Q:Whatiselectrictraction?

A:Electrictractionmeansusingtheelectricpowerfortractionsystem(i.e.forrailways,trams,
trolleysetc).Electrictractionmeansuseoftheelectricityforalltheabovemachines.Nowa
days,magnetictractionisalsousedforbullettrains.andbasicallydcmotorsareusedfor
electrictractionsystems.
Q:How can you startup the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any
choke/Coil?
A:It's possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it's not possible to ionize the
particlesintubelightwithnormalvoltage.
Q:Whatis"pu"inelectricalengineering?
A:Pustandsforperunitandthiswillbeusedinsinglelinediagramofpowerdistributionand
itislikeahugeelectricalcircuitwithnoofcomponents(generators,transformers,loads)with
differentratings(inMVAandKV).Tobringalltheratingsintocommonplatformweusepu
conceptinwhich,ingenerallargestMVAandKVratingsofthecomponentisconsideredas
basevalues,thenallothercomponentratingswillgetbackintothisbasis.Thosevaluesare
calledaspuvalues.(p.u=actualvalue/basevalue).
Q:OperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstations?
A:Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthissteam
isallowedtohittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgeneratesthe
electricity.
Q:Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuitandfuseinphaseofaccircuit?
A:LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfromwhichvariousconnection
aretakenfortheindividualcontrolcircuitandsoitisgiveninalinkformtowithstandhigh
Amps.ButinthecaseofFuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesignedsuchthatthefuse
ratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit(i.eload)only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthe
fuseconnectedintheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewillblowoff.
Q: What is the difference between electronic regulator and ordinaryelectrical
rheostatregulatorforfans?
A:Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryelectricalregulatoristhatinelectronic
regulatorpowerlossesarelessbecauseaswedecreasethespeedtheelectronicregulator
gives the power needed for that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type
regulator,thepowerwastageissameforeveryspeedandnopowerissaved.Inelectronic

regulator,triacisemployedforspeedcontrolbyvaryingthefiringanglespeedanditis
controlledbutinrheostatic,controlresistanceisdecreasedbystepstoachievespeedcontrol.
Q:Howtubelightcircuitisconnectedandhowitworks?
A:Achokeisconnectedinoneendofthetubelightandastarterisinserieswiththecircuit.
Whensupplyisprovided,thestarterwillinterruptthesupplycycleofAC.Duetothesudden
changeofsupplythechockwillgeneratearound1000volts.Thisvoltwillcapableofto
breaktheelectronsinsidethetubetomakeelectronflow.oncethecurrentpassesthroughthe
tubethestartercircuitwillbeoutofpart.nowthereisnochangeofsupplycauseschoke
voltagenormalizedandactasminimizethecurrent.
Q:whatsisMARXCIRCUIT?
A:Itisusedwithgeneratorsforcharginganumberofcapacitorinparallelanddischarging
theminseries.Itisusedwhenvoltagerequiredfortestingishigherthantheavailable.
Q:Whatisencoder,howitfunction?
A:Anencoderisadeviceusedtochangeasignal(suchasabitstream)ordataintoacode.
The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for
transmissionorstorage,encryptingoraddingredundanciestotheinputcode,ortranslating
from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed
algorithm,especiallyifanypartisdigital,whilemostanalogencodingisdonewithanalog
circuitry.
Q:Whataretheadvantagesofspeedcontrolusingthyristor?
A:Advantages :1. FastSwitching Characterstics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT 2. Low cost 3.
HigherAccurate.
Q:WhyHumanbodyfeelElectricshock??ninanElectrictrainduringrunning,We
didntfeelanyShock?why?
A:Unfortunatelyourbodyisaprettygoodconductorofelectricity,ThegoldenruleisCurrent
takesthelowestresistantpathifyouhaveinsulationtoourfeetasthecircuitisnotcomplete
(wearingrubberfootwearwhichdoingsomerepairsisadvisableasourfootwearisahigh
resistancepathnotmuchcurrentflowsthroughourbody).Theelectrictrainiswellinsulated
fromitselectricalsystem.
Q:whatistheprincipleofmotor?

A:Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningor
twistingmovemntiscalledastorque.
Q:Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn't get shock?
A:Itstruethatifbirdstouchthesingleoneline(phaseorneutral)theydon'tgetelectrical
shock...ifbirdstouch2linesthanthecircuitisclosedandtheygetelectricalshock..soifa
humantouchsingleoneline(phase)thenhedoesn'tgetshockifheisintheair(nottouching
standingonthegroundifheisstandingonthegroundthentouchingtheline(phase)hewill
getashockbecausethegroundonwhatwestandingislikeline(groundbedlikeneutral)
andinthemostofelectriclinestheneutralisgrounded..sothatmeansthathumanwhotouch
the

line

closes

the

circuit

between

phase

and

neutral.

Q:whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
A:Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmay
support

main

flux

or

opposes

main

flux.

Q:whathappenifwegive220voltsdcsupplytodbulbrtubelight?
A:Bulbs[devices]forACaredesignedtooperatesuchthatitoffershighimpedancetoAC
supply. Normally they have low resistance. When DC supply is applied, due to low
resistance,thecurrentthroughlampwouldbesohighthatitmaydamagethebulbelement.
Q:WhichmotorhashighStartingTorqueandStaringcurrentDCmotor,Induction
motororSynchronousmotor?
A:DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction motor and
Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC series motor without load.
Q:whatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
A:ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,thisconductorisusedintransmission
&

distribution.

