Career Pathways in Technology and Livelihood Education

Home Economics I
Clothing and Textiles
Module 3: Household Linens
Quarter 1: Household Linens

Household linens are dry goods for household use that are typically made of
white cloth. These can provide comfort and happiness around the house. It includes
your tablecloths, table napkins, towels, bed covers, pillow cases and refrigerator
covers.
As you go through this module, you will be able to understand and apply the
basic concepts and principles underlying the process and the delivery in sewing
which is essential in producing marketable household linens.

EXLORE YOUR UNDERSTANDING

In this module, be guided by the following questions to understand the basic

concepts and principles underlying the process and delivery in sewing household
linens.
Guide Questions:
1. Why do you need to understand the basic concepts and principles underlying the
process and delivery in sewing household linens?
2. Explain the process flow for sewing household linens like bed linens, table linens,
and refrigerator covers.
3. How will you evaluate the finished products?
4. How do you compute for the production cost and selling price of the finished
products?
5. How will you produce original/marketable household linens following the basic
concepts and principles underlying the process and delivery of sewing?

Pre - assessment
Now lets see how much you know about sewing. Below is a pre test to
measure your prior knowledge in this module on Household Linens.

Multiple Choice:
Directions: Select the correct option under each item. Write the letter of your choice
in your notebook.
1. What measuring tool is used in measuring the width and length of the bed?
a. Tape measure
b. L-square
c. Meter stick
d. Ruler
2. In cutting the fabric for bed covers, you should use:
a. Pinking shears
b. Cutting shears
c. Scissors
d. Cutter
2

3. Following is the order in threading the upper part of the sewing machine
a. Spool pin, between the metal disc of the upper tension, Upper thread
guide, Thread take up lever, lower thread guide, needle.
b. Spool pin, upper thread guide, between the metal disc of the upper
tension, Thread take up lever, lower thread guide, needle.
c. Spool pin, Thread take up lever, between the metal disc of the upper
tension, Upper thread guide, lower thread guide, needle.
d. Spool pin, Upper thread guide, thread take up lever, between the metal
disc of the upper tension, lower thread guide, needle
4. While you are sewing, you encountered looped or puckered stitch, what
remedy/remedies are you going to make?
a. Thread correctly and attach the needle properly
b. Fix the belt and put some oil; tighten the screws
c. Check the stitch regulator
d. Change the needle, correct the threading and balance the tension of
upper and lower thread.
5. Fabrics suitable for household linens
a. Cotton
b. Linens
c. Damask
d. Silk
6. The part of the sewing machine that moves the fabric while sewing.
a. Feed dog
b. Throat plate
c. Face plate
d. Slide plate
7. The complete sewing machine without a cabinet or stand
a. Bed
b. Head
c. Arm
d. Treadle
8. Which of the following is not household linen?
a. Bed covers
b. Curtains
c. Dining table covers
d. Pillow cases

9. What is the selling price of a pillow case with a total cost of Php 35.00 and
a mark up of 25%.
a. Php 37.00
b. Php 43.75
c. Php 45.00
d. Php 48.25
10. Compute for the 25% mark up of a dining table cover with a total cost of
Php 125.00.
a. Php 28.75
b. Php 29.50
c. Php 30.25
d. Php 31.25
11. The size of the machine needle used for sewing household linens.
a. 12
c. 16
b. 14
d. 18
12. The part of the sewing machine that controls the length of the stitches
a. Balance wheel
b. Stitch regulator
c. Feed dog
d. Bobbin case
13. You are going to buy 2 yards of linen fabric for your bed cover. The unit
cost is Php 85.00. How much are you going to pay?
a. Php 233.75
b. Php 235.00
c. Php 237.25
d. Php 240.00
14. The equipment that makes sewing easier and faster
a. Electric iron
b. Sewing machine
c. Working table
d. Ironing board
15. The principle of design where there is a feeling of rest or purpose.
a. Harmony
b. Proportion
c. Balance
d. Rhythm
4

Criteria for Assessment:

Based on the results of the pre-assessment, assess now your prior knowledge.
Rating Scale
If you got:
Score

Description

11 - 15

Very sufficient

6 - 10

Sufficient

0-5

Insufficient

Now that you have assessed your prior knowledge you are now ready to
move on to the next phase of this module.

FIRM UP YOUR UNDERSTANDING

In this phase you will learn the basic concepts and principles underlying the
process and delivery in sewing household linens.

Lesson 1 - Sewing Tools and Equipment

A dressmaker or a tailor needs tools and equipment to sew household linens.
Well selected tools and equipment will help you achieve good results.

Sewing Tools are classified according to their functions like measuring, drafting,
marking, cutting and pinning and sewing.

A. Measuring Tools
Tape measure is a device used in taking the
measurements for the chosen household linen/s.
Meter stick is used in taking the measurement of big
furniture and appliances.

B. Drafting Tools

L square or Tailors square is used to draw

perpendicular lines and drawing square corners.

Ruler aids in connecting lines.

C.

Marking Tools

Tailors Chalk is used to mark the construction lines.

Tracing wheel is used to mark the construction lines.

Tracing Paper functions like a carbon paper. Tracing

papers are categorized into black and white depending
upon the color to be traced.

D.

Cutting Tools

Scissors are shorter than shears, and used mainly for

shaping short curves. The holes are of even size.

Shears vary in length from eight (8) to nine (9) inches.

