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y,fawmfrNl y;D xaom/ r[mumkPu
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d o
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tp&So
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&Scd ;kd yg\/ /
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wa0 aew*d E? \omvQi/f ayg&maP[d? a&S;q&mwdo

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d H
tp&Sad om yXr*gxm/ rkcrw?H t>rufrQom jzpfaom/ e,H? aewed nf;ud/k
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awblruocFg&wdo
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jzpfaomaMumifh edw
d rnf\/ edw
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aewdt|uxmed,

xdk0pDab'o'\ jcH&H&m jzpfaom r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkYudk ,ltyfukef\/

xdrk [mbkwaf v;yg;wnf; [laom ed,\vnf; edw
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a0'em onmrS <uif;aom apwoduo
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tm&rPu
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r[mumkPu
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rnf\/ r[mumkPu
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aewdenf;t>ruf

y' ykpm 0doZem ykAm y& tEk*w

D d tm' tm'De0 ed&P zv
Oyg, tmPwt
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vuPm&Sad om [m&onf 0dp,[m& rnf\/ xd[
k m&udk xkwaf omfum;--r[mumkPu
d -H [laom o'gonf ]]yZwd tawm {awemwd y'H}}[laom
0pewEiS t
hf nD teufukd odaMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh y' rnf\/ xdyk 'k o
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&Sad omaMumifh 'kw,
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d mosm'sE A[k0pe
'kw,
d mosm'sEt
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h nf;aumif; emrfy'k f rnf\/
emremrf oAemrf ormofemrf w'w
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Yk iG f
emrfy'k cf si;f csi;f jzpfaomaMumifh ormofy'k f rnf\/ ormofajcmufyg;wdw
Yk iG f ]]r[aEm
p aom umk P d a um pmwd r[mumk P d a um}}[k jyKtyf a omaMumif h
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Yk iG f omrnw'w
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aewdt|uxmed,

w&wsm'dw'w
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Yk iG f ed,w
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r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om *gxmonf ykpm avm? 0doZemavm[lru
l m; 0doZemwnf;/ 0doZemum; tusK;d wnf;/ tusK;d jzpfaom 0doZem\
taMumif;ykpm ESihf ruif;&maomaMumifh taMumif;jzpfaom ykpm udk xkwt
f yf\/
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d sr;f \ tzGijhf zpfaom t|uxmudk
jyvwUH onf jzpft/hH ww auea|e aew-d - tp&So
d nfuo
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k yfvsuf
tb,fah Mumifh r[mumkPu
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k yfoenf;/}} odYk
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aewdenf;t>ruf

avmukw& 0doZemtm;jzifh ESpyf g;wdw

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r[mumkPu
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aewdt|uxmed,

ory" mefukd yGm;ap &tyfaom r*f tp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzifh rsm;aomtjym;

&S\
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f jzpfjzifh ,laomf oif\
h ? yXrmosm'sEt
p&Sad om yk'f
tjzpfjzifh ,laomf roifh /v/ w&wsm'dw'dwftrsm;wdkYwGif ed,kwo'g
ausaomaMumifh ed,w
k w
'w
d yf 'k t
f jzpfjzifh ,laomf oif\
h ? w&wdw'w
d f
tp&Sad om yk't
f jzpfjzifh ,laomf roif/h 0daooe0daoostm;jzifh ESpyf g;wdw
Yk iG f
emxH- [laom yk'u
f kd txl;jyKwwfaomaMumifh 0daooetjzpfjzifh ,laomf
oif\
h ? 0daoostjzpfjzifh ,laomf roif/h odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh cyford ;f aom
yk'\
f oifh roifu
h kd pD&iftyf\/ um; o',w
k w
d nf;/ /

aewdenf;t>ruf

r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om *gxm\t&udk 0pDab'o' 0pDyPmr
apwemudk ,laomf oif\
h ? <uif;aom w&m;udk ,laomf roif/h 0pDyPmr
,laomf oif\
h ? um,yPmr raemyPmr ,laomf roifh / um; omrnwnf;/
0daootm;jzifhum; r[mumkPduH[laom yk'f\t&udk 0daooeyk'f
jzpfaomaMumifh 0daooeyk'w
f \
Ykd oabmonfvnf; *kPu
f o
kd m y"metm;jzifh
a[mjrJjzpfaomaMumifh ukPm*kPf,laomf oifh\? j'yf,laomf roifh/
bk&m;tm; &Sdcdk;aomt&m jzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? emxH [laom
o'E& oE"d meaMumifv
h nf;aumif; bk&m;jrwfpmG \ ukPm,laomf oif\
h ?
olwpfyg;\ ukPm,laomf roif/h emxH [laom yk'\
f t&udk 0daoos
jzpfaomaMumifh j'yf,al omf oif\
h ? *kP,
f al omf roif/h a,som*&yg&*k?H
edyP
k *r&D 0dpMd we,a'oeH[al om o'E& oE"d meaMumifh bk&m;j'yf ,laomf
oif\
h ? wpfyg;aom yk*Kd vjf 'yf ,laomf roif/h odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh <uif;aom
yk'w
f \
Ykd teufoifh roifu
h kd pD&iftyf\/ um; tw,w
k w
d nf;/ odYk
,kw[
d m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; ,kw[
d m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
ukodkvftp&Sdaom w&m;wdkY\ y'|mefudk xkwfjcif;vuPm&Sdaom
[m&onf y'|me[m& rnf\/ xdky'|me[m&udk xkwfaomfum;--r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om 0pDab'o'\ y'|mefum; owd0&D ,
d Pf
jy"mef;aom t&Si"f rygvq&m\ ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fwnf;/ xdpk w
d K yg 'f\
y'|mefum; a,medaomreodum& pwkpuorww
d nf;/ wpfenf;um;pwkpuorwo
d nf a,medaomreodum&\ y'|mefwnf;/ xdak ,medaom
reod u m&onf r[mumk P d u H tp&S d a om yPmr0pD a b'o' u d k
jzpfapwwfaom owd0D&d,Pf jy"mef;aom pdwKyg'f\ y'|mefwnf;/
xdpk w
d K yg 'fonf yPmr0pDab'o'\ y'|mefwnf;/ xdyk Pmr0pDab'o'
onf tE&m,0daom"e\ y'|mefwnf;/ xdktE&m,0daom"eonf
usr;f Ny;D jcif;\ y'|mefwnf;/ xdu
k sr;f Ny;D jcif;onf aomwkZewdYk usr;f udk oifjcif;
emjcif; aqmifjcif; qifjcifjcif;\ y'|mefwnf;/ xdu
k sr;f udk oifjcif; emjcif;
aqmifjcif; qifjcifjcif;onf t|uxmusrf;\ teufudk odjcif;\

10

aewdt|uxmed,

y'|mefwnf;/ t|uxmusrf;\ teufudk odjcif;onf aewdusrf;\

teufudk odjcif;\ y'|mefwnf;/ aewdusrf;\ teufudk odjcif;onf
yd#uokH;ykH\ teufudk odjcif;\ y'|mefwnf;/ yd#uokH;ykH\ teufudk
odjcif;onf y#dywed nf;udk odjcif;\ y'|mefwnf;/ y#dywed nf;udk odjcif;onf
ormy#dyw\
d y'|mefwnf;/ ormy#dywo
d nf t0dy# o
d m&D\ y'|mefwnf;/
t0dy# o
d m&Donf ygarmZ\ y'|mefwnf;/ ygarmZonf yDw\
d y'|mefwnf;/
yDwo
d nf y'\
d y'|mefwnf;/ y'o
d nf okc\ y'|mefwnf;/ okconf
orm"d\ y'|mefwnf;/ orm"donf ,xmblwPf\ y'|mefwnf;/
,xmblwPfonf 0#f NiD;aiGUjcif; edA'd g\ y'|mefwnf;/ edA'd gonf
r*fwnf;[laom 0d&m*\ y'|mefwnf;/ 0d&m*onf zdv
k w
f nf;[laom 0drw
k \
d
y'|mefwnf;/ 0drw
k o
d nf ypa0uPPfwnf;[laom 0drw
k
d P'e\
y'|mefwnf;/ 0drw
k
d P'eonf tEkyg'gy&deAd m ef\ y'|mefwnf;/ odYk
tp&So
d nfjzifh y'|mef\[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; y'|me[m&
enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
wpfckaomw&m;udk a[mtyfonf&Sdaomf xdkw&m;ESifh vuPm
tp&Sad omtm;jzifh wlaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd a[mouJo
h Ykd xkwjf cif;vuPm &Sad om
[m&onf vu P [m& rnf\/ xdkvuP[m&udk xkwfaomfum;--r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om yPmr0pDab'o'onf kye vuPm &S\
d /
xdyk Pmr0pDab'o'EiS hf kye vuPmtm;jzifh wlaom tvk;H pkaH om kyw
f u
Ykd kd
,ltyfuek \
f / yPmr0pDab'o'onf tedpt
p&Sad om vuPm &S\
d /
xdyk Pmr0pDab' o'EiS h f tedpt
p&Sad om vuPmtm;jzifh wlaom tvk;H pkaH om
awblruw&m;taygif;udk ,ltyf\/ wpfenf;um;-yPmr0pDab'o'onf
Am[d&m,we rnf\/ xdyk Pmr0pDab'o'EiS hf Am[d&m,wetjzpfjzifh
vuPmwlaom <uif;aom Am[d&m,wewdu
Yk kd ,ltyfuek \
f / yPmr0pDab'
o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom pdwK yg 'f pdwo
f nf rem,we rnf\/ apwoduo
f nf
"rm,we rnf\/ xdrk em,we "rm,weESpyf g;onf tZwu
d m,we
rnf\/ xdt
k m,weESpyf g;ESihf tZwu
d m,we tjzpfjzifh vuPmwlaom
<uif;aom tZwu
d m,wewdu
Yk kd ,ltyfuek \
f /

aewdenf;t>ruf

11

wpfenf;um;-yPmr0pDab'o'ukd ,lojzifh xd0k pDab'o'EiS hf aomw

0dnmOf\ tmkt
H jzpfjzifh wlaom OwkZo'ukd ,ltyf\/ yPmr0pDab'o'ukd
,lojzifh xd0k pDab'o'EiS hf o[p&dwjzpfaom 0pD0n
d wo
d 'yk u
f vmyfukd
,ltyf\/ odt
Yk p&So
d nfjzifh vuP[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um;
vuP[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/
edw
k d t"dyg , a'oemed'ge ykAm y&mEkoEt
d m;jzifh av;yg;aom
teufwu
Ykd kd xif&mS ;jyjcif;vuPm &Sad om [m&onf pwkAsL[[m& rnf\/
xdak v;yg;wdw
Yk iG f 0dN*Kd [jf yKjcif;onf edw
k d rnf\/ a'ou\ tvdo
k nf t"dyg ,f
rnf\/ a'oem\ taMumif;onf a'oemed'ge rnf\/ okw\
f a&SUtzdYk
aemuftzdu
Yk kd ES;D aESmjcif;onf ykAm y&mEkoEd rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-a&S;yk'Ef iS hf
aemufyk'fudk pyfjcif;onf ykAmy&mEkoEd rnf\/ xdkpwkAsL[[m&udk
xkwaf omfum;--ud&wd y&'kuH 0duyd wd tyaewDwd ukPm/ udemwd y&'kau
owd umkPu
d H [owd 0dAm"wd 0g ukPm/ om"leH [',ureH ua&mwDwd
0g ukPm/ uH okcH kEw
w
D d 0g ukPm/ ud&,
d wd 'kuad wok yom&d,wDwd
0g ukPm/ ukPm, ed,ak wm umkPad um/ r[aEm p aom umkPad um
pmwd r[mumkPad um/ tx 0g ukPH ukPm,eH ukPmoH0weH
t&[wDwd umkPdaum/ ukPm ukPm,eH oDvH ,mwd 0g
umkPad um/ tx 0g r[wD ukPm r[mukPm/ r[mukPm,
ed,ak wm r[mumkPad um/ a0ae,smeH [dwokcH emxwd tmoDowDwd
emaxm/ emxwd a0ae,s*wudavoAsoeH OywmaywDwd 0g emaxm/
emxwd ,mpwDwd 0g emaxm/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh cyford ;f aom yk'w
f u
Ykd kd
0dN*Kd [jf yKtyf\/ um; edw
k w
d nf;/ /
aewdusrf;\ tzGifhjzpfaom t|uxmudk jyKvdkonf&Sdaomf ]]ww
auea|e aew}d } tp&So
d nfukd qdt
k yfvsuf ]]r[mumkPu
d }H } tp&Sad om
yPmr0pDab'o'ukd qdo
k nfum; q&m\ tE&m,faysmufjcif; usr;f Ny;D jcif;
tp&Sad om tusK;d ? aomwkZewdt
Yk m; yom'Zeetp&Sad om tusK;d Ny;D jcif;udk
tvd&k adS omaMumifh qdo
k wnf;/ um; t"dym ,fwnf;/ /
a'oemed'gef;onf tZwu
d ed'gef; Am[d&ed'gef;tm;jzifh ESpyf g; tjym;&S\
d /
xdkESpfyg;wdkYwGif aomwkZeudk tmkHjyK jzpfaom t&Sif"rygvq&m\

12

aewdt|uxmed,

ukPmonf tZwu
d ed'gef; rnf\/ xdu
k kPm\ tmkjH zpfaom aomwkZe
taygif;onf Am[d&ed'gef; rnf\/ um; a'oemed'gef;wnf;/
ykAm y&mEkoEo
d nf twoEd Ase oEd a'oemoEd eda'ooEt
d m;jzifh
av;yg;tjym; &Sd\/ xdkav;yg;wdkYwGif r[mumkPduHum; emxH *kPf
owjd zpfaom tmo,mo,Dbm0wkvsm"du&P0daooe? emxHum; *kaP;
owdrefjzpfaom tmo,mo,Dbm0wkvsm"du&P0daoos/ tb,fodkY
*kPo
f wd *kaP;owrd ef jzpfoenf;[lru
l m; r[mukPmawmfonf *kPo
f w?d
emxH\ t&jzpfaom bk&m;j'yfonf *kaP;owdref/ odkY *kPfowd
*kaP;owrd ef jzpfownf;/ emxHum; 0aE tmkH taMumif; edrw
d jf zpfaom
t0kwu
?H 0aEum; tm&rPu
d tusK;d yp,yk e f edrw
d 0 ef jzpfaom uH\ Bu,
d m/
tb,foYkd tmkH taMumif; edrw
d f tm&rPu
d tusK;d yp,yk e f edrw
d 0 ef
jzpfoenf;[lru
l m; emxH\ t&jzpfaom bk&m;j'yf\ yPmrapwemtm;
wyfaom tm&rPyp,owo
d nf tmkH taMumif; edrw
d ?f 0aE\ t&jzpfaom
yPmrapwemonf tm&rPu
d tusK;d yp,yk e f edrw
d 0 ef/ odYk tmkH
taMumif; edrw
d f tm&rPu
d tusK;d yp,yk e f edrw
d 0 ef jzpfownf;/ odYk
tp&So
d nfjzifh teuf\ pyfjcif;onf twoEd rnf\/
r[mumkPu
d -H [laom yk'o
f nf emxH-[laom yk'Ef iS hf 0daooe\
tjzpfjzifh pyf\/ emxH-[laom yk'o
f nf r[mumkPu
d -H [laom yk'Ef iS hf
0daoos\ tjzpfjzifh pyf\/ emxH-[laom yk'o
f nf 0aE-[laom yk'Ef iS hf
t0kwu
\
H tjzpfjzifh pyf\/ 0aE-[laom yk'o
f nf emxH-[laom yk'Ef iS hf uH\
Bu,
d m\ tjzpfjzifh pyf\/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh yk'w
f \
Ykd pyfjcif;onf Ase oEd
rnf\/
yPmrudk rqdkOD;bJ ]]0EemZedwH yknH? wd ,H &wewa,/
[wE&ma,m oAw? [kwmG [H w awZom}} [l qdjk cif;onf rxif/
xYakd Mumifh a&S;OD;pGm qdt
k yfaom r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om yPmr*gxmonf
0EemZedwH tp&Sad om aemuf*gxmESihf pyf\/ wpfenf;um;--r[mumkPu
d H
tp&Sad om yPmr0pDab'o'onf O'gef; wd0w
k u
tp&Sad om t|uxm
wd\
Yk tp t&Si"f rygvq&monfyif qdt
k yfaom r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om

aewdenf;t>ruf

13

yPmr0pDab'o'EiS hf pyf\/ wpfenf;um;-okwe af 'oemawmfonf 0denf;

a'oemuJo
h Ykd ukPmawmf jy"mef;onf r[kw/f tbd"rma'oem uJo
h v
Ykd nf;
ynmom jy"mef;onf r[kwf? ukPmynmESpfyg; jy"mef;aomaMumifh?
aewdusrf;\vnf; 0daootm;jzifh ,xmEkavmromoemjzpfaom
okwe af 'oemudk rSaD omaMumifh ukPmynmESpyf g;udk y"mejyK qdt
k yfaom
r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om yPmronf 'DCedum,f tp&Sad om t|uxm
wd\
Yk tp qdt
k yfaom ]]ukPmoDwv[',H? ynmyaZmw0d[warm[wrH/
oe&mr&avmu*k?H 0aE ok*wH *wd0rd w
k }H }-[laom yPmrpum;ESihf pyf\/
odYk tp&So
d jzifh a'oemwd\
Yk pyfjcif;onf a'oemoEd rnf\/
r[mumkPduH tp&Sdaom yPmr0pDab'o'onf wPSm'd|dudk
aumif;pGm ry,ftyfao;aom yk*Kdv\
f oEmef jzpfaomaMumifh edw
d rnf\/
xdek
d w
d udk tukovyujzifh jytyf\/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh jyjcif;onf
eda'ooEd rnf\/ odt
Yk p&So
d nfjzifh pwkAsL[[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ /
um; pwkAsL[[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
a'oem a[mtyfaom "rw\
Ykd y'|mefukd &Sm obm*0dobm*
w&m;wdu
Yk kd vnfapjcif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf tm0[m& rnf\/
xdt
k m0[m&udk xkwaf omfum;--- r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om 0pDab'o'ukd
jzpfapwwfaom ukodkvfaZmpdwKyg'fonf 0D&d,jy"mef;\/ xdk0D&d,\
y'|mefum; tyrm'wnf;/ xdt
k yrm'jzifh tyrm'vQif taMumif;&Su
d ek af om
ukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf vnfuek \
f / tyrm'\ qefu
Y sib
f ufum; yrm'wnf;/
xdyk rm'\ y'|mefum; aumoZwnf;/ xdyk rm' aumoZjzifh xdEk pS yf g;vQif
taMumif; &Su
d ek af om tukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf vnfuek \
f / wpfenf;um;--r[m
umkPu
d H tp&Sad om yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af Zm
pdwKyg'fonf a,medaomreodum& pwkpuorwdaMumifh jzpf\/
xdka,medaomreodum& pwkpu orwdjzifh xdka,medaomreodum&
pwkpuorwv
d Qif taMumif;&Su
d ek af om ukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf vnfuek \
f /
a,medaomreodum& pwkpuorw\
d qefu
Y sib
f ufum; ta,medaom
reodum& pwkpu0yd ww
d nf;/ xdk ta,medaomreodum& pwkpu0yd wjd zifh

14

aewdt|uxmed,

xdt
k a,medaomreodum& pwkpu0yd wv
d Qif taMumif;&Su
d ek af om tukov
kd f
w&m;wdo
Yk nf vnfuek \
f / odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh tm0[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ /
um; tm0[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
oHudavo"r a0g'ge"rwdkYudk om"m&Pmom"m&Ptm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? y'|meftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? bkt
H m;jzifv
h nf;aumif; a0zefjcif;
vuPm&Sad om [m&onf 0dbwd[m& rnf\/ xd0k b
d w[
d m&onf "r0b
d wd
blrd0dbwd y'|me0dbwdtm;jzifh okH;yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xdk0dbwd[m&udk
xkwfaomfum;--- r[mumkPduH tp&Sdaom yPmr*gxmonf 0goem
bm*d, edaA"bm*d, tm;jzifh ESpyf g;wdw
Yk iG f yPmrapwemwnf;[laom
0dnwftzdYk &Sad omaMumifh 0goembm*d, rnf\/ xd0k goembm*d,jzpfaom
yPmr*gxm\ t&um; 0pDab'o' xd0k pDab'o'\ taMumif;jzpfaom
ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fwnf;/ xdEk pS yf g;wdw
Yk iG f 0pDab'o'onf ykxZk Ofy*k Kd vf
aouyk*dKvf taouyk*dKvfwdkYESifh qufqH\/ ukodkvfaZmpdwKyg'fonf
ykxZk Ofy*k Kd vf aouy*k Kd vw
f EYkd iS hf qufq\
H ? taouy*k Kd vw
f EYkd iS hf rqufq/H
0pDab'o'\ o'-[laom trnfonf cyford ;f aom o'wEYkd iS hf qufq\
H ?
"rwmoabmum; rqufqH/ ukodkvfaZmpdwKyg'f\ ukodkvf-[laom
trnfonf cyfodrf;aom ukodkvfwdkYESifh qufqH\? "rwmoabmum;
rqufq/H um; "r0b
d ww
d nf;/ r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om 0pDab'o'
xd0k pDab'o'\ taMumif;jzpfaom ukov
kd af Zm pdwK yg 'fonf bkt
H m;jzifu
h m;
umrm0p&bkH rnf\/ ykxZk OfoEmef jzpfaomaMumifh ykxZk e bkH rnf\/ um;
blrd0dbwdwnf;/ r[mumkPduH tp&Sdaom 0pDab'\ y'|mefum;
ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fwnf;/ xdpk w
d K yg 'f\ y'|mefum; a,medaomreodum&
tp&So
d nfwnf;/ wpfenf;um;-ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fonf yPmr0pDab'o'\
y'|mefwnf;/ xdk0pDab'o'onf tE&m,f aysmufjcif; tp&SdonfwdkY\
y'|mefwnf;/ um; y'|me0dbww
d nf;/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh 0dbw[
d m&udk
xkwt
f yf\/ / um; 0dbw[
d m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
okwf a[mtyfaom ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd y#dyutm;jzifh
vnfapjcif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf y&d0we[m& rnf\/ xdyk &d0we

aewdenf;t>ruf

15

[m&udk xkwaf omfum;--r[mumkPu

d t
H p&Sad om yPmr0pDab'o'ukd
jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fonf a,medaomreodum&aMumifh jzpf\/
xdka,medaomreodum&udk jyKaomoltm; ta,medaomreodum&
aysmuf\/ ta,medaomreodum&aMumifh jzpfaom tukodkvfw&m;wdkY
onfvnf; aysmufuek \
f / a,medaomreodum&aMumifh jzpfaom ukov
kd w
f &m;
wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / wpfenf;um;- r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om yPmrudk
jyKaom q&mtm; Oyap'u Oy"d|w
d tukov
kd u
f aH Mumifh jzpfaom a&m*g
tp&Sad om tE&m,fwo
Ykd nf aysmufuek \
f / yPmrudk jyKjcif;aMumifh a&m*g
tp&Sad om tE&m,f r&Srd
l usr;f Ny;D jcif; 'd|mEk*wd tp&Sad om tusK;d wdo
Yk nf
jzpfuek f yGm;uke\
f / odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh y&d0we[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ /
um; y&d0we[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
wpfcak om teuf rsm;pGmaom y&d,m,fo'gwdu
Yk kd ,SOjf cif;vuPm
&Sad om [m&onf a00pe[m& rnf\/ xdak 00pe[m&udk xkwaf omfum;--Ak' 'oAv owm oAnL 'Gyd 'kwr rkeEd b*0g tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf bk&m;\
y&d,m,fa00kpw
f nf;/ 0Emrd ear ermrd tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd m; 0aE[al om
Bud,m\ y&d,m,fa00kpfwnf;/ odkY tp&Sdonfjzifh a00pe[m&udk
xkwt
f yf\/ / um; a00pe[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
wpfcak om w&m;udk rsm;pGmaom ynwfjzifh odapaom tjcif;t&mudk
jyjcif;vuPm&Sdaom [m&onf ynwd[m& rnf\/ xdkynwd[m&udk
xkwfaomfum;--- r[mumkPduH[laom ynwfonf jrwfaom*kPf
ukPm*kPu
f kd pG
J a[mtyfaomaMumifh Oyg'gynwf rnf\/ oDv orm"d
arwm tp&Sad om *kPw
f u
Ykd kd axmuf qdt
k yfaomaMumifh Oyed"mynwf
rnf\/ r[mukPm- [laom *kPo
f nf y&rwtm;jzifh xif&mS ;&Sad omaMumifh
0dZr meynwf rnf\/ oAnKwPf\ taMumif;jzpfaom r[mukPmudk
odapaomaMumifh yb0ynwf rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-r[mumkPduH?
aO,som*&yg&*k-H [laom ynwfonf tpjzpfaom ukPm tqk;H jzpfaom
oAnKwPfjzifh rsm;pGmaom *kPfawmfwdkYudk odapwwfaomaMumifh
taeu"mynwf rnf\/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh ynw[
d m&udk xkwt
f yf\/
um; ynw[
d m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /

16

aewdt|uxmed,

y#dporkyg'f tp&SdonfwdkYjzifh oGif;jcif;vuPm&Sdaom [m&onf

Mow&P[m& rnf\/ xdMk ow&P[m&udk r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om
0pDab'o'udk jzpfapwwfaom yPmrapwemonf ocFg& rnf\/
xdo
k cFg&onf t0dZm taMumif; &S\
d / t0dZm aMumifh ocFg&? ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmOf?
0dnmOfaMumifh emrfyk ?f emrfyk af Mumifh oVm,we? oVm,weaMumifh z?
zaMumifh a0'em? a0'emaMumifh wPSm? wPSmaMumifh Oyg'ge? Oyg'geaMumifh
b0? b0aMumif h Zmwd ? Zmwd a Mumif h Z&mr&P aomuy&d a '0
'kua'greOyg,mowdkYonf jzpfukef\/ um; y#dporkyg'ftm;jzifh
oGi;f jcif;wnf;/ yPmr0pDab'o'onf edw
d wnf;/ edw
d \ ed,ESihf
ruif;&maomaMumifh ed,jzpfaom r[mbkwaf v;yg; wdu
Yk kd ,ltyfuek \
f /
xdrk [mbkwaf v;yg;wnf;-[laom ed,\ edw
d ESihf ruif;&maomaMumifh
<uif;aom Oyg'gkyw
f u
Ykd kd ,ltyfuek \
f / xdk yk t
f aygif;onf lyuEm rnf\/
yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom pdwK yg 'f a0'emonf a0'euEm ?
onmonf onuEm ? a0'emonmrS <uif;aom apwoduo
f nf ocFg&uEm ?
pdwfonf 0dnmPuEm rnf\/ um; cEmtm;jzifh oGif;jcif;wnf;/
qdktyfNyD;aom enf;jzifh ,ltyfaom kyfwdkYwGif lygkHonf lyg,we?
yPmr0pDab'o'onf o'g,we? *Emko
H nf *Em,we? &omko
H nf
&om,we? yx0D awaZm 0ga,m[k qdt
k yfaom r[mbkwo
f ;Hk yg;onf
azm|Am,we? pdwo
f nf rem,we? okcrk kyf apwoduo
f nf "rm,we
rnf\/ um; tm,wetm;jzifh oGif;jcif;wnf;/ lygkHonf ly"mwf?
yPmr0pDab'o'onf o'"mwf? *Emko
H nf *E"mwf? &omko
H nf &o"mwf?
yx0D awaZm 0ga,m-[k qdt
k yfaom r[mbkwf ok;H yg;onf aAm|A"mwf?
pdwo
f nf raem0dnmP"mwf? okcrk kyf apwoduo
f nf "r"mwf rnf\/ um;
"mwftm;jzifh oGi;f jcif; wnf;/ yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom pdwK yg 'f
aomrea0'emonf aomreda`E? o'gap-wodufonf o'da`E?
owdapwoduo
f nf owda`E? 0D&d,apwodufonf 0D&d,da`E? {u*wm
apwoduo
f nf orm"da`E? ynmapwoduo
f nf ynda`E rnf\/ um;
a`Etm;jzifh oGif;jcif;wnf;/ odkY tp&Sdonfjzifh Mow&P[m&udk
xkwt
f yf\/ / um; Mow&P[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/

aewdenf;t>ruf

17

oH0aPwAow
k f vmaom y' tw yOm tm&rwu
Ykd kd okwo
f ifjcif;
vuPm&Sdaom [m&onf aom"e[m& rnf\/ xdkaom"e[m&udk
xkwaf omfum;--r[mumkPu
d o
H nf y'ok'o
d mwnf;? tm&ro'k d r[kw/f
twl emxH aO,som*&yg&*kH 0aE[laom okH;yk'fwdkYonfvnf;
y'ok'o
d mwnf;? tm&ro'k d r[kw/f edyP
k *r&D 0dpMd we,a'oeHonfum;
y'ok'dvnf; jzpf\? tm&rok'dvnf; jzpf\/ odkY tp&Sdonfjzifh
aom"e[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ um; aom"e[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
okwf vmukeaf om w&m;wdu
Yk kd omrn0daootm;jzifh rMurH
l okwf
vmwdik ;f omrn0daooudk xkwjf cif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf t"d|me[m
me[m&&
rnf\/ xdt
k "d|me[m&udk xkwaf omfum;--yPmr0pDab'o' xdyk Pmr
0pDab'udk jzpfapwwfaom pdwKyg'fonf 'kuopmwnf;/ um;
omrnwnf;/ Zmwd'u
k Z&m'ku r&P'ku tp&So
d nfum; 0daoownf;/
wpfenf;um;-- emxHum; omrnwnf;/ r[mumkPu
d H aO,som*&yg&*kH
edykP*rD&0dpdMwe,a'oeHum; 0daoownf;/ 0aEum; omrnwnf;/
uma,e 0aE 0gpm, 0aE reom 0aEum; 0daoownf;/ odkY
tp&So
d nfjzifh t"d|me[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; t"d|me[m&
enf;t>rufwnf;/ /
oH0aPwAokwf vmaomw&m;wdkYudk a[wktaMumif; yp,
taMumif;tm;jzifh xkwjf cif; vuPm&Sad om [m&onf y&dum&[m& rnf\/
xdyk &dum &[m&udk xkwaf omfum;--pdwZ yx0D"mwf? urZyx0D"mwfw\
Ykd
xdyg;jcif;onf r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om 0pDab'o'\ a[wktaMumif;
wnf;/ xd0k pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fonf yp,
taMumif;wnf;/
wpfenf;um;-xdpk w
d K yg 'fonf o[Zmwm'dowd Zeuowt
d m;jzifh
aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh a[wktaMumif;wnf;/ a,medaomreodum&
tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf yuwlyed,owt
d m;jzifh tqifq
h ifh aus;Zl; jyKaomaMumifh
yp,taMumif;wnf;/

18

aewdt|uxmed,

wpfenf;um;-r[mbkwaf v;yg;onf obm*jzpfaomaMumifh yPmr

0pDab'o'\ a[wktaMumif;wnf;/ xd0k pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom
pdwK yg 'fum; 0dobm*jzpfaomaMumifh yp,taMumif;wnf;/ yPmr0pDab'
o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'f ckepfcsuw
f w
Ykd iG f a&S;a&S;aom
pdwK yg 'fonf teE&m'dowd Zeuowjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh a[wk
taMumif;wnf;/ a,medaomreodum& pwkpuorwd tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd m;
tqifq
h ifh yuwlyed,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh yp,taMumif;wnf;/
odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh y&dum &[m&udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; y&dum &[m&
enf;t>rufwnf;/
okwf vmukeaf om w&m;wdu
Yk kd y'|mef a00kpf bm0em y[metm;jzifh
wifjcif;vuPm &Sad om [m&onf orma&mye[m& rnf\/ xdo
k rma&mye
[m&udk r[mumkPduH tp&Sdaom yPmr0pDab'o'\ y'|mefum;
xd0k pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fwnf;/ xdpk w
d K yg 'f\
y'|mefum; a,medaomreodum&wnf;/ xdka,medaomreodum&\
y'|mefum; e0ruP pwkpuorwdwnf;/ wpfenf;um;-e0ruP
pwk p u o r w d o nf a,med a omreod u m&\ y'|mef / a,med a om
reodum&onf yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'f\
y'|mef/ ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fonf yPmr0pDab'o'\ y'|mef/ yPmr
0pDab'o'onf tE&m,0daom"e 'd|mEk*wdtmyZe tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd
y'|mefwnf;/ wpfenf;um;-yPmr0pDab'o'udk jzpfapwwfaom
ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'f\ y'|mefum; okpdu
k o
f ;Hk yg;wnf;/ um; y'|me
orma&myewnf;/ a00pe[m& qdt
k yfNy;D aom enf;jzifh y&d,m,fo'gwdu
Yk kd
wifjcif;onf a00peorma&mye rnf\/ r[mumkPduH tp&Sdaom
yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd af ZmpdwK yg 'fonf owdjy"mef;\/
xdo
k wdjzifh owdy|mefav;yg;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / owdy|mefav;yg; yGm;ukef
onf&adS omf ory" mefav;yg;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / ory" mefav;yg; yGm;ukeo
f nf
&Sad omf 'yd g'fav;yg;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / 'yd g'fav;yg; yGm;ukeo
f nf&adS omf
a`Ei g;yg;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / a`Ei g;yg; yGm;ukeo
f nf&adS omf aAmZicf ek pfyg;

aewdenf;t>ruf

19

wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / aAmZicf ek pfyg; yGm;ukeo
f nf&adS omf r*i&f pS yf g;wdo
Yk nf
yGm;uke\
f / odYk ok;H q,fch ek pfyg;aom aAm"dyu,
d w&m;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f /
wpfenf;um;-yPmr0pDab'o'ukd jzpfapwwfaom ukov
kd pf w
d K yg 'f\
taMumif;um; a,medaomreodum&wnf;/ xdak ,medaomreodum&jzifh
owdy|mefav;yg;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f /v/ odYk ok;H q,hcf ek pfyg;aom aAm"d
yu,
d w&m;wdo
Yk nf yGm;uke\
f / um; bm0emorma&myewnf;/ owdy|mef
av;yg; yGm;ukeo
f nf&adS omf 0dyvmoav;yg; tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf y,fjcif;odYk
a&mufukef\/ ory"mefav;yg; tp&SdonfwdkYonf yGm;ukefonf &Sad omf
xdw
k &m;wd\
Yk qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom w&m;wdo
Yk nf y,fjcif;odYk a&mufuek \
f /
um; y[meorma&myewnf;/ odYk tp&So
d nfjzifh orma&mye[m&udk
xkwt
f yf\/ / um; orma&mye[m& enf;t>rufwnf;/
wpfq,fh ajcmufyg;aom [m&udk xkwaf om enf;t>rufum; Ny;D Ny/D /
enf;onf eE,
d m0enf; wdyu
k v
enf; oD[0duVD w
d enf; 'domavmpeenf; tuFo
k enf;tm;jzifh ig;yg; tjym;&S\
d / xdik g;yg;wdw
Yk iG f wPSmt0dZm
wdjYkzifh udavoyujzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk ?kd orx0dyemjzifh a0g'geyu jzpfaom
w&m;wdu
Yk kd opmav;yg;ESihf ,SO
f aqmifjcif;vuPm &Sad om enf;onf
eEd,m0enf; rnf\/ xdek E,
d m0enf;udk r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om
yPmr0pDab'o'ukd ,lojzifh xd0k pDab'o'EiS hf o[p&dw jzpfaom kyw
f u
Ykd kd
,ltyf\/ xdkkyftaygif;onf lyuEm rnf\/ yPmr 0pDab'o'ukd
jzpfapwwfaom pdwK yg 'f a0'emonf a0'emuEm onmonf onmuEm
a0'emonmrS <uif;aom apwoduo
f nf ocFg&uEm pdwo
f nf 0dnmPuEm
rnf\/ xdck Emig;yg;wd\
Yk tusK;d jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d \vnf; taMumif;ESihf
ruif;jcif;aMumifh taMumif;jzpfaom wPSmt0dZmudkvnf; ,ltyf\/
xd k w PS m t0d Z m \ y[mwA j zpf j cif ; aMumif h y[mwA w &m;\vnf ;
y[m,uESihf ruif;jcif;aMumifh y[m,uy#dyu jzpfaom orx0dyem
udv
k nf; ,ltyf\/ xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f oHuad voyuEiS hf wPSmonf yXrm 'dom
rnf\/ t0dZm onf 'kw,
d m 'dom rnf\/ a0g'geyu orxonf yXrm
'dom rnf\/ 0dyemonf 'kw,
d m 'dom rnf\/ odYk Munfh q
I ifjcif