Q:Whatisvaccumcurrcuitbreaker.definewithcauseandwherebeuseitDevice?
A:A breaker is normally used to break a ciruit. while breaking the circuit, the contact
terminalswillbeseparated.Atthetimeofseperationanairgapisformedinbetweenthe
terminals.Duetoexistingcurrentflowtheairinthegapisionisedandresultsinthearc.
variousmediumsareusedtoquenchthisarcinrespectiveCB's.butinVCBthemediumis

vaccum gas. since the air in the CB is having vaccum pressure the arc formation is
interrupted.VCB'scanbeusedupto11kv.
Q:Whatwillhappenwhenpowerfactorisleadingindistributionofpower?
A:Iftheirishighpowerfactor,i.eifthepowerfactorisclosetoone:
1.lossesinformofheatwillbereduced,
2.cablebecomeslessbulkyandeasytocarry,andvery
cheaptoafford,&
3.italsoreducesoverheatingoftranformers.
Q:whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering
&electronicsengineering?
A:uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgives
backup.upsisalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampfor
longtimebackupwithwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwith12vdcwith7amp.butinverter
isstartwith12v,24,dcto36vdcand120ampto180ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.
Q:Whatis2phasemotor?
A:Atwophasemotorisamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwindinghavea
phasesplit.e.g;acservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwindinghavea
phasesplitof90degree.
Q:AdvantagesofvvvfdrivesovernonvvvfdrivesforEOTcranes?
A:1.smoothstartandstop.
2.nojerkingofload.
3.exactposiitoning
4.betterprotectionformotor.
5.high/lowspeedselection.
6.reliabilityofbreakshoe.
7.programmablebreakcontrol.
8.easycircutry
9.reductionincontrols
10.increasesmotorlife
Q:WhatisthesignificanceofvectorgroupinginPowerTransformers?

A:Everypowertransformerhasavectorgrouplistedbyitsmanufacturer.Fundamentallyit
tellsyoutheinformationabouthowthewindingsareconnected(deltaorwye)andthephace
difference betweent the current and voltage. EG. DYN11 means Delta primary, Wye
Secondryandthecurrentisat11oclockrefferedtothevoltage.
Q:WhichtypeofA.Cmotorisusedinthefan(ceilingfan,exhaustfan,padestalfan,
bracketfanetc)whicharefindinthehouses?
A:ItsSinglePhaseinductionmotorwhichmostlysquirrelcagerotorandarecapacitorstart
capacitorrun.
Q:GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
A:1.Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefield
windingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefield
winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be
controlled2.armaturecontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmature
windingbyvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsince
speedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeedcanbecontrolled.
Q:whatistheprincipleofmotor?
A:Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagneticfielditproduceturningor
twistingmovementiscalledastorque.
Q:whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
A:Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmaturereaction.Thearmaturefluxmay
supportmainfluxoropposesmainflux.
Q:GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshuntmotor?
A:1.Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossthefield
windingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.sobychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefield
winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely proportional to flux speed can be
controlled2.armaturecontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmature
wdg.byvaryingtheresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbevaried,andsincespeed
isdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeedcanbecontrolled.
Q:whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?

A:In simple, synchronous generator supply's both active and reactive power but
asynchronousgenerator(inductiongenerator)supply'sonlyactivepowerandobservereactive
powerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
Q:WhatisthePolarizationindexvalue?(pivalue)andsimpledefinitionofpolarization
index?
A:Itsratiobetweeninsulationresistance(IR)i.emeggarvalue
for10mintoinsulationresistancefor1min.Itrangesfrom57fornewmotors&normally
formotortobeingoodconditionitshouldbeGreaterthan2.5.
Q:Whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
A:synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsay
different imaginary power varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the
productionofelectricity.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronousgenerator&asynchronousgenerator?
A:In simple, synchronous generator supply's both active and reactive power but
asynchronousgenerator(inductiongenerator)supply'sonlyactivepowerandobservereactive
powerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedinwindmills.
Q:1tonisequaltohowmanywatts?
A:1ton=12000BTU/hrandtoconvertBTU/hrtohorsepower,
12,000*0.0003929=4.715hptherefore1ton=4.715*.746=3.5KW.
Q:whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionofelectricity?
A:synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferentpowerfactor(orsay
different imaginary pow varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for the
productionofelectricity.
Q:Enlisttypesofdcgenerator?
A:D.C.Generators are classified into two types 1)separatly exicted d.c.generator 2)self
exictedd.c.generator,whichisfurtherclassifiedinto;1)series2)shuntand
3)compound(whichisfurtherclassifiedintocumulativeanddifferential).
Q:WhatisAutomaticVoltageregulator(AVR)?

A:AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator.It is important part in

Synchronous Generators, it controls theoutput voltage of the generator by controlling its
excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of the Generator.
Q:Whatisanexciterandhowdoesitwork?
A:Therearetwotypesofexciters,staticexciterandrotoryexciter.purposeofexcitoristo
supplytheexcitationdcvoltagetothefixedpolesofgenerator.Rotoryexcitorisanadditional
smallgeneratormountedontheshaftofmaingenerator.ifitisdcgenerator,itwillsupplydc
to the rotory poles through slipring and brushes(conventional alternator). ifit is an ac
excitor,outputofacexcitorisrectifiedbyrotatingdiodesandsupplydctomainfixed
poles.acexcitoristheacgeneratorwhosefieldwindingarestationaryandarmaturerotates.
initialvoltageisbuiltupbyresidualmagnetism.Itgivesthestartingtorquetothegenerator.

Q:Differencebetweenafourpointstarterandthreepointstarter?
A:Theshuntconnectioninfourpointstaterisprovidedseparatelyformthelinewhereasin
three point stater it is connected with line which is the drawback in three point stater
Q:WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?Whycan'tuseACB?
A:Actuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingpropertycomparetoairbecausein
VCB,thedieelectricstrengthsequalto8timesofair.ThatyalwaysvaccumusedasinHT
breaker

and

air

used

as

in

LT

Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweensurgearrestorandlightningarrestor?
A:LA is installedoutsideandtheeffectoflightningis grounded,whereassurgearrestor
installedinsidepanelscomprisingofresistorswhichconsumestheenergyandnullifythe
effectofsurge.
Q:Whathappensificonnectacapacitortoageneratorload?
A:Connectingacapacitoracrossageneratoralwaysimprovespowerfactor,butitwillhelp
dependsupontheenginecapacityofthealternator,otherwisethealternatorwillbeover
loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to the improvement on pf. Secondly, don't
connectacapacitoracrossanalternatorwhileitispickinguporwithoutanyotherload.
Q:Whythecapacitorsworksonaconly?
A:Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc
components).itallowstheaccomponentstopassthrough.