They are sharp metals used for cutting. They must be
free from rust to function properly. The longer the
shears are, the easier your work will be. The holes are
of different size.

Pinking Shears give an attractive zigzag cut edge to

the fabrics to prevent ravelling.

Seam Ripper is a handy wire rod with a hook In one

end which is used to remove seams or stitches.

E.

Pinning and Sewing Devices

Pins - are used to hold pieces of materials together

Hand Needle is used in making temporary stitches.

Sizes 7 to 10 are for general hand sewing. However,
sturdy fabrics need larger size needles.

Thimble is used to push the needle and to protect the

finger from getting hurt.

Pin Cushion is a bag of cotton or hair where pins and

needles are pricked or placed when not in use. Rayon,
velvet or worsted fabrics are commonly used for the
coverings of the cushion.

Sewing Box is a container for all tools and materials in

sewing.

Sewing Equipment
Sewing equipment includes the sewing machine and working table.

Sewing Machine makes sewing easier and faster.

There are two kinds of sewing machines, the (a)
treadle which is run by foot and the (b) electric
motored machine run by electricity.

Parts of the Sewing Machine

The two major parts of the sewing machine are the upper and lower parts.
The upper parts are composed of:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Spool Pin is the thread holder.

Thread Guides keeps the thread in position.
Upper Tension controls the looseness and tightness of stitches.
Thread Take up Level releases the thread and interlocks with the
bobbin thread.
Needle attached to the needle clamp, pierces the cloth and carries the
top thread below into the bobbin chamber.
Bobbin Case or Shuttle, moves into position to catch the top thread and
form the stitch as the needle is lowered into the bobbin chamber.
Presser foot holds the fabric in place while sewing.
Feed Dog moves the fabric while sewing.
9

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Stitch Regulator checks the length of the stitches.

Bobbin Winder controls the bobbin while winding thread.
Clutch or Stop Motion Screw hinders moving when loosened and starts
moving when tightened. It is found in the center of the balance wheel.
Presser Bar Lifter moves the presser foot high.
Needle bar holds the needle in place.
Needle clamp holds and tightens the needle.
Balance Wheel sets the mechanism in motion.
Belt connects the balance wheel to the drive wheel.
Throat Plate windows of the feed dog and it is where the bobbin
threads come out.
Slide Plate is a movable plate that covers the shuttle and the bobbin
case.
Shuttle holds the bobbin case while sewing.
Bobbin is a metal spool for winding thread.
The Lower Parts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Band Wheel leads the balance wheel through the belt connection.
Band Wheel Crank moves the band wheel.
Pitman Rod holds the treadle to band wheel crank.
Belt Guide holds the belt to its place.
Dress Guard protects the dress from the wheel.
Treadle is where the feet are stationed to drive the band wheel through
the pitman rod.
Legs support the cabinet of the machine.
Cabinet holds the head of the machine by interlocking screw on the
hinges.

Working Table is a spacious table essential in

laying out fabrics. The ideal size is 2 by 4 feet.

10

Pressing Equipment

Electric Iron is used for straightening

wrinkled household linens for a neat
appearance.

Ironing Board is padded, smooth and

adjustable in height. Keep the cover clean
smooth and ready for use.

Ironing Board Sheet Cover should be made

of cotton or linen with light colors.

Bowl and sponges are used to dampen

fabrics for easy ironing.

Things to Remember
Proper selection and use of tools, materials and
equipment will make your work easier and faster.

11

Activity 1
WORD HUNT
Directions: Find the word related to sewing tools and equipment . Classify them
according to their function by drawing a happy face
the appropriate column.

beside your answer on

12

Sewing Tools and Equipment

Measuring Marking Cutting Drafting Sewing

Example: Tape measure

Activity 2
In your notebook write the function/use of the following:
1. thread take-up lever
2. spool pin
3. balance wheel
4. treadle
5. upper tension

13

Lesson 2 Operating the Sewing Machine

Success in sewing cannot be achieved without skill in using the sewing
machine. You should learn how to operate the sewing machine as soon as possible,
but do not be discouraged if your first stitching is not as straight as you would like it
to be. You will soon learn how to stitch accurately and efficiently if you practice and
follow these suggestions.
Setting up and closing the sewing machine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Place the machine in a good light. The light should come from the left, if
possible. Do not face the light. Use the light in the machine if possible.
Learn the steps in their correct order for opening and closing
Detach the electric cord by holding the plug not the cord.
Store the cord in the same place each time to that it will be easy to find.
Close the bed slide (the cover over the bobbin chamber) before lowering the
head of the machine.
Remember to loosen or disengage the belt of a treadle machine before
attempting to lower the head.

Sitting at the machine

1.
2.

Use a comfortable chair, placing it squarely in front of the machine.

Sit upright with both feet squarely on the floor unless they are needed to
operate a foot pedal or a treadle.

Operating the Sewing Machine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sit on the chair comfortably. The height of the chair should be just right for you
and your machine.
Position your feet flat on the treadle with the left foot placed in the upper corner
and the right foot at the lower corner.
Put on the belt in place.
Place your hand in front of the presser foot. Avoid pulling the fabric while
sewing because this may bend and break the needle.
Using the right hand, turn the balance wheel toward you.
As the treadle moves, follow its up and down movement rhythmically with your
feet.
Stop the machine gradually by placing your right hand on the balance wheel to
stop it completely.

14

Operating the power control of an electric machine

1.
2.
3.

