614 ft 3 /lbm (800 1 psia )
5.4039 psia ft 3
= 2.39 Btu/lbm
2
1 psia
1
T 5 = 800 F
s 5 = 1 . 8985 Btu/lbm R
s6 s f
1 . 8985 0 . 13262
=
= 0 . 9572
P6 = 1 psia x 6 =
s
1 . 84495
fg
s6 = s5
(b)
Thus,
th = 1
q out
991.3 Btu/lbm
= 1
= 39.4%
1636.8 Btu/lbm
q in
(c) The mass flow rate of the cooling water will be minimum when it is heated to the temperature of the
steam in the condenser, which is 101.7F,
Q& out = Q& in W& net = (1 th )Q& in = (1 0.3943) 6 10 4 Btu/s = 3.634 10 4 Btu/s
Q&
3.634 10 4 Btu/s
= 641.0 lbm/s
m& cool = out =
cT (1.0 Btu/lbm F)(101.69 45)F
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10-25
10-37 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The pressure at which reheating takes place, the total rate of heat input in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = hsat @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
1 kJ
= 0.00101 m /kg (15,000 10 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 15.14 kJ/kg
3
15 MPa
4
2
10 kPa
1
s6 = s5
s6 = s f + x6 s fg = 0.6492 + (0.90 )(7.4996) = 7.3988 kJ/kg K
T5 = 500C P5 = 2161 kPa (the reheat pressure)
s5 = s6
h5 = 3466.53 kJ/kg
P4 = 2.161 MPa
h4 = 2817.2 kJ/kg
s4 = s3
Q& out = m& (h6 h1 ) = (12 kJ/s )(2344.7 191.81)kJ/kg = 25,835 kJ/s
th = 1
Q& out
25,834 kJ/s
= 1
= 42.6%
&
45,039 kJ/s
Q
in
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10-26
10-38 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser pressure,
the net power output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
P3 = 12.5 MPa h3 = 3476.5 kJ/kg
T3 = 550C
s3 = 6.6317 kJ/kg K
P4 = 2 MPa
h4 s = 2948.1 kJ/kg
s4 s = s3
T =
3
Turbine
Boiler
4
h3 h4
h3 h4 s
5
2
h4 = h3 T (h3 h4 s )
Condenser
Pump
1
P6 = ?
h6 =
x6 = 0.95
4s
2s
P6 = ?
h6 s =
s6 = s5
3
4
P=?
h h
T = 5 6
h6 = h5 T (h5 h6 s )
h5 h6 s
= 3358.2 (0.85)(3358.2 2948.1) = 3027.3 kJ/kg
6s 6
The pressure at state 6 may be determined by a trial-error approach from the steam tables or by using EES
from the above equations:
P6 = 9.73 kPa, h6 = 2463.3 kJ/kg,
(b) Then,
h1 = h f @ 9.73 kPa = 189.57 kJ/kg
1 kJ
/ (0.90 )
= 0.00101 m3 /kg (12,500 9.73 kPa )
3
1
kPa
= 14.02 kJ/kg
Cycle analysis:
q in = (h3 h2 ) + (h5 h4 ) = 3476.5 3027.3 + 3358.2 2463.3 = 3603.8 kJ/kg
q out = h6 h1 = 3027.3 189.57 = 2273.7 kJ/kg
W& net = m& (q in q out ) = (7.7 kg/s)(3603.8 - 2273.7)kJ/kg = 10,242 kW
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10-27
T
Boiler
inlet
qin
Boiler
exit
qout
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10-28
10-44 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kg of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
T
1 kJ
= 0.001017 m 3 /kg (400 20 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 0.39 kJ/kg
3
sat.liquid
v 3 = v f @ 0.4 MPa = 0.001084 m /kg
qin
1 kJ
w pII ,in = v 3 (P4 P3 ) = 0.001084 m 3 /kg (6000 400 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
6
MPa
y
3 0.4 MPa
1-y
20 kPa
1
qout
= 6.07 kJ/kg
s 6 = s5
s7 = s5
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q& W& ke pe 0 ,
E& in E& out = E& system 0 (steady) = 0
E& in = E& out
m& h = m& h
i i
e e
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = m& 6 / m& 3 ). Solving for y,
y=
h3 h2 604.66 251.81
= 0.1462
=
h6 h2 2665.7 251.81
Then,
q in = h5 h4 = 3302.9 610.73 = 2692.2 kJ/kg
And
wnet = q in q out = 2692.2 1675.7 = 1016.5 kJ/kg
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
q
1675.7 kJ/kg
th = 1 out = 1
= 37.8%
2692.2 kJ/kg
q in
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10-29
10-45 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kg of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
T
1 kJ
= 0.001017 m /kg (6000 20 kPa )
1 kPa m 3
= 6.08 kJ/kg
3
qin
9
84
0.4 MPa
y
6
1-y
3
sat. liquid
v 3 = v f @ 0.4 MPa = 0.001084 m /kg
6
MPa
20 kPa
1
qou
7
s
1 kJ
= 6.07 kJ/kg
w pII ,in = v 3 (P9 P3 ) = 0.001084 m3/kg (6000 400 kPa )
3
1
kPa
m
s 6 = s5
s 7 = s5
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q& W& ke pe 0 ,
0 (steady)
E& E& = E&
=0
in
out
system
m& h = m& h
i i
e e
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = m& 6 / m& 5 ). Solving for y,
y=
Then,
h8 h2
(h6 h3 ) + (h8 h2 )
610.73 257.50
= 0.1463
2665.7 604.66 + 610.73 257.50
And
wnet = q in q out = 2692.2 1675.4 = 1016.8 kJ/kg
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
q
1675.4 kJ/kg
th = 1 out = 1
= 37.8%
2692.2 kJ/kg
qin
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.