Q:Explaintheworkingprincipalofthecircuitbreaker?
A:CircuitBreakerisonewhichmakesorbreaksthecircuit.Ithastwocontactsnamelyfixed
contact&movingcontact.undernormalconditionthemovingcontactcomesincontactwith
fixedcontacttherebyformingtheclosedcontactfortheflowofcurrent.Duringabnormal&
faultyconditions(whencurrentexceedstheratedvalue)anarcisproducedbetweenthefixed
& moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuitArc is extinguished by the Arc
Quenchingmedialikeair,oil,vaccumetc.
Q:Howmanytypesofcollingsystemittransformers?
A:1.ONAN(oilnatural,airnatural)
2.ONAF(oilnatural,airforced)
3.OFAF(oilforced,airforced)
4.ODWF(oildirect,waterforced)
5.OFAN(oilforced,airforced)
Q:Whatisthefunctionofantipumpingincircuitbreaker?
A:whenbreakeriscloseatonetimebyclosepushbutton,theantipumpingcontactorprevent
reclosethebreakerbyclosepushbuttonafterifitalreadyclose.
Q:whatissteppermotor.whatisitsuses?
A:Steppermotoristheelectricalmachinewhichactuponinputpulseappliedtoit.itisone
type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of running in
completecycle.so,inautomationpartsitisused.
Q:Howtocalculatecapacitorbankvaluetomaintainunitypowerfactorwithsomesuitable
example?
A:KVAR=KW(TAN(COS(1)#e)TAN(COS(1)#d))
#e=EXISTINGP.F.
#d=DESIREDP.F.
Q:Tellmeindetailaboutc.t.andp.t.?(Company:reliance)
A:ThetermC.Tmeanscurrenttransformer,andthetermP.Tmeanspotentialtransformer.In
circuit where measurements of high voltage and high current is involved they are used
there.Particularlywhenameasuringdevicelikevoltmeterorammeterisnotabletomeasure
suchhighvalueofquantitybecauseoflargevalueoftorqueduetosuchhighvalueitcan

damagethemeasuringdevice.so,CTandPTareintroducedinthecircuits.Theyworkonthe
sameprincipleoftransformer,whichisbasedonlinkageofelectromagneticfluxproducedby
primarywithsecondary.Theyworkontheratiototheyaredesigned.E.gifCTis ofratio
5000\5Aandithastomeasuresecondarycurrentof
8000A.then ANS=8000*5\5000=8Aand this result will be given to ammeter .and after
measuring8Awecancalculatetheprimarycurrent.sameis
theoperationofPTbutmeasuringvoltage.
Q:ThereareaTransformerandaninductionmachine.Thosetwohavethesamesupply.For
whichdevicetheloadcurrentwillbemaximum?Andwhy?
A:The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor
consumesrealpower..andthetransformerisonlyproducingtheworkingfluxanditsnot
consuming.. hence the load current in the transformer is because of core loss so it is
minimum.
Q:whatispowerfactor?whetheritshouldbehighorlow?why?
A:Powerfactorshouldbehighinordertogetsmoothoperationofthesystem.Lowpower
factormeanslosseswillbemore.itistheratiooftruepowertoapperentpower.ithastobe
ideally1.ifitistoolowthencableoverheating&equipmentoverloadingwilloccur.ifitis
greaterthan1thenloadwillactascapacitorandstartsfeedingthesourceandwillcause
tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more current(V
constant),resultinmorelossesifpfisgoodex:0.95tomeetactualpowerloadhastodraw
lesscurrent(Vconstant),resultinlesslosses).
Q:WhatisthedifferencebetweenIsolatorandCircuitBreaker?
A:Isolator is aoff load device which is usedfor isolating the downstream circuits from
upstreamcircuitsforthereasonofanymaintenanceondownstreamcircuits.itismanually
operatedanddoesnotcontainanysolenoidunlikecircuitbreaker.itshouldnotbeoperated
whileitishavingload.firsttheloadonitmustbemadezeroandthenitcansafelyoperated.
itsspecificationonlyratedcurrentisgiven.Butcircuitbreakerisonloadautomaticdevice
usedforbreakingthecircuitincaseofabnormalconditionslikeshortcircuit,overloadetc.,it
ishavingthreespecification1isratedcurrentand2isshortcircuitbreakingcapacityand3is
instantaneoustrippingcurrent.
Q:whatisboucholzrelayandthesignificanceofitintothetransformer?

A:Boucholzrelayisadevicewhichisusedfortheprotectionoftransformerfromitsinternal
faults, it is a gas based relay. whenever any internal fault occurs in a transformer, the
boucholzrelayatoncegivesahornforsometime,ifthetransformerisisolatedfromthe
circuit then it stop its sound itself other wise it trips the circuit by its own tripping
mechanism.
Q:WhatisSF6CircuitBreaker?
A:SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. if this gas is used as arc quenching medium in a
CircuitbreakermeansSF6CB.
Q:whatisferranticeffect?
A:Outputvoltageisgreaterthantheinputvoltageorreceivingendvoltageisgreaterthanthe
sendingendvoltage.
Q:whatismeantbyinsulationvoltageincables?explainit?
A:Itisthepropertyofacablebyvirtueofitcanwithstandtheappliedvoltagewithout
rupturingitisknownasinsulationlevelofthecable.

Q: Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (ie:)body earthing & neutral

earthing , what is function. i am going to install a 5oo kva transformer & 380
kva DG set what should the earthing value?
A:The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system
earthing. In Equipment earthing: body ( non conducting part)of the equipment
shouldd be earthed to safegaurd the human beings.system Earthing : In this neutral
of the supply source ( Transformer or Generator) should be grounded. With this,in
case of unbalanced loading neutral will not be shifted.so that unbalanced voltages
will

not arise. We can

protect

the

equipment

also. With

size

of the

equipment( transformer or alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be

further classified into directly earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.
Q:What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
A:MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit
protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is
thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short
circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is
used where normal current is more than 100A.

Q:Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines?

A:Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming
feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.
Q:Define IDMT relay?
A:It is an inverse definite minimum time relay.In IDMT relay its operating is inversely
proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay
operates.It is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will decrease as the magnitude
of fault current increase.
Q:What are the transformer losses?
A:TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss
and magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R).
Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper
loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss,
however, is different for each frequency passed through the transformer.
Query:What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India?
Resolution:At present there are three hvdc transmission lines in india
1)chandrapur to padghe(mumbai)(1500 MW at 500 kV DC)
2)rehand
3)talchal

to

delhi

to

(1500

MW

kolar

at

500
(2500

kV

DC)
MW)

Query:Whatismeantbyregenerativebraking?
Resolution:Whenthesupplyiscuttoffforarunningmotor,itstillcontinuerunningdueto
inertia.Inordertostopitquicklyweplaceaload(resitor)acrossthearmaturewindingand
themotorshouldhavemaintainedcontinuousfieldsupply.sothatbacke.m.fvoltageismade
toapplyacrosstheresistorandduetoloadthemotorstopsquickly.Thistypeofbreakingis
calledas"RegenerativeBreaking".
Query:WhyisthestartingcurrenthighinaDCmotor?
Resolution:InDCmotors,VoltageequationisV=EbIaRa(V=Terminalvoltage,Eb=Back
emf in Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture resistance).At starting, Eb is zero.

Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will become
enormouslyincreased.
Query:Whataretheadvantagesofstardeltastarterwithinductionmotor?
Resolution:(1).Themainadvantageofusingthestardeltastarterisreductionofcurrent
duringthestartingofthemotor.Startingcurrentisreducedto34timesOfcurrentofDirect
onlinestarting.(2).Hencethestartingcurrentisreduced,thevoltagedropsduringthestarting
ofmotorinsystemsarereduced.
Query:WhyDeltaStarTransformersareusedforLightingLoads?
Resolution:Forlightingloads,neutralconductorismustandhencethesecondarymustbe
starwinding.andthislightingloadisalwaysunbalancedinallthreephases.Tominimizethe
current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in the primary. So delta / star
transformerisusedforlightingloads.
Query:Whyinathreepinplugtheearthpinisthickerandlongerthantheotherpins?
Resolution:ItdependsuponR=rhol/awherearea(a)isinverselyproportionaltoresistance
(R),soif(a)increases,Rdecreases&ifRislesstheleakagecurrentwilltakelowresistance
path so the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer because the The First to make the
connectionandLasttodisconnnectshouldbeearthPin.ThisassuresSafetyfortheperson
whousestheelectricalinstrument.
Query:Whyseriesmotorcannotbestartedonnoload?
Resolution:Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque.
SeriesmotorareusedinTrains,Craneetc.
Query:WhyELCBcan'tworkifNinputofELCBdonotconnecttoground?
Resolution:ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral are
connectedinanELCB,thecurrentwillflowthroughphaseandthatmuchcurrentwillhave
toreturnneutralsoresultantcurrentiszero.Oncethereisagroundfaultintheloadside,
currentfromphasewilldirectlypassthroughearthanditwillnotreturnthroughneutral
throughELCB.Thatmeansoncesidecurrentisgoingandnotreturningandhencebecauseof
thisdifferenceincurrentELCBwiltripanditwillsafeguardtheothercircuitsfromfaulty
loads.Iftheneutralisnotgrounded,faultcurrentwilldefinitelyhighandthatfullfault
currentwillcomebackthroughELCB,andtherewillbenodifferenceincurrent.

Q:HowelectricalpowerisgeneratedbyanA.CGenerator?
A:Forthe generation of elect power we need aprime mover which supplies mechanical
powerinputtothealternator,canbesteamturbines,orhydroturbines.Whenpolesofthe
rotormovesunderthearmatureconductorswhichareplacedonthestator,fieldfluxcutthe
armature conductor ,therefore voltage is generated and is of sinusoidal in nature...due to
polarity

change

of

rotor

poles(i,e)

NSNS.

Q:Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though we interchanges the
terminal?

Will

the

poles

changes?

A:YesbecausethepoleschangesforeveryhalfcycleofacvoltagesothepolarityofAC
voltageiscontinuouslychangingforeveryhalfcycle.so,interchangingofterminalsinac
systemdoesnotshowanydifference.That'swhytheacsolenoidattracttheplungereven
thoughit'sterminalsareinterchanged.
Q:Whatisderating?,whyitisnecessary,itissameforallmeansfordrives,motors,and
cables.
A:Thecurrentcurryingofcableswillchangedependinguponthesitetemperature(location
ofsite),typeofrun(itwillrunthroughduct,trench,buriedetc.),numberoftray,depthof
trench,distancebetweencables.Consideringthisconditionactualcurrentcurryingcapacity
ofcablereducethancurrentcurryingcapacity(whichgiventocableCatalogue)thisiscalled
derating.
Q:Whytemperatureriseisconductedinbusbarsandisolators?
A:Busbarsandisolatorsareratedforcontinuouspowerflow,thatmeanstheycarryheavy
currentswhichrisestheirtemperature.soitisnecessarytotestthisdevicesfortemperature
rise.
Q:Whenvoltageincreasesthencurrentalsoincreasesthenwhatistheneedofover
voltagerelayandovercurrentrelay?Canwemeasureovervoltageandovercurrentby
measuring

current

only?

A:No.Wecan'tsensetheovervoltagebyjustmeasuringthecurrentonlybecausethecurrent
increasesnotonlyforovervoltagesbutalsoforundervoltage(Asmostoftheloadsarenon
linear in nature).So,the over voltage protection & over current protection are completely
different.Overvoltagerelaymeantforsensingovervoltages &protectthesystemfrom
insulationbreakdownandfiring.Overcurrentrelaymeantforsensinganyinternalshort
circuit,overloadcondition,earthfaulttherebyreducingthesystemfailure&riskoffire.So,
forabetterprotectionofthesystem.Itshouldhavebothovervoltage&overcurrentrelay.

Q:If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?
A:Ifthevoltagebetweenthetwophaseisequaltothelampvoltagethenthelampwillglow.
Whenthevoltagedifferenceisbigitwilldamagethelampandwhenthedifferenceissmaller
thelampwillglowdependingonthetypeoflamp.
Q:How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular load?
A:Atfirstcalculatetheelectricalcurrentoftheload,afterthatderatetheelectricalcurrent
consideringderatingfactor(dependingonsiteconditionandlayingofcable)afterchoosethe
cablesizefromcablecatalogconsideringderatingelectricalcurrent.Afterthatmeasurethe
lengthofcablerequiredfromsupplypointofloadtoloadpoin.Calculatethevoltagedrop
whichwillmax3%(resistanceandreactanceofcablefoundfromcablecatalogofselecting
cable)
then

Q:What

if

choose

are

next

HRC

voltage

higher

fuses

and

size

drop>3%

where

of
it

is

cable.

used?

A:HRCstandfor"highrupturingcapacity"fuseanditisusedindistributionsystemfor
electrical

Q:Which

power

plant

transformers.

has

high

load

factor?