Bring either the knee lever or the foot pedal into a comfortable position.
Disengage the clutch.
Practice starting and stopping the machine by pressing and releasing the
control. Notice that the amount of pressure you exert on the lever or pedal
controls the speed of the motor. Learn to run the machine smoothly at both low
and higher speeds. Do not grasp the balance wheel while still pressing the
control although you may place your hand on it to stop the machine after
releasing the pressure.

Threading the Sewing Machine

Upper Part
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Put the spool of thread on the spool pin.

Bring the thread to the thread guide.
Pull the thread between the metal disc of the upper
tension.
Bring the thread up to the thread take up lever and
raise it as it goes.
Pull the thread down to the thread guide.
Pull it through the lower thread guide.
Thread the needle.

Lower Part
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

Remove the bobbin case by pulling the bobbin case

latch.
Remove the bobbin from the case and wind the
thread.
Put the bobbin back to the bobbin case and pull the
thread through the little slot at least 4 inches.
Be sure that you hear the case being locked upon
inserting the bobbin case inside the shuttle.
Start the mechanism by rolling the balance wheel
forward to get the thread of the bobbin through the
needle.
Pull the upper and lower thread together by 4
inches.
Things to Remember
Always be careful in operating the
sewing machine
15

Activity 3
Directions: Re-arrange the steps in threading the upper part of the sewing machine.
Write number 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, 3 for the third Write the
answers in your notebook.
___ a. Thread the needle.
___ b. Bring the thread up to the thread take up lever and raise it as it goes.
___ c. Put the spool of thread on the spool pin.
___ d. Pull the thread down to the thread guide.
___ e. Bring the thread to the thread guide.
___ f. Pull the thread between the metal disc of the upper tension.
___ g. Pull it through the lower thread guide.

Lesson 3 Sewing Machine Troubles, Causes and Its Remedies

Have you tried operating a sewing machine? Did you encounter some
troubles? If you experience some troubles, you should know how to remedy them.
The table below are machine troubles, causes and remedies.
Machine Troubles and Causes
1. Machine does not stitch it is
caused by improper threading
both on lower and upper
threading;
improper
needle
attachment.
2. Noisy machine it is caused by
dirt and dust; lacks oil. Loose
screws.
3. Heavy functioning/Not functioning
it is caused by too tight belt;
lacks oil. Dust has accumulated in
the shuttle case area.
4. Looping and puckered stitch is
caused by wrong needle size or
needle is dull; machine is
incorrectly threaded; upper and
lower thread is not balanced.
5. Needle breaks is caused by
improper attachment of needle
and pulling of threads.

Remedies
Thread correctly and attach the
needle properly.
Check the stitch regulator
Dust should be removed from the
machine then put some oil.
Tighten screws.
Fix the belt to fit; put some oil.
Tighten screws

Change the needle, correct the

threading and balance the tension
of upper and lower thread.

Attach the
balance the
pulling.

needle properly,
thread to avoid

16

Activity 4
Let us see how well you can remedy the troubles encountered in the given
situations below. Read each situation and write the letter of the answer in your
notebook.
1. Sita is sewing a dining table cover. She found out that the sewing
machine does not stitch, what remedy is she going to do?
a. Fix the belt to fit, tighten the screws
b. Attach the needle properly; balance the thread to avoid pulling.
c. Thread correctly and attach the needle properly, and check the
stitch regulator
d. Change the needle, correct the threading and balance the tension
of the upper and lower thread
e. Dust should be removed from the machine then put some oil and
tighten screws.
2. Nora noticed that the sewing machine is noisy. What do you think
is/are the possible causes?
a. Fix the belt to fit, tighten the screws
b. Change the needle, correct the threading and balance the tension
of the upper and lower thread
c. Attach the needle properly, balance the thread to avoid pulling.
d. Dust should be removed from the machine then put some oil and
tighten screws.
e. Thread correctly and attach the needle properly, and check the
stitch regulator
3. Mary is sewing table napkins. She noticed that the stitches are looped
and puckered. What remedy is to be done?
a. Change the needle, correct the threading and balance the tension
of the upper and lower thread
b. Fix the belt to fit, tighten the screws
c. Attach the needle properly, balance the thread to avoid pulling.
d. Thread correctly and attach the needle properly, and check the
stitch regulator
e. Dust should be removed from the machine then put some oil and
tighten screws.

17

Lesson 4 The Basic Techniques in Sewing

A number of processes are needed in order for you to come up with quality
household linens. These basic techniques in sewing will help you do your work
faster. Here are the basic stitches and seams that you can use in the production of
household linens.
A.
1.

Kinds of Stitches

Hand stitches
Running stitch. The running stitch is the most
basic hand stitch. It is made with small, straight,
even stitches. It is done by simply slipping the
needle over and under the fabric.

Basting stitch. The basting stitch is a temporary

stitch that holds two pieces of fabric together.

2.

Machine stitches
Straight stitches are used for basting and for
sewing seams.

Zigzag stitches may be used for finishing raw

edges.

B.

Seams and Seam Finishes

Plain Seam The most versatile and widely used

seam, this is made by stitching two edges of
fabrics together.

18

Steps in making a plain seam:

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Place the right sides of fabrics together

For straight seams, place the pins away from the
seamline and out of the way of the presser foot.
Place pins on the seam line when the seams need to
be held more securely. For beginners, however, use
basting stitches to avoid breaking the needle.
Stitch along a trace seam line.
Press the seam both on the wrong and right sides.
Finish the seam by trimming.