20

aewdt|uxmed,

jcif;onf 'domavmpeenf; rnf\/ pdwjf zifh Munfh q

I ifjcif pdwjf zifyh if
,SOjf cif;onf tuFkoenf; rnf\/ xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f wPSm t0dZm onf 0#f\
rlvjzpfaomaMumifh ork',opm rnf\/ qdt
k yfNy;D aom cEmig;yg;onf
'kuo
pm rnf\/ orx0dyemonf r*opm rnf\/ xdrk *opmjzifh
a&muftyfaom tocFw"mwfonf eda&m"opm rnf\/ odt
Yk p&So
d nfjzifh
eE,
d m0enf;udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; eE,
d m0enf; t>rufwnf;/ /
tukovrlvok;H yg;wdjYk zifh oHuad voyujzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk ?kd ukov
rlvokH;yg;wdkYjzifh a0g'geyujzpfaom w&m;wdkYudk opmav;yg;ESifh ,SOf
aqmifjcif;vuPm&Sad om enf;onf wdykuvenf; rnf\/ xdw
k yd u
k v
enf;udk
yXre, qdktyfNyD;aom enf;jzifh xkwftyfaom wPSmt0dZmwdkYwGif
wPSmonf avmb? t0dZm onf arm[ rnf\/ xd[
k w
d Ef pS yf g;udk ,lojzifh
xd[
k w
d Ef pS yf g;wdEYk iS hf tukov
kd [
f w
d \
f tjzpfjzifh wlaom a'go[dwu
f v
kd nf;
,ltyf\/ xdt
k ukov
kd [
f w
d o
f ;Hk yg;wdu
Yk kd ,lojzifv
h nf; xd[
k w
d w
f \
Ykd y#dyu
jzpfaom ukov
kd [
f w
d o
f ;Hk yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; ,ltyfuek \
f / wpfenf;um;- yXre,
xkwt
f yfaom orx0dyemwdw
Yk iG f orxonf tavmb ta'go rnf\/
0dyemonf tarm[ rnf\/ xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f oHuad voyu avmbonf
yXrm 'dom? a'goonf 'kw,
d m 'dom? arm[onf wwd,m 'dom rnf\/
a0g'geyu tavmbonf yXrm 'dom? ta'goonf 'kw,
d m 'dom?
tarm[onf wwd,m 'dom rnf\/ odkY MunfhIqifjcifjcif;onf
'domavmpeenf; rnf\/ pdwjf zifh Munfh q
I ifjcif pdwjf zifyh if ,SOjf cif;onf
tuFkoenf; rnf\/ xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f tukov
kd [
f w
d o
f ;Hk yg;wdo
Yk nf 0#f\
rlvjzpfaomaMumifh ork',opm rnf\/ qdt
k yfNy;D aom cEmig;yg;onf
'kuo
pm rnf\/ ukov
kd [
f w
d o
f ;Hk yg;wdo
Yk nf r*opm rnf\/ xdrk *opmjzifh
a&muftyfaom tocFw"mwfonf eda&m"opm rnf\/ odt
Yk p&So
d nfjzifh
wdyu
k v
enf;udk xkwt
f yf\/ / um; wdyu
k v
enf; t>rufwnf;/ /
okbonmtp&Sdaom 0dyvmowdkYjzifh oHudavoyujzpfaom
w&m;wdu
Yk ?kd o'gtp&Sad om a`Ew
jYkd zifh a0g'geyujzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd

aewdenf;t>ruf

21

opmav;yg;ESihf ,SO
f aqmifjcif;vuPm&Sad om enf;onf oD[0duDVdwenf;
rnf\/ xdkoD[0duDVdwenf;udk xkwfaomfum;---qdktyfNyD;aom enf;jzifh
xkwftyfaom wPS t0dZmwdkYwGif wPSm\tpGrf;tm;jzifh okbonm
okconm? t0dZm \ tpGr;f tm;jzifh edpo
nm twonm jzpf\/ odYk
av;yg;aom 0dyvmowdo
Yk nf jzpfuek \
f / xd0k yd vmoav;yg;wd\
Yk y[mwA
jzpfjcif;aMumifh y[mwA\vnf; y[m,uESihf ruif;jcif;aMumif?h y[m,u
y#dyujzpfaom owdy|mefav;yg;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; ,ltyfuek \
f /
wpfenf;um;-qdt
k yfNy;D aom enf;jzifh xkwt
f yfaom orx 0dyem
wdw
Yk iG f 0dyemonf ynda`E rnf\/ xdyk nda`Eu
kd ,lojzifh o'ad `Et
p&So
d nf
wdu
Yk v
kd nf; ,ltyfuek \
f / xd
k a`Ew
u
Ykd kd ,lojzifh owdy|mefav;yg;wdu
Yk kd
,ltyfuek \
f / xdo
k wdy|mefav;yg;wdw
Yk iG f um,mEkyemowdy|mefonf
tokbonm? a0'emEkyemonf 'kuonm? pdwmEkyemonf
tedpo
nm? "rmEkyemowdy|mefonf tewonm rnf\/ xdw
k &m; wdw
Yk iG f
oHuad voyu okbonmonf yXrm 'dom? okconmonf 'kw,
d m 'dom?
edponmonf wwd,m 'dom? twonm onf pwkw'dom rnf\/
a0g'geyu tokbonmonf yXrm 'dom? 'kuonmonf 'kwd,m
'dom?tedpo
nmonf wwd,m 'dom? tewonmonf pwkw' o
d m rnf\/
odYk pdwjf zifh Munfh q
I ifjcifjcif;onf 'domavmpeenf; rnf\/ 'domavmpe
enf;jzifh 'domjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd Munfh q
I ifjcifjcif;Ny;D xd'k o
d mjzpfaom
w&m;wdu
Yk kd aumif;pGm tnDtGwf aqmifjcif;onf tuFkoenf; rnf\/
xdw
k &m;wdw
Yk iG f 0dyvmoav;yg;wdo
Yk nf ork',opm rnf\/ xd0k yd vmo
wd\
Yk wnf&mtmkjH zpfaom cEmig;yg;wdo
Yk nf 'kuo
pm rnf\/ owdy|mef
av;yg;wdo
Yk nf r*opm rnf\/ xdrk *opmjzifh a&muftyfaom tocFw"mwf
onf eda&m"opm rnf\/ odt
Yk p&So
d nfjzifh oD[0duVD w
d enf;udk xkwt
f yf\/
um; oD[0duVD w
d enf; t>rufwnf;/ /
qdt
k yfNy;D aom enf;ok;H yg;wdo
Yk nf twe, rnf\/ xdt
k we, ok;H yg;
Ny;D ojzifh 'domavmpe tuFo
k [k qdt
k yfaom a0g[m&enf; ESpyf g; Ny;D \/
xdaYk Mumifh twe,ok;H yg;wd\
Yk 'domjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd w&m;um; yXrm

22

aewdt|uxmed,

'dom? w&m;um; 'kw,

d m 'dom tp&So
d nfjzifh Munfh q
I ifjcifjcif;onf
'domavmpeenf; rnf\/ xd'k o
d mjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd 'domavmpeenf;jzifh
Munfh q
I ifjcifNy;D aumif;pGm tnDtGwf aqmifjcif;onf tuFkoenf;
rnf\/ xdek nf;ESpyf g;wd\
Yk toD;aqmif a,mZemtyfaomw&m; r&S/d /
um; 'domavmpeenf; tuFo
k enf; t>rufwnf;/ /
xdek nf;wdw
Yk iG f eE,
d m0enf; wPSm t0dZm orx 0dyemtm;jzifh
rlvy'av;yg;? oHuad voyu 'domESpyf g;? a0g'geyu 'domESpyf g;tm;jzifh
av;yg;aom 'domwdu
Yk kd &tyfuek \
f / wdyu
k v
enf; [dw\
f tpGr;f tm;jzifh
rlvy'ajcmufyg;? oHuad voyu 'domok;H yg;? a0g'geyu 'domok;H yg; tm;jzifh
ajcmufyg;aom 'domwdu
Yk kd &tyfuek \
f / oD[0duVD w
d enf; 0dyvmoav;yg;
owdy|mefav;yg;tm;jzifh rlvy'&Spfyg;? oHudavoyu 'domav;yg;?
a0g'geyu 'domav;yg;tm;jzifh &Spyf g;aom 'domwdu
Yk kd &tyfuek \
f / ig;yg;aom
enf;udk xkwaf om enf;t>rufum; Ny;D Ny/D /
omoey|meonf oHudavobm*d,okwf? 0goembm*d,okwf?
edaA"bm*d,okw?f taoubm*d,okw?f oHuad vobm*d, 0goembm*d,okw?f oHuad vobm*d,edaA"bm*d,okw?f oHuad vobm*d, taoubm*d,okw?f ou
H ad vobm*d, edaA"bm*d, taoubm*d,okw?f oHuad vobm*d,
0goembm*d, edaA"bm*d,okwf? 0goembm*d, edaA"bm*d,okwf?
wPSmoHuad vobm*d,okw?f 'd|o
d u
H ad vobm*d,okw?f 'kp& w
d oHuad vo
bm*d,okw?f wPSma0g'gebm*d,okw?f 'd|ad 0g'gebm*d,okw?f 'kp& w
d a0g'ge
bm*d,okwt
f m;jzifh wpfq,fah jcmufyg; tjym;&S\
d / /
xdw
k pfq,fah jcmufyg;wdw
Yk iG f r[mumkPu
d H tp&Sad om *gxmonf
yPmrapwem[laom 0goemtzd&Yk adS omaMumifh 0goembm*D,okwf rnf\/
um; omoemy|me enf;t>rufwnf;/
aewdenf;t>rufum; NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

*Em&ruxm
aew d u srf ; \ t|uxmud k jyKvd k a om t&S i f " r y gvq&monf
&wew,yPmr\ yb0ed,0dok'dy#da0"etp&Sdaom tusKd;wdkYwGif
tE&m,faysmufjcif; usrf;NyD;jcif;tusKd;udk txl;tm;jzi
tm;jziffh tvdk&SdaomaMumifh
usrf;rjyKrD a&S;tzdkY &wew,yPmrudk jyKtHhaomiSm ]r[mumkPduH}
tp&S d a om *gxmud k qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /

|? 1 t[H ? onf / r[mumk P d u H 1 ? jrwf a om uk P m

,SOaf wmfrx
l aom/ 0g? jrwfaom ukPm\ jzpfjcif;udk xdu
k af wmfrx
l aom/
0g? jrwfaom oem;jcif;tavh &Sad wmfrx
l aom/ 0g? Bu;D aom ukPm jrwfaom
ukPm ,SOaf wmfrx
l aom/ aO,som*&yg&*?kH aO,s"w
H &m;wnf;[laom
r[mork'&m\ urf;wpfzufodkY a&mufawmfrlNyD;xaom/ edykP*rD&
0dpdMwe,a'oeH? odrfarGUeufeJ qef;Mu,faomenf;&Sdaom a'oem
&Sad wmfrx
l aom/ emxH? jrwfpmG bk&m;ud/k 0aE 0Emrd? &Scd ;kd yg\/ /
odkY tusOf;tm;jzifh tvkH;pkHaom oAnKaus;Zl;wdkYjzifh jrwfpGm
bk&m;
ud k c sD ; rG r f ; NyD ; ,ck t cg w&m;awmf u d k csD ; rG r f ; jcif ; iS m ]0d Z m p&P
m;ud
orEm} tp&Sdaom *gxmudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

a,e "ar e2? tMuifq,fyg;aom w&m;jzifh/ 0g? w&m;aMumifh/

0dZm p&PorEm ? 0dZm ok;H yg; 0dZm &Spyf g; p&Pwpfq,fiY g;yg;ESihf jynfph u
Hk ek o
f nf/
[kwmG ? / wpfenf;um;-0dZm p&PorEm ? ukev
f su/f a,e "are? jzif/h 0g?
1/ r[mumkPduH / / *gxm r[mumkPu
d u
H kd av;enf;teufay;&mwGif
a&S;ok;H enf; r[aEm umkPad um r[mumkPad um-[k ur"m&nf;jyK/ aemufenf;
r[wD ukPm r[mukPm[k jyKNy;D r[mukPm, ed,ak wm r[mumkPad um[k jyK/
2/ a,e "ar e / / a,eudk udP
k ;f teuf [dwt
f euf ESpcf suaf y;&m
ed,smeBu,
d mudk txl;ojzifh Ny;D apwwfaomaMumifh r*f\ udP
k ;f teufukd odtyf\/
tm&rPypn;f jzpfaomaMumifh edAm ef\ [dwt
f eufukd odtyf\/ y&Hy&taMumif;
jzpfaomaMumifh y&d,w"d r\vnf; [dwt
f eufonf oif\
h / zdv
k w
f &m; udP
k ;f teuf
[dwt
f euf ESpyf g; oifo
h wnf;/ / ]a,emwd p y'H Ob,w orEw
d A?H ]]a,e "are
0dZm p&PorEm a,e "are ed,sE}D }wd}[k #Dumrde&Yf um; ESpyf 'k rf mS ,SO
f ay;onf/

24

aewdt|uxmed,

aMumif/h avmuawm? cEmtp&Sad om avmurS/ ed,sE?d xGuaf jrmufuek \

f /
Owr?H jrwfaom/ ormorK'y Zl w
d ?H jrwfpmG bk&m;onf aumif;pGm rS0D jJ cif;
tp&Sdaomtm;jzifh ylaZmftyfawmfrlxaom/ wH "r H ? xdkq,fyg;aom
w&m;awmfu/kd 0aE 0Emrd? \/ /
odkY tusOf;tm;jzifh tvkH;pkHaom w&m;*kPfwdkYjzifh w&m;awmfudk
csD;rGrf;NyD; ,cktcg oHCmawmfudk csD;rGrf;jcif;iSm ]oDvm'd*kPoraEm}
tp&S d a om *gxmud k qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /

a,m t&d,oHaCm? onf/ oDvm'd*kPoraEm? oDvtp&Sdaom

aus;Zl;wdEYk iS hf jynfph aHk wmfr\
l / 0g? jynfph aHk om oDvtp&Sad om aus;Zl; &Sad wmfr\
l /
r*zavok? r*fav;wef zdv
k af v;wefwYkd / Xdawm? wnfawmfr\
l / yknauw?H
aumif;rIwnf;[laom rsK;d aph\ pdu
k yf sK;d &m v,fajrozG,f jzpfawmfrx
l aom/
tEkw& ?H twkr&Sd jrwfawmfrx
l aom/ wH t&d,oHC?H ud/k 0aE 0Emrd? \/ /
odkY *gxmokH;cktaygif;jzifh tusOf;tm;jzifh tvkH;pkHaom *kPfudk
Mum;jcif;udk t&if;jyKojzifh &wemokH;yg;taygif;tm; &Sdcdk;jcif;udk jyKNyD;
,cktcg &wew,yPmr\ ya,mZOfudk jyvdkaomaMumifh ]0EemZedwH}
tp&S d a om *gxmud k qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /

wd {0H yuma&e? odYk r[mumkPu

d H tp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzif/h
&wewa,? / 0EemZedw?H &Scd ;kd aom tjcif;t&mjzifh jzpfaptyfaom/ ,H
ykn?H onf/ tw?d \/ w ykn? \/ awZom? tpGr;f jzif/h oAw?
tvk;H pkaH om twGi;f ty tZwu
d 0wK Am[d&0wKwYkd / 0g? tvk;H pkaH om
t|uxm\ tp tv,f tqkH;jzpfaom umvwdkY/ [wE&ma,m?
azsmuftyfNy;D aom tE&m,f &So
d nf/ [kwmG ? / (u&dmrd pyfyg)/ /
od k Y &wew , yPmr\ ya,mZOf u d k jyNyD ; ,ck t cg tw
oH 0 P e m\ taMumif ; jzpf a om tbd , mpuud k v nf ; aumif ; ? tw
oH0Pem\ tusKd;udkvnf;aumif;? yd@wudkvnf;aumif;? u&Pyum&
udkvnf;aumif; jytHhaomiSm ]Xdw tmucFrmaee} tp&Sdaom *gxmudk
qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /

*Em&ruxm

25

t[H? onf/ o'raewd,m? olawmfaumif;w&m;wnf;-[laom

aewd\/ 0g? olawmfaumif;w&m;odkY aqmifwwfaom aewd\/ pd&H?
Mumjrifph mG aom omoemawmf ig;axmifumvywfv;Hk / Xdw1 ? rjywfwnfjcif;ud/k
tmucF r maee
maee? tvdk&Sdaom/ 0g? awmifhwaom/ "r & u d w emare?
"r&uw
d trnf&adS om/ axa&e? onf/ tbd,mpdawm? tdt
k ao a&SUI
&nfrw
S f awmif;yeftyfonf/ [kwmG ? / (u&dmrdoYkd oGm;)/
y'krw
k & emx? y'krw
k & jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ yg'rlav? ajc&if;awmf/
y0ww
d ?H jzpfaptyfaom/ rwu?H tNy;D od/Yk orw?H a&mufaom/ ,
r[mupm,eax&? \/ tbde[
D m&H? qkawmif;jcif;ud/k ywm yaEe?
jrifawmfral om/
wm'dem? onf;cHjcif; aus;Zl;&Sad wmfrx
l aom/ 0g? tvk;H pkaH om |mkH
ted|mkH avmu"Hw&m;wdYk wkev
f yI jf cif; r&Sx
d aom/ trSmuH? wk\
Yd / b*0wm?
onf/ oHcw
d ?H tusO;f a[mtyfaom w&m;ud/k 0dbZEmeH? a0zefuek af om
olww
Ykd iG /f 0g? olwx
Ykd uf/ {aom? upn;f rax&fonf/ ta*g? jrwf\/ wd?
od/Yk {w'*o? {w'*ft&m/ Xydawm? xm;tyfaom/ r[mom0ukwa rm?
r[mom0ujrwf jzpfwwfxaom/
qVmbdanm? ajcmufyg;aom tbdnmOf&Sdxaom/ 0odyawm?
tm0Zetp&Sad om 0oDabmfoUkd a&mufxaom/ ybdEy #dorad 'g? tjym;odYk
a&mufaom y#dord'gPf&Sdxaom/ orKa'e? onf/ yoHodawm?
cs;D rGr;f awmfrx
l aom/ (y@dawm bdua 0 r[mupm,aem? r[myanm
bd u a 0 r[mup m ,aem tp&S d o nf j zif h csD ; rG r f ; onf [l v d k a omf ) /
r[mupm,aem
,aem? r[mupn;f trnf&adS om/ a,m axa&m? onf/ tw?d \/
1/ Xd w tmucF r maee / / xdk*gxmwdkY ]]Xdw tmucFrmaee pd&H
o'ra ew,
d m}} [laom ygXfjzifh two0H Pem\ tusK;d ud?k tbd,mpdawm[laom
ygXfjzifh tbd,mpuud?k u&dmrw0PeH [laom ygXfjzifh yd@wu?dk wH Oyedm,
tp&Sad om ygXfjzifh u&Pyum&udk jyownf;/

26

aewdt|uxmed,

|? 2 awe axa&e? onf/ bmodwm? a[mtyfaom/ owm&m?

onf/ tEkarm'dwm? 0rf;ajrmufawmfrltyfxaom/ 0g? tEkarm'em
ac:tyfxaom/ e0*F? udk;yg;aom t*Fg&Sdaom/ omoe? tm;/
o'g,wm? tcgcyfodrf;pyfxaom/ (o'g tm,wm yk'fjzwf)/ 0g?
xuf0ef;usirf S aumif;pGm pyfaom/ (o tm,wm yk'jf zwf)/ tw0Pem?
teufukd zGi&hf mzGiahf Mumif; jzpfxaom/ ,m aew?d tMuifaewu
d sr;f onf/
tw?d \/
wm aew,
d m? \/ (two0H Pem pyf)/ *r&D aP[d? eufeaJ om
PfwdkYjzifh/ 0g? eufeJaom Pf&Sdaom t&d,mwdkYonf/ Mo*ga[wA
bm0awm? ouftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h two0H Pem? teuftzGiu
hf /kd
0g? t|uxmud/k r,m? onf/ umwk?H iSm/ udm yd 'ku& m? tu,fum;
cJ,Of;\&Si/hf
wxmyd? xdo
k Ykd cJ,Of;vQi;f rlvnf;/ ,om? aMumif/h o[ oH0Pe?H
t|uxmESifh wuGjzpfaom/ owKomoeH? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&d,wd
omoemawmfonf/ "&aw? wnf\/ 0g? xif&mS ;&S\
d / ykAm p&d,oD[meH?
a&S;q&mjrwfwdkY\/ (oD[o'gum; ormofyk'f\ aemuf jzpf&um;
Owrteufudk a[mownf;)/ 0dedpa,m p? onfvnf;/ (po'gum;
qnf;onf)/ wd|aw0? wnfovQiu
f wnf;/
wom? aMumifh/ wH? xdkt|uxmESifh wuGaom y&d,wdomoem
q&mjrwfw\
Ykd tqk;H tjzwfu/kd Oyedm,? trSjD yK/ (u&dmrd pyf)/ yyd
eduma,? ig;yg;aom edum,fwo
Ykd v
Ykd nf;/ Mo*ga[wGme? ouf/ ay#auemyd?
ay#aumya'ousrf;ESifhvnf;/ oHoEdwGm? ESD;aESm/ r[m0d[m&0goDeH?
r[m0d[m&ausmif; oDwif;ok;H ukeaf om rax&fw\
Ykd / ok0o
d 'k ?H aumif;pGm
pifMu,fxaom/ toHudPH? a&m,Sufjcif; r&Sdxaom/ edykPw0dedp,H?
odraf rGUaomteuf tqk;H tjzwf &Sx
d aom/ or,H? t,lu/kd t0davmr,H
t0davmr,aEm? rqefu
Y siaf prl/ yrm'avcH? arhavsm
h a&;tyfaom ygVdu/kd
0aZwmG ? MuOf/ ygV? aewyd gVdu/kd orm? aumif;pGm/ eda,mZ,H eda,mZ,aEm?

*Em&ruxm

27

xdkxdkodkYaom O'g[kPf\tjzpfjzifh aqmiftyfaom okwf ,SOfvsuf/

wpfenf;um;-ygV? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om O'g[kPyf gVdu/kd orm? pGm/ eda,mZ,H
eda,mZ,aEm? aewu
d sr;f ,SOv
f su/f Oya'oH? aewd Oya'oenf;ud/k
0dbma0aEm? jyvsu/f tw0Pe?H teuftzGiu
hf /kd 0g? t|uxmud/k ,xmAvH?
pGm/ u&dmrd? tH/h
,ck t cg oH 0 P e mud k emjcif ; wd k u f w G e f ; vd k a omaMumif h ]wd
twH} [laom tqkH;*gxmudk qdkownf;/

wd {0H yuma&e? odkYqdktyfNyD;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/

aewdyu&P
u&P? \/ toHuP
d ?H aom/ tw?H ud/k 0dbZE? a0zefaom/
ar? \/ oEu
d m? rS/ om"a0g? olawmfaumif;jzpfuek af om/ wkarS? wYo
kd nf/
oup?H pGm/ edomr,x? emukeaf vmh/ wd? um; Oa,smZOfwnf;/
wm aew,
d m u&dmrw0Pe}E?d [l/ ,'d'H ,H 'H 0peH? ud/k
r,m? onf/ 0kw?H Ny/D ww wo 0pae? / ,m aew,
d m? \/ tw0Pe?H
t|uxmud/k u&dmrd? tH/h wd? od/Yk y#dnmwH? 0efct
H yf\/ om aew?d
onf/ auea|e1 ? tb,foabmaMumifh/ aewd? aewdrnfoenf;/
wpfenf;um;- ww wo 0pae? xdak ewyd u&P[laom pum;/ ,m
aew?d ud/k 0kwm ? Ny/D om aew?d onf/ auea|e? aMumif/h aew?d enf;/
o' r e ,ea|e? ol a wmf a umif ; w&m;od k Y aqmif w wf a om oabm?
1/ auea|e aew d /
/ 0pew u d k od o jzif h od t yf a om usrf ; \
omrnteufukd odNy;D oltm; usr;f udk qdo
k nf&adS omf wifw
h ,f&maomaMumifh tp
aewyd 'k \
f teufukd odjcif;onfomvQif avsmufywfoifjh rwfaom oabm&S&d um;
]ww auea|e aew}d [k aewyd 'k \
f teufukd ar;ownf;/ t&mwGif rsm;aom
t|uxmwdkY ]aewDwd auea|e aewd}[k &Sd\/ ]auea|e aewd}om vdkonf/
]aeww
D }d um; yrm'avcwnf;/ t|omvdeD vnf; uJo
h Ykd ]tbd"rmwd}[k &So
d nfukd
]t|uxm,H ye ww tbd"rmwd ygaXm tw?d aom yrm'vdcad wmwd 0'E}d [k
r"kom&w'yD eD rdeo
Yf nf/ ]]auea|emwd aue obma0e? obma0g [d aPe
,mxm0awm t&PD,awm wAawm tawmwd 0kpwd? aom{0 wum&
|um&H uwGm ta|mwd 0kawm- [k r[med'geokw#f u
D mudk axmuf oabmaMumif[
h k
ay;onf/

28

aewdt|uxmed,

aqmifaMumif;jzpfaom oabm aqmif&mjzpfaom oabmaMumif/h aew?d

rnf\/
,cktcg o're,ea|e aewd[k tusOf;qdktyfaom teufudk
tus,fa[mtHhaomiSm ],xm [d} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYownf;/

[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h wPSm? ud/k oaw? wdu

Yk /kd umrm'db0H? umr
tp&Sad om b0od/Yk e,wd? aqmifwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]b0aew}D }wd?
[l/ 0kpw
d ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ t,r?d aewd usr;f onfvnf;/
0g? udv
k nf;/ a0ae,soaw? wdu
Yk /kd t&d,"r?H t&d,mwd\
Yk w&m;od/Yk 0g?
jrwfaom w&m;od/Yk e,wd? \/ wd o're ,ea|e? olawmfaumif;w&m;odYk
aqmifwwfaom oabmaMumif/h ]]aew}D }wd? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/
e,ea|e[laom pum;onf uwK u&P t"du&Pom"e
ok H ; yg;ES if h quf q H & um; ]t&d , "r H e,"r H e,wd } [k uw K om"e\
tpG r f ; tm;jzif h a&S ; OD ; pG m aew d o ' g \teuf u d k qd k N yD ; ,ck t cg
u&Pom"e t"du&Pom"e\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh qdkjyefvdk&um; ]tx
0g} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tx 0g? wpfenf;um;/ wm, yu&PZmwd,m? xdu

k sr;f jzif/h e,E?d
aqmifuek \
f / 0g? a&mufapuke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h om yu&PZmwd?
onf/ aew?d rnf\/ [d ,om? aMumif/h u&Pblawe? udP
k ;f jzpf jzpfaom/
aewyd u&aPe? jzif/h "ruxdum? "ruxduyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ a0ae,soaw?
wdu
Yk /kd 'er*?H aomwmywrd *fo/Ykd e,Ed ormayE?d a&mufapuke\
f / wd
wom? aMumif/h e,Ed wm,mwd aeww
D ?d aew[
d
l / 0kw?H \/ (odYk ore)f /
0g? um;/ t"d|meblaw? wnf&mjzpf jzpfaom/ {w {wo yu&aP? /
ywd|maywGm? wnfap/ a0ae,sm? wdu
Yk /kd edAm eH? od/Yk eD,Ed ormyD,E?d
a&mufaptyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aewd? rnf\/ [d op?H rSe\
f /
aewOd ya'ooE
d a,e? aewed nf;Oya'o[laom rS&D mESi/hf 0dem? /
t0dy&Dwokww
m 0aAma"m? razmufrjyef okw\
f teufukd odjcif;onf/ e
or0wd? rjzpf/ wxm [d wawm {0? xdo
k o
Ykd w
k \
f teufukd odjcif;\
aew d e nf ; Oya'oES i f h pyf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h o mvQif / ]]wo m

*Em&ruxm

29

edAm,dwkumarem}}wd tm'd? umare tp&Sdaom pum;udk/ ay#au1 ?

ay#aumya'ousr;f / 0kw?H \/
[m&e,udk pD&ifjcif;rS vGwfaom twoH0Pemtxl; r&Sd&um;
]oAmyd [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
od k Y r[m0d o ,jzpf a om aew d u srf ; onf tb,f r Q&S d o enf ; [laom apm'emudk ESvkH;xm; ]aewd p okwyb0g}udk rdefYownf;/

[d? xdkpum;oifhpG/ oAmyd? tvkH;pkHvnf;jzpfaom/ okw? \/

two0H Pem? teufukd zGijhf cif;onf/ aewOd ya'om,wm? aewed nf;
Oya'oESihf pyf\/ aewd p? onfvnf;/ okwy b
0g? okwv
f Qif trGe&f \
dS / 0g?
taMumif;&S\
d / okw?H onf/ ormorK'y b
0H? jrwfpmG bk&m;vQif trGe&f \
dS /
wd a0'dwA?H \/ /
0pewudk jyKNyD; ,cktcg yu&Py&dap'udk jytHhaomiSm ]om
yem,H} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
yu&Py&dap'tm;jzifh jyNyD; ygVdoEda0otm;jzifh jyvdk&um;
]ygVd00wmeawm ye} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

om yem,H om ye t,H aewd? onf/ yu&Py&dap'awm?

yu&Py&dap'tm;jzifh/ 0g? usrf;udk ydkif;jcm; axmufqaomtm;jzifh/
[m&e,y|memeH? [m& e, omoey|mewd\
Yk / 0aoe? jzif/h wdya b'g?
okH;yg;tjym; &Sd\/ [d ,om? aMumifh/ yXrH? pGm/ [m&0dpma&m? [m&
tpDt&ifonf/ a[mwd? \/ wawm? xdk[m&udk pD&ifonfrS aemuf/
e,0dpma&m? enf;tpDt&ifonf/ a[mwd? \/ ypm? aemufq;kH / y|me0dpma&m?
omoey|metpDt&ifonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h wdya b'g? \/
ygVd00wmeawm ye? ygVdoEad 0otm;jzifu
h m;/ o*F[0g& 0dbm*0g&0aoe?
o*F[0g& 0dbm*0g&wd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 'k0"d m? \/
1/ ay#au 0kwH / / ay#auum; tm"m&tvdiYk mS xnho
f nf/ enf;twl
aemufaemufaom t&mwdYk t|uxm rygvQif ygXaoo[k rSwv
f ifu
h ek /f

30

aewdt|uxmed,
aew d u srf ; um; rsm;cJ h y g&um; enf ; cJ h / tb,f o d k Y q&mpum;
oihftHhenf;[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm
]oAmyd [d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d? pG/ oAmyd? vnf;jzpfaom/ aew?d onf/ o*F[0ga&m? vnf;aumif;/

0d b m*0ga&m? vnf ; umif ; / wd ? od k Y / 0g&'G , ar0? 0g&ES p f c k w d k Y \
taygif;onfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ |? 3 ww? xdEk pS yf g;aom 0g&wdw
Yk iG /f
o*F[0ga&m
0ga&m? ud/k tm'dawm? tp/ y[d *gxm[d? ig;*gxmwdjYk zif/h y&dpad Em?
ydik ;f jcm;tyf\/ (y*gxmy&dpad Em[lvnf; ormof&\
dS / oifo
h nfcsn;f )/
ig;*gxmum; tenf;rQom jzpfcJh/ o*F[0g&udk ig;*gxmrQwnf;jzif h
ydkif;jcm;tyf\[k qdkaompum;onf tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf;[k apm'em
&Sd&maomaMumifh ]oaAm [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
omoey|mef \ ok y f t m;jzif h a[mjcif ; aMumif h ig;*gxmjzif h
rodrf;qnf;tyf r,ltyfaom usrf;\teuf rnfonf r&Sd[k qdktyfaom
pum;udk rcHcsnfh&um; ]eEk apw} ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/
ok y f t m;jzif h roN*K [ f t yf a omf v nf ; teuf t m;jzif h oN*K [ f
tyfonfomwnf;[k jyvdk&um; ]e,d'ar0H} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ ]],H avmaum ylZ,aw}}wd tm'D[?d tp&Su

d ek af om/ y[d
*gxm[d? wdjYk zif/h ty&d*[
ad wm? rodr;f qnf;tyfaom/ 0g? r,ltyfaom/
oaAm? aom/ yu&Pawm emr? usr;f \teuf rnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d p?
ar;ygOD;tH/h {w? ig;*gxmwdYk / y|meH? omoey|meud/k to*F[w
d H eEk?
r,ltyfonf r[kwfukefavm/ wd t,H? onfum;/ apm'em?
apm'emwnf;/ 'H? omoey|meudk roN*K[
t
f yf[k qdt
k yfaom pum;ud/k
{0H? odYk apm'uq&m qdw
k ikd ;f / e '|A?H rrSwt
f yf/ uom? tb,faMumifh
enf;[lru
l m;/ rlvy'*[aPe? rlvy'udk ,lojzif/h 0g? rlvy'o'gjzif/h
y|me? \/ o*F[w
d wm? oN*K[
t
f yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/
xd k t euf u d k y if ygVd t m;jzif h xif & S m ;pG m jyvd k & um; ]wxm [d }
ponf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

wxm [d wawm {0? xdakY Mumifo

h mvQi/f wpfenf;um;- wxm wH
0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ ]]t|m&o rlvy'g uk[ '|Am omoey|mae}}wd?