A:Allbaseloadpowerplantshaveahighloadfactor.Ifweusehighefficiencypowerplants
tosupplythebaseload,wecanreducethecostofgeneration.Hydelpowerplants havea
higher

efficiency

than

thermal

&

nuclear

power

plants.

Q:Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?

A:The

different

methods

of

starting

an

induction

motor

DOL:directonlinestarter
Star
Auto

delta

starter

transformer

Resistance
Series

reactor

starter
starter

starter

Q:What is the difference between earth resistance and earth electrode resistance?
A:Onlyoneoftheterminalsisevidentintheearthresistance.Inordertofindthesecond
terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is the resistance existing
betweentheelectricallyaccessiblepartofaburiedelectrodeandanotherpointoftheearth,

which

is

far

away.

The resistance of the electrode has the following components:

(A) the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it.
(B) the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.
Q:What

is

use

of

lockout

relay

in

ht

voltage?

A:Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepower
canbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceas
thecontrolpowerandisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24
contactpointswithintheunititself.Thisallowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobe
locked

out

by

the

turn

of

single

key

switch.

Q:What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?

A:At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for creating angle
difference.Soitshouldbezerolagginglikeinductor.
Query:How

to

determine

capacitor

tolerance

codes?

Resolution:Inelectroniccircuits,thecapacitortolerancecanbedeterminedbyacodethat
appearsonthecasing.Thecodeisaletterthatoftenfollowsathreedigitnumber(suchas
130Z).Thefirsttwoarethe1stand2ndsignificantdigitsandthethirdisamultipliercode.
Mostofthetimethelastdigittellsyouhowmanyzerostowriteafterthefirsttwodigitsand
these

are

read

as

PicoFarads.

Query:Whymostofanalogo/pdeviceshavingo/prange4to20mAandnot0to20
mA?
Resolution:420mAisastandardrangeusedtoindicatemeasuredvaluesforanyprocess.
Thereasonthat4maischoseninsteadof0mAisforfailsafeoperation.Forexamplea
pressureinstrumentgivesoutput4mAtoindicate0psi,upto20mAtoindicate100psi,or
fullscale.Duetoanyproblemininstrument(i.e)brokenwire,itsoutputreducesto0mA.So
ifrangeis020mAthenwecandifferentiatewhetheritisduetobrokenwireordueto0psi.
Query:Twobulbsof100wand40wrespectivelyconnectedinseriesacrossa230vsupply
whichbulbwillglowbrightandwhy?
Resolution:Sincetwobulbsareinseriestheywillgetequalamountofelectricalcurrentbut
asthesupplyvoltageisconstantacrossthebulb(P=V^2/R).Sotheresistanceof40Wbulbis

greater and voltage across 40W is more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow brighter.

Query:Whatismeantbykneepointvoltage?
Resolution:KneepointvoltageiscalculatedforelectricalCurrenttransformersandisvery
importantfactortochooseaCT.ItisthevoltageatwhichaCTgetssaturated.(CTcurrent
transformer).

Query:Whatisreversepowerrelay?
Resolution:Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations's protection. A
generatingstationsissupposedtofedpowertothegridandincasegeneratingunitsare
off,thereisnogenerationintheplantthenplantmaytakepowerfromgrid.Tostoptheflow
of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay.
Query:What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?
Resolution:Mainlytransformerhashighinductanceandlowresistance.IncaseofDCsupply
thereisnoinductance,onlyresistancewillactinthe
>electricalcircuit.Sohighelectricalcurrentwillflowthroughprimarysideofthe
transformer.Soforthisreasoncoilandinsulationwillburnout.
Query:Whatisthedifferencebetweenisolatorsand>electricalcircuitbreakers?
Whatisbusbar?
Resolution:Isolatorsaremainlyforswitchingpurposeundernormalconditionsbutthey
cannotoperateinfaultconditions.ActuallytheyusedforisolatingtheCBsformaintenance.
WhereasCBgetsactivatedunderfaultconditionsaccordingtothefaultdetected.Busbaris
nothingbutajunctionwherethepowerisgettingdistributedforindependentloads.
Query:What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier?
Resolution:It reduces the harmonics and italso reduces sparkingand archingacross the
mechanicalswitchsothatitreducesthevoltagespikeseeninainductiveload
Query:What is the function of interposing current transformer?
Resolution:Themainfunctionofaninterposingcurrenttransformeristobalancethecurrents
suppliedtotherelaywheretherewouldotherwisebeanimbalanceduetotheratiosofthe
maincurrenttransformers.Interposingcurrenttransformerareequippedwithawiderangeof
taps that can be selected by the user to achieve the balance required.
Query:What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor
generatorsetcanbeused?

Resolution:MotorGeneratorSetsareacombinationofanelectricalgeneratorandanengine
mountedtogethertoformasinglepieceofequipment.Motorgeneratorsetisalsoreferredto
asagenset,ormorecommonly,ageneratorThemotorgeneratorsetcanusedinthefollowing
differentways:

1.Alternating

current

(AC)

2.DC

to

direct

to

current

(DC)

AC

3.DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage

4.AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonicallyrelated frequency

Query:What

is

power

quality

meter

Resolution:PowerQualitymetersarecommoninmanyindustrialenvironment.Smallunits
arenowavailableforhomeuseaswell.Theygiveoperatorstheabilitytomonitortheboth
perturbationsonthepowersupply,aswellaspowerusedwithinabuilding,orbyasingle
machineorappliance.Insomesituations,equipmentfunctionandoperationismonitoredand
controlled from a remote location where communication is via modem, or highspeed
communicationlines.Sowecanunderstandtheimportanceofpowermeasurementthrough
power

quality

meters.