French Seam These are strong and

completely free of ravelling. They are used only on
light and not in heavy fabrics because they tend to be
bulky.

Steps in making French seam

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Place the two wrong sides of the fabric together.

Stitch on a line about centimetre or less than from
the seamline towards the raw edge of the material.
Press the seam edges open.
Trim the seam allowances to centimeter in width.
Trim both by holding them together.
Fold the right sides of the material together. Keep
the fold on the stitch line.
Press and baste.
Stitch on the seamline, making a centimeter width
seam or a slightly narrower one.

19

 Lapped Seam is used to emphasize

construction lines and to form points and curves
where a plain seam would be difficult to use.
Steps in making Lapped seam
1.
2.
3.

4.

Stitch as you would stitch any plain seam.

Press both seam allowances in the same direction.
Stitch from the right side near the seam line. This
line of top-stitching will hold the seam edges back in
place and emphasize the seam line.
Trim or finish seam edges together and press them
together too.

Piped Seam

How to sew a piped seam

This is a nice seam to add to your library as it allows you to simply add interest to the
edge of collars, cuffs and to other projects such as cushion covers.
Steps to sew a piped seam
1. Open out a strip of bias binding which is the same
length as your seam and fold in half.
2. On the right side position the bias binding so the
original fold lines lay on the seam allowance,
normally 1.5cm (5/8) in from the edge and tack in
place.
3. Place the second piece of fabric on top with right
sides together and tack in place.
4. Sew in normal way.
5. Finish raw edges using preferred method.
6. Press for a neat finish.
Note:
If seam is not curved then braid or ribbon can also be used in the same way for
added decoration.

20

Piped seam

Showing how seam will appear on right side (outside) of project.

Showing construction of seam.

Activity 5:
Making Seams
Directions: Look for small pieces of cloth. Make samples of plain seam, french
seam, lapped seam and piped seam by following the steps.
1. Plain seam
2. French seam
3. Lapped seam
4. Piped Seam
Now that you have learned the basic sewing techniques, you will now proceed
with the next lesson, Principles of Design.
Things to Remember
Always stitch along the seam line to
produce good result.
21

Lesson 5 Principles of Design

In this lesson you are to learn the five principles of design which you can apply
in the household linens that you are going to sew. The principles of design includes
balance, emphasis, rhythm, proportion and scale, and harmony and unity.
Balance
Visual equilibrium in your household linens is called balance. It gives a sense
of repose and a feeling of completion.
Formal balance, often referred to as symmetrical balance, creates a mirror
image effect.
Example: ruffles placed on both sides of the pillow case
Informal balance uses designs on one side only.
Example: ruffles placed on one side of the pillow case

Rhythm
Rhythm supplies the discipline that controls the eye as is moves. Rhythm
helps the eye to move easily from one part to another and creates a harmony that
tells the eye everything in the household linens belongs to a unified whole. Rhythm is
created through repetition of line, form, color or texture. It can also be created
through progression. Progressive rhythm is a gradual increasing or decreasing in
size, direction or color.
Example: Rhythm is seen in the pleats found in the lower part of the bed
cover.
Proportion
Size relationships of designs of household linens are defined by
proportion and scale. Proportion refers to how the elements within an object
relate to the object as a whole. Scale relates to the size of an object when
compared with the size of the space in which it is located.
Example: The design of the bed cover, refrigerator cover should be in
proportion with the size of the household linen.

22

Harmony & Unity

A well-designed household linen is a unified whole that encompasses all the

other elements and principles of design. Unity assures a sense of order. .
Example: The color of trimmings or decorative designs applied to bed
covers, pillow cases, dining table covers, towels and table napkins
should harmonize with the color of your household linen.
Activity 6
Directions: In your notebook, illustrate the principles of design as applied to the
different household linens.

Things to Remember
Correct application of the principles of design
makes your household linens beautiful/attractive

Lesson 6 Selecting Fabrics for Household Linens

A fabric is a woven, felted or knitted material. There are different fabrics suited
for household linens. The most appropriate fabrics are cotton, linen and rayon.
Cotton fabrics are soft and smooth. It is the most hygienic because it can be
boiled during laundering thus destroying bacteria. It can stand high temperatures for
a reasonable length of time, but the fiber is actually stronger when wet than dry.
Thus, boiling bleaches white cotton as well as sterilizes it, too. However, sunshine
weakens cotton and hence household linens should not be exposed too long to
sunshine.
Linen fibers are smooth, round and lustrous. The fibers are less elastic than
other natural fibers. Thus the fabric tends to wrinkle easily and require frequent
pressing. To eliminate this, linens are now crease-resistant. The lustrous smooth
surface of linens resist soiling because dirt does not cling to it. Linen is strong and
tends to be stronger when wet so it washes well. It can not be boiled for long
periods since high temperature weakens it. Heavy bleaching also weakens the
fibers.
The third fabric suitable fabric for household linens is rayon. Rayon is the first
of the large group of man-made fibers which we have now in the market. It was
originally produced as an imitation of silk. Rayon generally behaves like cotton and
23

linen. It wrinkles easily too unless given a crush-resistant finish. Also, it launders
well. Water does not injure it though rayon is weaker when wet than dry. Unlike
cotton and linen, it should not be boiled. Sunshine, too, weakens it. It stands
moderate temperature and can be pressed somewhat like cotton, but at lower
temperature.