*Em&ruxm

31

[l/ 0uw?d qdv

k w/YH [d? pG/ rlvy'|memed? rlvy'omoey|mewdu
Yk /kd
twe,ocFg&wu
d m 0d,? eE,
d m0 tp&Sad om twe,ok;H yg;? yknmbdocFg&
tp&Sad om ocFg&ok;H yg;taygif;wdu
Yk o
hJ /Ykd tnrnH1? tcsif;csif;/ o*F[w
d med?
a&wGut
f yf oN*K [t
f yfuek \
f / /
0d b m*0ga&m ye
ye? onfum;/ Oa'oeda'oy#deda'o0aoe?
Oa'oeda'oy#dead 'owd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzif/h wd0ad "m? ok;H yg;tjym;&S\
d / awok?
xdo
k ;Hk yg;wdw
Yk iG /f ]]ww uwar aomVo [m&m}}wd? [l/ tm&bdwmG ?
1/ tnrno*F [ d w / / twe,okH;yg; tcsif;csif; a&wGuf[efum;eE,
d m0enf; wPSm? t0dZm ? orx? 0dyemtm;jzifh av;yg;aom rlvy'wdu
Yk kd
a&wGut
f yfuek \
f / xdak v;yg;aom rlvy'wdYk wpfq,f&h pS yf g;aom rlvy'wdo
Yk nf
0ifukef\/ 0if[efum;-orx? tavmb? ta'go? tokbonm? 'kuonm/
ig;y'wdo
Yk nf orxodYk 0ifuek \
f / 0dyem? tarm[? tedpo
nm? tewonm/
av;y'wdkYonf 0dyemodkY 0ifukef\/ odkY udk;yg;aom ukovy'wdkYonf
orx0dyem[laom ESpfy'odkY 0ifukef\/ wPSm? avmb? a'go? okbonm?
okconm/ ig;y'wdo
Yk nf wPSmodYk 0ifuek \
f / t0dZm ? arm[? edpo
nm? twonm/
av;y'wdo
Yk nf t0dZm odYk 0ifuek \
f / odYk ud;k yg;aom tukovy'wdo
Yk nf wPSm
t0dZm[laom ESpfy'odkY 0ifukef\/ odkY wdykuvenf; oD[0duDVdwenf;onf
eEd,m0enf;odkY 0ifownf;/ wdykuvenf; <uif;aom enf;ESpfyg; 0if[efum;0dyem? tarm[? tedpo
nm? tewonm/ av;y'wdo
Yk nf tarm[ rnf\/
orx? tavmb? tokbonm? 'kuo
nm/ av;y'wdo
Yk nf tavmb rnf\/
ta'goum; ta'goom rnf\/ odYk ud;k yg;aom ukovy'wdo
Yk nf tavmb?
ta'go? tarm[ [laom ok;H y'odYk 0ifuek \
f / wPSm? avmb? okbonm? okconm/
av;y'wdkYonf avmb rnf\/ t0dZm? arm[? edponm? twonm/
av;y'wdo
Yk nf arm[ rnf\/ a'goum; a'goom rnf\/ odYk ud;k yg;aom
tukovy'wdkYonf avmb? a'go? arm[ [laom okH;y'odkY 0ifukef\/ odkY
wdykuvenf; <uif;aom enf;ESpfyg; 0ifownf;/ oD[0duDVdwenf; <uif;aom
enf;ESpfyg; 0if[efum; wPSm okbonm/ ESpfy'onf yXr0dyvmo rnf\/
avmb? okconm? ESpfy'onf 'kwd,0dyvmo rnf\/ t0dZm? edponm/
ESpyf 'onf wwd,0dyvmo rnf\/ arm[? twonm ESpyf 'onf pwkw
0dyvmo rnf\/ odYk ud;k yg;aom tukovy'wdo
Yk nf okbonm tp&Sad om av;y'wdYk

32

aewdt|uxmed,

tm;xkwf/ ,m0 ]]b0Ed t|m&o y'geD}}wd? b0Ed t|m&o y'ged

[lonhw
f ikd af tmif/ 0kawm? a[mtyfaom/ t,H 0ga&m? onf/ Oa'o0ga&m
0ga&m?
rnf\/ ]]tm'g'De0wm}}wd? [l/ tm&bdwmG ? / ,m0 ]]awwo
m {wu
d m
aew}D }wd? awwo
m {wu
d m aewd [lonfw
h ikd af tmif/ 0kawm? aom/ t,H
0ga&m? rnf\/ y#deda'o0ga&m ye? onfum;/
0ga&m? onf/ ed a ' o 0ga&m
[m&0db*F0ga&m? vnf;aumif;/ [m&ormw0ga&m? vnf;aumif;/
e,ork|me0ga&m? vnf;aumif;/ omoey|me0ga&m? vnf;aumif;/ wd?
od/Yk pwkAad "m? \/ awok? xdak v;yg;aom 0g&wdw
Yk iG /f ]]ww uwarm
a'oem[ma&m}}wd? [l/ tm&bdwGm? / ,m0 ]]t,H y[maee
orma&myem}}wd? t,H y[maee orma&myem [lonfw
h ikd af tmif/ 0kawm?
aom/ t,H 0ga&m? onf/ [m&0db*F0ga&m
ga&m/ rnf\/ ww ]]uwarm
a'oem[m&ormawm}}wd? [l/ tm&bdwmG ? / ,m0 ]]tEkyg'daoom p
edAm e"mwl}}wd? tEkyg'daoom p edAm e"mwk [lonfw
h ikd af tmif/ 0kawm? aom/
t,H 0ga&m? onf/ [m&ormw0ga&m
w0ga&m? rnf\/
0ifuek \
f / orx tokbonmonf yXrowdy|mef rnf\/ tavmb 'kuo
nmonf
'kwd,owdy|mef rnf\/ 0dyem tedponmonf wwd,owdy|mef rnf\/
tarm[ tewonmonf pwkwo
wdy|mef rnf\/ odYk ud;k yg;aom ukovy'
wdo
Yk nf owdy|mef[k qdt
k yfaom tokbonm tp&Sad om av;y'odYk 0ifuek \
f /
odYk oD[0duVD w
d enf;odYk <uif;aom enf;ESpyf g; 0ifownf;/ odYk twe,ok;H yg;wd\
Yk
tcsif;csif; a&wGufjcif;udk odtyf\/ ocFg&okH;yg; tcsif;csif; a&wGuf[efum;-ocF g &onf yk n mbd o cF g & tyk n mbd o cF g & tmae m bd o cF g &[l ok H ; yg;/
um,ocFg& 0pDocFg& pdwocFg&[lvnf; okH;yg;wnf;/ xdkwGif umrm0p&
lyg0p&ukov
kd af pwemonf yknmbdocFg&? tukov
kd af pwemonf tyknmbdocFg&?
tl y g0p&uk o d k v f a pwemonf tmae m bd o cF g & rnf \ / xd k o k H ; yg; wd k Y w G i f
yknmbdocFg& tyknmbdocFg&onf um,'Gg& jzpfaomtcg um,ocFg& 0pD'gG &
jzpfaomtcg 0pDocFg& rnf\/ raem'Gg& jzpfaomtcgum; ok;H yg;vk;H onf pdwo
cFg&
rnf\/ odYk yknmbdocFg& tp&Sad om a&S;ocFg&wdwf qdt
k yfaom w&m;wdu
Yk ykd ifvQif
'Gg&\tpGrf;tm;jzifh um,ocFg& tp&Sdaom 'kwd,ocFg&wduf qdktyfukef\/
xd'k w
k ,
d wdwf qdt
k yfuek af om w&m;wdu
Yk ykd ifvQif a&S;wdwf qdt
k yfuek \
f / odkY
ocFg&ok;H yg;wd\
Yk tcsi;f csi;f a&wGujf cif;udk qdt
k yf\/

*Em&ruxm

33

[m&0d b *F 0 g& [m&or m w0g&wd k Y \ txl ; rxif & S m ;&um;

xdktxl;udk ar;tHh aomiSm ]{wm[} paomygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{w Xmae? / apm'aum? onf/ tm[? \/ [m&0db*F[m&

ormw0g&meH? wd\
Yk / ememu&PH? txl;um;/ u? tb,fenf;/ wd? od/Yk
tm[? \/ y&d[ma&m? ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kpa w? tH/h ,w 0ga&? / teau[dy?d
rsm;onfvnf; jzpfukefxaom/ O'g[&Pokaw[d? O'g[kPfjzpfaom
okww
f jYkd zif/h {aum [ma&m? ud/k ed'o
d ,
D wd? jytyf\/ t,H 0ga&m? onf/
[m&0db*F0ga&m? rnf\/ ,w ye 0ga&? um;/ {uo okaw? / taeau?
ukeaf om/ [m&m? wdo
Yk nf/ orwE?d pka0;uke\
f / 0g? usuek \
f / t,H 0ga&m?
onf/ [m&ormw0ga&m? rnf\/ [d? pG/ ]],w p? v/ ormawm}}wd? [l/
ay#au
ay#au? / {wH 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D
,w p blr,
d ?H tMuift&m/ Ase 0d"yd x
k w
k m ? o'gudk pD&ifjcif;
rsm;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0g? rsm;aomo'gudk pD&ifjcif;&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ oaA? ukefaom/ [m&m? wdkYonf/ orwrmem?
pka0;ukeo
f nfjzpf/ okww
?H ud/k e,E?d aqmifuek \
f / om blr?d onf/
[m&ormawm? [m&ormw0g& rnf\/
[m&0d b *F [m&or m w0g&wd k Y u d k a0zef N yD ; e,ork | me0g&
omoey|me0g&wdkYudk ra0zefjcif; taMumif;udk jyvdk&um; ]e,/y/
ygua#m {0} [laomygXfudk rdefYownf;/
yu&Py&d a p ' ygVd o E d a 0otm;jzif h qd k N yD / xd k y u&Py&d a p '
ygVdoEda0otm;jzifh qdktyfaom aewdusrf;\ r[mom0ubmodw\
tjzpf? bk&m;tEkarm'em jyKtyfonf\tjzpfudk tb,fodkY odtyfoenf
oenf;/
wpf e nf ; um;
um;--- atmuf ]]awe ,m bmod w m aew d ? ow m &m
tEk a rm'd w mm}}}} [l qd k \ / xd k o d k Y up n f ; ax&f a[mtyf onf\ tjzp
tjzpf
bk&m;tEkarm'em jyKtyfonf\tjzpfudk tb,fodkY odtyfygoenf;[k
apm'emzG,f&Sd xdkapm'emudk jytHhaomiSm ]{wm[} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
]ygVdawm {0 0dnm,wd}[k qdktyfaom teufudk NyD;apvdk&um;
]wxm [d /v/ tmbwH}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

34

aewdt|uxmed,

e,ork|meomoey|me0g&0dbma*g? e,ork|me0g& omoe

y|me0g&udk a0zefjcif;onf/ ygua#m {0? xif&Sm;ovQifuwnf;/
omoey|me0ga&m ye? udu
k m;/ o*F[0ga& 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd Oa'oeda'o
0ga&oky?d wdYk vnf;/ olyawm? okyt
f m;jzif/h e O'a#m? rxkwt
f yf/ wd?
od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ {w Xmae? / XwGm? wef
Y / apm'aum? onf/ tm[?
\/ ]]'H aewdyu&PH? udk/ r[mom0ubmodwH? r[mom0uonf
a[mtyf\/ wd p? odv
Yk nf;aumif;/ b*0wm? onf/ tEkarm'dw?H
tEkarm'em jyKtyf\}/ wd p? vnf;aumif;/ {wH 0peH? ud/k uxH 0dnm,wd?
tb,fodkY odtyfoenf;/ wd? odkY/ apm'aum? onf/ tm[? \/
ygVdawm1 {0? tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f 0dnm,wd? tyf\/ [d? pG/ ygVdawm?rS/ tnH?
aom/ yrmPw&H? vGejf rwfaom yrmPonf/ e tw?d r&S/d [d? pG/ ,m ygVd?
onf/ pwl[?d ukeaf om/ r[mya'ao[d? wdEYk iS /hf t0d'k g ? rqefu
Y si/f om
ygVd? onf/ yrmPH? yrmPomwnf;/ wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/
wpf e nf ; -wxm [d wawm {0? aMumif h o mvQif / t*&[d w m,?
ruJh&JUtyfaom/ tmp&d,y&r&m,? q&mtqufqufonf/ ay#aum
ya'aom 0d,? udu
k o
hJ /Ykd 'H aewyd u&PH? ud/k tmbwH? aqmiftyf\/ /
r[mom0ubmodw?H onf/ ,'d od,m? tH/h {0H owd? aomf/ uom?
aMumifh/ t? xdkaewdusrf;\/ ed'geH? udk/ e 0kwH? enf;/ [d? pG/
om0ubmod w mer d ? om0ua[mvnf ; jzpf u k e f a om/ ok b ok w
te*F P ok w |? 4 up m ,eoH , k w m'DeH? okbokwf te*FPokwf
upm,eoH,w
k f tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / ed'geH? ud/k bmodw?H \/ wd t,H? um;/
apm'em? wnf;/ 'H? om0ubmodwtjzpf Ak'b
modwtjzpfonf/
{uEu
d ?H ed'gef;udk rqdjk cif; ed'gef;udk qdjk cif;\ pifppfaom taMumif;onf/ e?
1/ ygVd a wm 0d n m,wd / / pum;jzifh t&Sifupnf; a[mtyfaom
tjzpfuo
hJ Ykd w&m;tEkarm'em jyKtyfaom tjzpfonfvnf; ygVdoo
Ykd m tpOfvu
kd \
f [k
jyownf;/

*Em&ruxm

35

r[kw/f (#DumESihf tnD)/ wpfenf;um;-'H? ed'gef;ud/k {uEu

d ?H pifppftm;jzifh
qdt
k yfonfom/ e? r[kw/f (qdak om t&mvnf; &S\
d / rqdak omt&mvnf;
&S\
d -[lvakd omf)/
ed ' gef ; ud k qd k j cif ; \ {uE d u r[k w f o nf \ tjzpf u d k tb,f o d k Y
odtyfyggoenf
oenf;[k apm'em&Sd&monfudk jrif ]om0ubmodwmeH} ponfukd
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

[d? pG/ om0ubmodwmeH? om0ua[m jzpfuek af om/ y#dor'd gr*

eda'om'De?H y#dor'd gr*f r[meda'o tp&Su
d ek af om/ {upme? tcsKUd aom
okww
f \
Ykd vnf;aumif;/ Ak'b
modwmer?d bk&m;a[mvnf; jzpfuek af om/
"ry'Ak'0Hom'De? ukefaom/ {upme? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ (odkY
0daooeyk'u
f kd ,xmor0udk &nf ay;)/ ed'geH? ud/k e bmodw?H tyf/
wm0wm? xdo
k Ykd ed'gef;udk rqdu
k mrQjzif/h wmed? xdyk #dor'd gr*ftp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/
tyrmPH? yrmPr[kwo
f nf/ e p a[mE?d uke/f {0H? twl/ "myd?
aewu
d sr;f vnf;/ '|A?H \/ /
okw0 ed ,meH? okw0f ed nf;wd\
Yk / ed'ge emr? ed'gef;rnfonfuv
kd nf;/
"rb@m*g&duOygvdaw&m'D[d? w&m;b@mpdk;jzpfaom t&SiftmeEm
t&SiOf ygvdrax&f tp&Su
d ek af om/ r[mom0aua[0? wdo
Yk nfomvQi/f
bmodw?H \/ '? aewu
d sr;f udv
k nf;/ r[mom0ubmodw?H r[m
om0uonf a[mtyf\/ uom? um;/ ax&H? upn;f rax&fu/kd rkw
d mG ? /
rdm 0dpm&Pm,? aewdusrf;udk pD&ifjcif;\/ ten0do,wm?
olwpfyg;wd\
Yk t&mr[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h
{awe ed'ge*a0oaee? odYk ed'gef;udk &Smojzif/h u? tb,ftusK;d &St
d ehH nf;/
a,m tawm? onf/ ygVd,m? ESi/hf t0dak 'g? rqefu
Y si/f aom tawma,0?
udo
k mvQi/f {w? aewu
d sr;f / *a0odwaAm? &SmrS;D tyf\/ wd t,H?
um;/ y&d[ma&m? wnf;/
,ck t cg aew d u srf ; \ ed ' gef ; ud k rqd k j cif ; {uE d u jzpf a om
taMumif;udk jytHhaomiSm ]tx 0g} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYownf;/

36

aewdt|uxmed,

tx 0g? wpfenf;um;- ygVd,m? \/ twoH0Pembm0awm?

t|uxm jzpf onf\tjzpfaMumifh/ y#dord'gr*eda'om'DeH? tp&Sd
onfwdkY\/ 0dokH? toD;/ ed'ge0peudp?H ed'gef;udk qdjk cif;udpo
nf/ e twd
0d,? r&So
d uJo
h /Ykd r yu&P? aewdu
sr;f \/ 0do?Hk oD;/ ed'ge0peudp?H
onf/ e tw?d r&S/d wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
ygVdoEda0otm;jzifh jyNyD; 0dbm*tm;jzifh jytHhaomiSm ]'ged}
ponf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

'ged? / {wo yu&aP? aewu

d sr;f / emeyum&aumovw?H
txl;xl; tjym;tjym; vdrm apjcif;iSm/ t,H 0dbma*g? qdv
k waYH om
a0zefjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ p? quf qdOk ;D th/H oAar0? omvQijf zpfaom/
{wH yu&PH? aewu
d sr;f onf/ omoey&da,|dbm0awm? omoemawmf\
teufudk &SmrSD;wwfaomtm;jzifh/ 0g? aMumifh/ {u0d"H? \/ t&d,r*
orm'eawm p? t&d,r*fukd Ny;D apwwfaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0drw
k d
&oawm p? 0drw
k w
d nf;[laom udp& adS omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ wxm? wl/
{u0d"?H \/ Ase w0pd m&bm0awm? o'gteufukd pD&ifonf\ tjzpftm;jzif/h
'k0"d ?H \/ o*F[0dbm*bm0awm p? o*F[0g&\tjzpf 0dbm*0g&\tjzpf
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ "r0de,woH0Peawm p? "r0de,\ teufudk
zGiahf omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0g? "r0ed ,\ t|uxmjzpfaom tm;jzif
v
h nf;aumif;/ avmud,avmukw& wo*F[Pawm p? avmuDjzpfaom
teuf avmukw& mjzpfaom teufukd oN*K[
af omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
lygly"ry&d*g[uawm? kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ vuPvu,
d bm0awm p? okwOf 'g[kP\
f tjzpftm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ y0wed 0d w0d peawm p? jzpfjcif; epfjcif;udk qd&k mjzpfaomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ 0g? jzpfaom 0#fw&m; 0#fw&m;\epf&mjzpfaom edAm efukd
qdk&mjzpfaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ obm*0dobm*eda'oawm p?
obm*w&m; 0dobm*w&m;wdu
Yk kd jyaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ om"m&Pm
om"m&P"r0dbm*awm p? om"m&Pw&m; tom"m&Pw&m;wdkYudk
a0zefaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ wxm? wl/ 'k0"d ?H \/ /

*Em&ruxm

37

yk*v
w,eda'oawm p? yk*Kd vo
f ;Hk yg;wd\
Yk taygif;udk jyaomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ wd0"d uvsmP0dbm*awm p? ok;H yg;tjym;&Sad om aumif;jcif;udk
a0zefaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ y&dnw,uxeawm p? y&dnmok;H yg;wd\
Yk
taygif;udk qdak omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ y[mew,yl a'oawm p? y[mef
ok H ; yg;wd k Y \ taygif ; ud k T e f j yaomtm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; / od u w ,
o*F[Pawm p? odum ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;udk oN*K[
af omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
wd0"d oHuad vo0daom"eawm p? ok;H yg;tjym;&Sad om oHuad vow&m;wdu
Yk kd
okwfoifaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rlv*DwdtEk*Dwdo*wdab'awm p?
rlv*Dwd tEk*w
D d o*wt
d jym;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ yd#uw,wo0H Peawm
p? yd#uokH;ykH\ t|uxmjzpfaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 0g? teufudk
zGiahf omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ [m&e,y|meyab'awm p? [m& e,
omoey|mewd\
Yk tjym;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ wd0"d ?H \/ /
pwky# o
d r'd g0do,awm p? av;yg;aom y#dor'd g\ t&mjzpfaom
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pwke,a'oeawm p? av;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk
a[maomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ "rwa 'oemy#da0"*r&D bm0awm p? "r\
eufeo
J nf\tjzpf tw\ eufeo
J nf\tjzpf a'oem\ eufeo
J nf\tjzpf
y#da0"\ eufeo
J nf\tjzpftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ pwkA"d ?H \/ tbdan,sm'd
"r0b
d m*awm p? tbdan,stp&Sad om w&m;wdu
Yk kd a0zefaomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ yuE e ad 'oawm p? ig;yg;aom cEmudk jyaomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ y*wdy&dap'awm p? ig;yg;aom *wdwu
Ykd kd ydik ;f jcm;aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ yeu
d m,w00d &Pawm p? ig;yg;aom edum,f\ teufukd
zGifhaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ y0d"H? \/ qVm&rP0dbm*awm p?
ajcmufyg;aom tmkw
H u
Ykd kd a0zefaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ qtZwu
d
Am[d&m,we0dbm*awm p? ajcmufyg;aom tZwu
d m,we Am[d&m,we
wdu
Yk kd a0zefaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ qA"d ?H \/ ow0n
d mP|dwyd &dap'awm?
ckepfyg;aom 0dnmP|dww
d u
Ykd kd ydik ;f jcm;aomtm;jzif/h ow0"d ?H \/ okwm 'd
e0*Fead 'oawm? okwf tp&Sad om ud;k yg;aom t*Fgwdu
Yk kd jyaomtm;jzif/h e00d"?H

38

aewdt|uxmed,

\/ okwm "d|me0dbm*awm? okw\

f wnf&mudk a0zefaomtm;jzif/h pk'o
0d"?H
\/ omoey|meyab'awm? tjym;tm;jzifh/ aomVo0d"? onf
vnf;aumif;/ t|0Dowd0"d ? onfvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd? \/ pwk&moDwd
o["ruE 0 pd m&bm0awm? &Spaf omif;av;axmifaom "ruE m wdu
Yk kd
pD&ifaomtm;jzif/h pwk&moDwo
d [0d"?H \/ wd tm'dem? odYk tp&Sad om/
ea,e? jzif/h yu&P0dbma*g? usr;f udk a0zefjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
ww ? xd k 0 d b m*ud k qd k & m/ omoey&d a ,|d b m0awm
m0awmwd ?
omoey&da,|dbm0awm
awm[lonfum;/ wpfenf;um;-omoey&d
m0awmwd {w 0pae?
/ t"dyg a,m? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ ouvH? aom/ aewyd u&PH?
onf/ oduw
,
o*F[? odum ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;jzifh a&wGut
f yfaom/
0g? odumokH;yg;wdkY\ taygif;udk a&wGuftyfaom/ e0*F? aom/
owKomoe? \/ two0H Pembm0awm? aMumif/h {u0d"?H \/ |? 5
t&d , r* o r m 'eawm
'eawmwd ? [l o nf u m;/ (a&S ; enf ; vnf ; ay;)/
'eblrb
d m0emblro
d rm'eawm? 'ebkH bm0embku
H kd Ny;D apaom tm;jzif/h
{u0d"?H \/
omoemtm;om 0drkw&o rnf\/ aewdusrf;tm; 0drkwd&o r&SdcJh/
xdkodkYaomf 0drkwd&oawm[l q&mqdktyfaom pum;onf tb,fodkY
oif h t H h e nf ; [k apm'em&S d & maomaMumif h xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m
]0d r k w d & oawmwd } paomygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /
[m&tw y ' ponf w d k Y o nf o m o' g teuf w d k Y u d k pD & if u k e f \ /
aew d u srf ; um; rpD & if c J h / tb,f o d k Y As e w 0 d p m&bm0awm-[l
qdktyfaom pum; oifhtHhenf;[laom apm'emudk jrif&um; ]Asew
0dpm&bm0awmwd} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

0d r k w d & oawm
oawmwd 'H 0peH? udk/ omoe? \/ trwy&d a,momew m ? tNrdKufedAmef tqkH;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0kwH? \/
(0drw
k &d o&Sad om omoemudk jywwf&um; aewu
d sr;f udk 0drw
k &d o&S\
d [k
zvlypm&wtm;jzifh qdt
k yf\-[lvakd omf)/ Asew0dpm&bm0awm
m&bm0awmwd 'H

*Em&ruxm

39

0peH? ud/k [m&Ase y'ure,meH1? [m&wpfq,fah jcmufyg; Ase y'ajcmufyg;

urenf;ESpfyg;wdkY\/ Ase0dpm&wm? o'gudk pD&ifonf\tjzpfaMumifh/
twy'twe,meH? twy'ajcmufyg; twe,ok;H yg;wd\
Yk / tw0pd m&wm?
teufukd pD&ifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0kw?H \/
o*F[0dbm*bma0g
m*bma0g? o*F[0g&\tjzpf 0dbm*0g&\tjzpfonfum;/
y&awm? / 0g? rS/ tm0d b0dwd? xif&mS ;jzpfvw/YH "r0de,woH0Peawm
eawmwd 'H 0peH? ud/k ouvmyd? vnf;jzpfaom/ y&d,wo
d moe?
\/ "r0de,bm0awm? "r0de,jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ 0kwH? \/
(omoemawmf rsm;aomfvnf; tusO;f tm;jzifh "r0ed ,om jzpfaomaMumifh [lvakd omf)/ vuPvud,bm0awm
bm0awmwd 'H 0peH? ud/k aew0d pe?
aewdygVd\/ vuPwm p? rSwfaMumif; okwfjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ O'g[&Pokwm eH? O'g[kPo
f w
k w
f \
Ykd / 0g? aqmiftyfaom
okww
f \
Ykd / vu,
d wm p? rSwt
f yfaom O'g[kPjf zpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ 0kw?H \/ obm*0dobm*eda'oawm
awmwd {w 0pae? /
ormeZmwd,m? wlaom oabm&Sdukefaom/ "rm? wdkYonf/ obm*g?
rnfuek \
f / y#dyum? qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfuek af om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ 0dobm*g?
rnfuek \
f / wH0pd m&bm0awm? xdo
k bm*0dobm*w&m;wdu
Yk kd pD&ifonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ om"m&Pmom"m&P"r0dbm*awm
m*awmwd {w 0pae? / y[maeu|o[aZu|wm'domrane?
y[maeu|tjzpf o[aZu|tjzpf tp&S d a omtm;jzif h wl o nf \
tjzpfaMumif/h a, "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ (om"m&Pmom"m&PmodYk pyf)/ a,oH
"rmeH? wdt
Yk m;/ emr0wm'dem? trnf0wK tp&Sad omtm;jzif/h om"m&Pm p?
qufqu
H ek o
f nfvnf;/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wA"d &k wm,? xdo
k m"m&Pw&m;
1/ [m&As e y'ur e ,meH / / 'domavmpetuFkoenf;udk ure,
[l o wnf ; / eE d , m0 wd y k u v oD [ 0d u D V d w enf ; ud k tw e ,[l o wnf ; /
[m&twy' ponfwo
Ykd m o'gteufukd pD&ifaomfvnf; xd[
k m&twy' ponfwu
Ykd kd
jyKwwfaom aewdusrf;udkvnf; o'gteufwdkYudk pD&if\[k zvlypm&wtm;jzifh
qdkownf;-[lvdkaomf/

40

aewdt|uxmed,

wd\
Yk qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tom"m&Pm p? ukeo
f nfvnf;/
a[mEd? ukef\/ wH0dbm*awm? xdkom"m&Ptom"m&Pw&m;wdkYudk
a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 'k0"d ?H \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
yk*vw,eda'oawm
awmwd? [lonfum;/ O*#w
d nKtm'dy*k v
w,
eda'oawm? O*#dwnK tp&Sdaom yk*dKvfokH;a,mufwdkY\taygif;wdkYudk
jyaomtm;jzifh/ wd0d"H? \/ wd0d"uvsmP0dbm*awm
m*awmwd? um;/ tm'd
uvsmPm'd0b
d m*awm? tm'duvsmP tp&So
d nfukd a0zefaomtm;jzif/h
wd0"d ?H \/ rlv*DwdtEk*Dwdo*wdab'awm
b'awmwd {w 0pae? / yXrH 0peH?
a&S;OD;pGmaom pum;onf/ rlv*Dw?d rnf\/ 0kwa 0? qdt
k yfNy;D onfom
jzpfaom/ tw? ud/k o*F[*gxm? tusO;f a&wGuaf om *gxmonf/
tEk*w
D ?d rnf\/ wHwo
H w
k w
a ,mZe0aoe? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om okw\
f teufukd
,SOo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h (o*Fg,eHoYkd pyf)/ 0dyu
P
d
? zdkz&Jaom/
yu&P? udk/ o*Fg,eH? aygif;kH;nDGwf qdkjcif;onf/ o*wd? rnf\/
om o*w?d xdo
k *wu
d /kd ax&? upn;f rax&f\/ y&awm? rS/ y0ww
d m?
jzpfaptyf\/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? \/ wdE?H ukeaf om/ {wmoH? xdrk v
l *Dwd
tEk*w
D d o*ww
d \
Ykd / ab'awm? tm;jzif/h wd0"d ?H \/ wd t,H? um;/
tawm? wnf;/ y u E e d a ' o awm
awmwd {w 0pae? / lyg'dyuE
oDvm'dy"ruEeda'oawm? lyuEmtp&Sdaom ig;yg;aom cEm
oDvtp&Sad om ig;yg;aom "ruE m udk jyaomtm;jzif/h y0"d ?H \/ wd t,H?
um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ok w m "d | me0d b m*awm
m*awmwd {w 0pae? /
avmba'goarm[me? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ tavmbma'gomarm[me?
wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ um,0pDraemurme? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ o'g'd
y`d E,
d me? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe? jzif/h pk'o
0d"? aom/ okwm
"d|me? okw\
f wnf&mud/k 0dbm*0peawm? a0zefjcif;udk qdak omtm;jzif/h
pk'o
0d"?H \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ aooH? onf/ ok0ad n,s?H
odv,
G Nf y/D wd wom? aMumif/h e yyw
d ?H rcsUJ tyfownf;/
*Em&ruxm NyD;NyD/
eee

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh
od k Y 0d b m*tm;jzif h jyNyD ; ,ck t cg ]wm aew d , m
u&dmrw0PeH} [k y#dnmOfjyKonfESifhtnD aewdusrf;\ teufudk
zGifhvdk&um; ]{0H taeuab'0dbaw} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{0H? od/Yk taeuab'0dbaw? rsm;aom tjym;tm;jzifh a0zeftyfaom/

aewyd u&aP? / ]]o*F[0dbm*0g&0aoe? jzif/h 'k0"d }}E?d &S\
d [l/ ,'d'H ,H
'H 0peH? ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kw?H Ny/D ww 0pae? / o*F[0ga&m? onf/
,H avmaum ylZ,aw
tm'd? tpwnf;/ wmyd? xdo
k *F[0g&\vnf;/ ]],H
,aw}}wd
t,H *gxm? onf/ tm'd? wnf;/ ww? xdk ],H avmaum ylZ,aw}[laom
*gxm/ ,Ed t,H oa'g? ,H[laom o'gonf/ ted,rawm?
trSwfr&Sdaomtm;jzifh/ Oya,m*eda'aom? 'kwd,mteufudk jyaom
o'gwnf;/ 0g? uHteufukd jyaom o'gwnf;/ w? xdt
k rSwf r&Sad omtm;jzifh
jyaom teufu/kd ]]wm}}wd rdem? w[laom yk'jf zif/h ed,reH?
rSwjf cif;ud/k a0'dwA?H \/ avmaum
avmaumwd t,H oa'g? onf/ uwKead 'aom?
uwm;teufudk jyaom o'gwnf;/ yl Z ,aw
,awwd t,H oa'g? onf/
ud&,
d meda'aom? wnf;/ oavmuygavm
oavmuygavmwd 'H 0peH? [laom o'gonf/
uwK0ad ooeH? uwm;udk txl;jyKaom o'gwnf;/ o'g
o'gwd t,H oa'g?
onf/ umveda'aom? wnf;/ erwd pm
pmwd t,H oa'g? onf/ Oypa,e?
orkpn
;f teuf&adS om po'gESi/hf o[? wuG/ |? 6 ud&,
d meda'aom? wnf;/
wm
wmwd t,H oa'g? onf/ omrdead 'aom? wnf;/ {w
{wEd t,H oa'g?
onf/ ypwe ad 'aom? yXrmteufukd jyaom o'gwnf;/ omoe0&
omoe0&Ed 'H
0peH? onf/ ypwe ad 'aoe? yXrmteufukd jyaom o'gjzif/h ed'|d "re'd eH?
Te;f tyfaom w&m;udk jyaom o'gwnf;/ 0d'l[Dwd t,H oa'g? onf/
u&P0paee? ukP
d ;f 0dbwfjzif/h uwKead 'aom? wnf;/ a,sEd t,H oa'g?
onf/ ur0gpuud&,
d meda'aom? wnf;/ e&0&m
e&0&mwd 'H 0peH? onf/
]]wm}}wd? w[l/ ed,arwGm? rSw
f / 'dw? jytyfaom teufu/kd
olyawm? okyt
f m;jzif/h 'eH? jyaom o'gwnf;/

42

aewdt|uxmed,
odkY ],H} tp&Sdaom *gxmyk'fwdkY\ uH uwm; Bud,m uwm;\
0d a ooe tp&S d o nf w d k Y \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h teuf u d k qd k N yD ; ,ck t cg
t0,0\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh yk'f\ teufudk jytHhaomiSm ]ww avmud,Ed}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xd*k gxm/ t0,0awm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ {w

oweu
d ma,? ow0gtaygif;/ yknmyknmed p? ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f o
Ykd nf
vnf;aumif;/ wAyd gaum p? xdu
k o
k v
kd f tukov
kd \
f tusK;d onfvnf;aumif;/
avmud,E?d wnfwwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom oweu
d ma,m?
avmaum? rnf\/ yZm? ow0gwnf;/ wpfenf;um;-- yZm? ud/k vAw?d
onf/ avmaum
\/ oweu
d ma,m? ow0gtaygif;wnf;/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
]{urSd 0waA {u0peH}[laom y&dbmomESifhtnD
wpf a ,muf a om ow 0 gom avmurnf a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm/
xdkodkYvsuf tb,hfaMumi
Mumiffh oweduma,m[l qdktyfoenf;/ q&mhpum;
tb,fodkY ,kwd &SdtHhenf;[k apm'emzG,f &SdaomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk
ajzawmfrl vdkonfjzpf ]avmuoa'gwd /v/ o*FPSmwd}[laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

[d? pG/ avmuoa'g? onf/ Zmwdo'wm,? Zmwdo'gjzpfonf\

tjzpfaMumif/h omrn0aoe? omrn\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ed&0aooawm?
tm;jzif/h oaw? wdu
Yk /kd o*FPmS wd? oN*K[
\
f /
avmuo'gonf Zmwdo'g jzpfonf&Sdaomf avmuokH;yg;vkH;udkyif
oN*K [ f a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm/ avmuo' g onf ocF g &avmu
MoumoavmuwdkYvnf; xifonfr[kwfavm [laom apm'emudk jrif
xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]udmyd [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ avmuoa'g? onf/ ocFg&bmZaeokyd? ocFg&avmu

MoumoavmuwdYk vnf;/ 'd|ya,ma*g? xifaom jy,k*&f o
dS nf/ udm yd
a[mwd? \&Si/hf ye wxmyd? vnf;/ ylZeud&,
d ma,m*sbw
l wm0aoe?
ylZeud&,
d mtm;avsmpf mG jzpfonf\tjzpf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h owavmu
0paem {0? owavmu[laom o'gudo
k mvQi/f "? t&m/ *[dawm?