Query:What is the different between digital phase converter and ordinary phase
converter?
Resolution:Digitalphaseconverterarearecentdevelopmentinphaseconvertertechnology
thatutilizesproprietarysoftwareinapowerfulmicroprocessortocontrolsolidstatepower
switchingcomponents.Thismicroprocessor,calledadigitalsignalprocessor(DSP),monitors
the phase conversion process, continually adjusting the input and output modules of the
converter to maintain perfectly balanced threephase power under all load conditions.
Query:Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer?
Resolution:A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between two
asynchronousalternatingcurrentdomains.Avariablefrequencytransformerisadoublyfed
electricmachineresemblingaverticalshafthydroelectricgeneratorwithathreephasewound
rotor,connectedbyslipringstooneexternalacpowercircuit.Adirectcurrenttorquemotor
ismountedonthesameshaft.Changingthedirectionoftorqueappliedtotheshaftchanges
thedirectionofpowerflow;withnoappliedtorque,theshaftrotatesduetothedifferencein
frequencybetweenthenetworksconnectedtotherotorandstator.Thevariablefrequency
transformerbehavesasacontinuouslyadjustablephaseshiftingtransformer.Itallowscontrol
of

the

power

flow

between

two

networks

Query:What is the main use of rotary phase converter ?

Resolution:Rotaryphaseconverterwillbeconvertingsinglephasepowerintotruebalanced
3 phase power,so it is often called as single phase to three phase converter .Often the
advantagesof3phasemotors,andother3phaseequipment,makeitworthwhiletoconvert
singlephaseto3phasesothatsmallandlargeconsumersneednotwanttopayfortheextra
costofa3phaseservicebutmaystillwishtouse3phaseequipment.
Query:Use of switch mode power converter in realtime basis?
Resolution:Switch mode power converter can beused in the following 5different ways
1)stepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusinga
circuit

known

as

Buck

Converter

or

StepDown

SMPS,

2)stepupanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutputvoltageusinga
circuit

known

as

Boost

Converter

or

StepUp

SMPS,

3)stepuporstepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducearegulateddcoutput
voltage,
4)invert the input dc voltage using usually a circuit such as the Cuk converter, and
5)produce multiple dc outputs using a circuit such as the flyback converter.
Query:Whichtypeofoilisusedasatransformeroil?
Resolution:Transformeroil,orinsulatingoil,isusuallyahighlyrefinedmineraloilthatis
stableathightemperaturesandhasexcellentelectricalinsulatingproperties.Itisusedinoil
filled transformers,sometypes ofhighvoltagecapacitors,fluorescentlampballasts,and
some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate,
suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.
Wellintothe1970s,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)swereoftenusedasadielectricfluid
sincetheyarenotflammable.Theyaretoxic,andunderincompletecombustion,canform
highlytoxicproductssuchasfuran.Startingintheearly1970s,concernsaboutthetoxicityof
PCBs

have

led

to

their

banning

in

many

countries.

Today,nontoxic,stablesiliconbasedorfluoridatedhydrocarbonsareused,wheretheadded
expense of a fireresistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault.
Combustionresistant vegetable oilbased dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol
tetrafattyacid(C7,C8)estersarealsobecomingincreasinglycommonasalternativesto
naphthenicmineraloil.Estersarenontoxictoaquaticlife,readilybiodegradable,andhavea
lower volatility and higher flash points than mineral oil.

Query:Ifwegive2334A,540VonPrimarysideof1.125MVAstepuptransformer,
then what will be the Secondary Current, If Secondary Voltage=11 KV?
Resolution:As we know the Voltage & current relation for transformerV1/V2 = I2/I1
We Know, VI= 540 V; V2=11KV or 11000 V; I1= 2334 Amps.
By

putting

these

540/11000=

value

on

Relation
I2/2334

So,I2=114.5Amps
Query:whatarethepointstobeconsiderforMCB(miniaturecircuitbreakerselection?
Resolution:I(L)*1.25=I(MAX)maximumcurrent.Mcbspecificationaredoneonmaximum
current

flow

in

circuit.

Query:whatisthefullformofKVAR?
Resolution:We know thereare three types ofpowerinElectrical as Active, apparent &
reactive.SoKVARisstandfor``KiloVoltAmpswithReactivecomponent.
Query:What

is

excitation?

Resolution:Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil

in

DC

motors.

Query:Inthreepinplug6Amp.220vACrating.whyearthpindiameterishigherthan
othertwopin?whatitspurpose?
Resolution:BecauseCurrentflowintheconductorisinverselyproportionaltotheconductor
diameter.Soifanyshortcircuits occurinthesystemfirsthighcurrentsbypassedinthe
Earthling terminal.( R=Pl/a area of the conductor increases resistance
valuedecreases)
Query:Differencebetweenmeggertestequipmentandcontactresistancemetertest
instruments?
Resolution:Meggertestequipmentusedtomeasurecableelectricresistance,conductorcontinuity,
phaseidentificationwhereascontactresistancemetertestinstrumentsusedtomeasurelowresistance
likerelays,contactors.
Query:Whenweconnectthelargecapacitorbankinseries?
Resolution:weconnectlargecapacitorbankinseriestoimprovethevoltagepowersupplyattheload
endinbalancedtransmissionlinewhenthereisconsiderablevoltagedropalongthebalanced
transmissionlineduetohighimpedanceoftheline.Soinordertobringthevoltageattheload

terminalswithinitslimits(i.e(+or%6)oftheratedhighterminalvoltage)thelargecapacitorbank
isusedinseries.
Query:Whatiselectricaldiversityfactorinelectricalinstallations?
Resolution:Electricaldiversityfactoristheratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsof
thevarioussubdivisionsofasystem,orpartofasystem,tothemaximumdemandofthewhole
system,orpartofthesystem,underconsideration.Electricaldiversityfactorisusuallymorethanone.
Query:Whyfieldrheostatiskeptinminimumpositionwhilearmaturerheostatatmaximum
position?
Resolution:Inmotorsatthetimeofstartingthearmatureresistanceisintroducedtoreducethehigh
startingcurrentandthefieldresistanceiskeptminimumtohavehighstarting
torque.
Query:WhycomputerhummingsoundoccurredinHTtransmissionline?
Resolution:Thiscomputerhummingsoundiscomingduetoionization(breakdownofairinto
chargedparticles)ofairaroundtransmissionconductor.ThiseffectiscalledasCoronaeffect,anditis
consideredaspowerloss.
Query:Whatisratedspeed?
Resolution:Atthetimeofmotortakingnormalcurrent(ratedcurrent)thespeedofthemotoriscalled
ratedspeed.Itisaspeedatwhichanysystemtakesmallcurrentandgivemaximumefficiency.
Query:Whatisdifferentbetweenresistancegroundingsystemandresistanceearthingsystem?
Resolution:Resistancegroundingsystemmeansconnectingtheneutralpointoftheloadtothe
groundtocarrytheresidualcurrentincaseofunbalancedconditionsthroughtheneutraltotheground
whereasresistanceearthingsystemisdoneinanelectricequipmentinordertoprotectheequipment
inoccurrenceoffaultinthesystem.
Query:Whyshouldbethefrequency50Hz60Hzonlywhynototherslike45,9556oranything,
whyshouldwemaintainthefrequencyconstantifsowhyitisonly50Hz60Hz?
Resolution:Wecanhavethefrequencyatanyfrequencyyoulike,butthanyoumustalsomakeyour
ownmotors,highvoltagetransformersoranyotherequipmentyouwanttouse.Wemaintainthe
frequencyat50hzor60hzbecausetheworldmaintainsastandardat50/60hzandtheequipmentsare
aremadetooperateatthesefrequency.