Activity 7
Directions: In your notebook, write the letter of your choice from the options given
after each statement.
1.

The fabric for household linens that is the most hygienic because it can be boiled
during laundering.
a Linen
b. Rayon
c. Cotton
d. Silk

2. The fabric that is an imitation of silk and among first man-made fibers.
a. Rayon
b. Silk
c. Cotton
d. Linen
3.

The fabric that resist dirt because of its lustrous surface.

a. Silk
b. Linen
c. Rayon
d. Cotton

4.

The fabric that wrinkles easily unless given a crease-resistant finish.

a. Silk
b. Rayon
c. Cotton
d. Linen

5.

Which of this fabric is not suitable for household linens?

a. Rayon
b. Silk
c. Cotton
d. Linen
24

Now that you have learned the suitable fabrics for household linen, you will
now prepare a project plan.
Lesson 7 Preparing a Project Plan
Before sewing any household linen, you must prepare first your project plan.
A project plan is your guide in sewing/assembling any kind of project. A project plan
will give you an idea on what is to be done, how much to spend and what procedures
to follow.
Below is a sample project plan for a bed cover. This can be used in preparing
project plan for other household linens.
Sample Project Plan

Name of Student:________________________ Year & Section:______________

I- Name of Project: Sewing Simple Bed Covers Date Started: _______________
Date Finished: ______________

II- Objectives:
a. to acquire knowledge and develop skills on how to sew bed covers
b. assemble a quality and marketable bed covers
c. observe safety measures while sewing

III- Sketch/Drawing:

25

IV- Bill of Materials:

Qty.

Unit

Description

Unit Cost

Total Cost

2 3/4

yrds.

Cotton of Linen fabric

Php 45.00

Php 123.75

1/2

spool

Thread

Php 15.00

Php 7.50

TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS

Php 131.25

Note: To compute the quantity of fabrics needed, measure the length and width of
the bed and add desired allowance.
Example: Length of bed 72 inches
Width of bed 40 inches
Allowance 24 inches
Formula: Length + allowances / 36 inches
72 + 24 = 96
96/36 = 2.66 yrds. or 2 yrds.
V- Tools and Equipment Needed:
Tape measure
Meter stick
Shears
Scissors
Ruler
Tailors chalk
Sewing machine

26

VI- Procedure in sewing:

Procedures:

Bed
Cover

Dining
Table
Cover

Refrigerator
Cover

Pillow
Cases

(Tablecloth)
Table
napkins
Towels
Gather all necessary materials, tools
and equipment needed

Prepare the fabric

Measure the desired size plus one

inch allowance for the fold and mark.

Cut the fabric

Fold the edge of the fabric twice and

baste

Sew along the folded edge of fabric

Measure for the size of pocket plus 1

inches for the top allowance and
inch for the three sides.

Sew the pocket and attach to the

desired position on the refrigerator
cover

Fold the right sides of the fabric

together
and sew along the
construction lines
Make ruffles and attach to the folded
edge of the refrigerator cover.

27

VII- Criteria for Assessment:

Sample Rubric for Performance
Dimension

Highly
Skilled

Skilled
4

1. Use of tools,
equipment
and materials

Moderately
Skilled

Unskilled
2

No
Attempt
1

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment all
the time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment
most of the
time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation and
use of materials
and tools/
equipment some
of the time

Rarely selects,
prepares and
use appropriate
materials and
tools/ equipment

Systematic
application of
procedures all
the time
without
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures
most of the
time with
minimum
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures some
of the time with
constant
supervision

Rarely follows
systematic
application of
procedures and
highly
development on
supervision

No attempt to
apply
procedures to
project

3. Safety/ Work
Habits

Highly selfmotivated and

observes all
safety
precautions at
all times

Self- motivated
and observes
most safety
precautions
most of the
time

Self-motivated and
observes
sometimes some
safety precautions

Needs to be
motivated and
does not observe
safety precaution

No motivation
and totally
disregards
precaution

4. Speed/Time

Work finished
ahead of time

Work finished
meets deadline

Work finished
close to deadline

Work finished
way beyond
deadline

No concept of
time

2. Application of
procedure

No attempt to
use tools/
equipment

28

Sample Rubric for Finished Project

Dimension

Excellent

Very Good

Good

Fair

1. Marketability

a. Quality

Very functional
and very versatile

Functional and
versatile

Less functional
and less versatile

Not functional and

not versatile

Very attractive

Attractive

Less attractive

Not attractive

Affordable by
many

Affordable by
some

Affordable by few

Not affordable

Very pleasing
color combination

Pleasing color
combination

Less pleasing
combination

Not pleasing color

combination

Very unique and

very original

Unique and
original

Less unique and

less original

Not unique and

not original

Less indigenous
and less
innovative

Not indigenous
and not
innovative

b. Appearance

c. Price

2. Originality
a. Color

b. Design

c. Materials

Very indigenous
and very
innovative

Indigenous and
innovative

29

Points earned

Numerical

Descriptive

17 - 20

91 - 100

Outstanding

13 - 16

86 - 90

Very Good

9 - 12

81 - 85

Good

5-8

76 - 80

Fair

1 - 4

71 - 75

Needs Improvement

Production Cost
The production cost is determined after computing all the expenses incurred.
A = cost of all the materials purchased (fabrics, threads)
B = Operating expenses like labor, oil, electricity, miscellaneous not included in A
and rentals, if any
Example: A - Materials
Description

Total Cost

2 yrds linen @ 45.00/yrd.