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

43

\/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ ylZ,aw

,awwd y'? \/ rme,wd? jrwfE;kd \/
typm,wd? tdt
k aojyK\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
avmuH? udk/ ygavEd? apmifhwwfukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/
avmuygvm? rnfuek \
f / pwma&m? ukeo
f m/ r[m&mZmaem? pwkr[m&mZf
ewfrif;Bu;D wdw
Yk nf;/ 0g? wdu
Yk /kd vAE?d uke\
f / avmud,m ye? avmu
xif&mS ;aom q&mwdo
Yk nfum;/ E,r0kPuka0&m? Eewf ,rewf
0kPewf uka0&ewfwo
Ykd nf/ avmuygvm? rnfuek \
f / wd? od/Yk 0'E?d
uke\
f / avmuygav[d? avmuygvwdEYk iS /hf o[? uG/ a[mwd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h oavmuygavm
oavmuygavm? rnf\/ ]]avmaum}}wd rdem ya'e?
ESi/hf wkvsm"du&PH? wlaom wnf&m&S\
d / 0g? wlaom teuf&\
dS / tx 0g?
um;/ &d,m"dyape? tpd;k &jcif; tBu;D tuJ\tjzpfjzif/h wHwo
H w
avmu? ud k / ygveawm &u P awm? apmif h w wf a omaMumif h /
cwd,pwkr[m&mZouok,mroEKodwokedrdwy&edrdw0o0wdr[m
jA[m'a,m? rif; pwkr[m&mZfewf odMum; ok,mrewf oEKow
d ewf
okedrdwewf y&edrdw0o0wdewf jA[mBuD; tp&Sdukefaom olwdkYonf/
avmuygvm? rnfuek \
f / aw[d? xdak vmuygvjzpfaom rif;tp&Sad om
olwEYkd iS /hf o[? uG/ y0awm? aom/ wHwo
H weu
d ma,m? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om
ow0gtaygif;onf/ oavmuygavm? avmuygvESifhwuGjzpfaom/
avmaum? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kawm? \/ tx 0g? um;/ ]]a'G ar bdua 0
okum "rm avmuH ygav}}Ew
D ?d [l/ 0peawm? aMumif/h [da&mwy" rm?
[d&MD owyw
&m;wdo
Yk nf/ avmuygvm? rnfuek \
f / aw[d? xdak vmuygvjzpfaom [d&MD owyw
&m;wdEYk iS /hf orEm*awm? aom/ avmaum? onf/
oavmuygavm
oavmuygavm? rnf\/
pwkr[m&mZfewfrif;BuD; av;a,muftp&Sdaom avmuygvESifh wuG
jzpfaom vlwdkYom avmuygv qdktyfonf r[kwfavm/ tb,fhaMumifh
[d & D M ow y E S i f h jynf h p k H a om vl u d k oavmuygv[k qd k t yf o enf ; [k
apm'emzG , f & S d xd k a pm'emud k ajzvd k & um; ][d a &mw y o r E m [d }
paomygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

44

aewdt|uxmed,

[d ,om? aMumihf/ [da&mwyorEm? ukefaom/ ygy*&[daem?

raumif;rIukd uJ&h UJ wwfuek af om/ oyK&o
d m? wdo
Yk nf/ "rpE 0 Ewm,? w&m;
tvd&k adS om qE&o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h b*0wd? / 0g? tm;/ ylZmerum&y&m?
ylaZmfjcif; &Scd ;kd jcif;vQif jy"mef;jcif;&Su
d ek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom?
aMumifh/ aw[d? xdk[d&DMowywnf;[laom avmuygvw&m;wdkYESifh/
orEm*awm? aom/ avmaum? ud/k oavmuygavmwd? [l/ 0kawm? \/
(odYk ay;)/ /
o'g
o'gwd? um;/ oAumvH? tcgcyford ;f / &wad 0? nOfh vnf;aumif;/
'd0g p? aeYvnf;aumif;/ 0g? um;/ o'g
o'gwd? um;/ b*0awm? \/
"&rmeumav p? xif&Sm;&SdawmfrlpOf umvvnf;aumif;/ wawm?
xdb
k &k m;xif&mS ;&Sad wmfro
l nfr/S y&? aemufumvvnf;aumif;/ tx 0g?
um;/ o'g
o'gwd? um;/ tbde[
D m&awm? bk&m;qkukd yefawmfro
l nfr/S y|m,?
p/ ,m0 omoeE&"memyd 0g? omoemawmf uG,fonfhwdkifatmif
vnf;aumif;/ wawm? xdkomoemawmfuG,fonfrS/ y&rd 0g? aemuf
vnf;aumif;/
omoemawmf u G , f o nf r S aemuf yl a Zmf j cif ; ud k wpf y g;aom
bk&m;jzpfojzifhom odtyf\/ bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufonfrS pom ylaZmf
tyfonf r[kwfukefavm/ bk&m;qkudk awmif;onfrS p ylaZmftyf\[k
qdkaom pum;onf tb,fodkY oifhtHhenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]r[mbdeD
[m&awm} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ r[mbde[
D m&awm? jrwfaom bk&m;qkukd awmif;awmf
rlonfrS/ y|m,? / (ylZeD,m ap0 0EeD,m p pyf)/ aAm"d,m?
oAnKwPf/ ed,wwm,? jrJonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ wpfenf;um;aAm"d,m? jzif/h ed,wwm,? rSwt
f yfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h Ak'u
&kF blwm?
bk&m;tGeYf jzpfuek af om/ r[maAm"dowm? jrwfaom bk&m;tavmif;
wdo
Yk nf/ (yuwduwm;)/ oa'0u? aom? avmu? onf/ ylZeD,m
ap0? ukeo
f nfvnf;/ a[mE?d uke\
f / 0Ee,
D m p? ukeo
f nfvnf;/ a[mE?d
uke\
f / /

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

45

q&mpum;ud k igwd k Y tb,f o d k Y ,k H M unf & tH h e nf ; [k apm'em&m

aomaMumif h xd k p um;ud k ygVd j zif h NyD ; apvd k jrJ a pvd k cd k i f a pvd k & um;
],xm[} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

r,m? onf/ 0kw

? qdt
k yfaom pum;\/ om"uH? oufaojzpfaom/
,xm u 0peH? tb,foaYkd om pum;ud/k okar"blawm? aom/ b*0g? onf/
tm[? a[moenf;[lru
l m;/ ]]'D'DyuFa&m /v/ |? 7 yur1k }}E?d [l/ tm[?
\/
avmu0d'l? avmuok;H yg;udk odawmfral om/ tm[kweD ?H ta0;rS
aqmif vSLtyfaom tvSLwdu
Yk /kd (tm[k'Ed [
H k &So
d nfum; ygXfysu/f
'l&awmyd tmaewGm [kedwAm 'gwAmwd tm[kwda,m? eHum;
1/ 'DyuFa&m /v/ yurkH / / ESp*f gxm\ t"dym ,fum; Asm'dwpf um;
Mum;awmf rlNy;D &Spq
f yk af om yef;jzifh ylaZmf vuf,m&pfvnf vuf,majcawmfukd
cs\
D / av;ode;f aom oHCmawmfwo
Ykd nfvnf; 'DyuF&mbk&m;uJo
h Ykd yef;jzifh ylaZmf
vuf,m&pf vSnfhukef\/ &Sdrcdk;ukef/ vlewfe*g;wdkYum; yef;jzifhvnf; ylaZmfukef\?
&Sdvnf; cdk;ukef\/ onfudk taMumif;jyK t&Sifr[moDv0Hoax&fonfvnf;
]ao|aZ|? aus;Zl;pom;? tyar,s? qkH;p[k? od&cJhaomf? us,f0ef;ajrmfonf?
&SifawmfapmxG#f? Asm'dwfrSwfum;? &GwfcJhudk,fwdkif? awmifydkYydkif[k? csufdkifuRwfvkH;?
Mum;NyD;qkH;rS? pufwkH;vuPm? wpf&mru? pJhpJhvSvsuf? ykHcscyfESdyf? ajrwHqdyfodkY?
OD;xdyt
f zsm;? &yfwefeY m;Ny;D ? bke;f Bu;D MuiSmef;? &Spq
f yk yf ef;jzif?h MujJ zefv
Y uf,m? vSnchf yhJ g?
pMumajcawmf? csDcJhaomfvnf;? xdka&mftcg? aemufawmfygom;? t&mcyfodrf;?
&Siaf v;ode;f vnf;? Munfph ed ;f NzKd ;NzKd ;? bk&m;rsK;d ud?k aphysK;d ayx? olv
Y v
YHk [k? a&SUrSwvsO?f
tBu;D pOfvQi?f a&SmifMuOf&&HG mS ? ywfvuf,mjzif?h ygcJah emufawmf? xdNk y;D aomfw?Hk vlaY bmf
wd;k ? ewfrsK;d bkwNf yw
d ?f t[dwef *g;? paomtm;jzif?h trsm;cyford ;f ? udik ;f Gww
f rd ;f vsu?f
oGm;pOfyufvQi?f ESpo
f ufigYu?kd MunfnKd &dS ylaZmfvwnf;}[k qdak wmfro
l wnf;/ tcsKUd um;
&Spq
f yk yf ef;[lonf ]"k0H Aka'g b0dod}[laom tu&m&Spv
f ;Hk [l qdu
k ek \
f / roif/h
Asm'dw&f pS yf g;[lvnf; qdu
k ek \
f / onfvnf; roif/h Asm'dwv
f nf; &Spyf g;om ru/
]'DyuFa&m aAm"dowH t|[d ykyr |k [
D d ylaZwGm 'uP
d H yg'rk'& }d [k ty'geft|uxm
rdefYaomaMumifh yuwdaom &Spfqkyfyef;[k rSwftyf\/ xdk&Spfqkyfyef;udkvnf;
xdyk o
JG bif Asm'dwrf Mum;rD ,aom"&mtavmif;jzpfaom owdo
Yk rD;onf vSLtyfaom
Mumyef;&Spq
f yk [
f k ,l/ yef;omyef;[lvnf; qdu
k ek \
f /

46

aewdt|uxmed,

Oya,m*w q|D)/ y#d*a [m? cHawmfrx

l u
kd af om/ 'DyuFa&m? onf/
rr? ig\/ ur?H Geaf ysmif; avsmif;aom trIu/kd yudawwmG 0aPwmG ?
cs;D rGr;f / wpfenf;um;-ur?H jzpfvwUH aom uH\ tusK;d ud/k yudawwmG
Asmu&dwmG ? Mum;awmfr
l / 'uP
d H yg'H? ajcawmfu/kd O'&?d csaD wmfr\
l /
ww? xdAk sm'dwpf um; Mum;&mt&yf/ a, Zdeykwm ? tMuif
bk&m;om;awmfwo
Ykd nf/ tmok?H &So
d nfjzpfuek \
f / oaA? cyford ;f
ukeaf om/ aw Zdeykwm ? wdo
Yk nf/ rH? igYu/kd y'uP
d ?H vuf,m&pf
vSno
hf nfu/kd tuHo?k uke\
f / a'0g p? wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ rEkm
p? wd k Y o nf v nf ; aumif ; / tok & m p? wd k Y o nf v nf ; aumif ; /
tbd0ga'wGme? / yur?Hk zJuek \
f /
ylZ,aw-[laom Bud,mudk qdkvQif NyD;aumif;ygvsuf todkYrl
]erwd p} [l vnf ; qd k j yef o enf ; [k ygVd apm'em&monf u d k
jrifawmfrl ]erwd pmwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

erwd pm
pmwd {w 0pae? / (tawmodYk oGm;)/ aupd? tcsKUd aom
olwo
Ykd nf/ auo?d tcsKUd aom olwt
Ykd m;/ ylZmoum&m'De?d ylaZmfoum&
tp&S d o nf w d k Y u d k / ua&mE m yd ? uk e f a omf v nf ; / awoH ? xd k o l w d k Y \ /
tygu#*kPwm,? rxif&mS ;aom aus;Zl;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h erum&H?
&Scd ;kd jcif;ud/k e ua&mE?d uke/f {0H? wl/ b*0awm? tm;/ erum&H? ud/k e
ua&mE?d ukeo
f nfum;/ e? r[kwu
f ek /f ,xmblwtAK*w
udwo
d 'wm,
ye? [kww
f ikd ;f rSe
f wufaom ausmaf pmaom toH&o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumifu
h m;/
b*0E?H ud/k oa'0aum? aom/ avmaum? onf/ ylZ,wd ap0? ylaZmfvnf;
ylaZmf\/ erwd p? &Sv
d nf; &Scd ;kd \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ]o'g
e&rEkam}wd? [l/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ yXE?d &Gwu
f ek \
f /
xdkodkY &Gwfaomf xdkygXf\ teufudk q&mzGifhygavm/ pum;&Sd&um;
]wH e okE&H}udk rdefYownf;/

wH/ xdo
k &kdY w
G jf cif;onf/ e okE& ?H raumif;/ (raumif;aomaMumifh rzGihf
Ny[
D v
l akd omf)/ wm
wmwd? um;/ ,H e&0&H? ud/k oa'0aum? aom/ avmaum?
onf/ ylZ,wd ap0? \/ erwd p? \/ w e&0&? \/ {w
{wEd rdem

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

47

ya'e? jzif/h 'ged? ,ck/ 0wA?H qdt

k yfvwaYH om/ Ak',
d ?H rdrd todPf/
0dy&d0wrmeH? jyefum vGeu
f m jzpfqjJ zpfaom teufu/kd omrane? jzif/h
'awd? \/ omoe0&
omoe0&Ed rdem ya'e? jzif/h wH? xdq
k v
kd waYH om teufu/kd
olyawm? tm;jzif/h 'awd? \/ ww? xdo
k moe0&H[al om ygXf/ 0peawm?
ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm/ \/ {awe "rZmawe? jzif/h 'd|"ru
d or&m,duy&
raw[?d rsuaf rSmuf jzpfaom jrwfaomtusK;d wrvGef jzpfaom jrwfaom
tusK;d wdjYkzif/h ,xm&[H? xdu
k af om tavsmuf/ oaw? wdu
Yk /kd omowd 0daewd?
qk;H rwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH "rZmwH? onf/ omoeH? rnf\/
0&o' g \ Ow r w 0 gpD t ed y E y g#d y 'd u yk ' f t jzpf u d k jyvd k & um;
]wa'0 Owra|e 0&H} udk rdefYownf;/ tb,faMumifh Owr jzpfoenf;
apm'em aMumif h ]{uE /v/ wm,} ponf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; / ted y E
yg#dy'duom jzpfoifhonf r[kwf? edyEyg#dy'duvnf; jzpfoifhao;\[k
jytHhaomiSm ]y@daw[d 0&dwAawm 0g}udk rdefYjyefaomf/ tb,hfaMumifh
awmifhw tyfoenf;[k pk'f&Sd&maomaMumifh ]wHwH /v/ a[wkwm,}
ud k r d e f Y a omf /

wa'0 omoeH? xdo

k moemonfyifvQi/f (0&H pyf)/ {uEe,
d smea|e
p? pifppf 0#frS xGufajrmufapwwfaom oabmaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
tenom"m&P*kPwm, p? wpfyg;ESihf rqufqaH om aus;Zl;&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ([dwEf pS cf suu
f kd Owra|e pyf)/ Owra|e?
jrwfaom oabmaMumif/h 0g? teufaMumif/h 0&H? rnf\/ (xyf ay;)/ 0g?
um;/ wHwt
H bdyww
d ord'ad [wkwm,? xdx
k akd wmifw
h tyfaom tusK;d
Ny;D jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h y@daw[d? wdo
Yk nf/ 0&dwAawm?
awmifw
h tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0&H? rnf\/ omoear0? onfyifvQi/f
0&H? jrwfonfwnf;/ 0g? awmifw
h tyfonfwnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h
omoe0&H? rnf\/ 0d'l[Dw?d [lonfum;/ ,xmobm0awm? oabm
tm;avsmpf mG / ururzvmed p? uH uH\tusK;d wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ukovm'd
aba'? ukov
kd f tp&So
d nf tjym;&Su
d ek af om/ "ar p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/
0d'E?d odwwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h 0d'?l rnfuek \
f / y@dwrEkm?
wdw
Yk nf;/ 0g? wdu
Yk /kd vAE?d uke\
f / aw[d? xdyk nm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf/ wA?H odtyf\/

48

aewdt|uxmed,

wd wom? aMumif/h a,s?H rnf\/ (xyfay;)/ 0g? um;/ PH? odjcif;ud/k

t&[wd? xdu
k \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h a,sH? rnf\/ e&0&m
e&0&mwd
y'? \/ yk&o
d 0&? jrwfaom yk*Kd v\
f / t*y*k v
? \/ wd t,H?
um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
yk & d o ES i f h yk * v um; a00k p f / ,H avmaum yl Z ,aw-[l a om
*gxm\ tpdwftpdwf jzpfaom teufudk jyNyD; ,cktcg
taygif;jzpfaom yd@wteufudk jyvdk&um; ]'H 0kwH a[mwd} ponfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ t&[H?
&m* tp&Sad om udavomwdrYk S a0;awmfrx
l aom/ ormorKa'g? tvk;H pkaH om
w&m;wdu
Yk kd razmufrjyef ud,
k af wmfwikd o
f m odawmfrx
l aom/ a,m b*0g?
ud/k tenom"m&Pr[mukPmoAnKwnmPm'd*P
k 0daooa,ma*e?
olwpfyg;wdkYESifh rqufqHaom r[mukPm oAnKwPf tp&Sdaom
*kPt
f xl;wdEYk iS hf ,SOo
f nf\tjzpfaMumif/h oa'0aue? aom/ avmaue?
onf/ ylZeDa,m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ ereDa,m p? onfvnf;/
a[mwd? \/ avmau? / Owryk*v
? aom/ w b*0awm? \/
(omoeHoYkd oGm;)/ 'ged? ,ck/ tarS[?d wdo
Yk nf/ 0dbZdwA[m&e,y|me
0dpm&P0do,blwH? a0zeftyfvwHYaom [m&e,omoey|mewdkYudk
pD&ifjcif;\ t&mjzpf jzpfxaom/ tm'duvsmPwm'd*kPorwd,m?
tm'duvsmPtjzpf tp&Sad om *kPEf iS jhf ynfph jHk cif;aMumif/h 0&H t*H Owr?H
jrwfaom/ {wH omoeH? omoemawmfjrwfu/kd edyP
k Pa*gp&wm,?
odrfarGUaom Pf\ tmkHjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0g? odrfarGUaom
Pf&Sdaom ynm&SdwdkY\ usufpm;&m tmkHjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/
y@dwa0'eD,ar01? ynm&Sw
d Ykd odtyfonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd?
od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
1/ y@dwa0'eD,ar0 / / y@dwa0'eD,ar0-[laom ygXfjzifh ygVd
0d'[
l d a,sH {0[k {0o'g,SO
f a,mZemtyfonfukd jy\/ yg&mZdaum a[mwd
yg&mZdaum {0 [l\odw
Yk nf;/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

49

edykPPa*gp&tjzpfudk tb,fodkY odtyfygoenf;[k apm'em

zG , f&S& Sd xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m ]b*0awm [d /v/ 0d o ,
ar0gwd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ wpfenf;um;- [d ,om? aMumif/h b*0awm? \/ 0peH? onf/

(oPSock rk P0do,ar0 pyf)/ {u*gxmrwr?d wpf*gxmrQonfvnf;/
(if; pyf)/ opy#dpo
rkyg 'cEm,we"mwd`E,
d owdy|mem'dobm0"r
ed'g &Purwm, p? opm y#dpo
rkyg 'f cEm tm,we "mwf a`E owdy|mef
tp&Sad om oabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd xkwjf cif;iSm cHo
h nf\tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
0g? avsmuf y wf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h v nf ; aumif ; / aomVo[m&
ye,aomVot|0Dowd0"d y|me0dpm&a,m*sbma0e p? wpfq,fah jcmufyg;aom [m&
ig;yg;aomenf ; wpf q ,f h a jcmuf y g; ES p f q ,f h & S p f y g;tjym;&S d a om
omoey|mewdu
Yk kd pD&ifjcif;iSm avsmufywfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
y&r*r&D ?H tvGeef ufe\
J / twawm? tm;jzif/h t*g"yg&H? raxmufprG ;f Edik af om
tydik ;f tjcm; &S\
d / wom? aMumif/h (xnf
h ay;)/ wpfenf;um;- y&r*r&D H
y&r*r&D wm? aMumif/h twawm? tm;jzif/h t*g"yg&H t*g"yg&wm? aMumif/h
(a[wkrE0ad ooewnf;)/ oPSock rk P0do,ar0? odraf rGUEl;nHah om
Pf\ t&monfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ awae0?
aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]yn0Em,H /v/ 'kyn
m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
]]yn0E? ynm&Sdaom oltm;/ t,H "arm? udk;yg;aom
avmukw& mw&m;onf/ orZw
?d jynfph \
Hk / t,H "arm? onf/ 'kyn
?
ynmr&Sad om oltm;/ e orZw
?d rjynfph /Hk }} (t,H "armwd t,H e0avmukw&
"arm orZw
/d t*Fw
k & t|uedygwft|uxm)/
odkY a,sH {0-[k {0o'gudk a,sHyk'fESifh ,SOf a,mZem
tyf o nf \ tjzpf u d k jyNyD ; ,ck t cg ]0d ' l [ d {0 a,sH [ k ,S O f
a,mZem tyf o nf \ tjzpf u d k jyjyef v d k & um; ]tx 0g} ponf u d k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

tx 0g? um;/ b*0awm? \/ omoeH? onf/ (0doa,m pyf)/

y&dnmuare? wtp&Sad om y&dnmtpOfjzif/h vuPm0aAm"y#yd w,
d m?

50

aewdt|uxmed,

tedp tp&Sad om vuPmudk odaom 0dyemtusijhf zif/h oknwrkcg'D[?d

oknwrkc tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h Mo*g[dwAwm ? ouftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
t0dnLeH? ynmr&Sdukefaom olwdkY\/ okydeaEeyd1 ? tdyfrufrQjzifhvnf;/
0doa,m
a,m? t&monf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]0d0d'l[d a,s}}E?d
[l/ tm[? \/
wxm p wawm {0? xdo
k Ykd ynm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf odtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
omvQi/f ]]{wk /v/yk&ad om}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ toaXm? rpOf;vJaom/
trm,m0D? vSnyhf wfjcif; r&Sad om/ OZkZmwdaum? ajzmifrh wfaom oabm
&Sad om/ 0dnL? ynm&Sad om/ yk&ad om? onf/ {wk? vmvSn/hf t[H? igbk&m;onf/
tEkomomrd? qk;H rtH/h t[H? onf/ "r?H ud/k a'aord? tH/h (tm'd0efjzpfaom
ygXfEiS w
hf uG a,mZemonf)/ /
|? 8 tya& ye? wdo
Yk nfum;/ ]wH w omoe0&}E?d [l/ yXE?d
uke\
f /
xdktya&q&mwdkY &Gwfaom ygXfonfvnf; o'gEk*reponfuJhodYk
r[kwf? okE&jzpf&um; ]awoH}ponfudk rdefYownf;/
tw , k w d & S d r S o m omoeo' g ES i f h wk v sm"d u &Pqd k a om pum;
oifhrnfwum;-[k apm'em&maomaMumifh ]'H 0kwH a[mwd} ponfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

awoH? xdt
k ya&q&mwd\
Yk / rawe? tvdt
k m;jzif/h ,H oa'g? onf/
omoeoa'e? ESi/hf ormem"du&aPm? wlaom wnf&mteuf&\
dS / wd?
od/Yk '|aAm? \/ 'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
,H omoe0&H? udk/ oavmuygavm? avmuygvESifhwuG jzpfaom/
avmaum? onf/ ylZ,wd p? \/ erwd p? \/ wH omoe0&H? ud/k 0d'[
l ?d
1/ okydeaEeyd e 0doa,m / / ynmr&Sad om olw\
Ykd tdyrf ufrQjzifah omfvnf;
t&mr[k w f a om tjzpf u d k qd k o jzif h ]0d ' l [ d {0}[k {0o' g wd k Y j zif h ,S O f
a,mZemtyfaom tjzpfukd od&ownf;/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

51

wdo
Yk nf/ wA?H \/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ ro p ea,?
aemufenf;vnf;/ avmuygvoa'e? jzif/h b*0gyd? udv
k nf;/ 0kpw
?d \/
avmuygvo'gjzifh pwkr[m&mZfewfrif; ponfuo
kd m qdak umif;o
nf
on
r[kwfukefavm[laom apm'emudk &nf ]b*0g [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ b*0g? onf/ avmu*em,uwm? vlw\

Ykd vlwx
Ykd ufjrwfaom
tBu;D tuJjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? vlw\
Ykd jrwfaom c&D;Tejf zpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h edy& ,
d ma,e? rkcstm;jzif/h avmuygavm? rnf\/ wom?
aMumif/h ]]wm}}wd y'? \/ avmuygv? vlwu
Ykd kd apmifah &Smufawmf
rlwwfaom/ owKaem? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ (wjzifh
oavmuygavm avmuygvudk pGo
J nf [lvakd omf)/
]o[ avmuygave a,m avmaum aom,H oavmuygavm}
[laom A[kAD[dormoftcdkuf avmuom jy"mef;onf
r[k w f u k e f a vm/ avmuygv[k q d k t yf a om bk & m;ud k rjy"mef ; onf
r[kefukefavm/ xdkodkYvsuf wjzifh ty"mejzpfaom avmuygv[k
qdktyfaom bk&m;udk pGJjcif;onf tb,fodkY oifhtHhenf;[k
apm'emzG,f&Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]oavmuygavmwd apw}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

oavmuygavmwd p {w 0pae? / avmuygvoa'g? onf/

*kPb
D al wmyd? jy"mef;Ny;D jzpfaomfvnf;/ owK0o
d ,wm? jrwfpmG bk&m;t&m
jzpf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h / omoeo' g ayu w m,? omoeo' g ud k
iJo
h nf\tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? jzif/h omrdbma0e? jzif/h orE0D ad ooblawm
orE0D ad ooblwwm? orEt
D xl;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h y"meblawm 0d,?
1
y"mejzpfouJo
h /Ykd y#dead 'oH ? w[laom yk'jf zifh wpfzefeT jf cif;ud/k t&[wd?
xdu
k \
f / wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ /
1/ y#deda'oH / / wjzifh pGo
J nfukd y#dead 'o[lownf;/ t*kaPmyd
*kaPm [kwmG b0wDwd *kPb
D al wm? *kPblawm[k qdt
k yfvsuf ]tblwwAma0
u&bl"mwka,ma* yp,or0awm}-[l&um; *kPDblawm}[k qdkownf;/
tAs,b
D ma0g[l\odYk *kPo'gum; ty"meea,m/

52

aewdt|uxmed,

uxH ye? tb,fov

Ykd Qi/f o,H? ud,
k af wmfonf/ "rmrD? "romrD
jzpfvsu/f b*0g? onf/ "r?H ud/k ylZ,wd? enf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h
t,H? odYk ylaZmfjcif;onf/ e 0da&ma"m? tjypfr&S/d 0g? rqefu
Y si/f
bk & m;ocif o nf "r mrD r[k w f a vm/ tb,f h a Mumif h tjypf
r&SdtHhenf;/ pk'f&Sd&um; ]"r*kaem [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h Ak'g ? tvk;H pkaH om w&m;udk odawmfru

l ek af om/
b*0aEm? wdo
Yk nf/ "r*kaem? w&m;udk tav;jyKuek \
f / aw b*0aEm?
wdo
Yk nf/ oAumvH? odr;f / "r?H ud/k typm,rmem0? tdt
k aojyKuek o
f nf
jzpfomvQi/f 0d[&E?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h e 0da&ma"m? r&S/d [d
op?H rSe\
f / ]],H Elem[H /v/ 0d[a&,s}}E?d [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ]]r,m?
onf/ a,m t,H "arm? ud/k tbdorKa'g?tyfNy/D t[H? onf/ war0 "rH?
udo
k mvQi/f ouwmG ? tdt
k aojyK/ *kH uwGm? tav;jyK/ Oyedm,?
jyK/ 0d[a&,s?H ae&rlum;/ ,H Ele om"k 0w? aumif;avpG}}/ /
tyd p? wpfenf;um;- b*0awm? \/ "rylZem? w&m;awmftm;
ylaZmfjcif;udk/ owowm[y#dywdtm'D[d? ckepfyg;aom owm[
jzpfaomtusihf tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h 'DaywAm? jytyf\/
"r mrD u d k "r omrD "r mrD - [k jyKaomf q&mh p um;
roifhao;[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]"rmrDwd} paom ygXfudk rdefYjyefaomf/

"rmrDwd p y'? \vnf;/ "are? aMumif/h oa'0u? aom/

avmu? \/ omrD? t&Siw
f nf;/ wd tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ "r?
\/ omrD? wnf;/ wd tawm? ud/k e '|aAm? tyf/ {0r?d odYk jrwfpmG bk&m;\
w&m;awmftm; ylaZmfjcif;onf oifah omfvnf;/ erwDwd 0peH? onf/ e
,kZw
?d roifch /hJ [d? pG/ b*0g? onf/ u?d wpfpw
Hk pfcu
k rkd Q/ e erwd?
&Sdrcdk;cJh/ wd? odkY/ ap 0a',s? tHh/ {aomyd? erwd [laom
pum;onfvnf;/ eda'gaom? tjypfr&S/d uom? um;/ [d ,om? aMumif/h
erwDwd y'? \/ erum&H? ud/k ua&mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk t,ar0
tawm? udo
k mvQi/f vAw?d onfum;/ e? r[kw/f tx acg? pifppfru
l m;/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

53

*ku&aPe? tav;jyKojzif/h wEad Em? xdw

k &m;odYk Gw\
f / waygaPm?
xdw
k &m;odYk diI ;f \/ wyAm a&m? xdw
k &m;odYk udik ;f \/ wd? od/Yk t,rd tawm?
udkvnf;/ vAwd? \/ b*0g p? onfvnf;/ "r*kwm,? w&m;udk
tav;jyKonf\ tjzpfjzif/h oAumvH? odr;f / "reEd a ygPyAm &bma0e?
w&m;odYk Gwo
f nf\tjzpf &Iid ;f onf\tjzpf udik ;f onf\ tjzpfjzif/h 0d[&wd?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h eda'gaom? &S/d t, tawm? udv
k nf;/ ]]a,e
ok'H /v/ 0d[&mrD}}wd {0rm'D[?d ukeaf om/ okwy a'[d? wdjYk zif/h 'DaywaAm?
\/ ]]0d'[
l d ae,s}}Eyd ?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/ w? xdyk gVd\/
y@daw[d? wdo
Yk nf/ oy&oEmaeok? rdro
d Emef olwpfyg;oEmefwYkd / aewAH
ygaywA?H a&mufaptyf\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
rd r d o E m ef o d k Y tb,f o d k Y a&muf a poenf ; / ol w pf y g;oE m ef o d k Y
tb,fodkY a&mufapoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]ww} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdx
k rkd rd o
d EmefoYkd a&mufapjcif; olwpfyg;oEmefoYkd a&mufapjcif;
wdw
Yk iG /f AkZe?H rdro
d jd cif;onf/ twoEmae? / ygyeH? a&mufapjcif; rnf\/
aAm"eH? olwpfyg;wdkYudk odapjcif;onf/ y&oEmae? / ygyeH? rnf\/
wpfenf;um;- twoEmae? / ygyeH? a&mufapjcif;[lonf/ AkZeH?
rdro
d jd cif;wnf;/ (ponfjzifv
h nf; ay;)/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
,H avmaum ylZ,aw
,aw--[laom *gxmjzifh om0aoojzpfao
omm bk&m;
*k P f u d k o m jy\[k t,l & S d & maomaMumif h xd k t ,l u d k epf a p
ed&0aoo*kPfudk jyownf;[k odapvdkaom t|uxmq&monf ]{0H
b*0awm /v/ a0'dwAm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
ed&0aoo*kPfudk *gxm okyftm;jzifh rqdkwum;/ tb,fodkY
ed & 0aoo*k P f u d k jyoenf ; [k apm'emaMumif h ]{0H b*0awm /v/
'D a ywd } ud k rd e f Y o wnf ; /
*kP0dod|[lonf tb,fenf;/ xdk*kP0dod|tjzpfudk tb,fodkY
od t yf o enf ; [k apm'em&maomaMumif h ]om p /v/ a0'd w A m }ud k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

54

aewdt|uxmed,
]aAm"d o A n KwnmaP? t&d , ra* p em&d , H / ynw d , H yk a r
ow ? k u r S d yk & d o d w d , H } [l qd k a omaMumif h aAm"d \ t&onf
oAnKwPf paomtm;jzifh rsm;cJh / tb,fonf r[maAm"drnfoenf
oenf;/
twkuonf r[maAm"d rnfoavm
avm--[k apm'emjyef&maomaMumifh
]tmo0u, /v/ r[maAm"Dwd 0kpwd}udk rdefYownf;/
oAnKw tmo0u,PfrQwnf;jzifh ed&0aoo*kPf rukefcJh/
wpfenf;um;- xdkPfESpfyg;onf zvor'grQom jzpfcJh/ xdkodkYjzpfaomf
]wD o k t0w m ok } [k qd k a om pum;onf twd A smyd w jzpf c J h \ wum;[k
apm'emtHhonfudk jrif&um; ]om /v/ 0dnm,wd}udk rdefYownf;/
t0d y &D w "r a 'oemaMumif h t0d y &D w a'oem\ tjzpf u d k o m
od t yf y gonf r[k w f u k e f a vm/ tod k Y r l t0d y &D w "r a 'oemaMumif h
r[maAm"d u d k od t yf r nf e nf ; -[k pk ' f a Mumif h ]e [d /v/ or 0 wd } ud k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
xdkodkY qdktyfNyD;aom oAnKwPf tmo0u,Pf t0dy&Dw
a'oemrQwnf ; jzif h ed & 0aoo*k P f rjzpf c J h w um;[k apm'em
jyeftHhonfudk pdk;&um; ]p /v/ yumodwm a[mwd}udk rdefYownf;/
qd k t yf N yD ; aom *k P f t aygif ; onf zvor ' g ow K yum&or ' g
rQom jzpfcJh/ xdkodkYjzpfaomf ]wDok t0wmok}[laom pum;onf twdAsmydw
jzpf c J h \ wum;[k apm'emzG , f & S d j yef & um; ]a[wk o r ' gyd tw a wm
0dbm0dwm a[mwd}udk rdefYownf;/
qdktyfNyD;aom oAnKwPfpaom *kPfudkom jyoifhonf r[kwf
uk e f a vm/ tb,f h a Mumif h a[wk o r ' gud k jytyf o enf ; [k apm'em
jyef&maomaMumifh ]{wm'doD p /v/ OyvAwd}udk rdefYownf;/

{0H? od/Yk b*0awm? \/ (*kP0do|d wH pyf)/ oa'0u? aom/

avmu? onf/ ylZeD,0EeD,bma0g p? ylaZmftyfonf\tjzpf
&Scd ;kd tyfonf\tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ t*y*k v
bma0g p? udv
k nf;aumif;/
0kpr maem? qdt
k yfonf&adS omf/ *kP0do|d wH? *kPt
f m;jzifh xl;jrwfonf\
tjzpfu/kd 'Daywd? \/ wpfenf;um;-0kpr maem? aom/ oa'0u? aom/
avmu? onf/ ylZeD,0Ee,
D bma0g p? onfvnf;aumif;/ t*y*k v

bma0g p? onfvnf;aumif;/ b*0awm? \/ *kP0do|d wH? ud/k 'Daywd? \/

om p *kP0do|d wm? ud/k r[maAm"d,m? r[maAm"djzif/h a0'dwAm? \/ [d?

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

55

pG/ tmo0u,Py'|meH? tmo0u,PfvQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;&Sad om/

oAnKwnmP? udv
k nf;aumif;/ oAnKwnmPy'|meH? oAnKwPf\
eD;pGmaom taMumif;jzpfaom/ (um; wyK&o
d o
f rmof\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh rkcs
teufwnf;)/ wpfenf;um;-oAnKwnmPy'|meH? oAnKwPfvQif
eD;pGmaom taMumif;&Sdaom/ (um; A[kAD[dormof\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
apwd,uka#myrm emomb*Fr&aPmyrm tkaPm',ol&,
d *k r aemyrmudk
,l ay;aom teufwnf;)/ tmo0u,P? udkvnf;aumif;/
]]r[maAm"D}}wd? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ om r[maAm"d? ud/k 0g? onf/ t0dy&Dw
"ra'oeawm? razmufrjyefaom a'oem&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h wxm*aw?
/ okyw
|d w
d m? aumif;pGm wnf\/ wd? od/Yk |? 9 0dnm,wd? \/ [d op?H
\/ o0goeed & 0aooud a voy [ me ? 0goemES i f h wuG j zpf a om
t<uif;r&Sad om udavomudk y,fjcif;udk vnf;aumif;/ 0g? y,fwwfaom
tmo0u,Pfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ tem0&PP? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0dem?
/ wm'do?D xdo
k Ykd oabm&Sad om/ "ra'oem? onf/ e or0wd? rjzpfoif/h
wd {0H rdem 'Dyaee? odYk t0dy&Dw"ra'oemjzifh oAnKwPf
tem0&PPfukd jyjcif;aMumif/h t b*0awm? \/ pwka0om&Za,ma*g?
av;yg;aom a0om&ZPfEiS hf ,SOjf cif;ud/k yumodawm? onf/ a[mwd?
\/ awe? xdkav;yg;aom a0om&ZPfESifh ,SOfjcif;aMumifh/ 'oAv
qtom"m&PP t|m&oma0PduAk'" rm-'douvoAnK*P
k yg&dy&l ?D
'oAvPf qtom"m&PPf wpfq,fh &Spfyg;aom toD;aom
bk&m;aus;Zl; tp&Sdaom tvkH;pkHaom oAnKbk&m; aus;Zl;awmf wdkY\
jynfph jHk cif;ud/k yumodwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ {wm'do?D odo
Yk abm &Sad om/
*kP0dbw
l d p? aus;Zl;\ jynfph jHk cif;udv
k nf;/ (0dbw
l d o'gum; orwad [m)/
r[mukPmykA* rF ?H r[mukPmvQif a&SUoGm;&Sad om/ tbde[
D m&orw?
bk&m;qkawmif;jcif;ESihf jynfph jHk cif;ud/k yk&&H uwGm? a&S;Te;f / orm'dw?H
Ny;D aptyfaom/ orwo
yg&rdocFgwH? trQo;Hk q,faom yg&rD[k qdt
k yfaom/
yknPorm&H? aumif;rIPfwnf;-[laom taqmuftODu/kd tEa&e?