Q:How

to

determine

alternating

current

frequency?

A:Zerocrossings ofthesinewavetotriggeramonostable(pulsegenerator)is awayto

determinealternatingcurrentfrequency.Afixedwidthpulseisgeneratedforeachcycle.
Thusthereare"n"pulsespersecond,eachwithwithaconstantenergy.Themorepulsesthere
arepersecond,themoretheenergy.Thepulsesareintegrated(filteredoraveraged)togeta
steadyDCvoltagewhichisproportionaltofrequency.Thisvoltagecanthenbedisplayedon
ananalogueordigitalvoltmeter,indicatingfrequency.Thismethodismoresuitablethana

direct counter, as it can get good accuracy in a second or so.

Q:WhyelectricityinIndiaisinthemultiplesof11like11kv,22kv,33kv?
A:TransformerInducedvoltageequationcontains4.44factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
EInducedemfperphase
Tnumberofturns
ffrequency
phimaximumfluxperpole
FromtheequationweseethatEisproportionalto4.4anditisinturnmultipleof11.So
alwaystransmissionvoltageismultipleof11
Q:WhyweuseacsysteminIndiawhynotdc?
A:Firstly,theoutputofpowerstationscomesfromarotaryturbine,whichbyit'snatureisAC
andthereforerequiresnopowerelectronicstoconverttoDC.Secondlyitismucheasierto
changethevoltageofACelectricityfortransmissionanddistribution.thirdlythecostofplant
associatedwithACtransmission
(circuitbreakers,transformersetc)ismuchlowerthantheequivilantofDCtransmissionAC
transmissionprovidesanumberoftechnicaladvantages.Whenafaultonthenetworkoccurs,
alargefaultcurrent occurs.InanACsystemthisbecomesmucheasiertointerupt,asthe
sinewavecurrentwillnaturallytendtozeroatsomepointmakingthecurrenteasierto
interrupt.
Q:Whichtypeofmotoris used intrains,whatistheratingofsupplyused explain
Workingprincipal?
A:Dc series is in the trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and
operatingvoltageis1500vdc.
Q:Batterybanksareinconnectedinseriesorparallelandwhy?
A:Batterybanksarealwaysconnectedinseriesinordertogetamultipliedvoltagewherethe
AHorcurrentcapacityremainingsame.Ex:24nos.2V,200Ahbatteriesconnectedinseries
willgive48V,200Ahoutput(AH=Amperehours)
Q:What

is

inrush

current?

A:Inrushcurrentisthecurrentdrawnbyapieceofelectricallyoperatedequipmentwhen

powerisfirstapplied.ItcanoccurwithACorDCpoweredequipment,andcanhappeneven
with

low

supply

voltages.

Q:InaTapchangingtransformerwhereisthetapconnected,isitconnectedintheprimary
side

or

secondary

side?

A:Tapingsareconnectedtohighvoltagewindingside,becauseoflowcurrent.Ifweconnect
tapingstolowvoltageside,sparkswillproducewhiletapchangingoperationduetohigh
current.
Q:Whytransformerratingsareinkva?
A:SincethepowerfactoroftransformerisdependentonloadweonlydefineVAratingand
doesnotincludepowerfactor.Incaseofmotors,powerfactordependonconstructionand
hence rating of motors is in KWatts and include power factor.
Q:

What

is

difference

between

fuse

and

breaker?

A:Fusesareburnedatthetimeofovercurrentflowsinthecircuitbutbreakersarejust
open(notburn)atthetimeofovercurrentflow.Fusesareusedinonlyonetimebutbreakers
are

used

by

multiple

number

of

times.

Q:What is the difference between deltadelta, deltastar transformer?

A:DeltadeltatransformerisusedatgeneratingstationorareceivingstationforChangeof
Voltage(i,e)generallyitisusedwheretheVoltageishigh&Currentislow.Deltastarisa
distributionkindoftransformerwherefromsecondarystarneutralistakenasareturnpath
and this configuration is used for Step down voltage phenomena.
Q:Capacitorisloadfreecomponentbutwhyamperemetershowscurrentwhencapacitor
bank

breaker

close?

A:AsweknowthatElectricalishavingtwotypeofload,ActiveandReactive.Capacitorisa
reactiveloadwhichisnotconsideringasaload,&itsfactorisIsin@.Meterisdesignbased
onCurrentRMSvaluebecauseofitmeterisshowingthecurrentRMSvalue.
Q:What'selectrictraction?
A:Traction implies with the electric power for traction system i. e. for railways, trams,
trolleysetc.electrictractionimpliesuseoftheelectricityforallthese.Nowaday,magnetic
tractionisalsoutilisedforbullettrains.Essentiallydcmotorsareutilizedforelectrictraction
systems.