123.75

spool of thread @ 15.00/spool

7.50
131.25

B Operating Expenses
Machine oil (approx.)

5.00

Transportation

7.50

Needle

1.50

Misc.

5.00

Labor (20% of the material)

39.50
__________

Total

58.50
30

Total Production Cost = A + B

Php 131.25 + 58.50 = Php 189.75
To compute for the Selling Price add 25% mark up
Formula: Total Production Cost x 25%
Php 189.75 x .25 = Php 47.45
Selling Price Php 189.75 + 47.45 = Php 237.50

Packaging
Product packaging has assumed greater importance in modern marketing.
Packaging is not only an important means of protecting the content, but also a
powerful means of pre-selling the consumer and assisting in store selection.
Packaging The following information should be included in the label of
finished household linen.
Materials of Finished Household linen
1. Label:

Brand name or trade mark

Country origin

Physical and chemical composition

2. Price Tag
A price tag is a device attached to a commodity which states a price. It
should be visible, clearly written with no alteration or erasures of any sort.
A. Plastic bag
Appearance of plastic bag

Clear

Clean

Free from wrinkles

With flap

Fitted to the size of household linen

31

B. Characteristics of packaging tape

Adhesive

Transparent

Clean

C. Marking Pen

It should be black, permanent and does not blot

Packaging Procedure:
1. Sorting household linens according to:

Style
Example Ruffled parts should be at the top portion

Linen of the same color should be together

Sizes of same measurement should be together

2. Putting label and price tag

3. Folding finished household linens
4. Packaging finished household linen in the clear plastic
5. Putting tape at the end of fold.

VIII- Remarks:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

32

Activity 8
Directions: In your own assessment, is a project plan important in assuring quality,
profitability and marketability of bed linens? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 9 Sewing Household Linens (Bed Cover, Dining Table Cover

(Tablecloth), Towel, Table Napkins)
With the knowledge and skills you have learned, sew any dining table cover
following the procedure in your project plan. After sewing evaluate the finished
product, compute for the selling price and package properly.

Project Plan
Name of Student:________________________ Year & Section:______________
I- Name of Project: _______________________________
Date Started: _______________

Date Finished: ______________

II- Objectives:
a.
b.
c.

III- Sketch/Drawing:

Note: Student draws design of household linen

33

IV- Bill of Materials:

Qty.

Unit

Description

Unit Cost

Total Cost

yrds.

Cotton or Linen fabric

Php 85.00

Php 123.75

spool

thread

Php 15.00

Php 7.50

TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS

Php 131.25

V- Tools and Equipment Needed:

Tape measure
Meter stick
Ruler
Tailors chalk
Sewing machine
Shears
Scissors

VI- Procedure:
1. Gather all necessary materials, tools and equipment.
2. Prepare the fabric
3. Measure the desired size and add one inch allowance for the fold.
4. Mark along the construction lines
5. Cut the fabric
6. Fold the edge of the fabric twice and baste.
7. Sew along the of the folded edge of the fabric
34

8. Evuate finished product

9. Compute for the production cost
10. Compute for the selling price
11. Package and market
VII- Criteria for Assessment:
Rubric for Performance
Dimension

Highly
Skilled

Skilled
4

Moderately
Skilled

Unskilled
2

No
Attempt
1

1. Use of tools,
equipment
and materials

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment all
the time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment
most of the
time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation and
use of materials
and tools/
equipment some
of the time

Rarelyr selects,
prepares and
use appropriate
materials and
tools/ equipment

No attempt to
use tools/
equipment

2. Application of
procedure

Systematic
application of
procedures all
the time
without
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures
most of the
time with
minimum
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures some
of the time with
constant
supervision

Rarely follows
systematic
application of
procedures and
highly
development on
supervision

No attempt to
apply
procedures to
project

3. Safety/ Work
Habits

Highly selfmotivated and

observes all
safety
precautions at
all times

Self- motivated
and observes
most safety
precautions
most of the
time

Self-motivated and
observes
sometimes some
safety precautions

Needs to be
motivated and
does not observe
safety precaution

No motivation
and totally
disregards
precaution

4. Speed/Time

Work finished
ahead of time

Work finished
meets deadline

Work finished
close to deadline

Work finished
way beyond
deadline

No concept of
time

35

Rubric for Finished Project

Dimension

Excellent
4

Very Good
3

Good
2

Fair
1

1. Marketability
a. Quality

Very functional and

very versatile

Functional and
versatile

Less functional and

less versatile

Not functional and

not versatile

Very attractive

Attractive

Less attractive

Not attractive

Affordable by many

Affordable by some

Affordable by few

Not affordable

Very pleasing color

combination

Pleasing color
combination

Less pleasing
combination

Not pleasing color

combination

Very unique and

very original

Unique and original

Less unique and

less original

Not unique and not

original

Very indigenous
and very innovative

Indigenous and
innovative

Less indigenous
and less innovative

Not indigenous and

not innovative

b. Appearance
c. Price

2. Originality
a. Color
b. Design
c. Materials

Points earned

Numerical

Descriptive

17 - 20

91 - 100

Outstanding

13 - 16

86 - 90

Very Good

9 - 12

81 - 85

Good

5-8

76 - 80

Fair

1 - 4

71 - 75

Needs Improvement

Production Cost and Selling Price

Compute for the production cost
discussed.

and selling price using the formula previously

Congratulations! You have just firmed up your understanding of the content of this
module. You are now ready to move on to the next phase of this module. Be sure
that your teacher have check your project plan before sewing.