56

aewdt|uxmed,

MuOf/ e OyvAw?d r&tyf/ wd wom? aMumif/h a[wkor'gyd1? udv

k nf;/
twawm? tm;jzif/h 0dbm0dwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd {0H? od/Yk b*0awm?
\/ wDoyk ?d vnf; jzpfuek af om/ t0wmok? a[wkzvowKyum&wnf;[laom
tcdu
k t
f wefY wdYk / oAowmeH? wd\
Yk / 0g? tm;/ {uE[w
d y#v
d mba[wkbw
l m?
pifppf tpD;tyGm;udk &jcif;\ taMumif;jzpf jzpfuek af om/ tm'drZy&da,m
omeuvsmPm? tptv,f tqk;H aumif;jcif;&Su
d ek af om/ ed&0aoom?
t<uif;r&Su
d ek af om/ Ak'* P
k m? wdu
Yk /kd rm, *gxm,? jzif/h yumodwm?
uke\
f / wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H uke\
f / /
*gxmjzif h bk & m;aus;Zl ; ud k o m jyoavm[k pk ' f & S d & um; ]a,
t&d,bm0g'a,m /v/ yumodwmwd a0'dwAm}udk rdefYownf;/
yXrenf; bk&m;\om ylaZmftyfonf\ tjzpfudk qdkonfr[kwf
ukefavm/ xdkodkYjzpfvsuf tb,fhaMumifh omoe0&\ ylaZmftyfonf\
tjzpfudk qdkaom[k qdkavoenf;[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]'kwd,
ea, ye /v/ ,om}udk rdefYownf;/

'kw,
d ea, ye? um;/ (ylZ,wd emr ESpyf 'k f pyf)/ ( 'kw,
d enf;
[lonfum;/ ]]tya& ye wH w omoe0&Ed yXE}d } ponfjzifh qdak om
enf;udk ,l/) ,om? aMumif/h (if; pyf)/ oduw
,
o*F[?H aom/ ozvH?
zdv
k Ef iS w
hf uGjzpfaom/ t&d,r*omoe? t&d,r*fwnf;-[laom omoem
udv
k nf;aumif;/ w? xdt
k &d,r*f\/ tm&rPblw?H aom/ trw"mwk?
edAme"mwfudkvnf;aumif;/ w'"d*rlyg,H? xdkt&d,r*fedAmefudk &jcif;\
taMumif;jzpfaom/ ykAb
m*y#dywo
d moe? a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom tusi[
hf k
qdktyfaom omoemudkvnf;aumif;/ w'wy&d'DyeH? xdky#da0"y#dywd
wnf;[laom teufukd jywwfaom/ y&d,wo
d moe? udv
k nf;aumif;/
(ylZ,wd emr ESpyf 'k o
f cYkd sn;f oGm;)/ ,xm&[H2? pGm/ opmbdor,0aoe?
1/ a[wkor'gponf / / r[mukPm orwo
yg&rDonf a[wkor'g?
t0dy&Dw"r a'oemonf owKyum&or'g? xdrk <S uif;aom oAnKwPf paom
*kPaf wmfonf zvor'g rnf\/
2/ ,xm&[H / / y#da0"omoem\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh tbdor,Hu?kd y&d,wd
omoem\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh o0e paomtm;jzifh y&dp,jyKjcif;udk? okH;yg;aom
omoem\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh reodum&ud/k odYk ,xm&[ ,SO
f ,l/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

57

opmudk odonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ tbdoaraEm p? odonfjzpf

vnf;aumif;/ oGmumwwm'd*P
k 0daoo,kww
?H oGmumwwm tp&Sad om
*kPt
f xl;ESihf ,SOo
f nf\tjzpfu/kd reodua&maEm p? ESv;Hk oGi;f onfjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ oup?H pGm/ o0e"m&Py&dypk m 'D[?d emjcif; aqmifjcif; ar;jcif;
tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h y&dp,H? avhusujf cif;ud/k ua&maEm p? jyKonfjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ oa'0aum? aom/ avmaum? onf/ ylZ,wd emr? rnf\/
avmuemaxm p? vlwdkY\ udk;uG,f&m jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGm
bk&m;onfvnf;/ (ylZ,wd emr pyf)/ ormoarm"dyw
,
d m? oAnKwPfoYkd
a&mufawmfro
l jzif/h 0g? a&mufawmfrjl cif;aMumif/h a0ae,smeH? wdt
Yk m;/ oup?H
pGm/ ("ra'oaee axmraee ylZ,wd emr ok;H yk'v
f ;Hk odYk oGm;)/ "ra'oaee
t&d,H a0g1 /v/ tm'duvsmP
p? ojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]t&d
P}}Ed tm'D[?d ukeaf om/
0pae[d? wdjYk zif/h axmraee p? ojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ylZ,wd emr? rnf\/
wom? aMumif/h omoe0&? \/ ylZeD,bma0g? ud/k "? *gxm/
0kpr maem? &Sad omf/ wpfenf;um;-0kpr maem? aom/ omoem0&? \/ ylZeD,
bma0g? onf/ te0aooawm? tm;jzif/h "r*ak P? wdu
Yk /kd 'Daywd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h (yumodwmrSm pyf)/ t&d,bm0g'a,m p? t&d,m\tjzpf
tp&So
d nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ ed,smem'a,m p? ed,sme tp&So
d nfvnf;
jzpfuek af om/ c,0d&m*g'a,m p? vnf;jzpfuek af om/ r'edr' em'a,m p?
vnf;jzpfuek af om/ tocFwm'a,m p? vnf; jzpfuek af om/ oGmumwwm'a,m
p? vnf;jzpfukefaom/ tm'duvsmPwm'a,m p? vnf;jzpfukefaom/
taeau[d? ukeaf om/ okwy a'[d? wdjYk zif/h ya0'dwm? a[mtyfuek af om/
taeau? ukeaf om/ a, "r*P
k m? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f / aw "r*P
k m?
wdu
Yk /kd ed&0aooawm? tm;jzif/h rm, *gxm,? jzif/h yumodwm? uke\
f /
wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? uke\
f /
1/ t&d,H a0g bdua0 / / t&d,H a0g bdua 0 paom ygVdum; wpfow
k w
f nf;
r[kw/f ]]t&d,H /v/ a'aom}}rd vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f ]]r*ge|*aum aoa|m}}
vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f ]],m0wm /v/ t*rum,wd}} vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f ]]c,H /v/
yPDw}H } vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f ]]{um,aem /v/ 0do'k ,
d m}} vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f
]]"rH /v/ uvsmPH}} vnf; okww
f pfpw
d /f xdak Mumifh teufray;onf/

58

aewdt|uxmed,
bk&m;w&m;*kPfudkom *gxmjzifh jyoavm[laom apm'emu
apm'emudd k
ES v k H ; xm; bk & m;w&m;*k P f u d k o m jyonf r [k w f ? oH C m*k P f u d k v n
nff ;
jy\[k jyvdk&um; ]a, oky#dyEwm'a,m /v/ a0'dwAm}-[laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y a omf /
oky#dyEwm tp&Sdaom oHCmh*kPfudk *gxm rqdkwum;[k apm'em
&S&d maomaMumifh ]t|t&d,yk*v
orl[ /v/ *[dwwm}[
}[kk xGufownf;/
,if;odkYqdkaomf y&rwoHCmudk jytyf\[lom rqdkaumif;oavm
pk'f&Sdjyef&maomaMumifh ]bm0dw /v/ 0d'lwd 0kpEd}[k xGufjyefownf;/
yn0Ejzpfaom ykxkZOfESifh t&d,myk*dKvfwdkYonf ynm&Sd tjzpfjzifh
wl Muuk e f o nf r[k w f u k e f a vm/ tod k Y r l t&d , myk * d K vf wd
w dk Y u d k o m
0daootm;jzifh 0d'[
l
l qdt
k yfuek o
f enf;[
[ll a om apm'emaMumifh ]aw [d
/v/ ou K PE D w d } [k xG u f o nf /

|? 10 ,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ t&d,opy# ad 0a"e? t&d, opmudk
xd;k xGi;f odojzif/h ork*g #dwoarm[ma,0? t<uif;rJh jzwftyfNy;D aom
arm[&Su
d ek af om t&d,mwdo
Yk nfomvQi/f y&rwawm? tm;jzif/h y@dwm?
rnfukef\/ uom? um;/ Amvsm'dorwdureawm? rdkufonf\tjzpf
tp&So
d nfukd vGeaf omaMumifw
h nf;/ wom? aMumif/h bm0dwavmukw& r*g
p? yGm;aptyfaom avmukw& mr*f &So
d nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ opu
d w
omrnzvm p? rsufarSmufjyKtyfNyD;aom omrnzdkvf &Sdonfvnf;
jzpfuek af om/ t&d,yk*v
m? wdu
Yk /kd 0daooawm? tm;jzif/h 0d'w
l ?d [l/ 0kpE ?d
uke\
f / [d op?H \/ aw? xdt
k &d,myk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ ,xm0kw omoe0&H?
tMuif tMuifqdktyfNyD;aom omoemawmfjrwfudk/ t0dy&Dwawm?
razmufrjyefaomtm;jzif/h wk? odjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/ oy&oEmae? /
aewk? aqmifjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/ ouKPE?d pGr;f Edik u
f ek \
f / (ygVd aO,s[
H k
ygXf&o
dS nfukd ,SO
f wku
H kd qdo
k nf/ ae,s[
H k &So
d nfukd &nf aewku
H kd
qdkonf[k rSwf)/ wd wom? aMumifh/ t|t&d,yk*vorl[?
&Spaf ,mufaom t&d,myk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd taygif;jzpfaom/ y&rwoC
H myd?
\vnf;/ "? *gxm/ *[dwwm? aMumifh/ (yumodwmodkY qdkuf)/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

59

oky# yd Ewm'a,m? tp&Su

d ek af om/ taeau[d? ukeaf om/ okwy a'[d? wdjYkzif/h
oH0Pw
d m? cs;D rGr;f tyfuek af om/ a, t&d,oHC*kPm? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f /
awyd t&d,oHC*kPm? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ ed&0aooawm? tm;jzif/h "? *gxm/
yumodwm? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? uke\
f / /
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...t&S i f u p n f ; q&monf yXr*gxmjzif h
omwdo,jzpfaom &wew,*kPfudk jyNyD;onf r[kwfavm/ tb,f
tusKd;iSm ]'G g 'o y'ged } [l a om *gxmud k qd k j yef a voenf ; [k ygVd
apm'emzG , f & S d xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m ]{0H yXr*gxm, /v/
y'geDwd *gxrm[} [laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
y&d,wdomoemudkom tb,fhaMumifh a0zefoenf;/ <uif;aom
omoemES p f y g;ud k v nf ; a0zef a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm/ omoem\
tjzpf j zif h twl w l r [k w f o avm pk ' f & S d & um; ]oA o moerl v bl w H } u
udd k
rd e f Y a omf /
omoemcsif ; wl M uvsuf y&d , w d o moemom tb,f h a Mumif h
rlvblwjzpfukeftHhenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]ww ,H /v/ t"d*rlyga
,mwd}
ga,mwd
xG u f j yef o wnf ; /
y&d,wdtp&Sdaom omoem[l *gxm rqdkwum;[k tar;ykpm
xGuf&maomaMumifh ]{0H wd0d"rd /v/ o*FPSdwGm}udk rdefYownf;/
omoemonf tb,haf Mumifh y&d,wpd aomtm;jzifh ok;H yg;jymm;tH
;tHhenf;/
oduw,\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhom okH;yg;jym;aumif;onf r[kwfukefavm[k
apm'emxGuf&maomaMumifh ]oacFyawm /v/ wd0d"H}udk rdefYaomf/
oduw,jzifh oN*K[fonfudk tb,fhaMumifh odoenf;/ apm'em
aomaMumifh ]oAygy /v/ 0peawm} xGufaomf/
oduw,onf P0daoo0do,t0wmab'tm;jzifh tb,fokd Y
okH;yg;jym;oenf;[k tar;ykpm &Sd&maomaMumifh ]uxH /v/ y#da0"o'armwd 0kpwd} xGufjyefownf;/

{0H? od/Yk yXr*gxm,? jzif/h omwdo,H? tvGeEf iS hf wuG/ 0g? vGeaf om

t&m&So
d nfjzpf/ (y&d'yD eH\ Bu,
d m0daoewnf;)/ &wew,*kPy&d'yD eH?
&wemok;H yg;taygif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk jyjcif;ud/k uwGm? / 'ged? / (ESpyf 'k u
f kd
0dbZaEm tm[ pyf)/

60

aewdt|uxmed,

]]oA
kd u
f /kd tu&PH? rjyKjcif;onf
oAygy1? tvk;H pkaH om tukov
vnf ; aumif ; / uk o v? pwk b l r d u uk o d k v f u d k / Oyor ' g?
jynfhpkHapjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ opdwy&da,m'yeH? rdrdpdwfudk
jzLpifapjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ {wH oA?H tvk;H pko
H nf/
Ak'g eH? wd\
Yk / omoeH? tqk;H trawmfwnf;}}/
wd? od/Yk 0peawm? aMumif/h oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h omoeH? onf/
oduw,o*F[H? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wH ye oduw,H? onfum;/
P0daoo0do,bm0ab'awm p? okwr, tp&Sad om Pftxl;\
tmk\
H tjzpf[al om tjym;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ t0wmab'awm p?
tcdu
k t
f weft
Y jym;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ wd0"d ?H onf/ a[mwd? \/ uxH
a[mwd? enf;[lrlum;/ okwr,Pa*gpa&m p? okwr,Pf\
tmkv
H nf;aumif;/ a,m okwr,Pa*gpa&m2? ud/k ]]y&d,wo
d 'arm}}wd?
[l/ 0kpw
?d \/
pdEm r,Pa*gpa&m p? vnf;aumif;/ a,m pdEm r,Pa*gpa&m?
udk/ tmum&y&d0dwu'd|dedZmeuED[d? tjcif;t&mudk MuHjcif; ynmjzifh
qifjcifjcif;aMumifh ESpfoufjcif;wdkYjzifh/ *a[wAmuma&m? ,ltyfaom
tjcif;t&m&Sad om/ 0drw
k m ,we0daoaom? t&[wzv
kd \
f taMumif;txl;
jzpfaom/ ]]y#dywo
d 'arm}}? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kpw
?d \/ 0dyemPm'd
o[*awm? 0dyemPf tp&SdonfwdkYESifh wuGjzpfaom/ bm0em
r,Pa*gpa&m p? vnf;aumif;/ a,m bm0emr,Pa*gpa&m? ud/k
1/ oAygy tu&PH / / *gxm yXryg'jzifh t"dov
D odum ud?k
'kw,
d yg'jzifh t"dpw
d o
u
d m ud?k wwd,yg'jzifh t"dynmodum udk oN*K[
o
f nf/
2/ a,m okwr,Pa*gpa&m / / a,m-o'gum; w[laom
ed,wfukd yifah om o'gwnf;/ oEm, 0kw-H ponfuo
hJ /Ykd xdaYk Mumifh rPd'yD {w
,Edya'e 'k*[dwm y&d,wDwd {w 0kwy&d,wd'k*[Par0 y&mrmoudpH? e
'k*[
w
d m y&d,ww
D d tm[ ,Ed y&d,w'd *k [
PH oEm, 0kwE ?d {awe p wo'geayaum ,oa'gyd tww
D d 0dnm,wd[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/ okwr,P a*gpa&m
paom ok;H yk'w
f jYkd zifh P0daoo0do,tm;jzifh ok;H yg;jym;onfukd jy\/ a,m y&d,wd
o'armwd 0kpw
d paom ok;H yk'w
f jYkd zifh t0wmab'tm;jzifh ok;H yg; jym;onfukd jy\/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

61

]]y#da0"o'arm}}wd? [l/ 0kpw

?d \/ wd? od/Yk wd0"d ?H onf/ a[mwd? \/
(odv
Yk nf; ore)f /
{0H? odv
Yk Qi/f wd0"d r?d vnf;jzpfaom/ omoeH? ud/k omoe0&Ed ya'e?
jzif/h o*FPw
dS mG ? oN*K[

f / ww? xdo
k ;Hk yg;aom omoemwdw
Yk iG /f yXrH? aom/
,H omoeH? tMuif y&d,wo
d moemonf/ tw?d \/ wH omoeH? onf/
wa&oH? rSwpfyg;aom y#dywd y#da0"omoemwdu
Yk /kd t"d*rlyga,m?
&jcif;\ taMumif;onf/ 0g? odjcif;\ taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd
wom? aMumifh/ (rlvblw pyf)/ oAomoerlvblw? tvkH;pkHaom
omoem\ taMumif;&if;vnf;jzpfaom/ twaem? \/ yu&P? \/
0do,blw? t&mvnf;jzpfaom/ (oAomoerlvblwH blwwm p?
aMumifv
h nf;aumif; ponfjzifv
h nf; ay;)/ y&d,wo
d moear0? udo
k mvQi/f
wm0? pGm/ oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h 0dbZaEm? / ]]'Gg'o y'geD}}wd *gxH? ud/k
tm[? Ny/D /
ww wdH *gxm,H? / orbde0d ad |m? aom/ 'Gg'om
'omwd t,H oa'g?
onf/ *Pey&dapa'g? a&wGujf cif;udk ydik ;f jcm;aMumif;jzpfaom o'gwnf;/
y'geDwd 'H 0peH? onf/ y&dpEd " re'd eH? 'Gg'oo'gjzifh ydik ;f jcm;tyfaom
teufukd jyaMumif;jzpfaom o'gwnf;/ awok? xdw
k pfq,fEh pS yf 'k w
f w
Ykd iG /f
Ase y'ged? Ase y'wdo
Yk nf/ {aw[d Asa e[d? wdjYk zif/h tawm? ud/k yZw?d
odtyf\/ wd rdem 0peawe? jzif/h y'ged? rnfuek \
f / twy'ged ye?
twy'wdo
Yk nfum;/ yZEd ,E?d uke\
f / wd rdem 0peawe? jzif/h y'ged?
rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ Ob,r?d ESpyf g;aom Ase y' twy' wdo
Yk nfvnf;/
Ob,xm? ESpyf g;aom u&Pom"e urom"e\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h a,maZwA?H
\/ uom? um;/ Asy 'ger?d wd\
Yk vnf;/ t0dy&Dw?H razmufrjyef/ y#dyZw
d Awm ?
odtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h twy'geH? wd\
Yk / Ow&d 0daoom"d*r?
txufjzpfaom w&m;txl;udk &jcif;\/ um&Pbm0awm? taMumif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h Ob,r?d udv
k nf;/ Ob,xm? jzif/h a,maZwA?H \/ (odYk
ay;)/ wmed y'ged? xdAk se y' twy'wdo
Yk nf/ y&awm? rS/ 0g? / ygVd,an0?
omvQi/f tm0d b0dE?d xif&mS ; jzpfuek v
f w/YH wd wom? aMumif/h waw0?

62

aewdt|uxmed,

xdk aemufygVdomvQif/ 0P,dmr? ukeftHh/ twolpem'dtwawm?

tusK;d udk jyjcif; tp&Sad om teufaMumif/h 0g? teufukd jyjcif; tp&Sad om
teufaMumif/h okwH? rnf\/ [d? pG/ ]]twmeH /v/ tumw}}E?d [l/ {wH
0peH? ud/k o*Fa[ok? t|uxmwdYk / 0kw?H Ny/D /
]]twmeH? tusK;d wdu
Yk /kd 0g? teufwu
Ykd /kd olpeawm p? jywwf
aomaMumif h v nf ; aumif ; / ok 0 k w a wm p? aumif ; pG m a[m&m
jzpfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ o0eawm p? yGm;apwwfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ tx? xdkNrdKU/ ol'eawm p? ,dkapwwfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ okwmPm p? aumif;pGm apmifhwwfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ okwobm*awm p? wrsOf;csnf yef;oDcsnfESifh
wlaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]okw} }E?d [l/ tumwH? \/}}
,if;odkY ]twmeH olpeawm} ponfudk t|uxmwdkY qdkaomaMumi
omaMumiff h
xd k E S i f h t nD ok w r nf o nf & S d a omf ]tw m eH ol p eawm}ponf u d k
ok w e f y d # u\ tpG r f ; jzif h t|uxmwd k Y qd k a omaMumif h vnf ;
okwefyd#u\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhom ,SOftyfoavm/ ,if;odkY ,SOfonf&Sdaomf
aewdusrf;onf okwefyd#u\om tzGifhjzpfcJh&m\[k apm'em&monfudk
jrif&um; ]wa'wH} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

|? 11 wa'wH wH {wH 0peH? xdt

k wmeH olpeawm tp&Sad om pum;ud/k
ww? xdt
k |uxmwdYk / okwy #d u0aoe? okwe yf #d u\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
tm*wH? \/ " ye? aewu
d sr;f um;/ 0g? *gxmum;/ yd#uw,0aoe?
jzif/h a,maZwA?H \/
t|uxmwdkY ]twmeH olpeawm} paompum;onf okwefyd#u
\
u\
tp
tpGGrf;tm;jzifh vmaomaMumifh vnf; okwefyd#u\ tpGrf;tm;jzi
tm;jziff h o m
,SOfaumif;ygonf r[kwfygavm/ todkYrl yd#uokH;ykH\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
,SOftyfoenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]'Gg'o y'ged} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

]]'Gg'o y'ged okw}}Ed? [l/ ,H y&d,wdomoeH? udk/ 0kwH? \/

wpfenf;um;-]]'Gg'o y'ged okw} }E?d [l/ 0kw?H aom/ ,H y&d,wo
d moeH?

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

63

onf/ tw?d \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ (ed,wfum; wH oAw

H nf;/
ygXfjzifh yd#uok;H yk\
H tpGr;f tm;jzifh ,SOt
f yfonf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/
wH oA\
H ted,wfuv
kd nf;aumif; jy\)/ wH oAE?d um;/ ]]okw} }E?d [l/
0kw?H aom/ ouvH? aom/ wH Ak'0 peH? onf/ Ase tawm ppmwd? um;/
Ase a0? Ase y'ajcmufyg;onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ w'awm p? xdAk se y'\
teufjzpfaom twy'ajcmufyg;onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ ,awm1? ,if;
Ase y' twy'tm;jzif/h ]]'Gg'o y'ged okw} }E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/
'H t,H t"dyga,m? udk/ 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
twopl em'dawm? tusK;d udjk yjcif; tp&Sad om tjzpfaMumif/h y&d,w"d arm?
onf/ okw?H rnf\/ w oA?H xdt
k vk;H pkaH om okwo
f nfvnf;/ twawm?
okyt
f m;jzif/h q? ukeaf om/ Ase y'ged ap0? wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ q? ukeaf om/
f o
Ykd nf/
twy'ged p? wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk 'Gg'o y'ged2? wpfq,fEh pS yf 'k w
a[mEd? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ tx 0g? um;/
,a'wH ,H {wH Ak'0 peH? ud/k ]]omoe0&}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ wH oA?H
xdktvkH;pkHaom bk&m;pum;awmfonf/ okwH? rnf\/ uom? um;/
y&d,wo
d moe? ud/k t"daywwm? tvd&k t
dS yfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/
twawm ye? tm;jzifu
h m;/ 'Gg'o y'ged? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / uom?
um;/ Ase wy'ork'g,bm0awm? Ase y'twy'wd\
Yk taygif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ r,m? onf/ 0kw
? qdt
k yfaom pum;\/ om"uH?
aom/ ,xm u 0peH? ud/k tmp&da,m? t&Siu
f pn;f q&monf/ tm[?
enf;[lru
l m;/ ]]Ase tawm pm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ wH 0dan,sH Ob,
Ob,E?d
um;/ 0pe0peD,bma0e? o'gteuf\ tjzpfjzif/h oraE? pyfaom/ ,o
1/ ,awm / / vnf; ,awm[laom ted,wf\ ed,wfjzpfaom w-um;
r&S[
d k rSw/f twl aemufaemufaom t&mwdYk rSwv
f ifu
h ek /f
2/ 'Gg'oy'ged a[mE/d / um; ]yuwD 0duwD pmyd? ,Mw 0kwH 'G,rd p/
0gpaum yuwDocs? *PSmwdm y"meawm}[k upm,eom& qdkaomaMumifh
yuwdoYkd vdu
k
f {u0kpBf u,
d m xnfo
h nf/ xd*k gxmonf a,bk,som jzpf&um;
a[mE[
d
l vnf; ay;/

64

aewdt|uxmed,

Asae p? tMuif o'gvnf;aumif;/ ,o taw p? tMuifteuf

vnf;aumif;/ okwa 0g[ma&m? okw[
f
l ac:a0:jcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/
w'kb,H? xdkESpfyg;aom o'gteufudk/ olyawm? tm;jzifh/ 0dnmwAH?
odtyf\/ ww? xdko'gteufwdkYwGif/ uwrH? tb,fonf/ AseH?
o'grnfoenf;/ uwarm p? onfvnf;/ tawm? teufrnfoenf;/
wpfenf;um;-Ase ?H onf/ uwrH? tb,fenf;/ tawm p? onfvnf;/
aum
uwarm? enf;/ wd? od/Yk 0dnmwA?H \/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]aum
tawm AseH uwr
uwr}}E?d [l/ tm[? Ny/D /
{0H? odkY/ ]]omoe0&}}Ed? [l/ 0kw? aom/ okw? \/
y&d , w d b m0 ? y&d,wdtjzpfudkvnf;aumif;/ w okw? \/
twAse y'bma0e? twy'Ase y'tjzpfjzif/h a0'dwAw? odtyfonf\
tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ 'awGm? / 'ged? / w? xdo
k w
k u
f /kd y0dp,kyg,H?
a&G;cs,pf pd pfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom/ aewyd u
&PH? ud/k y'w0b
d ma*e?
yk't
f eufukd a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ ]]aomVo [m&m}}wd *gxH?
ud/k tm[? Ny/D /
ww wdH *gxm,H? / tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? tyf\/
{wdm aew,
d m? tm;/ 0g? / aomVo? ukeaf om/ [m&m? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d
ukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ om aewd? onf/ aomVo[m&m
aomVo[m&m?
aomVo[m&rnf\/ ye,m t|m&orlvy'g
y'gwd {wmyd? y'g[laom
ESpyf 'k w
f Ykd vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? enf;udo
k mvQi/f '|aAm? \/ tx 0g?
um;/ aomVo? ukeaf om/ [m&m? wdw
Yk nf;/ aomVo[m&m? &wd/Yk {0H? wl/
w&w m yd ? rS w pf y g;aom y e ,m t|m&orl v y'g[l a om
ESpyf 'k w
f Ykd vnf;/ '|aAm? \/
a&S;A[kAD[dormofudkom qdkaumif;onf r[kwfukefavm/ todkYrl
'd*kormofudk qdkjyefoenf;[k pk'f&Sd&um; ][m&e,rlvy'ged {0} ponfud k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

65

[d? pG/ oacFyawm p? tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 0dwm&awm p?

tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ bmodwmed? qdt
k yfuek af om/ [m&e,rlvy'ged {01?
wdo
Yk nfomvQi/f aew?d rnf\/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/
omoe y&da,|Dwd {w? / omoe? \/ twy&da,oem?
teufukd &SmrS;D aMumif;jzpfaom/ y&d,wo
d moe? \/ two0H Pem?
teufukd zGiahf Mumif;jzpfaom/ 0g? t|uxmjzpfaom/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm?
wnf;/ 0g? um;/ ouva0? omvQifjzpfaom/ omoe? \/
tw0pd m&Pm? teufukd pD&if&m pD&ifaMumif;jzpfaom/ wd t,H? um;/
tawm? wnf;/
a&S ; 0d u yf u d k o m qd k y gavm/ tb,f h a Mumif h 'k w d , 0d u yf u d k
qdkjyefoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]y#dywdy#da0a"yd [d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d ,om? aMumif/h y#dywyd #da0a"yd? y#dywo

d moem y#da0"omoem
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ aewed ,mEkoma&e? aewed nf;udk tpOfr;DS ojzif/h t"d*pE?d oduek \
f /
wd wom? aMumif/h 'kw,
d 0duayg? ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kawm? \/ (odYk
ore)f / r[upmaeem
aeemwd {w ygaX? / uapmwd? uapm[lonf/ yk&mwaem?
a&S;jzpfaom/ od? &aohwnf;/ w? xdu
k p&aoh\/ 0HomvuFm&blawm?
tEG,\
f wefqmozG,jf zpfaom/ 0g? tEG,u
f kd wifw
h ,fapwwfonfjzpf
jzpfaom/ t,H r[maxa&m? udk/ ]]upmaem}}wd? [l/ 0kpwd? \/
r[mupmaemwd 'H 0peH ye? onfum;/ ylZm0peH? ylaZmfjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh
qdkaom pum;wnf;/ 0g? ylaZmfjcif;udk a[maom o'gwnf;/ udrd0?
tb,fo'guJhodkYenf; [lrlum;/ r[marm*vmaemwd 0peH ,xm?
r[marm*vmaem[laom o'guJhodkYwnf;/ ]]upm,ea*gw-ed'd|m}}wdyd?
[lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ twd? \/ t, *gxm? udkvnf;/ aew?
aew d u srf ; ud k / o*F g ,aE [ d ? o*F g ,emwif u k e f a om q&mwd k Y o nf /
1/ [m&e,rl v y'ged {0 / / [m&e,rl v y'wd k Y o m aew d r nf \ /
[m&e,rlvy' wd k Y \ wnf & maew d toD ; r&S d [l v d k a omf / a&S ; 0d u yf um;
tpdwfjzpfaom [m& ponfwdkY\ taygif;jzpfaom aewdusrf;onf wnf&mjzpf\
[lvakd omf/

66

aewdt|uxmed,

yu&Pw o *F P S e 0aoe? usrf ; \teuf u d k tusOf ; a&wG u f o nf \

tpGr;f tm;jzif/h Xydwm? xm;tyf\/ wd? od/Yk '|Am? \/ p? omruao;/
t,H *gxm ,xm? *gxmudu
k o
hJ /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ [m&0db*F0ga&
ga&? /
wHw[
H m&eda'oed*rae? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om [m&eda'o\ ed*;Hk / ]]awem[
tm,om}}wd tm'd0peH? ud/k '|A?H \/ [m&m'dork'g,blwm,H? [m&
tp&SdonfwdkY\ taygif;jzpf jzpfaom/ aewd,? vnf;aumif;/
Ase work'ga,? o'gteufw\
Ykd taygif;jzpfaom/ okaw p? vnf;aumif;/
u? tb,fo/Ykd aue? tb,fjzif/h 0dp,
d wd? a&G;cs,pf pd pftyf oenf;/ wd
[m&m Ase0dpa,m
0dpm&Pm,H? odaYk om apm'emtpD&ifaMumif/h ]][m&m
a,m}}wd
tm'd? ud/k tm[? Ny/D /
|? 12 ww 0pae? xd[
k m&m Ase 0dpa,m tp&Sad om ygVd/ aomVoyd?
vnf;jzpfuek af om/ [m&m? wdo
Yk nf/ rlvy'ed'g &PH? rlvy'udk xkwjf cif;ud/k
tEa&e? MuOf/ Ase rkacae0? o'gudk taMumif;jyKojzifh omvQi/f okw
?
\/ oH0Pem? tzGiw
hf o
Ykd nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / e,m 0d,? enf;wdu
Yk o
hJ /Ykd
rl v y'ocF g wobm0"r e d ' g &Prk a ce? rl v y'[k qd k t yf a om
oabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd xkwjf cif;udk taMumif;jyKojzif/h okw
? \/ oH0Pem?
wdo
Yk nf/ e a[mE?d uke/f wd wom? aMumif/h aw [m&m? wdu
Yk /kd ]]Ase 0dpa,m
okw
m}}wd? [l/ 0kwm ? uke\
f / twe,m ye? twe,wdo
Yk nfum;/
,xm0kwt
wrak cae0? tMuif tMuifqt
kd yfNy;D aom teufukd taMumif;jyK
ojzifo
h mvQi/f okw
? \/ twor#yd w,
d m? teufukd odjcif;iSm/ a[mE?d
e,m wa,m p okwawm}}wd? [l/ tm[?
uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ]]e,m
Ny/D t, 0dpm&Pm? tpDt&ifonfvnf;/ y&awmyd? vnf;/ tm*rdwd?
vmvw/YH (eda'o0g&\ tqk;H wDPd p e,m tElem tp&So
d nfjzifh vmvw-YH
[lvdkaomf)/ aupd? wdkYonf/ ]]ea,m pm}}wd? [l/ yXEd? ukef\/ wH?
xdo
k &Ykd w
G jf cif;onf/ e okE& ?H raumif;/ Ob,H y&d*[DwE?d um;/ [m&m p?
wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ e,m p? wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk {wH Ob,H? ud/k okw
?
\/ twe'd g &P0aoe? teufukd xkwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y&dorEawm?
xuf0ef;usirf /S *[dw?H ,ltyf\/ oAxm? tvk;H pkaH om tjym;tm;jzif/h okaw?
/ a,mZdw?H ,SOaf ptyf\/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

67

0kpwdonf uwm;teuf ureda'ojzpf&um; 0kpwd ponfudk

rd e f Y o wnf ; /

okwH1? onf/
okw?H ud/k 0kpw
d 0'wd oH0aPw?d zGi\
hf / wpfenf;um;-ok
l m;/
0kpw
d 0'wd oH0aPw?d zGi\
hf / uxH oH0aPw?d tb,foYkd zGio
hf enf; [lru
,xmok w H okwm Ekyl ?H oH0aPwAow
k t
f m;avsmpf mG / oH0aPw?d \/ ,H okw?H
ud/k ,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzif/h oH0aPwA?H \/ wxm? xdt
k jcif;jzif/h oH0aPw?d
\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ ,H ,H? tMuiftMuifoaYkd om/
okw?H okww
f nf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h ,xmokwH? rnf\/ oA?H aom/
okw?H ud/k wpfenf;um;- okw?H onf/ oH0aPw?d \/ wd t,H? um;/
tawm? wnf;/
a&S ; 0d u yf j zif h y if rNyD ; aumif ; oavm/ tod k Y r l 0d p w t m;jzif h
aemuf0duyfudk MuHjyefavoenf;/ wpfenf;um;- aewdenf;jzifh yd#uokH;ykH
tESHY rzGifhtyfbJvsufudkvnf; 0dpwMuHjcif;onf oifhtHhavm pk ' f & S d & um;
]aewdea,e [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ? pG / aew d e a,e? jzif h / oH 0 aP w k H ? iS m / tou K aP,sH ?

rwwfaumif;aom/ okwH emr? rnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h
0dpw
0 aoe? 0dpm teuf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 'kw,
d 0duayg? ud/k r,m? onf/
0kawm? \/ (odYk ore)f / /
1/ ok w H oH 0 aP w d / / aemufenf; zGifhwwfaom q&momvQif
oH0aPwAow
k u
f kd aewed nf;jzifh zGijhf im;aomfvnf; zGijhf cif;Bu,
d m\ Ny;D vG,af om
tjzpfjzifh wpfyg;aom uwKAsmyg&udk riJhrl uHjzpfvsuf uwm;jzpfaomaMumifh
okwo
f nf zGi\
hf [lygownf;/ ]ukoak vm bdZa w o,H}uJo
h Ykd [lvakd omf/ a'oem
a'odwESpfyg;udk {uEtm;jzifh odtyfonfomwnf;/ wpfenf;um;- a'oem
a'odwESpfyg;udkom odtyfownf;[k ]Ob,ar0} {0o'gjzifh rSwf jyonf
[lvakd omf/ t"dyg ,fukd rS
D ]ed,arwGmwd w {uEawm 0dan,swH wa0
0g 0dan,swH t0"ma&wGm}[laom #Dumt"dyg ,fuv
kd nf; usygap/

68

aewdt|uxmed,

'ged? / ]]omoe0&H 0d'[

l d a,s}}E?d [l/ ,H 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D
ww 0pae? / aewo
d 0H Pem,? aewu
d sr;f wnf;[laom tzGi\
hf / 0g?
t|uxm\/ 0do,blw?H t&mjzpfjzpfaom/ y&d,w"d rar0? udo
k mvQi/f
yum&Ea&e? a'oema'odw [laomtjym; wpfyg;jzif/h ('awkH pyf)/
,m ap0g
ed,arwGm? rSw
f / 'awk?H iSm/ ]],m
ap0g}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww ygaX? / tawo?k teufwYkd / uwy&dapa'g? jyKtyfaom
tydik ;f tjcm;&Sad om/ Ase yAaEm? o'gtpOfonf/ a'oem? rnf\/ a,m
AseyAaEm? udk/ ygaXmwd? ygXf[l/ 0g? ygVd[l/ 0kpwd? \/ (
]a'oemea,m}[k pm&Sw
d wf\/ e um; vGeo
f nf usonf xif aemufom;wdY k
xnfrh ad vonfom)/ w'awm? xdak 'oem\ teufonf/ a'odw?H rnf\/
uom? um;/ wm, a'oem,? jzifh/ yaAm"dwwm? odaptyfonf\
tjzpf a Mumif h w nf ; / w'k b , ? xd k a 'oema'od w ES p f y g;ud k v nf ; /
0drkwm,weoDaoe? 0drkwd\ taMumif;udk t&if;jyKojzifh/ y&dp,H?
avhusujf cif;ud/k ua&mEmeH? jyKuek af om olwt
Ykd m;/ tEkyg'gy&deAd m ey&da,momemeH? tEkyg'gy&dedAmef tqkH;&Sdukefaom/ orwDeH? jynfhpHkjcif;wdkY\/
a[wkbm0awm? taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h {uaEe1? pifppftm;jzif/h
0dan,s?H odtyf\/
y|mey,k * f o m jzpf o if h o nf r [k w f ? Xmey,k * f v nf ; jzpf o if h
ao;\[k jyvd k & um; ]w'k b ,0d e d r k w } paom wpf 0 d u yf u d k
tm;xk w f j yef a omf /

0g? um;/ w'kb,0derd w

k
? xdak 'oema'odwESpyf g;rS vGwaf om/
a,s? odtyfaom w&m;\/ tbm0awm? r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
wa'0 'G,?H xdak 'oem a'odwESpyf g;udo
k mvQi/f 0dan,s?H \/ wd? od/Yk
rH tw?H ud/k ,m ap0 /v/ 0dan,sE?d [l/ wpfenf;um;-,m ap0
0dan,sEd rm, ygVd,m? jzif/h 'awd? \/
1/ {uaEe / / 0duyf {uaEe-[laom ygXfjzifh ygVd ]Ob,ar0}yk'0f ,f
{0o'g\ teufukd jy\/ xd{k 0o'gudv
k nf; ]0dan,s}H ,SOt
f yfonf\ tjzpfukd
jyawmfro
l nf/ t|mey,k*f [lvakd omf/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

69

wMwo' g jzif h 0d a n,sjzpf a om a'oema'od w ud k pG J \ [k

t,l&Sd&mmaomaMumif
aomaMumifh xdkt,ludk epfapjcif;iSm/ wpfenf;um;-yuE0do,
,
yod'0do,
, tEkblw0do,wdkYwGif ]twDwH emEkaompmrd awe 0aPm
yoD'wd} ponfwdkYuJhodkY Bud,mudk pGJaom tEkblw0do,]w}wnf;[k
jytHhaomiSm ]wMwmwd} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
om"ejzpf a om a'oema'od w ud k rpG J a umif ; ygoavm/
wpfenf;um;-]wo 0dnmwaA om"ae}[l qdkaumif;onf r[kwfavm
apm'emaMumifh ]edyma'waA apwH blrH}udk rdefYownf;/

wMwmwd? um;/ oma"waA? a'oema'odwonf Ny;D aptyfaom/ wo

0dZmeae? xdo
k Ykd odjcif;/ p ,kwH1? xdpk um; oifph /G (po'gum; 'Vu
D &PaZmwuwnf;)/ edyma'waA? a'oema'odwonf NyD;aptyfaom
0dZmeeBu,
d m/ {wH bkr?H owr0D b
d wfonf/ a[mwd? \/
t,rmEkykADw?d um;/ 0urmem? qdv
k waYH om/ [m&e,meH? wd\
Yk /
t,H tEkyAk D tEkua rm? tpOfonf/ tEkua re? jzif/h 0urmem? ukeaf om/
[m&e,m? wdo
Yk nf/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ e00d"okwEy&da,|Dwd {w? / okwm 'd0aoe? okwf tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
e0*F? aom/ omoe? udk/ y&da,oem? &SmrSD;aMumif; jzpfaom
t|uxmonf/ tw0pd m&Pm? teufukd pD&ifaMumif;jzpfaom t|uxmonf/ 0g?
teuftpD&ifonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/
{wH yp w H ? yXrm0d b wf o nf / omrd t aw ? / a[mwd ? \/
e00d"okwE y &da,|d,m? ud;k yg;tjym;&Sad om t*Fg&Sad om okw\
f teufukd
&SmrS;D aMumif;jzpfaom t|uxm\/ tEkyAk ?D qdv
k waYH om [m&e,wd\
Yk
tpOfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ tx 0g? um;/
tEkykADwd {w ygaX? / ypw?H onf/ u&Paw? / a[mwd? \/ 'H t,H
1/ p ,kwH/ / a'oema'odwwdo
Yk nf 0dZmeeBu,
d mtm; yuwlyed,
tm&rPowdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKukefonfjzpf 0dZmeeBud,mvQif tusKd;&Sdukef&um;
0dZmeeBud,mom y"mejzpfaomaMumifh 0dZmeeBud,mudk pGJonf-[lvdkaomf/