Q:WhatispuinEE?
A:Pustandsforperunitinpowersystem.(pu=actualvalue/basevalue)
Q:Definesteppermotor.Whatistheuseofsteppermotor?
A: The motor which work or act on the applied input pulse in it, is called as stepper
motor.Thissteppermotorisunderthecategoryofsynchronousmotor,whichoftendoesnot
fullydependofcompletecycle.Itlikestoworksineitherdirectionrelatedtosteps.forthis
purposeitmainlyusedinautomationparts.
Q:Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explainCMRR.
A:Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference
betweentwoinputlinesneitherofwhichisgrounded,iscalleddifferentialamplifier.This
reducestheamountofnoisewhichisinjectedintotheamplifier,becauseanynoiseappearing
simultaneously on both the inputterminals as the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a
commonmodesignal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegaintocommonmadevoltage
gain.Ifadifferentialamplifierisperfect,CMRRwillbeinfinitebecauseinthatcasecommon
modevoltagegainwouldbezero.
Q:Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
A:Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeoraftertheestopswitchsothepower
canbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceas
thecontrolpowerwhichisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelayitselfmayhaveupto24
contactpointswithintheunititself.Thisallowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobe
lockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.
Q:Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230vAC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?
A:It'spossiblewithElectronicchoke.otherwiseit'snotpossibletoionizetheparticlesintube.light,
withnormalvoltage.
Q:WhattypesdomainofLaplacetransforms?WhatbehaviorcanLaplacetransformpredicthowthe
systemwork?
A:TypesdomainofLaplacetransformsissdomain,Laplacetransformsprovideamethodtofind
position,accelerationorvoltagethesystemwillhave.
Q:Inthemagneticfluxes,whatistheroleofarmaturereaction?

A:Thearmaturefluxhasanimportantrolefortherunningcondition.Thisarmaturefluxcanoppose
themainfluxoritmaysupportthemainfluxforbetterrunningcondition.Thiseffectofsupporting
andopposingofmainfluxtoarmaturefluxiscalledarmaturereaction.
Q:Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewoundresistors
A:a:ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistivematerialisdepositedonan
insulatingsubstrate.Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayerthicknessorbycutting
helicalgroovesofsuitablepitchalongitslength.Duringthisprocess,thevalueoftheresistanceis
monitoredcloselyandcuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonasthedesiredvalueofresistanceis
obtained.
b.Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundaninsulatingcylindricalcoreareknownas
wirewoundresistors.ThesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchasConstantanandManganinbecauseof
theirhighresistivity,andlowtemperaturecoefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoated
withaninsulatingmaterialsuchasbakedenamel
Q:whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronics
engineering?
A:uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.meansaccordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.
upsisalsotwotypes:onlineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampforlongtimebackup
withwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwith12vdcwith7amp.butinverterisstartwith12v,24,dcto
36vdcand120ampto180ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.

Q:WhataretheoperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstation?
A:Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothatsteamisobtainedthis
steamisallowedtohittheturbine,theturbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgenerates
theelectricity
Q:Whatis thediff.btwn.Electronicregulatorand ordinaryrheostatregulatorfor
fans?
A:Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryregulatoristhefactthatinelectronic
reg.powerlossestendtobelessbecauseasweminimizethespeedtheelectronicreg.give
thepowernecessaryforthatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinaryrheostattypereg.the
powerwastageissameforeveryspeedandnopowerissaved.Inelectronicregulatortriacis
employedforspeedcontrol.byvaryingthefiringanglespeediscontrolledbutinrheostatic
controlresistanceisdecreasedbystepstoachievespeedcontrol.
Q:Whatis2phasemotor?
A:Atwophasemotorisoftenamotorwiththethestartingwindingandtherunningwinding
haveaphasesplit.e.g;acservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrolwinding
haveaphasesplitof90degree.

Q:Whatdoesqualityfactordependoninresonance?
A:Qualityfactorqdependsonfrequencyandbandwidth.
Q:Whatarethetypesofpowerinelectricalpower?
A:Therearenormallythreetypesofpowerarecountedinelectricalpower.Theyare,
Apparentpower
Activepower
Reactivepower
Q:WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystem?
A:AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwayskeepsgoingatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeeddurationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichareassociatedwithconstantspeed
operation.
Q:Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
A:Slipcanbedefinedasthedistinctionbetweenthefluxspeed(Ns)andtherotorspeed(N).
Speedoftherotorofaninductionmotorisalwayslessthanitssynchronousspeed.Itis
usuallyexpressedasapercentageofsynchronousspeed(Ns)andrepresentedbythesymbol
S.

Q:Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?

A:Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various
connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form
to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it is
designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load)
only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit
alone

will

blow

off.

Q:State the difference between generator and alternator

A:Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only
difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic field and
rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding

against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc current for external
load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for
high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic
field

is

Q:What

is

ACSR

cable

used.
and

where

we

use

it?

A:ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in

transmission
Q:What

&

is

the

voltage

gain

distribution.

or

transfer

function

of

amplifier?

A:Vout/Vin
Q:

What

does

the

KVAR

means?

A:The KVAR indicates the electrical power. KVAR means Kilo Volt Amperes with
Reactive

components

Q:Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can't use ACB?
A:Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc queching property compare to air
because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always
vaccum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT .
Q:What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can be used?
A:MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit
protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit breaker and is
thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short
circuit condition.under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is
used where normal current is more than 100A.

Q:

Do

you

know

the

advantages

of

speed

controlusing

thyristor?

A: Advantages: 1. Fast Switching Characterstics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT 2. Low cost
3.

Higher

Accurate.

Q: Name the different types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic

appliances, vending machines, refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power factor
improvement
A:

and
Following

motors

cranes.
are

used:

Vacuum

cleaners-

Phonographic

Vending
Refrigerators

Rolling

appliances
machines

mills

factor

split

motor.

Hysteresis

motor.

pole

motor.

phase

motors.

Shaded

Capacitor

Lathes
Power

Universal

Cumulative

DC

shunt

improvement

motors.
motors.

Synchronous

motors.

Q: In the motors starting purpose why the armature rheostats at maximum position
while

the

field

rheostat

is

kept

in

minimum

position?

A: In the time of starting a motor the field rheostat is kept in minimum state for the
high

starting

torque.

In the time of starting a motor the armature rheostats is used to control or reduce the
high starting current. This high starting current can damage the motors starting
systems.
Q:

What's

the

other

name

for

short

circuit?

A: fault.
Q:

Name

power

losess

in

rotating

electrical

machines.

A: Power losess in rotating electrical machines are Copper losses, core losses,
mechanical

losses

and

stray

losses.

Q: What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?

A: Every power transformer carries a vector group listed by its manufacturer.
Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are connected
(delta or wye) and the phace difference betweent the current and voltage. EG.
DYN11 means Delta primary, Wye Secondry and the current is at 11 o clock reffered
to the voltage.
Q:State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an aero turbine.
A:The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors:
Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac.
Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly
constant speed with simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with fixed
pitch

blades.

 Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form of

storage, or interconnection with power grid.