MATH 4010 (2014-15)

Functional Analysis

CUHK

Suggested Solution to Homework 1

Yu Mei

P70, 3. In ` , let Y be the subset of all sequences with only finitely many nonzero terms. Show that Y is a
subspace of ` but not a closed subspace.
Proof.
(1) Let x = {j }, y = {j } be any two elements in Y ` . Then there exist N N+ such that
j = j = 0, j N,
otherwise x, y has infinitely many nonzero terms. Moreover, for any j, |j | Cx and |j | Cy for some
nonnegetive constants Cx , Cy since x, y ` . Hence, for any , R,
|j + j | ||Cx + ||Cy , j N+ ,

j + j = 0, j N ;

which implies that x + y Y. So, Y is a subspace of ` .

(2) Y is not a closed subspace. For example, let xn be a sequence such that
(
1/j, j n,
(n)
xj =
0,
j > n.
i.e. xn == {1, , n1 , 0, }. It is clear that xn Y . Set x be a sequence in ` such that xj = 1j . Thus,
kxn xk` =

1
0, as n +.
n+1

But x
/ Y since it has infinitely many nonzero terms.

P71, 7. Show that convergence of ky1 k + ky2 k + ky3 k + may not imply convergence of y1 + y2 + y3 + .
(n)
Proof. Consider Y in the above problem. Set yn = {j } Y to be a sequence with
(n)

n(n) = 1/n2 , j

= 0, f or all j 6= n.
P
P
2
Then, for any n N+ , kyn k = 1/n2 which implies that
n=1 kyn k =
n=1 1/n < +.
2
2
Set y = {1, 1/2 , , 1/n , }. Then,
n
X

1
0, as n +.
(n + 1)2
j=1
P
P
But y has infinitely many nonzero terms, i.e.
/ Y. So,
n=1 yn
n=1 yn does not converge in Y .
k

yj yk` =

P71, 14, Let Y be a closed subspace of a normed space (X, k k). Show that a norm k k0 on X/Y is defined
by
k
xk0 = inf kxk
x
x

where x
X/Y , that is, x
is any coset of Y .
Proof. Recall that X/Y = {
x|
x = x + Y, x X} and algebraic operations in X/Y are defined as:

x = x + Y ; x
+ z = x + z + Y.
Email address: ymei@math.cuhk.edu.hk. (Any questions are welcome!)

MATH 4010 (2014-15)

Functional Analysis

CUHK

(1) k
xk0 = inf kxk = inf kx + yk 0, since k k is a norm on X.
x
x

yY

(2) On the one hand,

0 = Y yields that
k0k0 = inf kyk = k0k = 0.
yY

On the other hand, if k

xk0 = 0, then
inf kx + yk = inf kx yk = 0

yY

yY

which implies x Y . Since Y is a closed subspace, then Y = Y . Thus, x Y so that x

= 0.
Hence k
xk0 = 0 if and only if x
=
0
(3) If = 0, then k
xk0 = inf k0x + yk = 0. For any R {0}, it holds that
yY

k
xk0 = inf kx + yk = inf k(x +
yY

yY

y
y
)k = || inf kx + k = || inf kx + yk = ||k
xk0 ,
yY
yY

since Y is a subspace which yields that inf kx + y k = inf kx + yk.

yY

yY

(4) For any x

, z X/Y , by the definition of inf imum, for any > 0, there exist y1 , y2 Y such that
kx + y1 k k
xk0 + , kz + y2 k k
z k0 + .
Thus,
kx + z + y1 + y2 k kx + y1 k + kz + y2 k k
xk0 + k
z k0 + 2.
which implies that
k
x + zk0 = inf kx + z + yk k
xk0 + k
z k0 + 2.
yY

Since is arbitrary, it holds that

k
x + zk0 k
xk0 + k
z k0 .