70

aewdt|uxmed,

t"dyg a,m/ ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ oma"waA? a'oem

a'odwonf Ny;D aptyfaom/ ,xm0kw0 Zd meae? tMuiftMuif qdt
k yfNy;D aom
odjcif;/ 0urmem,? aom/ [m&e,mEkyAk ,
d m? [m&e,wd\
Yk tpOfjzif/h
e00d"okw? udk;yg; tjym;&Sdaom okwef\/ t,H twy&da,oem?
teufukd &SmrS;D jcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
ud k ; yg;aom t*F g wd k Y o nf tcsif ; csif ; ra&m,S u f o nf jzpf & m\/
,if ; od k Y jzpf o nf & S d a omf a*,s*F tp&S d o nf w d k Y o nf ok w f o abm r&S d
ukef&m/ ,if;odkY r&Sdaomf e00d"okwE-[laom pum;onf qefYusif
cJh&m\[k ESvkH;ydkuf apm'uq&monf ]{wm[} ponfjzifh apm'em
ownf ; /

{w 0pae? e00d"okwE y &da,|d-[laom pum;/ apm'aum? onf/

tm[? \/ u tm[? enf;[lru
l m;/ {w? jrwfpmG bk&m;pum;awmfww
Ykd iG /f
0g? udk;yg;aom t*FgwdkYwGif/ a*,s*Fg'DeH? a*,st*Fg tp&SdonfwdkY\/
okwb
ma0g? okw\
f tjzpfonf/ uxH od,m? tb,foYkd jzpf&mtHeh nf;/
awoH a*,s*gF 'De?H xdak *,st*Fg tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / okwb
ma0 p? okw\
f
tjzpfonfvnf;/ owd? aomf/ omoe? \/ e0*Fbma0g? ud;k yg;aom
t*Fg&So
d nf\ tjzpfonf/ uxH od,m? tHeh nf;/ (a*,s*F tp&So
d nfwyYkd if
okwrf nfuek o
f nf jzpft/hH okw* F [l toD;rjzpf&m/ ,if;odYk jzpfaomf
omoemawmfonf e0*F rjzpf&m t|*Fom jzpf&mcJ-h [lvakd omf/)
a*,s*F ponfwdkYwGif pdk;pOf;aom t*FgwdkY\vnf; okwf\tjzpf
jzpfonf&Sdaomf qdktyfNyD;aom tjzpfonf rvGefao;/ tvkH;pkHaom t*Fg
wd k Y \ ok w t jzpf jzpf o nf & S d a omf u m; tb,fqd
qkzd G,f&m &SdawmhtHhenf;[k jyvdkaom apm'uonf ],} tp&Sdonfud
ukd qdkownf;/

o*Fa[ok? t|uxmwdYk / ]]o*gxuH /v/ u&P}}E?d [l/ , 0peH?

udv
k nf;/ 0kpw
?d \/ wxm wo 0pae? xdpk um;udv
k nf;/ 0kaw? onf/
owd? aomf/ okw* aF r0? okwt
f *FgonfomvQi/f |? 13 e od,m? &m/
txmyd? tu,fvnf;/ 0do?Hk toD;/ okw* ? onf/ od,m? tH/h (txmyd
uxd od,m[lvnf; tcsKUd pm&S\
d / txmyd? tu,fvnf;/ ux?d

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

71

trSwrf &Sad om okwt

f *Fgonf/ od,m? tH/h odaYk y;)/ "ry'g'De?H wdu
Yk /kd
*gxmbm0awm? *gxmjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h okw* o
F *Fa[m? okwt
f *Fg
oN*K[
jf cif;onf/ e a[mwd 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd r*Fvokwm 'De?H wdu
Yk /kd *gxmbm0awm?
aMumif/h (okw* o
F *Fa[m a*,s*o
F *Fa[m ESpyf 'k f pyf)/ okw* o
F *Fa[m? onf/
e od,m? &m/ o*gxm0*? o*gxm0*fu/kd o*gxuwm? *gxm&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumif/h a*,s*o
F *Fa[m? a*,st*Fg oN*K[
jf cif;onf/ a[mwd ,xm?
uJo
h /Ykd o*gxuwm? aMumif/h a*,s*o
F *Fa[m 0g? a*,st*Fg a&wGuf
oN*K[fjcif;onfvnf;/ od,m? \/ Obawm0db*Fg'Dok? Obawm0dbif;
tp&So
d nfwYkd / o*gxuya'omeH? *gxm&Sad om ygVdt&yf wdu
Yk /kd wxm?
wl/ a*,s*o
F *Fa[m? onf/ od,m? &m\/ wd? od/Y k apm'aum? onf/ tm[?
\/ y&d[ma&m? ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kpa w? tH/h
xd k a pm'emud k tusOf ; tm;jzif h a&S ; OD ; pG m ajzvd k & um; ]0k p a w}
paomygXf u d k qd k a omf /

okwEd t,H1 0d"d? okw[

f al om tpDt&ifonf/ omrn0d"?d
omrntpDt&ifonf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h a*,s*gF 'De?H wd\
Yk /
okwbma0g? onf/ od,m? \/ oedrdwm? *gxm&Sdonf\tjzpf
tp&Sad om taMumif;ESiw
hf uG jzpfuek af om/ tya&? okw* rF S wpfyg;aom
a*,s*F tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/ 0daoo0d"a,m? 0daoo tpDt&ifwo
Ykd nf/
a[mEd? ukef\/ wom? aMumifh/ omoe? \/ e0*Fbma0g p?
ud k ; yg;aom t*F g &S d o nf \ tjzpf o nf v nf ; aumif ; / ok w * F ?
okwft*Fgonfvnf;aumif;/ od,m? \/ edkVwm? r*Fvokwf
tp&So
d nfwYkd okw\
f tjzpf xifonf\tjzpfaMumif/h r*Fvokwm 'De?H
wdu
Yk /kd okw* o
F *Fa[m? okwt
f *Fg a&wGujf cif;onf/ od,m? jzpf&m\/
1/ okwEd t,H / / odYk tjynft
h pkaH y;rS em;0ifv,
G f usv,
G t
f o
hH nf/
okwE d omrn0d"u
d m; uxH /v/ okwb
ma0g\ tajz/ 0daoo0d"a,m ya& oedrw
d m um; okwb
ma0 /v/ okw* aF r0 e od,m\ tajz/ edVk w
m um; txmyd /v/ "ry'g'DeH
0d,\ tajz/ o[wmaneum; a*,s*o
F *Fa[m 0g /v/ o*gxm0* 0d,\
tajz/ tnawmum; wxm /v/ o*gxuya'omeH\ tajz[k rSwv
f ifu
h ek /f

72

aewdt|uxmed,

tane? pkP,
d rS wpfyg;aom *gxmESi/hf o[wm? wuG\ tjzpfonf/
a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h r*Fvokwm 'De?H wdu
Yk /kd a*,s*o
F *Fa[m?
onf/ e od,m? &m/ tnawm? Obawm0dbif; tp&So
d nfwYkd vmaom
*gxmwd k Y \ wpf y g;aom *gxmjzpf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h /
Obawm0db*Fg'Do?k wdYk / o*gxuya'omeH? wdu
Yk /kd a*,s*o
F *Fa[m?
onf/ e od,m? &m/
odkY tusOf;tm;jzifh ajztyfaom y&d,m,fudk tus,fcsJUvdk&um;
]oAmyd [d} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
]okwEd omrn0d"d}\ tus,fudk csJUNyD; ,cktcg ]0daoo0d"a,m
"a,m
ya& oedrdwm}\ tus,fudk csJUtHhaomiSm ]wa'ua'aoo
]wa'ua'aookk ye}ponfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h oAmyd? vnf;jzpfaom/ Ak'0 pe? \/

okwE t
d ,H 0d"?d onf/ omrn0d"d? wnf;/ wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H
\/ ]]{wuH w /v/ yokwowmeD}}wd tm'd0peawm? aMumifh/
0de,mbd"ry&d,w0d ad oaoyd? 0denf; tbd"rm[laom y&d,wf txl;vnf;/
okwa 0g[ma&m? okw[
f al om a0g[m&onf/ 'dwd? xif\/
wa'ua'aook ye? xdo
k w
k \
f tpdwjf zpfaom ygVdawmfwYkd um;/
awe awe edrdawe? xdkxdkodkYaom *gxm&Sdonf\tjzpf tp&Sdaom
taMumif;ESi/hf o[? uG/ ywd|w
d m? wnfuek af om/ wpfenf;um;-awe awe
edrad we? jzif/h ywd|w
d m? ukeaf om/ a*,sm'a,m? a*,s tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/
0daoo0d"a,m
a,m? xl;aom tpDt&ifwo
Ykd nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /
xdkxdkodkYaom taMumif;ESifhwuG wnfukefaom[lNyD; tb,fonf
tb,f \ taMumif ; enf ; [k apm'emzG , f & S d ]a*,s*F } ponf w d k Y \
taMumif;udk tus,fjytHhaomiSm ]wxm [d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/
,if;odkY *gxm&Sdonf\tjzpfonf taMumif;jzpfaom o*gxuom
rnf a umif ; ygonf r[k w f a vm/ tb,f o d k Y a*,srnf E d k i f y gtH h e nf ; /
taMumif;ESifh tusKd; qefYcJh\[k ykpmxGuf&m aomaMumifh ]avmauyd
[d} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

73

wxm wH 0peH? ud/k [d 0dwm a&rd? tH/h a*,s? a*,s\/ o*gxuw?H

*gxm&S d o nf \ tjzpfonf/ wAm 0edr d w H ? xd k a *,st*F g\ tjzpf \
taMumif;wnf;/ [d? pG/ avmauyd? vnf;/ oodavmuH 0g? pkP,
d ESihf
wuGvnf; jzpfaom/ o*gxuH 0g? *gxmESihf wuGvnf;jzpfaom/ (0g o'gum;
]t*ad wm 0g O'uawm 0g ydompawm 0g} ponfwYkd uJo
h Ykd orkp,
wwnf;/
0duyewr[kw)f / pkP,
d *E?H pkP,
d &Sad om usr;f ud/k ]]a*,s}}E?d [l/ 0'E?d
uke\
f /
a*,s\ taMumif ; ud k jyNyD ; a0,smu&P\ taMumif ; ud k
jytHhaomiSm ]*gxm0d&a[} ponfudk rdefYaomf/
ykpm0doZem\ tjzpfonf ykpm0doZemrnfjcif;\ taMumif;om
r[k w f u k e f a vm/ tb,f o d k Y a0,smu&P\ taMumif ; jzpf t H h e nf ; /
taMumif ; ES i f h tusKd ; qef Y c J h \ [k apm'em xG u f & monf u d k ES v k H ; xm;
]ykpm0doZeH [d Asmu&PEd 0kpwd}udk rdefYownf;/

*gxm0d&a[? *gxmrS uif;onf/ owd ye? aomfum;/ ykpw

d mG ? /
0doZebma0g? ajzonf\ tjzpfonf/ a0,smu&P? \/ wAm0edrw
d ?H
xdak 0,smu&Pt*Fg\ tjzpf\taMumif; wnf;/ (aemufrS vdu
k af ponf)/
[d? pG/ ykpm 0doZe?H ud/k Asmu&PE?d [l/ 0kpw
?d \/
,if;odkYaomf Asmu&P\ taMumif;om qdkygavm? a0,smu&P\
taMumif;[l rqdkoifh[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]Asmu&Par0 a0,smu&PEd}udk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
*gxm0d&a[[laom pum;udk r,lrl ykpm0doZeH Asmu&PH[laom
pum;rQudk ,l ]{0H oaE}ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/

Asmu&Par0? PonfyifvQi/f a0,smu&PH? Prnf\/ wd? od/Yk

'|A?H \/ {0H? odYk ykpm 0doZemudk Asmu&P[l qdt
k yfonf/ oaE?
jzpfonf&adS omf/ yOm0doZe0aoe? ykpm 0doZem\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0wmeH?
jzpfukefaom/ o*gxum'Derd? *gxm&Sdaom ygVdtp&SdonfwdkY\vnf;/
a0,smu&Pbma0g? P\ tjzpfonf/ tmyZw?d a&mufc\
hJ / wd? od/Yk
ap 0a',s? tHh / emyZwd? ra&muf/ uom? um;/ a*,sm'donmeH?

74

aewdt|uxmed,

a*,stp&Sad om trnfw\
Ykd / (taemumo pyf)/ taemumobm0awm1
p? t&mr[k w f o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h v nf ; aumif ; / (bm0or e f u m;
o*gxum'DeHwnf;)/ ]]*gxm0d&a[ owD}}wd? [l/ 0daoodwwm p?
txl;jyKtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ emyZw?d ra&muf/
t|uxmq&m...q&mum; a*,stp&S d a om onmwd k Y \
t&mr[k w f [ k qd k \ / ,if ; od k Y t&mr[k w f o nf \ tjzpf u d k tb,f o d k Y
odygoenf;[k apm'emzG,f&Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]wxm [d}
ponfudk rdefYownf;/ (odYk xGu&f m\)/ (*gxmO'gef;ponfwdkY\ edrdwfudk
jyonfudk pGJ xGufaomfum;)/ t|uxmq&mum; a*,sa0,smu&P
wdkY\ edrdwfudk qdkNyD/ *gxmO'geponfwdkY\ edrdwfum; tb,fenf;[k
tar;ykpm apm'emzG,f&Sd xdktar;ykpmapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]wxm
[d } ponf u d k r d e f Y a omf /(odkYxGuf&m\)/

wxm [d wawm {0? xdo

k Ykd taemumoonm\ tm;Bu;D onf\
tjzpfaMumifhomvQif/ (um; a&S;txGufESifhtnDwnf;/ aemuftxGuf
tm;jzifu
h m;)/ wxm? xdrk w
S pfyg;/ ([d um; yuE& wnf;/ y'yl&Pvnf; [l)/
2
au0vH ? oufouf/ *gxmAaE o k ? *gxmAEomjzpfukefaom/ 0g?
*gxmtzGUJ om jzpfuek af om/ "ry'g'Do?k ukeaf om/ okw0 ad oaook p?
ok w f t xl ; wd k Y vnf ; aumif ; / (txuf u d k vS r f ; vnf ; ay;onf ) /
1/ taemumobm0awm / / oMoumo0d"x
d uf taemumo0d"d tm;Bu;D
aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? *gxmr&Sdaom ykpm0doZemudkom a0,smu&P[k
tvdk&SdtyfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; a0,smu&Ptjzpfonf ra&muf [lvdkaomf/
]wxm [d}paom ygXfudkum; traope*kodemeenf;tm;jzifh xm;ownf;/
tb,f h a Mumif h e nf ; [l r l u m; ]a*,sm'd o nmeH taemumobm0awm}[l a om
a&S ; pum;ud k NyD ; apaomaMumif h v nf ; aumif ; ? *gxmO'geponf w d k Y \ ed r d w f u d k
jyaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;wnf;/ xdkaMumifh a&S;pum;udk NyD;aponfudk pGJ odkY
xGuf&m\/
2/ au0vH *gxmAaEok / /]au0vH *gxmAaEo}k jzifh *gxm\ edrw
d u
f ?kd
]aomrePr,du*gxm,kawok}jzifh O'gef;\edrdwfudk? ]0kwaOw}Edtm'd
0peoraEojk zifh wd0kwu\edrdwfudk? tAKw"ry#doH,kawokjzifh tAKw"r\
edrw
d u
f kd jyownf;/ xd0k ad ooeav;yk'w
f u
Ykd m; a[wkrEcsn;f / tb,fah Mumifeh nf;/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

75

o*gxuaw? *gxm&So
d nf\tjzpfonf/ owdy?d aomfvnf;/ aomre
Pr,d u *gxm,k a w o k ? aomrePf j zif h NyD ; aom *gxmES i f h
,SOu
f ek af om/ okw0 ad oaook p? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ ]]0kwa Ow}}E?d tm'd0pe
oraEo?k 0kwa Owt
H p&Sad om pum;ESihf pyfuek af om/ okw0 ad oaook p?
wdkYvnf;aumif;/ tAKw"ry#doH,kawok? rjzpfzl;jrJaom w&m;ESifh
,SOu
f ek af om/ okw0 ad oaook p? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ ,xmur?H wdik ;f /
*gxmO'gewd0w
k u
tAKw"ronm/ *gxm[laom trnf O'gef;[laom
trnf wd0w
k u
[laom trnf tAKw"r[al om trnfonf/ ywd|w
d m?
wnf\/
wxm? xdNk rKd U/ *gxmAEbma0? *gxmAE\ tjzpfonf/ owdy?d vnf;/
b*0awm? \/ twDwmok? vGeaf vukeNf y;D aom/ ZmwDo?k tjzpfwYkd / 0g?
b0wdkY/ p&d , mEk b m0y u moauo
moauokk 1 ? tusifh\tmEkabmfudk jywwf
ukeaf om/ okw0 ad oaook? wdYk / (aemufrS vdu
k af ponf)/ Zmwuonm?
Zmwf[al om trnfonf/ ywd|w
d m? \/
yOm0doZebma0 p? ykpm 0doZem\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/ o*gxuaw p?
onfvnf;aumif;/ owdyd? aomfvnf;/ auokpd okwaEok? tcsKdUaom
okwe w
f Ykd / a0'? todPfu/kd vbmyeawm? &ap wwfaomaMumif/h
a0'vonm? onf/ ywd|w
d m? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? \/
,cktcg ed*kH;tkyfvdk&um; ]{0H} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

{0H? od/Yk o*gxuwm'dem? *gxm&So

d nf\tjzpf tp&Sad om/ awe awe
edrdawe? xdkxdkodkYaom taMumif;jzifh/ 0g? aMumifh/ awok awok
okw0 ad oaook? wdYk / a*,s*gF 'donm? a*,s*F tp&Sad om trnfonf/
oufoufaom *gxmtzGUJ om &Sad omaMumifh *gxmrnf\? odpYk onfjzifh [dwt
f euf
&oifhaomaMumifhwnf;/
1/ p&d,mEkbm0yumoauok / / vnf; p&d,mEkbm0yumoauokygXfjzifh *gxmAE jzpfaomfvnf; *gxmrrnf? Zmwfom rnf\[k edrw
d u
f kd jyonf/

76

aewdt|uxmed,

ywd|w
d m? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h okw* aF wm? rS/ ya&? wpfyg;ukeaf om/
a*,sm'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/ 0daoo0d"a,m? 0daootpDt&ifwo
Ykd nf/ a[mE?d \/
*gxm&S d o nf \ tjzpf tp&S d a om taMumif ; aMumif h a*,sponf
rnf a om[k qd k N yD / ok w r nf j cif ; \ taMumif ; um; r&S d c J h / ,if ; od k Y
r&S d c J h a omf ok w * F t oD ; rjzpf & m/ ,if ; od k Y r jzpf a omf omoemonf
t|*Fom jzpfcJh&m\[k apm'em&Sd&um; ],H yaew} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

{w? jrwfpGmbk&m; pum;awmfwdkYwGif/ a*,s*Fg'dedrdw&[dwH?

a*,s*t
F *Fg tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd taMumif;rS uif;aom/ ,H ye okw?H onf/tw?d
\/ wH okw?H onf/ okw* ? okwt
f *Fgonf/ a[mwd? \/ uom? um;/
0daooonmy&d[ma&e? 0daooonmudkpGeYfojzifh/ omrnonm,1 ?
omrnonmtm;jzif/h y0weawm? jzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
eEk p? apm'emOD;th/H o*gxuH? *gxm&Sad om/ |? 14 okw?H onf/
a*,s?H rnf\/ ed*g xuH? *gxmr&Sad om/ okw?H onf/ a0,smu&PH? rnf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h okw* ? onf/ e or0wd? rjzpfoif/h wd? od/Yk apm'em?
apm'emjcif;onf/ w'0wm {0? xdak pm'em tcdu
k t
f wef&Y o
dS nfomvQi/f
a[mwd eEk? avm/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h aom"dwwm? ajztyfNy;D onf\
tjzpfaMumif/h w'0wm? onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ [d? pG/ ykaA? / *gxm0d&a[?
*gxmrS uif;onf/ owd? aomf/ ykpm 0doZebma0g? onf/ a0,smu&P?
\/ wAm0edrw
d ?H xdak 0,smu&Pt*Fg\ tjzpf\ taMumif;onf/ a[mwd?
\/ wd? od/Yk aom"dw?H ajztyfNy/D
]0daoo0d"a,m ya& oedrdwm}\ tus,fudk jyNyD; ,cktcg
]ed k V w m }\ tus,f u d k jyvd k a om t|uxmq&monf ], 0k w H }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ omrnonm, / / a*,sa0,smu&P tp&Sad om 0daooonmudk
pGe
Yf okw[
f al om omrnonmjzifh a*,spaom 0daooonmrS uif;aom ygVdukd
okw[
f k qdo
k nf/ avmu ijzL indKtp&Sad om 0daootrnfukd pGe
Yf vl[al om
trnfjzifh ac:a0:tyfaom oluo
hJ Ykd [lvakd omf/

1-o*F[0g&tzGifh

77

]]*gxmbm0awm? *gxm\ tjzpfaMumifh/ r*Fvokwm'DeH? wdkYudk/

okw* o
F *Fa[m? okwt
f *Fg a&wGujf cif;onf/ e od,m? &m}}/ wd? od/Yk ,
0peH? udv
k nf;/ w,m? oifapm'uonf/ 0kw?H \/ wrd 0peH? onfvnf;/ e
,k w H ? roif h / uo m ? um;/ ed k V w m ? ok w f \ tjzpf xif o nf \
tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/
pif p pf rxif b J v suf u d k v nf ; xif o nf [ k qd k w um;[l a om
apm'em
aMumifh ]edkaVm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/
apm'emaMumif
r*F v ok w f ponf w d k Y o nf *gxmjzpf o nf r[k w f u k e f a vm/
xdkodkYvsuf okwf\tjzpf xifaom[k qdkaom q&mpum; todkYoifhyg
tHhenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]e [d wmed} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d? pG/ r*Fvokwm 'Do?k wdYk / okwb

ma0g? onf/ edak Vm? xif\/ [d
op?H \/ wmed? xdrk *Fvokwf tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/ "ry'Ak'0 o
H m-'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/
*gxmbma0e? *gxm\ tjzpfjzifh/ ynmwmed 0d,? xifukefouJhodkY/
*gxmbma0e? jzif/h e ynmwmed? uke/f udEK ? pifppfaomfum;/ okwb
ma0ae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f ynmwmed? uke\
f / [d? pG/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f t|uxm,H?
/ ]]okwe mru}}E?d [l/ emr*[PH? emro'gud/k uwH? \/ /
]ed k V w m }\ tus,f u d k csJ U NyD ; ]o[wmane}\ tus,f u d k
csJUvdk&um; ],H ye} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

]]o*gxuwm? aMumif/h a*,s*o

F *Fa[m 0g? onfvnf;/ od,m? \}}/
wd? od/Yk ,H ye 0peH? ud/k w,m? onf/ 0kw?H \/ w'yd wrd 0peH?
onfvnf;/ ewd e ,kZw
?d roif/h uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h tane?
pkP,
d rS wpfyg;jzif/h o[wm? wuG\tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h
ewd e ,kZw
?d roif/h [d? pG/ *gxm[d? wdEYk iS /hf o[? uG/ 0ww?d \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h o*gxuH? rnf\/
o[bma0g p emr? wuGtjzpf rnfonfvnf;/ twawm? rS/ tane?
wpfyg;jzif/h a[mwd? \/

78

aewdt|uxmed,
r*F v ok w f ponf w d k Y o nf rd r d r S w pf y g;jzpf a om *gxmES i f h w uG
jzpfcJhaomf a*,s*Frnfaumif;ygonf r[kwfukefavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]e p
r*F v ok w m 'D o k } ponf u d k rd e f Y a omf /

r*Fvokwm 'Do?k wdYk / *gxm0derd ak wm? *gxmrS vGwaf om/ aumpd? aom/
okwy a 'aom? onf/ e p tw?d r&S/d
*gxmrS vG w f a om ok w f t &yf r &S d a omf *gxmtaygif ; onf
wpfpdwfaom *gxmESifhwuGjzpf a*,srnfaumif;ao;\ wum;
wum;--[laom
apm'emaMumifh ]a,m o[ /v/ twd}udk rdefYownf;/

a,m okwy a 'aom/ tMuifow

k t
f &yfonf/ 0g? ud/k *gxm[d? wdEYk iS /hf
o[? uG/ 0ww?d \/ wd? od/Yk 0kap,s? qdt
k yf&m\/ aumpd? aom/
ork'ga,m emr? taygif;rnfaom/ aom okwy a 'aom? onf/ e p tw?d
r&S/d (tpdww
f \
Ykd or0g,udo
k m taygif;[k ac:a0:tyf&um; taygif;[k
y&rwtm;jzifh r&S-d [lvakd omf)/
]o[wmane}\ tus,f u d k csJ U NyD ; ,ck t cg ]tnawm}\
tus,fudk csJUvdkaomaMumifh ],'yd} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

]]Obawm0db*Fg'Do?k wdYk / o*gxuya'omeH? *gxm&Sad om ygVd&yfw\

Ykd ?
a*,s*o
F *Fa[m? onf/ od,m? \}}/ wd? od/Yk ,'yd ,H tyd 0peH? udv
k nf;/
w,m? onf/ 0kw?H \/ w'yd wH tyd 0peH? onfvnf;/ e ,kZw
?d oif/h
uom? um;/ tnawm? Obawm0dbif; tp&So
d nfwYkd vmaom *gxmwd\
Yk
wpfyg;aom *gxmjzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/ [d? pG/ wm *gxm? xdOk bawm0dbif;
tp&So
d nfwYkd vmaom *gxmwdo
Yk nf/ Zmwum'dy&d,myEwm ? Zmwftp
&So
d nfwYkd tusK;H 0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tnm {0? wpfyg;wdo
Yk nfomvQi/f
a[mE d ? uk e f \ / tawm wo m ? aMumif h / wm[d ? xd k * gxmwd k Y j zif h /
Obawm0db*Fg'DeH1? wd\
Yk / a*,s*b
F ma0g? a*,st*Fg\ tjzpfonf/ e
a[mwd? rjzpf/
1/ Obawm0db*Fg'DeH / / Zmwftp&So
d nfwYkd vmaom *gxmudo
k m ,l
Obawm0dbif; tp&So
d nfwYkd qdak vonf/ Obawm0dbif; tp&So
d nfwYkd vm&if;
r[kw/f xdak Mumifh xd*k gxmwdjYk zifh a*,s*F rjzpf-[lvakd omf/

79

{0H? od/Yk okwm 'De?H tp&Su

d ek af om/ t*FgeH? wd\
Yk / tnrn-ouF&mbma0g?
tcsi;f csi;f a&m,Sujf cif; r&So
d nf\ tjzpfu/kd a0'dwaAm? \/
xdkodkY okw*F tp&SdonfwdkYonf tcsif;csif; ra&m,SufMuukefonf
&Sdaomf ]e0*Fy&da,|d}[lom t&Sifupnf;ax&f rqdktyfaumif;ygavm/
tb,fhaMumifh ]e00d"okwEy&da,|d}-[k qdkavoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ],om
ye} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifhum;/ oArd? vnf;jzpfaom/ Ak'0peH? udk/

,xm0kwe a,e? jzif/h twmeH? tusK;d wdu
Yk /kd olpem'dtawe? jyjcif; tp&Sad om
teufaMumif/h okwa E0? okw[
f
l omvQi/f 0kpw
?d \/ wom? aMumif/h
]]e00d"okwE y &da,|D}}wd? [l/ tmp&da,e? t&Sirf [m upn;f q&monf/
0kw?H \/ /
o*F[0g&0Pem? onf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/
eee

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh
1/ {0H? od/Yk o*F[0ga&e? jzif/h oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h 'daw? ukeaf om/
[m&m'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd 'ged? / 0dbma*e? okyu
f kd a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 'awk?H
ww uwar aomVo [m&m
iSm/ ]]ww
[m&m}}wd tm'da'oem? tp&Sad om a'oemud/k
tm&'g? tm;xkwt
f yf\/ ww? xdw
k w uwar aomVo [m&m tp&Sad om
a'oem/ wwmwd y'? \/ ]]aomVo[m&m aew}D }wd? [l/ ,H 0peH?
ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D wo 0pae? xdak omVo [m&m aew[
d al om pum;/ 0g? um;/
wdH *gxm,H? xdak omVo [m&m aew[
d al om *gxm/ ,med [m&e,
rlvy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd O'#med? xkwt
f yfuek \
f / awok? xd[
k m&e,rlvy'wdw
Yk iG /f
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ uwar
uwarwd 'H 0peH? onf/ ykpm 0peH?
ykpm pum;wnf;/ {om ykpm p emr? rnfonfum;/ t'd|aZmwemykpm ?
vnf;aumif;/ 'd|oHoEemykpm ? vnf;aumif;/ 0drwdap'emykpm ? vnf;aumif;/
tEkrwdypk m ? vnf;aumif;/ uaxwkurswmykpm ? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk

80

aewdt|uxmed,

y0"d m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wmok? xdik g;yg;aom ykpm wdw

Yk iG /f t,H ykpm ?
onf/ uaxukurswmykpm? wnf;/ aomVom
aomVomwd t,H oa'g? onf/
*Pe0aoe? ta&twGu\
f tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y&dapa'g? ydik ;f jcm;aom o'gwnf;/
]aomVo}o' g jzif h ta&twG u f u d k yd k i f ; jcm; tb,f t usKd ;
&Sdygoenf;[k tar;ykpm xGuf&mav&um; ]awe} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

awe? xdak omVo[laom o'gjzif/h aeoH? xd[

k m&wd\
Yk / wawm?
xdkwpfq,fhajcmufyg;xuf/ O'? tvGefonfvnf;aumif;/ ta"m p?
t,kwo
f nfvnf;aumif;/ e tw?d r&S/d wd? od/Yk |? 15 {wy&rwH?
xdw
k pfq,fah jcmufyg; twdik ;f t&Sn&f o
dS nf\ tjzpfu/kd 'awd? \/ om p
{wy&rwm? onfvnf;/ y&awm? rS/ 0g? / tm0d b0dwd? vw/YH [m&m
[m&mwd
'H 0peH? onf/ *Pe0aoe? ta&twGu\
f tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y&dpEd m eH?
ydik ;f jcm;tyfaom [m&wdu
Yk /kd omrnawm? tm;jzif/h 'eH? jyaom o'gwnf;/
a'oem 0dpa,m
a,mwd tm'd? tp&Sad om pum;onf/ oly'eH? wnf;/ /
ww? xdw
k w uwar aomVo [m&m tp&Sad om ygXf/ t0,0awm?
ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ auea|e? tb,foabmaMumif/h [m&m?
rnfukefoenf;/ {aw[d oH0Pem0daoao[d? wdkYjzifh/ 0g? um;/ {w
oH0Pem0daoaook? wdYk / okwa *,sm'd0o
d ,m? okwa *,sponfvQif
tmkH&Sdukefaom/ tnmPoH o ,0d y v m om 1 ? rodjcif; ,HkrSm;jcif;
azmufjyefjcif; wdu
Yk /kd [&D,E?d y,fazsmufwwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
aw oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ [m&m? rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ o,H? ud,
k w
f ikd /f
wmed? xdkrodjcif; ponfwdkYudk/ [&Ed? y,f&Sm;wwfukef\/ 0g? um;/
[&Prwar0? y,fazsmufjcif;rQonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h zvlypma&e? zvlypm&tm;jzif/h [m&m
[m&m? rnfuek \
f /
1/ tnmPoHo,0dyvmom / / tnmP tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd y,fazsmufjcif;
tbm0onf rkcstm;jzifh [m&rnf\/ tbm0\ taMumif;jzpfaom a'oem0do,
tp&Sdaom oH0Pem0daoowdkYonfum; zvlypm&wtm;jzifh [m&rnfukef\
[lvakd omf/

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

81

tx 0g? um;/ a, oH 0 P e m0d a oom? wd k Y u d k / "r o H 0 P u

"ry#d*g [au[d? w&m;udk zGiahf omyk*Kd vf w&m;udk emaomyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/
"r? ud/k 'ge*[P0aoe? ay; ,ljcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h [&D,Ed a0g[&D,E?d
ac:a0:tyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aw oH0Pem 0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/
[m&m
[m&m? rnfuek \
f /
odkY [&D,Ed {aw[d tp&Sdonfjzifh u&Pom"e
u&Pom"e t"du&P
om
"e urom"e bm0om"ewdkY\tpGrf;tm;jzifh [m&o'g\ teufudk
om"e
qdkNyD; o'dourKem\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh jyjcif;iSm ]tx 0g} tp&Sdaom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

tx 0g? um;/ a, oH0Pem0daoom? wdkYonf/ [m&m 0d,?

&wemykvJoG,fwdkYuJhodkY/ a[mEd? ukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ aw
oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ [m&m
[m&m? rnfuek \
f /
&wemykvJoG,fuJhodkY tb,fodkY jzpfukefoenf;[k olar;zG,f&Sd
&wemyk v J o G , f u J h o d k Y jzpf o nf u d k xif & S m ;pG m jyvd k a om t|uxm
q&monf ],xm [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wH ygu#H ua&mrd? &wemykvo

J ,
G u
f o
hJ Ykd jzpfonf\tjzpfukd xif&mS ;pGm
jyKt/hH [m&ocFgawm? [m&[k qdt
k yfaom/ taeu&wem0vdorla[m?
rsm;pGmaom &wemykvJoG,ftaygif;onf/ twaem? \/ t0,0blw
&weora[d? tpdwjf zpf jzpfaom &wemtawGUwdo
Yk nf/ orkyZ e ,
D rme
[dvm'okacg? jzpfaptyfaom vGefpGm csrf;omjcif;&Sdonf/ [kwGm? /
ed'gCy&dVm[kyZedw?H aEGumv jzpfaomylyefjcif;onf jzpfaptyfaom/
w'kyabm*DZeo&D&oEmyH? xd&k wemykvo
J ,
G u
f kd ok;H aqmifuek af om olw\
Ykd
ud,
k f jzpfaom ylyefjcif;ud/k 0lyoarwd ,xm? Nird ;f apouJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm?
wl/ emem0d"y&rw&weyAEm? txl;xl; tjym;jym;aom jrwfaomteuf[k
qdktyfaom &wemtaygif;[lukefaom/ {aw oH0Pem0daoomyd?
wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ twaem? \/ t0,0blwy&rw&wem"d*are? tpdwjf zpf
jzpfaom jrwfaom teuf[k qdt
k yfaom &wemudk &ojzif/h 0g? &jcif;onf/
orkyg 'd,rmeedAK wo
d ck g? jzpfaptyfaom Nird ;f jcif; csr;f omjcif;&Su
d ek o
f nf/ [kwmG ?