36

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

In this phase of the module you are going to deepen your understanding of
the concepts and principles underlying the process and delivery of sewing household
linens. Translate the project plan into a quality, profitable and marketable household
linen.
Decorative designs add beauty to our household linens. These include the
use of appliqu, lace, ruffles, pleats, piping and tassels.
Below are decorative designs applied to household linens.

Tassels

Appliques

Pleats
Lace

Piping

37

Suggested activities: Sew household linens:

Things to consider:
1. Design of any household linen to be sewed
2. Size of the bed, pillow, dining table and top of refrigerator
3. Quantity of fabrics
4. Project plan
5. Sew the household linen
6. Evaluate the finished project
7. Production Cost
8. Selling Price
9. Packaging

SUMATIVE TEST:
1. Discuss the steps in sewing household linens: - bed covers, dining table cover
(tablecloth), towels, table napkins, pillow case, and refrigerator cover
2. Design household linens based on the principles of design.
3. Analyse the outcome and quality of the household linen produced with the
project plan.
4. Express your feeling if you have gainful returns in sewing household linens.
5. Self assess your knowledge in sewing household linens.
How did you find the activities in this phase of the module? You are now
ready to move on to the next phase of this module.

38

TRANSFER YOUR UNDERSTANDING

In this phase of the module you are now going to apply the basic concepts
and principles leaned underlying the process and delivery in sewing household
linens.
Activities:
1. Production of household linens
Plan for marketable household linens to sew
a. Design household linens
b. Prepare needed tools, materials and equipment
c. Make a project plan
d. Sew the chosen household linen
2. Assess your product using the rubric.
3. Compute for production cost and selling price.
4. Package and sell household linens produced.

Congratulations for a job well done. You will now take the Post test and check later
from the Pre test to see the difference how well did you learn from this module.

39

Post Assessment
Multiple Choice:
Directions: Select the correct option under each item. Write the letter of your choice in your
notebook.

1.

What measuring tool is used in measuring the width and length of the bed?
a. Tape measure
b. L-square
c. Meter stick
d. Ruler

2.

In cutting the fabric for bed covers, you should use:

a. Pinking shears
b. Cutting shears
c. Scissors
d. Cutter

3.

Following is the order in threading the upper part of the sewing machine
a. Spool pin, between the metal disc of the upper tension, Upper
thread guide, Thread take up lever, lower thread guide, needle.
b. Spool pin, upper thread guide, between the metal disc of the upper
tension, Thread take up lever, lower thread guide, needle.
c. Spool pin, Thread take up lever, between the metal disc of the
upper tension, Upper thread guide, lower thread guide, needle.
d. Spool pin, Upper thread guide, thread take up lever, between the
metal disc of the upper tension, lower thread guide, needle

4.

When you are sewing and you encountered looping and puckered stitch what
remedy/remedies are you going to do?
a. Thread correctly and attach the needle properly
b. Fix the belt and put some oil; tighten the screws
c. Check the stitch regulator
d. Change the needle, correct the threading and balance the tension
of upper and lower thread.

5.

Fabrics suitable for household linens

a. Cotton
b. Linens
c. Damask
d. Silk

40

6.

The part of the sewing machine that moves the fabric while sewing.
a. Feed dog
b. Throat plate
c. Face plate
d. Slide plate

7.

The complete sewing machine without a cabinet or stand

a. Bed
b. Head
c. Arm
d. Treadle

8.

Which of the following is not a household linen?

a. Table napkins
b. hand towels.
c. curtains
d. bed covers

9.

What is the selling price of a pillow case with a total cost of Php 35.00 with a
mark up of 25%.
a. Php 37.00
b. Php 43.75
c. Php 45.00
d. Php 48.25

10. Compute for the 25% mark up of a dining table cover with a total cost of Php
125.00.
a. Php 28.75
b. Php 29.50
c. Php 30.25
d. Php 31.25
11 The size of the machine needle used for sewing household linens.
a. 12
c. 16
b. 14
d. 18
12. The part of the sewing machine that controls the length of the stitches
a.
Balance wheel
b.
Stitch regulator
c.
Feed dog
d.
Bobbin case

41

13. You are going to buy 2 yards of linen fabric for your bed cover. The unit cost
is Php 85.00. How much are you going to pay?
a. Php 233.75
b. Php 235.00
c. Php 237.25
d. Php 240.00
14. The equipment that makes sewing easier and faster
a Electric iron
b. Sewing machine
c. Working table
d. Ironing board
15. The principle of design where there is a feeling of rest or purpose.
a.
Harmony
b.
Proportion
c.
Balance
d.
Rhythm

42

After finishing this module, how do you feel?

Check () one

Happy

Confused

Sad

CONGRATULATIONS!
Appendix A

43

KEY TO CORRECTION

EXPLORE Your Understanding

Pre/Post Assessment
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. d
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. b
10. d
11. b
12. b
13. a
14. b
15. c
FIRM-UP Your Understanding
Activity 1
1. tailors chalk - msrking
2. sewing machine sewing
3. tracing wheel marking
4. shears cutting
5. scissors cutting
6. thread sewing
7. pins sewing
8. thimble sewing
9. ruler drafting
10. hand needle sewing
Activity 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

treadle where the feet is stationed to drive the band wheel through the pitman rod.
balance wheel sets the mechanism in motion.
shuttle holds the bobbin case in place while sewing
thread take-up lever releases the thread and interlocks with the bobbin thread
Spool pin thread holder

44

Activity 3
_7 a.
_3_ b.
_1_ c.
_5_ d.
_2_ e.
_4_ f.
_6_ g.

