Let U = 1 + A and A = V |A| .

Then U = 1 + A , so that
1 = U U = 1 + A + A + A A = U U = 1 + A + A + AA .
Hence |A|2 = A A = AA = V |A|2 V . Thus |A|2 V = V |A|2 , V commutes with |A|2 .
Let A S p . Then |A| S p :
X
X
n Pn and
pn dim Pn < .
|A| =
n
2
Then |A|2P
= n 2n Pn . As
P|A| commutes with V, all Pn commute with V and, hence, with U, so
that V = n Vn Pn , U = n Un Pn , where all Vn , Un are unitary on Hn = Pn H. Thus
X
X
X
(1n + n Vn )Pn , where Un = 1n + n Vn .
n Vn Pn =
Un Pn = 1+
U=

As Un and Vn are unitary, 1n = Un Un = 1n + n (Vn + Vn ) + 2n 1n . Hence

q Vn + Vn = n 1n ,
2
2
so that Vn = 2n 1n + iYn . Then 1n = Vn Vn = 4n 1n + Yn2 . Thus Yn = 1 4n 1n and Vn =


q
2
2n i 1 4n 1n . Therefore

Un = 1n + n Vn =

2
1 n in
2

2
1 n
4
2

!
1n = ein 1n ,

n
2 n
where cos n = 1 2n .P
Hence cos P
sin 2n = 2n .
n = 1 2 sin 2 = 1 2 . Thus
P
i
iB
We have that U = n Un Pn = n e n Pn = e , where B = n n Pn is selfadjoint and
X
X  |n | p
p
p
kBkp =
|n | dim Pn =
pn dim Pn < ,
n

since

|n |
n

1, as n . Thus B S p .