82

aewdt|uxmed,

/ umr&m*g'dudavoa[wkuH? umr&m* tp&Sdaom udavomvQif

taMumif;&Sad om/ "ry#d*g [uZe[',y&dwmyH? w&m;emukeaf om olw\
Ykd
ESv;Hk jzpfaomylyefjcif;ud/k 0lyoarE?d Nird ;f apuke\
f / wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm?
uke\
f /
txk H ; tzG J U ud k jyKjcif ; tp&S d a om teuf a Mumif h *E t p&S d a om
o' g wd k Y \ NyD ; jcif ; uJ h o d k Y uif ; jcif ; ud k jyKjcif ; tp&S d a om teuf a Mumif h
[m&o'g\ NyD;jcif;udk wpfzefjyvdk&um; ]tx 0g} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rd e f Y a omf /

tx 0g? um;/ a, oH0Pem0daoom? wdo

Yk nf/ tnmPm'De?H rodjcif;
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / [m&H ty*rH? uif;jcif;ud/k [m&,Ed ua&mE?d uke\
f / wd
wom? aMumif/h aw oH0Pem0daoom/ wdo
Yk nf/ [m&m
[m&m? rnfuek \
f / 0g?
um;/ a, oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ tnmPm'De?H wd\
Yk / [m&H ty*rH?
ud/k tmpduE ?d Mum;wwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aw oH0Pem0daoom?
wdo
Yk nf/ [m&m
[m&m? rnfuek \
f / (odYk aemufrS iifay;)/ tx 0g? um;/
aomwkZepdw
? emaom ol\ pdwu
f /kd [&Pawm p? aqmifwwfonf\
tjzpf a Mumif h v nf ; aumif ; / &rPawm p? arG U avsmf a pwwf o nf \
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ edkwdea,e? edkwdenf;tm;jzifh/ ]]ba0ok?
b0ok;H yg;wdYk / 0E*raem? teftyfNy;D aom oGm;jcif;&Sad om jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/
b*0g? b*0grnf\/ wd ,xm? ygVd&yf edw
k ed nf;jzifh b*0grnfouJo
h /Ykd
1
[m&m ? rnfuek \
f /
t,H tawm? onf/ wm0? pGm/ [m&meH? wd\
Yk / om"m&Pawm?
wpfq,fah jcmufyg;aom [m&wdEYk iS hf qufqaH omtm;jzif/h y0awm? aom/
(0kawm? aom/ odaYk omfvnf;xnf)h / tawm? wnf;/ /
1/ [m&m / / aomwkZe reH [&Ew
D d raem[&m &arEw
D d raem&rm?
raem[&m p aw raem&rm pmwd [m&m[k jyK b00E*reqdv
k v
kd suf b0o'grS
bud?k 0Eo'grS 0ud?k *reo'grS *udk ,l 0ESihf *udk a&SUaemuf jyef b*0g[l\odYk
edw
k ed nf;tm;jzifh raem[&o'grS [ud?k raem&ro'grS &udk ,l [ tudk 'DCjyK
[m&rnfonf [lvakd omf/

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

83

tom"m&Pawm ye? rqufqaH omtm;jzifu

h m;/ tawm? ud/k {0H?
od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ {wm, "rZmwd,m? jzif/h okwa wm? ud/k a'oD,wd
oH0P,
D wd? zGit
hf yf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h om "rZmwd? onf/ a'oem
a'oem?
rnf\/ 0g? um;/ a'oemo[p&Pawm? a'oemESihf wuGjzpfjcif;aMumif/h
a'oem
a'oem? rnf\/ eEk p apma'rd? tH/h tanyd? vnf;jzpfuek af om/ [m&m?
wdkYonf/ a'oemocFgw? a'oem-[k qdktyfaom/ okw? \/
two0H Peawm? teufukd zGiw
hf wfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h a'oemo[pm&daem0? a'oemESiw
hf uG jzpfuek o
f nfomvQi/f a[mEd eEk? jzpfuek o
f nf
r[kwu
f ek af vm/ wd t,H? um;/ apm'em? wnf;/ {wH 0peH? onf/ op?H
rSe\
f / ye wxmyd? aomfvnf;/ t,H [ma&m? onf/ a,bka,se? jzif/h
,xmkw0aoae0? wdkufdkuf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhomvQif/ 0dnm,rmaem?
odtyfonf/ [kwmG ? / a'oem,? ESi/hf o[? uG/ p&wd? jzpf\/ wd? od/Yk
0wAw
?H qdt
k yfonf\ tjzpfu/kd t&[wd? xdu
k \
f / wxm? wl/ ya&?
wpfyg;aom [m&wdo
Yk nf/ e t&[E?d uke/f
t|uxmq&m
...
wpf y g;aom [m&wd k Y o nf v nf ; a'oem[k
t|uxmq&m...
...wpf
qdktyfaom okwf\ teufudk zGifhaomaMumifh a'oemESifhwuG jzpfyg
uk e f v ssuf
uf a'oem[m&om a'oemES i f h wuG j zpf \ [k qd k t yf o nf \
tjzpfudk xdkuf\[lqdkaom q&mpum;onf tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf;[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]e [d} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 opH? \/ tm'g'De0ed&Pm'doEe&[dwm?

tm'tm'De0ed&P tp&So
d nfukd jyjcif;rS uif;aom/ okwa 'oem?
okw[
f k qdt
k yfaom a'oemonf/ e tw?d r&S/d t,H [ma&m p? onfvnf;/
tm'g'doEe0dbm0evuaPm? tm' tp&Sdonfudk jyaom
a'oemudk xif&mS ;jyjcif; vuPm&So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
t,H [ma&m? onf/ a'oem,? ESi/hf o[? uG/ p&wd? \/ wd? od/Yk 0wAw
?H
ud/k t&[wd? \/ (odYk ay;)/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / y'yOm'a,m? y'yOm
tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd 0dp,
d E?d pDppftyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m?
onf/ 0dpa,m
a,m? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ awoH? xdyk 'yOm tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd 0dpw
d d

84

aewdt|uxmed,

{0? pdppfjcif;onfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dpa,m

a,m? rnf\/
ygVd,H ye? um;/ 0dped wd? pdppfwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dpa,m? rnf\/
wd? od/Yk t,H tawm? ud/k 'dawm? \/ (u 0dped wd y'H 0dped wd
tp&Sad om 0dp,[m&0dbif;udk &nf qdo
k nf)/ /
,k w Dwd? um;/ Oyywdom"e,kwd? vuPmtaMumif;wnf;/ 0g?
Ny;D apwwfaom toifw
h nf;/ " ye? t&mum;/ ,kw0d pd m&Pm? ,kwu
d kd
pD&ifjcif;onf/ Ow&y'avmaye? 0dpm&P-[laom aemufyk'fausaom
tm;jzif/h ,kw?d rnf\/ udr0d ? tb,fuo
hJ Ykd enf;[lru
l m;/ lyba0g? onf/
Ow&y'avmaye? b0-[laom aemufyk'fausaomtm;jzifh/ (aemufrS
vdu
k af ponf)/ ly?H rnf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kpw
d ,xm? uJo
h w
Ykd nf;/ 0g? um;/
,kwo
d [p&Pawm? ,kwEd iS hf wuGjzpfjcif;aMumif/h ,kw?d rnf\/ "myd?
,kw[
d m&vnf;/ a'oem[ma&? / 0kwe a,e? jzif/h tawm1? ud/k
0dwma&waAm? csUJ tyf\/
|? 16 y'|me
y'|meE?d um;/ tmoEum&PH? eD;pGmaom taMumif;wnf;/
"myd? [m&vnf;/ y'|me0dpm&Pm? y'|mefukd pD&ifjcif;onf/ y'|meH?
rnf\/ wd tm'd? odYk tp&Sad om pum;ud/k 0kwe a,ae0? jzifyh ifvQi/f
a0'dwA?H \/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / {uvuPm? wlaom
vuPm&Su
d ek af om/ "rm? wdu
Yk /kd t0kwm yd? okwf ra[mtyfuek af omfvnf;/
{u0paee? wpfcak om w&m;udk a[mojzif/h vu,
D E?d rSwt
f yfuek \
f / wd
wom? aMumif/h vuPH? rnf\/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif h / 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / 0d b ma*e?
a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 0d,[
l ,
D Ed yd@,
D E?d aygif;tyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
AsLa[m? rnf\/ okaw? / 'd,rmemeH? jytyfuek af om/ edAp em'De?H 0dN*Kd [f
1/ tawm 0dwma&waAm / / eEk p tanyd [m&,kwo
d bm0g {0
tp&So
d nfjzifh a'oem[m& qdt
k yfNy;D aomenf;udk tpOfr;DS ojzifh teufukd csUJ av[lvakd omf/

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

85

tp&Sdukefaom/ pwkEH? av;yg;aom teufwdkYudk/ AsLa[m? aygif;&m

aygif;aMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h pwkAsLa[m
sLa[m? \/
Ow & avmayg ponf u J h o d k Y bd E m "d u &Pyk ' f w d k Y \ vnf ;
A[kAD[dormofudk &tyf&um; ]pwkEH 0g AsLa[m} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

{w [ma&? / pwkE?H edAp etp&Sad om av;yg;aom teufw\

Ykd /
AsLa[m1? aygif;jcif;onf/ 0g? taygif;onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
aom [ma&m? onf/ pwkAsLa[m
sLa[m? rnf\/
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / obm*g? jzpfuek af om/
"rm p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ 0dobm*g? jzpfuek af om/ "rmp? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/
tm0D,E?d vnfaptyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m? onf/
tm0am
tm0am? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ awoH? xdo
k bm*0dobm*w&m;wd\
Yk / tm0eH?
vnfjcif;wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h tm0am
tm0am? rnf\/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzifh/ 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / om"m&Pm
om"m&PmeH? Pjzpfuek af om/ oHuad voa0g'ge"rmeH? oHuad vow&m;
a0g'gefw&m;wdkY\/ blrda,m? t&mwdkYudk/ 0g? bkHwdkYudk/ 0dbZD,Ed?
a0zeftyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m? onf/ 0dbwd? rnf\/
0g? um;/ {awoH? xdo
k u
H ad voa0g'gew&m;wd\
Yk / blrad ,m? wdu
Yk /kd 0dbZeH?
a0zefjcif;wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dbwd? rnf\/ /
rdem [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / okaw? / 0kw" rm?
wdu
Yk /kd y#dyu0aoe? qefu
Y sib
f uf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y&d0w,
D E?d vnfaptyf
uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h y&d0waem
em? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ awoH? xdo
k w
k f
a[mtyfuek af om w&m;wd\
Yk / y#dyu0aoe? jzif/h (vdu
k af ponf)/ y&d0we?H
vnfjcif;wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h y&d0waem
em? rnf\/ /
1/ AsLa[m / / 0duyf AsLa[mudk 0d[eH or@
d eH AsLa[m-[k bm0om"ejyK/
a&S;uJo
h Ykd u&P t"du&P rjyKvif/h

86

aewdt|uxmed,

{w [ma&? / {ua0w? wpfcak om teufuo

kd mvQi/f 0gpuH?
a[mwwfaom/ 0d0"d ?H aom/ 0peH? o'gonf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
aom [ma&m? onf/ 0d0peH? rnf\/ 0d0pear0? 0d0peonfyifvQi/f a00peH?
rnf\/ (Pypn;f um; oGw[
v
l akd omf)/ 0g? um;/ {awe 0paee? o'gonf/
tawm? ud/k 0d0"d ?H txl;xl; tjym;jym;/ 0kpw
?d a[mtyf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h 0d0peH? rnf\/ (0duyf o'gudk &? a&S;0duyf [m&udk &\[k
MuH o nf ) / aooH ? t<uif ; onf / 0k w e ,ar0? qd k t yf N yD ; aomenf ;
&So
d vQiu
f wnf;/ (0d0pear0 a00peH ponfukd aooH[o
l wnf;)/ /
rdem [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / twm? wdu
Yk /kd yuma&[d?
tjym;wdjYk zif/h 0g? um;/ yab'awm? txl;tm;jzif/h yD,E?d odaptyfuek \
f /
wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m? onf/ ynwd? rnf\/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / okwm *wm? okwf
vmukeaf om/ "rm? wdu
Yk /kd y#dpo
rkyg 'g'Do?k tp&So
d nfwYkd / Mowm&D,Ed
tEkya 0oD,E?d oGi;f tyfuek \
f / 0g? oufaptyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
aom [ma&m? onf/ Mow&aPm
Mow&aPm? rnf\/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / okaw? / y'y'w
yOm&rm? yk'fteuf yOmtm&rwdkYudk/ aom"D,Ed? okwfoiftyfukef\/
orm"D,E?d y,ftyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m? onf/
aom"aem
aom"aem? rnf\/ /
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / omrn0daooblwm?
ukeaf om/ "rm? wdu
Yk /kd 0duaye? txl;MujH cif;ESi/hf 0dem? uif;/ wpfenf;um;0duaye? ud/k 0dem? MuOf/ t"d|,
D E?d aqmufwnftyfuek \
f / tEky0w,
D E?d
a[mwdik ;f rSwt
f yfuek \
f / 0g? a[mwdik ;f jzpfaptyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
aom [ma&m? onf/ t"d|maem
maem? rnf\/ /
a,m "arm? onf/ zvH? ud/k y&dua&mwd tbdocFa&mwd? jyKjyifwwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h aom "arm? onf/ y&duma&m
a&m? rnf\/ a[wk p?
a[wktaMumif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ ypa,m p? yp,taMumif;udk vnf;aumif;/

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vA w d ? tyf \ / a,m [ma&m? onf / y&d u m &H ? a[wk t aMumif ;

yp,taMumif;ud/k tmpduw
?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m?
onf / y&d u m a&m
a&m? rnf \ / [ma&m? ud k / vA w d ? \/ 0g? um;/
y&dum&0do,wm? a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;vQif t&m&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h ('kw,
d [dww
f iG f pyf/ y&Hy&[dww
f nf;)/ y&dum &o[p&Pawm?
a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;ESiw
hf uG jzpfjcif;aMumif/h y&dua&m
&m? rnf\/
{awe [ma&e? jzif/h 0g? um;/ {w [ma&? / y'|mem'drak ce? y'|mef
tp&Sdonfudk tOD;jyKojzifh/ "rm? wdkYudk/ orma&myD,Ed? aumif;pGm
wiftyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom [ma&m? onf/ orma&myaem
orma&myaem?
rnf\/ oAw p? tvkH;pkHaom [m&wdkYvnf;/ bm0om"e0aoemyd?
\tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;/ tawm? onf/ or0wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
wmyd? xdb
k m0om"e\vnf;/ 0aoe? jzif/h a,maZwA?H tyf\/ /
|? 17 wm
wmwd? um;/ ,xm0kw
? aom/ [mka'o? o\/
tEk*DwDw?d um;/ 0kwa 0? qdt
k yfNy;D onfomjzpfaom/ tw? ud/k
okc*[Pw?H ,lv,
G af pjcif;iSm/ tEkypm? aemuf/ *g,e*gxm? qdak om
*gxmwnf;/ wmok? xd*k gxmwdw
Yk iG /f Moome*gxm,? tqk;H jzpfaom *gxm/
twawm toHudPmwd? um;/ y'awe? yk't
f euftm;jzif/h ouF&&[dwm?
a&m,Sujf cif;rS uif;ukeaf om/ (aomVo[m&m-[laom 0daoosukd iJ
h
0daooeay;onf)/ awe? xdt
k wawm toHuP
d m -[laom ygXfjzif/h aupd
[m&m1? tcsKUd aom [m&wdo
Yk nf/ tnrnH? tcsi;f csi;f / t0do|d m 0d,?
rxl;ukefouJhodkY/ ,'dyd 'dEd? tu,fum; xifukef\&Sifh/ wxmyd?
aomfvnf;/ awoH? xdt
k csKUd aom [m&wd\
Yk / twawm? tm;jzif/h ouFa&m?
a&m,Sujf cif;onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/
aeoH? xdt
k csKUd aom [m&wd\
Yk / aom p touFa&m? onfvnf;/
vuPeda'ao? vuPmudk jyaom t&mwdYk / okygua#m? onf/ a[mwd?
1/ aupd [m&m / / ]tcsKUd aom [m&} [lonfum; y'|me[m&
y&dum&[m& tm0[m& y&d0we[m& ynwd[m& Mow&P[m&wnf;/

88

aewdt|uxmed,

\/ {awoa0ggwd? um;/ aomVoE?H ukeaf om/ {awoH [m&meH? wd\

Yk /
,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzif/h touFa&m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wxm ap0?
xdt
k jcif;jzifo
h mvQi/f b0wd? \/ u b0wd? enf;[lru
l m;/ 0dwm&w,m
0dwm a&e? tus,t
f m;jzif/h e,0dbw?d toift
h m;jzifh a0zefjcif;onf/ ea,e
Oyga,e a,e? toif h t m;jzif h / 0d b ma*g? onf / b0wd ? \/
(0kwed nf;zGio
hf nf)/ {awe? e,0dbw[
d al om ygXfjzif/h wH {0 toHuP
d w
?H
xdrk a&m,Suo
f nf\ tjzpfuo
kd mvQi/f 0dbma0wd? xif&mS ;jy\/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/
]]0dwm &e,m}}wd? [l/ yXE?d uke\
f / wH? onf/ e okE& ?H raumif;/ t,
*gxm? onfvnf;/ auokpd aygwauok? tcsKUd aom aywdYk / ew?d r&S/d
2/ {0H? od/Yk [ma&? wdu
Yk /kd O'o
d w
d mG ? tusO;f tm;jzifh jyNy;D / 'ged? /
ww uwar
ea,? wdu
Yk /kd O'o
d w
d ?Hk tusO;f tm;jzifh jytHah omiSm/ ]]ww
uwar}}wd tm'd?
ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww? xdk ww uwar tp&Sad om e,ka'oygVd/ tawm? ud/k
{0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? odtyf\/ a, oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ oHuad vao
p? w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ a0g'gemed p? 'gefw&m;wdu
Yk kd vnf;aumif;/
0dbm*awm? a0zefaomtm;jzif/h e,Ed ayE?d odapwwfuek \
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h aw oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ e,m
e,m? rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ {aw[d
oH0Pem0daoao[d? wdjYk zif/h 0g? um;/ {w oH0Pem0daoaook? wdYk / wmed?
xdo
k u
H ad vow&m; a0g'gef w&m;wdu
Yk /kd eD,E?d odtyfuek \
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h aw oH0P em0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ e,m
e,m? rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/
e,erwar0? odapjcif;rQonfvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h e,m
e,m?
rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ o,H? rdrw
d u
Ykd /kd "ruxdau[d? uyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ okw
?
\/ twy0dp,wH? teufudk a&G;cs,fpdppfjcif;iSm/ eD,Ed OyeD,Ed?
uyfaqmiftyfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h e,m
e,m? uke\
f / tx 0g? um;/
aw oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ e,m 0d,? {uw tp&Sad om enf;wdu
Yk o
hJ /Ykd
a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h e,m
e,m? rnfuek \
f /
{uw t p&S d a om enf ; wd k Y u J h o d k Y tb,f o d k Y jzpf u k e f o enf ; -[k
ol a r;zG , f & S d xd k t ar;ud k ajztH h a omiS m ],xm [d } paom ygXf u d k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

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[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h {uwm'a,m1? {uwenf; tp&Su

d ek af om/
e,m? wdo
Yk nf/ (oH0wEd pyf)/ orm? aumif;pGm/ y#d0Zd ,
d rmem? xd;k xGi;f
odtyfuek o
f nf&adS omf/ yp,yp,yk E " rmeH? taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m; wd\
Yk /
,xmu r H ? pG m / or E 0 d b m*Asmyg&0d & [mEk l y zvbm0'aee?
taMumif;tusK;d \ tjzpfjzifh pyfjcif; taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd a0zefjcif;
1/ {uwm'a,m / / enf;onf {uwenf;? emewenf;? tAsmyg&enf;?
tEkyl zvenf;tm;jzifh av;yg;wnf;/ xdak v;yg;wdw
Yk iG f taMumif;w&m; tusK;d w&m;
wdkY\ wpfoEmefwnf; taMumif;tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh wpfpyfwnf; jzpfjcif;onf
{uwenf; rnf\/ xdkw&m;wdkY\ taMumif;tusKd;\ tjzpfjzifh wpfpyfwnf;
jzpfjim;aomfvnf; taMumif;w&m;onf tusK;d w&m;rS wpfyg;? tusK;d w&m;onfvnf;
taMumif ; w&m;rS wpf y g;wnf ; [k toD ; toD ; a0zef t yf o nf \ tjzpf o nf
emewenf; rnf\/ igonf rnfaom tusKd;udk NyD;aptHh[k taMumif;w&m;\
ESvkH;oGif;jcif; tm;xkwfjcif;rS uif;onf\tjzpf? xdkrnfaom taMumif;onf
Ny;D aptyf\[k tusK;d w&m;\ ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif; tm;xkwjf cif;rS uif;onf\tjzpfonf
tAsmyg&enf; rnf\? tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ taMumif;w&m;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfonf\
tjzpfonf tEklyzvenf; rnf\? enf;onfyif {0H"rwmenf;vnf; rnf\/
{uw tp&Sdaomenf;wdkYudk xdk;xGif; odtyfukefonf&Sdaomf xdkenf;wdkYonf
taMumif;tusK;d w&m;wd\
Yk qdt
k yfNy;D aom tpOftwdik ;f taMumif;tusK;d \ tjzpfjzifh
pyfonf\ tjzpf? toD;toD; a0zeftyfonf\ tjzpf? Asmyg&uif;onf\tjzpf?
taMumif;tm;avsmpf mG tusK;d jzpfonf\ tjzpfukd jyojzifh ra&m,Suaf omtm;jzifh
taygif; tp&Sdonfudk pGJ orkwftyfaom avmuoauFwtm;jzifh NyD;aom
a0g[m&rQom jzpfaom orkwo
d pm\ oabmudv
k nf;aumif;? yx0Dz tp&Sad om
w&m;wd k Y \ uu V zk o e tp&S d a om vu P m[k qd k t yf a om y&rw o p m \
oabmudv
k nf;aumif; oduek f Mum;ukeo
f nfjzpf edAm efwnf;[laom y&rwopmudk
xd;k xGi;f od&jcif;tusK;d iSm jzpfuek af omaMumifh enf;rnfuek o
f uJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl eE,
d m0
tp&Sdaom oH0Pem0daoowdkYonfvnf; uPSokuoy#dbm* jzpfukefaom
w&m;wdkYudk a0zefcGJjcrf; jyojzifh razmufrjyef yd#uokH;ykHwnf;[laom okwf\
teufukd odjcif;tusK;d udk Ny;D apukeo
f nf jzpf a0ae,swYkd opmav;yg;udk odjcif;iSm
jzpfukefaomaMumifh e,rnfukef\-[lvdkaomf/

90

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oabmAsmyg&rS uif;jcif; taMumif;tm;avsmpf mG jzpfaom tusK;d w&m; wd\

Yk
tjzpfudk jyojzifh/ touF&awm? ra&m,Sufaomtm;jzifh/ orKwdop
y&rwopmeH? orKwo
d pm y&rwopmwd\
Yk / obm0H? ud/k ya0',Em?
odapukefonf/ 0g? Mum;ukefonf/ [kwGm? / y&rwopy#da0"m,?
edAm efwnf;[laom y&rwopmudk xd;k xGi;f odjcif;iSm/ oH0wEd ,xm?
jzpfuek o
f uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ {awyd oH0Pem0daoom? eE,
d m0enf;
tp&Su
d ek af om oH0Pemtxl;wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ uPSou
k o
y#b
d m*"r0b
d m*
'aee? rnf;aomw&m; jzLaomw&m;wdkYudk cGJjcrf;a0zef jyojzifh/
t0dy&Dwokwwm0aAm"m,? razmufrjyef okwf\teufudk odjcif;iSm/
tbd o r K PE m ? NyD ; apuk e f o nf / [k w G m ? / a0ae,smeH ? wd k Y t m;/
pwkopy# ad 0"m,? opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjcif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f /
tx 0g? um;/ y&d,wt
d w? y&d,wf\ teufu/kd e,eawm p?
odapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ oHuad voawm? ow&m;rS/
,reawm p? apmifw
h wfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ edkwdea,e1?
jzif/h e,m
e,m? rnfuek \
f / /
om"m&Ptm;jzif h teuf u d k qd k N yD ; tom"m&Ptm;jzi
tom"m&Ptm;jziff h u m;
rqdkNyDavm/ tom"m&Ptm;jzifh teufudk igwdkY tb,fodkY rSwf&rnfenf;[k apm'emzG,f&Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]eEd,m0amwd tm'Dok}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

eEd,m0am
m0amwd tm'Do?k wdYk / tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/
eE,
d m0? Zvyfyef;\/ tm0am 0d,? vnfjcif;uJo
h /Ykd {w e,?
\/ 0g? tm;/ tm0am? onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom ea,m?
onf/ eE d , m0am
m0am? rnf\/ [d 0dwm&,dmrd? tHh / eEd,m0am?
1/ edkwdea,e / / y&d,wt
d wH e,Ed ayEw
D d e,m? oHuad voawm
,rEw
D d ,rm? e,m p aw ,rm pmwd e,m [kjyK edw
k ed nf;tm;jzifh e,rS eud?k
,rrS ,udk ,l e,m[k qdo
k nf[v
l akd omf/

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

91

Zvyfyef;onf/ taEm? twGi;f / Xdawe? aom/ y"mem0,a0e? y"mejzpfaom

tpdwjf zif/h A[d'g ? od/Yk tm0wd ,xm? vnfouJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ t,rd
ea,m? onf v nf ; / taE m ? / Xd a we? aom/ y"mem0,a0e?
wPSmt0dZmorx0dyemwnf;[laom y"metpdwfjzifh/ A[d'g? odkY/
tm0wd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
tx 0g? um;/ {w ea,? / eE,
d m wPSm,? wPSm\/ 0g? um;/
yarm'? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;\/ tm0am? vnfjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom?
aMumifh/ aom ea,m? onf/ eE d , m0am
m0am? rnf\/ wD[d? ukefaom/
t0,a0[d? tpdwjf zpfuek af om/ avmbm'D[?d wdjYk zif/h oHuad voyau?
yujzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd tavmbm'D[?d wdjYk zif/h a0g'geyau? yujzpfaom
w&m;wdu
Yk /kd ykua vm aombaem? wifw
h ,fapwwfonfwnf;/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wdykuavm
vm? rnf\/
oD[ 0duDVdawm oD[0duDVdawm[k q|DwyK&dof vsOf;yg;zG,f
&Sd&um; ]oD[ 0duDVdwH {wmwd oD[0duDVdawm}-[k rdefYaomf/
rd*dEonf oD[rnfoavm/ xdkrd*dE\ uGefYjrL;jcif;onf 0duDVdw
rnfoavm[k ,kHrSm;zG,f&Sd xdk,kHrSm;jcif;udk epfapjcif;iSm ]oDa[m b*0g
w 0duDVdwH wd uwGm}-udk rdefYownf;/
rd*dEom oD[rnfapawmhavm/ tb,faMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;on
m;onff
oD[rnfoenf;[k pum;xGuf&maomaMumifh ]toE /v/ a,ma*e}udk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
bk & m;wnf ; [l a om oD [ \ uG e f Y j rL;jcif ; um; tb,f e nf ; /
umr&wd - avm[k pk ' f x G u f & maomaMumif h ]a'oem /v/ 0d [ ma&m}[laom ygXf xGufonf/
bk&m;ocif\ a'oemwnf;[laom uGefYjrL;jcif;onf bk&m;jrwfpGm
om &S d o nf r[k w f u k e f a vm/ tod k Y r l bk & m;ocif \ uG e f Y j rL;jcif ;
&S d a omaMumif h enf ; onf oD [ 0d u D V d w rnf y gtH h e nf ; [k yk p m xG u f & m
aomaMumifh ]0dyvmowy#dyuy&d'Dyeawm}-[laomygXf xGufownf;/

92

aewdt|uxmed,

toEmoeZ0y&urm'd0daooa,ma*e? rxdwfvefYjcif; vsifjcif;

vkv
YH tp&Sad om *kPt
f xl;ESihf ,SOjf cif;aMumif/h b*0g? onf/ oDa[m? rnf\/
w? xdjk rwfpmG bk&m;\/ a'oem0pDurbal wm? a'oem0pDujH zpf jzpfaom/
0d[ma&m? aejcif;onf/ 0duVD w
d ?H uGejYf rL;jcif; rnf\/ wd uwGm rdem
um&aPe? odaYk om taMumif;aMumif/h 0dyvmowy#d yuy&d'yD eawm?
0dyvmow&m; xd0k yd vmow&m;wd\
Yk qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd
jywwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h {w ea,? / oD[? jcaoFEh iS hf wlaom
jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ 0duVD w
d ?H a'oemwnf;[laom uGejYf rL;jcif;onf/ tw?d \/
wd wom? aMumif/h |? 18 oD[0duDVdawm
wm? rnf\/ ea,m? ud/k vAw?d
\/ (0duyf oDa[m 0d,mwd oDa[m[k a&S;yk'u
f kd Oyrmw'w
d jf yKapvd\
k )/
0g? um;/ Av0daooa,m*'Dyeawm? tm;txl;ESihf ,SOjf cif;udk jywwfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h (o'do pyf)/ oD[0duVD w
d o'dowm? jcaoFrh if;\ uGejYfrL;jcif;ESihf
wlonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ea,m? onf/ oD[0duDVdawm
wm? rnf\/ (0duyf
rd*Ed u
kd oD[,l oD[ 0duVD w
d H oD[0duVD w
d ?H oD[0duVD w
d H 0d,mwd
oD[0duVD ad wm[k jyKapvd\
k )/
{w? aemuf0u
d yf/ 0g? Av0daooa,m*'Dyeawm[laom yk'f /
o'g'dAvH? o'gtp&Sad om Adv
k o
f nf/ Av0daoaom? rnf\/ 0g? um;/
'oAvmed {0? q,fyg;aom tm;awmfwo
Ykd nfomvQi/f Av0daoaom/
rnf\/ twe,w,'dombma0e? twe,ok;H yg;taygif;\ tjzpfjzif/h
ukovm'd"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd tmavmpeH? Munhjf cif;onf/ 'domavmpeH? rnf\/
wxm tmavmpdwmeH? xdkodkY MunhftyfukefNyD;aom/ awoH "rmeH?
xdu
k o
k v
kd t
f p&Sad om w&m;wdu
Yk /kd twe,w,a,mZae? twe,ok;H yg;
taygif; ,SOfjcif;/ orme,eawm? aumif;pGm aqmifwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h tuFak om 0d,? cRe;f awmif;uJo
h /Ykd a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h tuFkaom
om? rnf\/ *gxmok? wdYk / tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm?
\/ *gxmok? wdYk / okww
?H okw\
f teufu/kd vawd yumaowd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h vaum? rnf\/ aom oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ ea,m

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

93

p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ vaum p? okw\

f teufukd jywwfonfvnf;/
a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h e,vaum
um? rnf\/ *wm
*wmwd? um;/
wm? odtyfuek \
f / rwm? odtyfuek \
f / wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
0g? um;/ aom {0 ygaXm? xdrk wm-[laom ygVdonfyifvQi/f tw?d \/ aooH?
ud/k 0kwe a,e? jzif/h a0'dwA?H \/ /
3/ {0H? od/Yk ea,yd? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ O'o
d w
d mG ? tusO;f tm;jzifh jyNy;D / 'ged?
ww uwrmeD}}wd
/ rlvy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd O'o
d w
d ?Hk tusO;f tm;jzifh jyjcif;iSm/ ]]ww
tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H tm;xkwt
f yf\/ ww? xdw
k w uwrmed tp&Sad om ygVd/
tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ wmed "rZmwmed? wdo
Yk nf/ e,meH?
enf;wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ y|mebm*ge? omoey|mefwdkYudk a0zefjcif;
wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ ywd|mbm0awm? wnf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h rlvmed
p? rlvwdo
Yk nfvnf;/ a[mE?d uke\
f / t"d*rlyg, bm0awm p? enf;wdu
Yk kd
od j cif ; \ taMumif ; jzpf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h vnf ; aumif ; /
aum|mobm0awm p? tzdjYk zpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;/ y'ged p?
y'wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h rlvy'ged? rnfuek \
f /
aumov o r L waw e ? ynmaMumif h jzpf a om teuf a Mumif h / 0g?
oabmaMumifh/ ukovmed? rnfukef\/ 0g? um;/ ukpdwmeH? pufqkyf
tyfuek af om/ ygy"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd oveawm 0d'o
H eawm? zsuq
f ;D wwfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h ukovmed? rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ ukomeH? pufqyk t
f yfaom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfukefaom/ &m*g'DeH? wdkYudk/ v0eawm? &dyfwwf
jzwfwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ukovmed? rnfuek \
f / 0g? um;/ ukom 0d,?
oref;jrufuo
hJ /Ykd v0eawm? aMumif/h ukovmed? uke\
f / 0g? um;/ ukaoe?
pufqyk t
f yfaom tukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd acgif;yg;apwwf tqk;H udk jyKwwfaom/
aPe? onf/ vmwAawm y0awwAawm? jzpfaptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
ukovmed? rnfuek \
f / (ukovmed[al om yk'u
f kd a&S;yk'w
f EYkd iS hf [yfcsn;f
ay;onf)/ wy#yd uawm? xdu
k o
k v
kd \
f qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
tukovmed? rnfuek \
f / wd? od/Yk y'awm? yk'\
f teufu/kd a0'dwaAm?
\/ /

94

aewdt|uxmed,

{0H? od/Yk *Pey&dap'awm p? ta&twGuu

f kd ydik ;f jcm;aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ (e0u,SO
f qdo
k nf)/ Zmwdab'awm p? ukov
kd f tukov
kd f
[laom Zmwftxl;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ (ukovmed tukovmedukd ,SO
f
qdo
k nf)/ rlvy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd 'awGm? / 'ged? / olyawm? tm;jzif/h
'aaEm? aom/ tmp&da,m? upn;f q&monf/ oHuad voyuaH ,0?
wPSm}}wd tm'dem?
oHuad votzd&Yk adS om rlvy'udo
k mvQi/f yXrH1? pGm/ ]]wPS
jzif/h O'dowd? tusO;f tm;jzifh jyawmfr\
l /
ww 0pae? xdyk gVd/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ wowd
y&dwowd? awmifw
h wwf\/ 0g? wkev
f yI w
f wf\/ (wpfcck ak om tmkH
r&yfwnf/ xdx
k o
kd aYkd om tmku
H kd tmkjH yKonf [lvakd omf)/ wd wom? aMumif/h
wPSm? rnf\/ t0dE,
d ?H r&tyfaom um,'kpdu
k f tp&So
d nfu/kd 0dEw
?d
&wwf\/ 0dE,
d ?H &tyfaom um,okpdu
k f tp&So
d nfu/kd e 0dEw
?d r&wwf/
wd wom? aMumif/h t0dZm? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ 0dZm y#dyaum? 0dZm \
qefu
Y sib
f ufonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h t0dZm? rnf\/ awe
obma0e? jzif/h vkAE ?d wyfwwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aom obma0g?
onf/ avmabm
avmabm? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ o,H? onf/ vkAw
?d \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h aom obma0g? onf/ avmabm
avmabm? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ aom obma0g?
onf/ vkAe rwar0? wyfjcif;rQonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h avmabm
avmabm? rnf\/ a'goarma[oky?d wdYk vnf;/ {ao0 {aom
{0 ea,m? udo
k mvQi/f '|aAm? \/ tokab? b/ ]]okb}}E?d okb[l/
y0wm? jzpfaom/ onm? onf/ ok b onm
onm? rnf\/ okconm'Dokyd?
wdYk vnf;/ rdem0 ea,e? jzifo
h mvQi/f tawm? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ o*F[E?d
um;/ *PeH? a&wGujf cif;od/Yk oarmo&P
oarmo&PE?d um;/ oarma&myeH? aygif;jcif;
pka0;jcif;od/Yk /
1/ yXrH O'dowd / / e0y'ged ukovmed e0y'ged tukovmed[k a&S;
qdktyfonfESifhtnD ukovy'udk a&S;OD;pGm jytyfvsuf ypmowdenf;tm;jzifh
tukovy'udk a&S;OD;pGm jyonf-[lvakd omf/

2-Oa'o0g&tzGifh

95

ypeu
D "ar? qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd oarwd? Nird ;f apwwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h oraxm
oraxm? rnf\/ tedpm 'D[?d ukeaf om/ 0d0ad "[d?
ukeaf om/ tmuma&[d? wdjYk zif/h ywd? Iwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0d y em
em? rnf\/ tavmbm'a,m
tavmbm'a,m? wdkYudk/ avmbm'dy#dyuawm?
avmbtp&So
d nfw\
Ykd qefu
Y sib
f uftm;jzif/h a0'dwAm? uke\
f / tokab?
tokb}}E?d [l/ y0wm? aom/ onm? onf/ tokbonm
onm? rnf\/
/ ]]tok
um,mEkyemowdy|meH? um,mEkyemowdy|mefwnf;/ wpfenf;um;um,mEkyemowdy|meH? ud/k vAw?d \/
tokbowdqdkvQifrlum; q&mhpum; oifh\/ ,if;odkYum; rqdk/
tokbonm[lom qdkcJh\/ um,mEkyemowdy|meH-[l qdkaom
q&mhpum; tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf;-[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]onmoDaoe [d
a'oem}[laom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ onmoDaoe? onmudk y"mejyKaom tm;jzif/h

a'oem? ud/k 0kwm ? \/ 'kuonm
nm'Doyk ?d wdYk vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? udo
k mvQi/f
'|aAm? \/ /
'H O'geeEd 'H 0peH? onf/ 0kwa 0? omvQijf zpfaom/ tw?
ud/k ('geH &uPo
H Ykd qdu
k )f / 0dyu
P
d b
ma0e? zdzk &J\ tjzpfjzif/h edw?Hk
ysupf ;D jcif;iSm/ t'wGm? ray;rl/ O'?H txuf/ 'geH &uP?H apmifah om
pum;wnf;/ O'geH? txuf apmifhaom pum;/ o*F[0peH? tusOf;
a&wGuaf om pum;wnf;/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ]]pwma&m |?
19 0dyvmom}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/ (pwk&m 0dyvmom
[lom &So
d nfr[kwf [lvakd omf)/ udavoblrDw?d um;/ oHuad voblr?d
oHuad vobkrH nf\/ uom? um;/ oaAo?H ukeaf om/ tukov"rmeH? wd\
Yk /
oarmo&P|mewm? pka0;&m jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ ukovmeH? wd\
Yk /
wDP?d ukeaf om/ ,med rlvmed? tMuifrv
l wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f / wpfenf;/
ukovmeH ,med wDPd rlvmeDwdyd? [lvnf;aumif;/ ukovmeDwdyd?