Activity 4
1.
2.
3.

c
d
a

Activity 5
Bring your work when you meet with your teacher

Activity 6
Your drawings applying the principles of design will be checked by your teacher during your
meeting.

Activity 7
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

45

Activity 8
Yes, project plan is very important in sewing. This includes the objective why you are
making the project, tools, materials, supplied needed, the procedure in sewing and how to
evaluate the finished product.

Activity 9
The project plan you made will be checked your teacher before you proceed to the actual
sewing of your household linen.

DEEPEN Your Understanding

Summative Test
1.

A. Bed Covers and Dining Table Covers

1. Gather all the tools, materials and supplies needed
6. Prepare the fabric before cutting
7. Mark the construction lines
8. Cut the fabric
9. Sew the raw edges
10. Evaluate with the use of rubrics
11. Compute for the cost production
12. Compute for the selling price

1.

B. Pillow Case
1. Gather all the tools, materials and supplies needed
2. Prepare the fabric before cutting
3. Mark the construction lines
4. Cut the fabric
5. Sew the raw edges
6. Join the side using a plain seam.
7. Evaluate with the use of rubrics
8. Compute for the cost production
9. Compute for the selling price

1.

C. Refrigerator Cover
1. Gather all the tools, materials and supplies needed
2. Prepare the fabric before cutting
3. Mark the construction lines
4. Cut the fabric
5. Sew the raw edges
6. Sew ruffles and sew around the sides.
7. Prepared pockets and attach.
8. Evaluate with the use of rubrics
9. Compute for the cost production
10.Compute for the selling price

46

Note: The designs of household linens will be checked by your teacher during your meeting.
2. A good quality, profitable and marketable household linens could be produced following
the project plan.
3. I will be very happy that I have gained from the household linen I produced.
4. I was able to apply the concepts and principles underlying the process and delivery in
sewing household linens.

47

Appendix B
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION (TLE)
HOME ECONOMICS
RUBRIC for PERFORMANCE
Dimension

Highly
Skilled

Skilled
4

Moderately
Skilled

Unskilled

No Attempt

1. Use of tools,
equipment
and materials

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment all
the time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation
and use of
materials and
tools/
equipment
most of the
time

Appropriate
selection,
preparation and
use of materials
and tools/
equipment some
of the time

Never selects,
prepares and
use appropriate
materials and
tools/ equipment

No attempt to
use tools/
equipment

2. Application of
procedure

Systematic
application of
procedures all
the time
without
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures
most of the
time with
minimum
supervision

Systematic
application of
procedures some
of the time with
constant
supervision

Never follows
systematic
application of
procedures and
highly
development on
supervision

No attempt to
apply
procedures to
project

3. Safety/ Work
Habits

Highly selfmotivated and

observes all
safety
precautions at
all times

Self- motivated
and observes
most safety
precautions
most of the
time

Self-motivated
and observes
sometimes some
safety
precautions

Needs to be
motivated and
does not observe
safety precaution

No motivation
and totally
disregards
precaution

4. Speed/Time

Work finished
ahead of time

Work finished
meets deadline

Work finished
close to deadline

Work finished
way beyond
deadline

No concept of
time

48

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

HOME ECONOMICS
RUBRIC for Evaluation of PRODUCTS
Criteria

Very Satisfactory
(VS)

Satisfactory (S)

Unsatisfactory (US)

1. Design

Product design is
original

Product design is
common in the
market

Product design
appears copied and
stereotyped

2. Materials

Materials used are

always available in
the market

Materials used are

seldom available in
the market

Materials used are not

easily available in the
market

3. Products

Products appears
original

Products appear
similar to commercial
products

Products appear
closely to commercial
products

49

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

HOME ECONOMICS
RUBRIC for PROJECTS

Dimension

Excellent

Very Good

Good

Fair

1. Marketability

a. Quality

Very functional and

very versatile

Functional and
versatile

Less functional and

less versatile

Not functional and

not versatile

Very attractive

Attractive

Less attractive

Not attractive

Affordable by many

Affordable by some

Affordable by few

Not affordable

Very pleasing color

combination

Pleasing color
combination

Less pleasing
combination

Not pleasing color

combination

Very unique and

very original

Unique and original

Less unique and

less original

Not unique and not

original

Less indigenous
and less innovative

Not indigenous and

not innovative

b. Appearance

c. Price

2. Originality

a. Color

b. Design

c. Materials

Very indigenous
and very innovative

Indigenous and
innovative

50

Appendix C

REFERENCES

e.

Clothing Construction and Wardrobe Planning by Lewis, Bowers and Kettunen.

f.

Clothing Tech Made Easy by Dr. Carmelita B. Hilario

g.

Competency Based Learning Material. Tech Voc.

h.

Effective Technology and Home Economics by Dr. Cristina Villanueva, Julia G. Cruz
and Luz V. Rojo.

i.

Home Technology Clothing I, IMC, SEDP Series

j.

www.yahoo.com/ www.google.com
pictures of household linens
pictures of sewing tools and equipment
pictures of seams and seam finishes

51