96

aewdt|uxmed,

[lvnf;aumif;/ yXE?d uke\

f / (odYk wdyo
d 'gudk [yfay;/ ukovmeH
,med[
l vnf;aumif;/ ukovmed ,med[
l vnf;aumif; ygXf&\
dS [lvakd omf)/
atmuf tokbonmponfjzifh qdkcJh\/ o*F[*gxm owdy|mem
[l qd k c J h \ / yk A m y& rnD [ k t,l & S d a v&maomaMumif h xd k t ,l u d k
epfpdrfhaomiSm ]owdy|memwd}-paom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

owdy|mem
|memwd 'H 0peH? ud/k tokbonm'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd oEm,?
/ tm[? \/ `Ed,blrDwd 'H 0peH? ud/k o'g'De?H ukeaf om/ 0drw
k d
y&dygped`E,
d meH? 0drw
k u
d kd &ifah pwwfaom a`Ew
\
Ykd / oarmo&P|mewm?
pka0;&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0kw?H \/
,kZwd[laom Bud,m a[wkteuf twGif;0if\-[k odapvdk&um
um;;
],k Z E D w d a,mZD , E d } ud k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

,kZEDw?d um;/ oH0Pau[d? zGiahf om q&mwdo

Yk nf/ a,mZD,E?d
,SOaf ptyfuek \
f / acg
acgwd? um;/ y'yl&aP? / y0awm? aom/ edygawm?
wnf;/ 0g? um;/ t0"m&Paw? t0"m&Pteuf/ y0awm? aom/ edygawm?
wnf;/ awe? xdt
k 0"m&P teuf&adS om acgo'gjzif/h {aw {0? wPSm
tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nfomvQi/f rlvy'g rlvy'ged? wdo
Yk nf/ b0E?d uke\
f / wd?
od/Yk 'awd? \/ 0g? um;/ t|m&ao0? wpfq,f&h pS yf g;om jzpfuek af om/
y'g? y'wdkYonf/ rl v y'g rlvy'ged? wdkYonf/ b0Ed? ukef\/ (odkY
oH0aPwAukd arQm
f ay;/ a&S;0duyfjzifh rlvy'wpfyg;ru &So
d nf\ tjzpfu?kd
aemuf0u
d yfjzifh xdrk v
l y'wd\
Yk wpfq,f&h pS yf g;atmuf r,kwrf vGeo
f nf\
tjzpfukd jyonf)/ rlvy'g
y'gwd? um;/ rlvy'ged? wdo
Yk nf/ 0g? um;/ vd*0F yd vmaom?
vdijf yefaom o'gwnf;/ (a&SUtvdu
k m; edukd tmjyKonf/ aemuftvdu
k m;
eykvid o
f nf ykvid jf yefonf-[lvakd omf)/ /
Oa'o0g&0Pem? onf/ ed|dwm/ NyD;NyD/
e e e

3-eda'o0g&tzGifh
{0H? od/Yk O'ad |? tusO;f tm;jzifh jytyfuek af om/ [m&m'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd
ww oacFyawm
ed'o
d w
d ?Hk tus,jf ytHah omiSm/ ]]ww
awm}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H
\/ ww 0pae? xdw
k w oacFyawm tp&Sad om ygXf/ wwmwd? um;/
wo Oa'oygaX? xdOk a'oygXf/ oacFyawm aewd udwdwmmwd? um;/
ormoawm? tm;jzif/h aewyd u
&PH? ud/k uxdw?H \/ [d? pG/ [m&e,
rlvy'geH? wdkYudk/ oly'eH? okyftm;jzifh jyjcif;udk/ Oa'oygaXe?
Oa'oygXfjzif/h uwH? jyKtyf\/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ {w p? [m&e,rlv
y'wdw
Yk iG v
f nf;/ [m&e,meH? wd\
Yk / (y'awm paomyk'f pyf)/
omrnawm p? omrntm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0g? t0daoo
tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0daoaoe p? txl;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0g?
rqufqHaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ y'awm p? o'g\ teufudk
vnf;aumif;/ vuP? vuPmudkvnf;aumif;/ 0g? oabmudk
vnf;aumif;/ uarm p? tpOfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ {wm0wm p? rQ
twdik ;f t&Sn&f o
dS nf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ a[wGm'D p? taMumif;
tp&So
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Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ 0dnKem? onf/ a0'dwAm [d a0'dwAm
{0? odtyfuek o
f vQiu
f wnf;/
awok? xdky'w tp&SdonfwdkYwGif/ t0daooawm p? tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ 0daooawm p? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ [m&e,meH? wd\
Yk /
tawm? ud/k 'dawm? Ny/D vuPm'Dok ye? wdYk um;/ t0daooawm?
tm;jzif/h oaAy?d vnf;jzpfuek x
f aom/ [m&m p? wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ e,m
p? wdkYonfvnf;aumif;/ ,xmurH? pGm/ Asewrkace? o'gteufudk
tOD;jyKojzif/h 0g? t&if;jyKojzif/h ([m&ESio
hf 'g e,ESit
hf euf ,xmur
,l)/ e0*F? aom/ omoe? \/ two0H PevuPm? teufukd
zGijhf cif;vuPm &Su
d ek \
f / 0daooawm ye? tm;jzifu
h m;/ w w
[m& p? \vnf;aumif;/ w w e, p? \vnf;aumif;/
vuP?H ud/k eda'ao {0? eda'o0g&omvQi/f ux,dmr? uket
f /hH

98

aewdt|uxmed,

urm'Ded p? tpOf tp&So

d nfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;/ 0g? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ ,om? aMumif/h
aeoH? xd[
k m&e,wd\
Yk / vuaPok? wdu
Yk /kd awok? odtyfuek o
f nf&adS omf/
0dan,smed? odv,
G u
f ek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wom? aMumif/h wmedy?d xdt
k pOf
tp&S d o nf w d k Y u d k v nf ; / ed a ' o awm? ed a ' o 0g&rS / y&awm? /
yumo,dmr? uket
f /hH /
[m&oacFy=[m&tusOf;
1/ tm'g'De0wm
0wmwdtm'dum? tp&Su
d ek af om/ ,m ye eda'o*gxm?
wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f / wmok eda'o*gxmok? wdYk / tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk
'|aAm? \/ tm'g'De0wm
0wmwd y'? \/ tma'g tm'De0wmwd?
[l/ y'0dbma*g? yk'u
f kd a0zefjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ tm'De0wmwd p?
tm'De0wm[lonfvnf;/ tm'Dea0g {0? tm'De0yifwnf;/ (wmypn;f um;
a'0wm ponfuJo
h Ykd oGw[
v
l akd omf)/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ ]]tm'g'De0awm}}
wd? [l/ yXE?d uke\
f / wH? onf/ e okE& ?H raumif;/ ww? xdt
k m'g
'De0wm tp&Sad omygXf/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ tm'D,wd?
om,mtyf \ / wd wo m ? aMumif h / tma'g? rnf \ / ok c ?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ aomre? udv
k nf;aumif;/ vAw?d \/ [d? pG/ ]],H
bdua 0 /v/ |? 20 Oyg'geuaEok tma'g}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k
0kw?H Ny/D ]]bdua 0? wd/Yk yKyg'geuaE? ig;yg;aom Oyg'gef\ tmkjH zpfaom
cEmwdkYudk/ y#dp? pGJ/ ,H okc? onfvnf;aumif;/ ,H aomre?
onfvnf;aumif;/ OyZwd? \/ t,H? okcaomreonf/ yok?
ukeaf om/ Oyg'geuaEo?k Oyg'gef\ tmkjH zpfaom cEmwdYk / tma'g?
rnf\}}/ {wH okc? onfvnf;aumif;/ {wH aomre? onfvnf;aumif;/
tma'g? rnfonf/ a[mwd ,xm p? uJhodkYvnf;/ {0H wxm? wl/
|m&rPr?d onfvnf;/ tma'g? rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wpfenf;um;
{wH okc? onfvnf;aumif;/ {wH aomre? onfvnf;aumif;/
tm'D,wDwd rdem 0peawe? jzif/h tma'g? onf/ a[mwd ,xm p?
uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ {0H wxm? wl/ |m&rPr?d onfvnf;/ tm'D,wDwd rdem

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

99

0peawe? jzifh/ tma'g? onf/ a[mwd? \/ p ,kwH? \/ ]]aom

w'ma'wd wH edumarwD}}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ ]]lyH /v/ OyZw
}D }wd
p? [l vnf ; aumif ; / ]]oH a ,mZeD a ,ok /v/ Ek y d a em}}wd p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ {wrd 0peH? udv
k nf;/ 0kw?H Ny/D aom yk*a vm? onf/ wH?
xd
k |mku
H /kd tma'wd? om,m\/ wH? xd
k |mku
H /kd edumarwd? tvd&k \
dS /
ly?H ud/k tma'wd? \/ tbdeEw?d tvGeEf pS o
f uf\/ wH ly?H ud/k tm&A?
tmkHjyK/ &ma*g? onf/ OyZwd? \/ bdua0? wdkY/ oHa,mZeDa,ok?
oHa,mZOf\ tmkHjzpfukefaom/ "arok? wdkY/ tm'gEkydaem?
om,mtyf\[k tzefwvJvJ Iaom &[ef;tm;/ 0g? tm'tm;jzifh
tzefwvJvJ Iaom &[ef;tm;/ wPSm? onf/ y0wd? yGm;\/ 0g? um;/
{wm, wPSm,? jzif/h tma'wd? om,mwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
om wPSm? onf/ tma'g? rnf\/ wPSm? ud/k vAw?d \/
xdkpum;udk jrJapvdk&um; ]wPSm, [d} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
qd k t yf N yD ; aom pum;\ v' * k P f u d k jytH h a omiS m ]{0H /v/
a0'dwaAm}udk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ um&Pblwm,? aom/ wPSm,? jzif/h yk*a vm?

onf/ okcr?d udv
k nf;aumif;/ okcg&rPr?d okc\ tmku
H v
kd nf;aumif;/
tma'wd? \/ wPSm? onf/ tma'g ,xm p? 'rnfouJo
h v
Ykd nf;/
{0H wxm? wl/ 0dyvmomyd? owdkYonfvnf;/ tma'g? rnf\/
wpfenf;um; wPSm? onf/ tma'wd {wm,mwd rdem 0peawe?
jzif/h tma'g? onf/ a[mwd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ {0H wxm? wl/
0dyvmomyd? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ tma'wd {wm,mwd rdem 0peawe?
jzifh/ tma'g? rnfonf/ a[mEd? ukef\/ [d wa'0 opH? \/
0dyvmo0aoe? o\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h owm? wdo
Yk nf/ ted|rd tm&rP?H
ted | mk H u d k v nf ; / (yd o ' g jzif h |mk H u d k v nf ; ,l ) / |muma&e?
|tjcif;t&mjzif/h 0g? |tzdjYk zif/h tma'E?d uke\
f /
{0H? od/Yk wpfenf;um; {0H rdem um&aPe? odYk okc aomre
tp&SdonfwdkY\ tm' rnfonf\tjzpf-[laom taMumif;aMumifh/

100

aewdt|uxmed,

a0'em, p? okc tp&Sad om a0'em\vnf;aumif;/ 0g? udv

k nf;aumif;/
1
oaA o H ? uk e f a om/ awbl r uocF g &me ? wd k Y \ vnf ; aumif ; / 0g?
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ wPSm, p? \vnf;aumif;/ 0g? udkvnf;aumif;/
0dyvmome? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0g? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ tm'0dpma&m?
tm'[l pD&ifjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
'kum'kurokca0'emeH? 'kua0'em t'kurokca0'emwdkY\/
tm'eD,wm? om,mtyfonf\ tjzpfonf/ uxH ye a[mwd?
tb,foYkd jzpftehH nf;/ wdap 0a',s? tH/h 0dyvmoawm p? otm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ okcy&d,m,oAm0awm p? okc\ y&d,m,foabm
tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 'kum 'kur okca0'emeH? wd\
Yk / tm'eD,wm? onf/
a[mwd? \/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f tm0kaom 0domc?
'g,um 0domc/ acg? pifppf/ okcg? okcjzpfaom/ a0'em? onf/ Xdwo
d ck g?
wnfojzifh csr;f om\/ 0dy&dPmr'kum ? azmufjyefojzifh qif;&J\/ 'kum ?
aom/ a0'em? onf/ Xdwd'kum? wnfojzifh qif;&J\/ 0dy&dPmrokcg?
azmufjyefojzifh csr;f om\/ t'kur okcg? aom/ a0'em? onf/ Pokcg?
odojzifh csr;f om\/ tnmP'kum ? rodojzifh qif;&J\/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H Ny/D
ww? xdak 0'em tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f 0g? tm'w&m;wdw
Yk iG /f a0'em,? \/
0g? udk/ t|owy&d,m,0aoe? t|owy&d,m,f\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/
0dbma*g? a0zefjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ awblruocFg&meH? wd\
Yk / 0g? wdu
Yk /kd
edauyu@lyu@0aoe? edauyu@lyu@\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dbma*g?
udk/ a0'dwaAm? \/ wPSm,? \/ 0g? udk/ oHudavo0wK0dba*F p?
oHudavo0wK0dbif;vnf;aumif;/ ed a u y ua@ p? vnf;aumif;/
wPSmeda'o0aoe? wPSmeda'o\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ 0dbma*g? udk/
a0'dwaAm? \/ 0dyvmomeH? wd\
Yk / 0g? wdu
Yk /kd okconm'd0aoe p? wd\
Yk
1/ oaAoH / / t<uif;r&Su
d ek af om omo0w&m;wdu
Yk kd |mku
H kd
,lojzifh ,ltyfaomaMumifh ]oaAoH awblruocFg&meH}[k qdo
k nf/ 'ku t'kur okc
a0'emwdkY\ om,mtyfonf\tjzpf r&SdaomaMumifh xdka0'emwdkYudk tm'
pD&ifjcif;udk rcHcs&d um; ]uxH ye} ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

101

tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 'Ggo|d'|d *d w0aoe p? ajcmufq,fEh pS yf g;aom
rdpm 'd|w
d \
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0dbma*g? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
'kum a0'em? onf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ wdamyd?
vnf;jzpfukefaom/ 'kuwm? 'kutjzpfwdkYonf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/
wpfenf;um; tm'Dea0g? [lonfum;/ 'kum a0'em? wnf;/ 0g? um;/
wdamyd? ukeaf om/ 'kuw
m? wdw
Yk nf;/ (odaYk omfvnf;ay;)/
odkY tm'De0o'g\ a'go|tjzpfudk jyNyD; ,cktcg uyP|
tjzpfudk jyvdk ]tx 0g} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

tx 0g? um;/ oaAy?d vnf;jzpfuek af om/ awblrum? bko

H ;Hk yg;
jzpfuek af om/ ocFg&m? wdo
Yk nf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ [d? pG/ twd0,
d ? tvGe/f
tm'DeH uyPH? txD;useo
f nfjzpf/ 0gwd y0ww?d jzpfwwf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ uyPrEkam? txD;useaf om vlu/kd vAw?d \/
,if;odkYaomf txD;usefaom vludkom tm'De0[k q&m qdkygavmh/
tod k Y r l tvk H ; pk H a om awbl r uocF g &ud k tm'D e 0[k qd k b d o enf ; /
wpfenf;um; tm'De0t&udk uyPrEkam[k q&mqdk\/ a&S; ]oaAyd
awblrum ocFg&m tm'Dea0g}[k qdkonf r[kwfukefavm/ q&mpum;
ykAmy& rnDcJhwum;[k apm'emxGuf&maomaMumifh ]{0H /v/ a,ma*e}
[laomygXf xGufownf;/

awblrum? ukeaf om/ "rm p? wdo

Yk nfvnf;/ tedpw
m'da,ma*e?
tedpt
p&So
d nfwEYkd iS hf ,SOjf cif;aMumif/h {0Hobm0g? odYk txD;useaf om
vlEiS w
hf al om oabm&Su
d ek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /
qdktyfNyD;aom ESpf0duyf\ v'*kPfudk jytHhaomiSm ],awm /v/
0kpwd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

,awm ,om? tMuif txD;useaf omoabm &So

d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
ww? xd'k u
k a 0'em tp&Sad om w&m;wdYk / tm&'0yd umeH? tm;xkwf
tyfaom 0dyem&Su
d ek af om &[ef;wd\
Yk / tm'De0gEkyem? tm'De0[l
tzefwvJvJ Ijcif;ud/k ,xmblwea,mwd? razmufrjyef jzpfaomenf;[l/
0kpw
?d \/ wxm p wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]bdua 0? wd/Yk yKyg'geuEm ?

102

aewdt|uxmed,

wdkYonf/ ,H tedpm? tMuif tedpoabm&Sdukef\/ ,H 'kum? tMuif

'kuo
abm&Su
d ek \
f / ,H 0dy&dPmr"rm? tMuif azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Su
d ek \
f /
t,H? tedp tp&Sad omoabmonf/ yo?k ukeaf om/ Oyg'geuaEo?k
wdYk / tm'Dea0g? rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/ wom? aMumif/h tm'Dea0g?
ud/k (ed'o
d w
d aAmodYk qdu
k )f / 'kuo
pead 'oblwmeH? 'kuo
pm\ eda'ojzpf
jzpfuek af om/ Zmwd,m'De? Zmwd tp&So
d nf wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ tedpw
m'De?H
tedptjzpf tp&Sdukefaom/ 'GgpwmvDom,? av;q,fhESpfyg;aom/
tmum&me? tjcif;t&mwd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe? jzif/h 0dbZdwmG ? /
ed'o
d w
d aAm? \/ /
{awe? t&d,r*fjzif/h ed&wd? xGuaf jrmufwwf\/ 0g? tvk;H pkaH om
ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S uif;\/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom t&d,ra*g? onf/
ed&PH? rnf\/ t&d,ra*g? ud/k vAw?d \/ 0g? um;/ ed&wd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h ed&PH? rnf\/ edAm eH? ud/k vAw?d \/
ed&Po'g\ 0pewudk u&Pom"e uwKom"etm;jzifh ESpfcsuf
q&m qdk\/ oH0aPwA ed&Po'gwpfckom &Sdonfr[kwfukefavm
pk'f&Sd&um; ]Ob,rd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

Ob,rd? ESpfyg;aom t&d,r*f edAmefudkvnf;/ omrneda'aoe?

ed&Po'gonf a[mtyfaom teuf\ tjzpfjzifh wlonf\ tjzpfukd
jyaomtm;jzifh/ 0g? um;/ {uaoaoe? {uoduftm;jzifh/ |? 21
]]ed&P}}Ed? [l/ 0kwH? \/ yd -oa'g? onf/ yk&drme? a&S;jzpfaom
tm'tm'D e 0wd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / yp d r me ? aemuf j zpf a om
zvOyg,tmPww
d u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ or@
d eawm? aygif;jcif;teuf&\
dS /
(Oyga,m p tp&So
d nfwYkd po'gudk y'yl&Pom[k ESv;Hk ydu
k
f qdo
k nf)/
ww ? xd k e d &P/ 0g? t&d , r*f e d A m ef w d k Y w G i f / t&d , r* y au ?
t&d,r*ftzdkY/ owdy|mem'DeH? owdy|mef tp&Sdukefaom/ oww
oaAm"dyud,"rme? okH;q,fhckepfyg;aom aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY\
vnf;aumif;/ w'aEm*"ab'geH? xdt
k &d,r*f tusK;H 0ifaom txl;jzpf

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

103

ukeaf om/ um,mEkyem'De? wd\

Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe? jzif/h ed&PH?
ud/k 0dbZdwmG ? / ed'o
d w
d A?H \/ /
edAm eyau ye? um;/ tocFwm, "mwk,m? tocFw"mwf\/ 0g?
ud/k edy& ,
d ma,e? rkcstm;jzif/h 0dbma*g? onf/ udm yd ew?d &Si/hf ye wxmyd?
aomf v nf ; / aomyg'd a ooed k y g'd a ooaba'e? oOyg'd a oo
tEkyg'daootjym;tm;jzif/h y&d,ma,e? tm;jzif/h 0dbZdwmG ? / ed'o
d w
d A?H
\/ (odaYk y;)/ 0g? um;/ ,awm? tMuifajcmufyg;aom 'Gg& tp&So
d nfwrYkd /S
wH? xdek Ad m efonf/ ed#H? xGuaf jrmuf\/ awoH? xdo
k Ykd oabm&Su
d ek af om/
y#dord'gra*? / 'dwyab'geH? jytyfaom tjym;&Su
d ek af om/ pum'De?H
ukefaom/ qEH? ukefaom/ 'Gg&me? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ lyg'DeH? lygkH
tp&Sdukefaom/ qEH? ukefaom/ tm&rPme? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/
wHwH'Gg&y0wmeH? xdkxdkodkYaom 'Gg& jzpfukefaom/ qEH qEH? aom/
0dnmPza0'emonmapwemwPSm0dwu0dpm&me? 0dnmOf z
a0'em onm apwem wPSm 0dwuf 0dpm&wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ yx0D"mwk
tm'DeH? ukefaom/ qEH? ukefaom/ "mwle? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ 'oEH?
uk e f a om/ uod P m,weme ? uod P psmef w d k Y \ vnf ; aumif ; /
(uodPm,wemeDwd uodPpsmemed[k txuf e,ork|metzGi#hf u
D mESihf
tnD ay;onf)/ tokbmeH? ukeaf om/ auom'De?H ukeaf om/ 'Gwo
m,?
okH;q,fhESpfyg;aom/ tmum&me? aum|mowdkY\vnf;aumif;/ yEH?
ukeaf om/ cEme? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 'Gg'oE?H ukeaf om/ tm,weme?
wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ t|m&oEH? ukefaom/ "mwle? wdkY\vnf;aumif;/
avmud,meH? ukeaf om/ `E,
d me? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ umr"mwktm'De?H
ukeaf om/ wdE?H ukeaf om/ "mwle? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ umrb0g'De?H
ukeaf om/ wdPH wdP?H ukeaf om/ b0ge? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ (umrb0
lyb0 tlyb0ok;H yg;/ onDb0 tonDb0 ae0onDemonDb0ok;H yg;?
{ua0gum&b0 pwka0gum&b0 ya0gum&b0ok;H yg; odYk wdPH wdP\
H
t&udk,l)/ pwkEH? ukefaom/ (teE&okH;yk'f\ 0daooe)/ psmeme?
wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ tyrnme? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ tmkyg e? tlypsmefw\
Ykd

104

aewdt|uxmed,

vnf;aumif;/ 'Gg'oE?H ukeaf om/ y#dpo

rkyg '*Fge? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ wd
{0rm'De?H ukeaf om/ ocFw"rmeH? wd\
Yk / ed&Pbma0e p? xGuaf jrmuf&m\
tjzpfjzifo
h mvQi/f 0dbZdwmG ? / ed'o
d w
d A?H \/ /
zv
zvE?d um;/ a'oemzvH? a'oem\ tusK;d wnf;/ wH a'oemzvH?
onf/ u ye? tb,fenf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h ,H zvH? ud/k
a'oem,? onf/ edyg 'D,wd? Ny;D aptyf\/ wH zvH? onf/ a'oemzvH?
rnf\/
jrwf p G m bk & m;a'oemawmf o nf tEk y g'gy&d e d A m ef w d k i f a tmif a om
tusKd;&Sd&um; ]eEk p /v/ edym'D,wd}[l apm'u qdkownf;/ edAmefudk
&jcif;udk a'oemonf NyD;aptyf jzpfaptyfaomf tb,fjyKoenf;-[k
rdrdtm; olwxl;wdkY apm'emtHhonfudk jrifaomaMumifh ]edAme /v/
ar0gwd}udk qdkjyefaomf/
xdka'oem\ tusKd;um; tb,fenf;-[k olar;zG,f&Sd&um; ]wH ye}
paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

edAm em"d*arm? edAm efukd &jcif;ud/k b*0awm? \/ a'oem,? onf/

edym'D,wd eEk? NyD;aptyfonf r[kwfukefavm/ edAme? udkvnf;/
]]ed&P}}Ed rdem ya'e? jzifh/ 0kwar0 eEk? qdktyfNyD;onfom
r[kwu
f ek af vm/ wd t,H? um;/ apm'em? wnf;/ {wH 0peH? onf/ op?H
\/ w acg edAm eH? ud/k y&r&m,? tqifq
h ift
h m;jzif/h a'oem,? onf/
edym 'D,wd? tyf\/ " ye? t&mum;/ ypua wm? rsuaf rSmuftm;jzif/h
a'oemzvH? ud/k t"dayw?H tyf\/
wH ye a'oemzvH? onf/ okwr,P? okwr,Pfonf
vnf;aumif;/ tw"ra0'g'dt&d,r*? teufuo
kd jd cif; ygVduo
kd jd cif;
tp&Sad om tusK;d &Sad om t&d,mr*f\/ ykAb
m*y#yd wb
d w
l m? a&S;tzdjYk zpfaom
tusijhf zpf jzpfuek af om/ qAo
d 'k ad ,m p? ajcmufyg;aom 0do'k w
d o
Ykd nf
vnf;aumif;/ a[mwd? \/ (odYk jzwf ay;cJOh ;D )/ wo caP? xdak [maom
cP/ r*?H ud/k tebdorKPE? rNy;D apEdik af om oltm;/ umvEa&?
umvwpfyg;/ orwdb0a[wk? orwdb0taMumif;jzpfaom/ 0g?

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

105

tqk;H pGeaf om twabm\taMumif; aumif;rI\jynfph jHk cif;[k qdt

k yfaom/
, w'"d*rum&Pblw?H tMuif xdt
k &d,r*fukd &jcif;\ taMumif;onf
vnf;/ od,m? \/ w? xdt
k &d,r*fukd &jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;rI\
jynfhpkHjcif;onfvnf;/ a'oemzvH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (odkY oref/
w'"d*rum&PEd t&d,r*g"d*rum&PH od,m? u ye wEd tm[
orwb
d 0a[wlw?d awe p&drwbm0a[wkbw
l H yknorw 0'wd? #Dum)/
wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ ]]twm /v/ zv}}Ed p? [lvnf;aumif;/
]]"arm /v/ zv}}Ed p? [lvnf;aumif;/ tmp&da,m? t&Siu
f pn;f q&monf/
0uw?d wUH /
a'oem\tusKd;um; rQomavm[k ykpm&Sd&maomaMumifh ]{awe
ea,e} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

{awe ea,e? jzif/h a'a0ok p? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ rEkaok p?

wdYk vnf;aumif;/ tm,k0PAvokc,oy&d0g&tm"dyaw,sorwad ,m?
touf&n
S jf cif; tqif;vSjcif; cGet
f m;Bu;D jcif; csr;f omjcif; ausmaf pmjcif;
tjct
H &Hrsm;jcif; tpd;k &jcif; jynfph jHk cif;wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ Oy"dorwad ,m p?
twabm\ wifw
h ,fjcif;wdYk vnf;aumif;/ pu0wo
d &d D p? pu0aw;rif;\
pnf;pdrv
f nf;aumif;/ 0g? toa&vnf;aumif;/ a'0&Zo&d D p? ewfrif;\
pnf;pdrv
f nf;aumif;/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ orwpd umed p? orwpd ufwYkd
vnf;aumif;/ oDvor'g p? oDv\ jynfph jHk cif;vnf;aumif;/ orm"dor'g
p? vnf;aumif;/ wdam? ukeaf om/ 0dZm p? wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ q? ukeaf om/
tbd n m p? wd k Y v nf ; aumif ; / pwam? uk e f a om/ y#d o r d ' g p?
wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/ om0uaAm"d p? vnf;aumif;/ yapuaAm"d p? vnf;aumif;/
ormoarm"d p? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk oAmyd? ukeaf om/ yknorm&a[wkum? aumif;rI taqmuftODvQif taMumif;&Su
d ek af om/ orwad ,m?
jynfhpkHjcif;wdkYudk/ b*0awm? \/ a'oem,? onf/ oma"wAwm,?
Ny;D aptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h zvE?d [l/ a0'dwAm? uke\
f / /

106

aewdt|uxmed,

|? 22 Oyga,m
Oyga,mwd? um;/ t&d,r*y'|meblwm? t&d,r*f\
eD;pGmaom taMumif;jzpf jzpfaom/ ykAb
m*y#yd 'g? a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom
tusiw
hf nf;/
tb,fhaMumifh xdky#dy'gonf Oyg, rnfoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]om
[d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/
yk A b m*y#d y 'gom Oyg,rnf o nf r[k w f [ k jyvd k & um; ],m p
/v/ y#dywd}udk rdefYownf;/
xdkaupdq&mwdkY\ 0g' v'a'goudk jytHhaomiSm ]awoH /v/
od,m}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ wpfenf;um; [d ,om? um;/ om? xdyk Ak b

m*y#dy'gonf/
yk&rd m yk&rd m? a&S;a&S;jzpfaom y#dy'gonf/ yprd m, yprd m,? aemufaemuf
jzpfaom y#dy'gud/k t"d*rlyg,bm0awm p? &jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ y&r&m,? jzif/h r*eAd m em"d*r? r*feAd m efukd
&jcif;\/ a[wkbm0awm p? taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
Oyga,m? rnf\/
ykaA? a&S;/ 0kwz vm"d*r? qdt
k yfaom tusK;d udk &jcif;\/ ,m
Oyg,y#dyw?d tMuif taMumif;jzpfaom tusio
hf nf/ tw?d \/ om p
y#dyw?d onfvnf;/ Oyga,m? rnf\/ (odo
Yk re)f / aupd ye? wdo
Yk nfum;/
]]0dyem,? ESi/hf o[? uG/ ra*g? onf/ Oyga,m? rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk
0'E?d uke\
f / awoH? xdq
k &mwd\
Yk / rawe? tvdt
k m;jzif/h ed&PEd ya'e?
jzif/h edAm ear0? udo
k mvQi/f 0kw?H onf/ od,m? jzpfc&hJ m\/ zvH 0d,?
k nf;/ ykAb
ma*gwd? ykAb
m*[l/ 0kw?H onf/
zvudu
k o
hJ /Ykd Oyga,myd1? ,udv
od,m? cJ&h m\/
odkY aupd0g' v'a'goudk jyNyD; xdkaupdwdkY qdktyfaom r*fonf
Oyg,rnf\[k jyvd&k um; ],H ye /v/ 0dnmwk}H -[laom ygXfukd rdeo
Yf wnf;/
1/ Oyga,myd / / edAm efrS wpfyg; okwr,Pf tp&So
d nfuo
kd m zv[k
qdt
k yfouJo
h Ykd ykAb
m*y#dy'gudo
k m Oyg,[k qdt
k yfonf jzpf&m\/ qdt
k yfNy;D aom
zvudk &jcif;\ taMumif;udu
k m; Oyg,[k rqdt
k yfonf jzpfc&hJ m\-[lvakd omf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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wpfenf;um;-t|uxmq&m...aupdwdkY\ tvdktm;jzifh ed&PH

[laom yk'fjzifh edAmefudkom qdkonf jzpf&m\/ r*fudk qdktyfonfjzpfvsuf
r*fudk rqdktyf/ pifppf edAmefudkom qdktyf avaomfvnf; edAmefudkom
qdktyf\[k rqdkwefwum;[k apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh ],H ye} ponfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

ye? pifppfum;/ ]]oaA /v/ Oyga,m}}wd? [l/ ,H 0peH? ud/k tmp&da,m?

t&Siu
f pn;f q&monf/ 0uw?d vwUH / {wmyd 0pae? vnf;/ ykAbm*y#dy'g
{01? udo
k mvQi/f O'g[#m? xkwt
f yf\/ wd? od/Yk 0dnmwk?H iSm/ oum? \/
r*f\ Oyg, rrnfonf\ tjzpfudk jyNyD; ,cktcg ed&Pyk'fjzifh
ed A m ef u d k o m qd k t yf o nf r [k w f / r*f u d k v nf ; qd k t yf \ / r*f o nf v nf ;
ed&Prnf\[k jyvdk&um; ],om ye /v/ 0uwd}udk rdefYownf;/
#Dumum;]],om yemwd tm'demyd war0wH 0peEa& ygu#w&H
ua&mwd}}-[k qdkav\/

,om ye? um;/ ]]aw y[m, /v/ ed&P}}E?d [l/ t&d,r*?

\vnf;/ ed&Pbm0H? P\tjzpfu/kd tmp&da,m? onf/ 0uw?d w/YH
wom? aMumif/h ed&PEyd a'e? jzif/h edAm ear0? udo
k mvQi/f 0kw?H onf/
e od,m? &m/ ra*gyd? udkvnf;/ 0kawm? tyf\/ (odkY odomatmif
ygXaooESiw
hf uG ore/f )
xd k y gVd r*f u d k rqd k / ]y[m, wa& MoCH } om qd k o nf
r[kwfukefavm/ xdkodkYvsuf t&d,r*f\ ed&Ptjzpfudk qdkaom[k
tb,f a Mumif h qd k o enf ; [k pk ' f x G u f & maomaMumif h ]t&d , ra* g [d
Mow&PEd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 opH? \/ t&d,ra*g? onf/ MoCw&PH? MoCudk

vGejf cif;rnf\/ wpfenf;um; MoCw&PH? onf/ t&d,ra*g? rnf\/ wd?
od/Yk '|aAm? \/ /
1/ ykAbm*y#dy'g {0 / / {0\ ed0awwAum; ]e ra*g}wnf;/ xdyk gVd
ykAb
m*y#yd 'gudo
k m xkw&f um; r*fonf Oyg,rnf\[k qdjk cif;onf roif[
h v
l akd omf/

108

aewdt|uxmed,

tmPw D w d ? um;/ tmPm&[? tmPmxd k u f a wmf r l a om/

b*0awm? \/ (0d"meH pyf)/ a0ae,sZe? a0ae,sow0gtm;/ 0g? \/
[dwod',
d m? tusK;d pD;yGm;Ny;D apjcif;iSm/ ]]{0H? od/Yk y#dyZm[d? usiahf vmh}}/ wd?
od/Yk 0d"meH? pD&ifwu
kd w
f eG ;f jcif;wnf;/ wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d ,kw?H oif\
h /
]]oknawm/ v /tmPw}D }wd? [l/ tmp&da,m? onf/ 0uw?d w/YH /
a,m*D eEd? um;/ pwkopur|mebm0em,? pwkopur|mef;udk
yGm;apjcif;/ ,kwy ,
w
k m eH? vGepf mG tm;xkwu
f ek af om/ a0ae,smeH? wd\
Yk /
twm,? iSm/ wd? od/Yk 0peaoaom? ygVd<uif;ud/k a,maZwaAm? \/
a'oem[ma&m
a'oem[ma&mwd y'? \/ (tawmodYk pyf)/ ,xm0kwm eH? tMuif
tMuifoYkd qdt
k yfuek Nf y;D aom/ {awoH tm'g'De?H xdt
k m' tp&So
d nf
wdu
Yk /kd 0dbZevuaPm? a0zefjcif;vuPm&Sad om/ oH0Pem0daoaom?
oH0Pemtxl;onf/ a'oem[ma&m emr? rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm?
wnf;/ {w Xmae? / apm'aum? onf/ tm[? \/ u tm[? enf;[lru
l m;/
te0aoomeH? ukeaf om/ {awoH tm'g'De?H wdu
Yk /kd 0peH? qdjk cif;onf/
a'oem[ma&m? rnfonf/ a[mwd u ye? avm/ O'g[k? xdo
k Ykd r[kwrf u
l m;/
{upmeH? tcsKUd aom tm' tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd 0peH? onf/ a'oem[ma&m?
rnfonf/ a[mwd u ye? avm/ wd? od/Yk tm[? \/ ed&0aoomeHa,0?
t<uif;r&Sad om tm'tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd o
kd mvQi/f 0peH? onf/ a'oem[ma&m?
rnf\/
,if;odkYaomf okyftm;jzifh rvmaom okwf te0aootb,fodkY
jzpfEdkiftHhenf; apm'emaMumifh ],o [d} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ ,o okaw? / tm'g'De0ed&Pmed? wdo

Yk nf/ olyawm?
tm;jzif/h tm*wmed? uke\
f / ww okaw? / 0wAa r0? qdzk ,
G o
f nfyifvQi/f
ew?d r&S/d ,w ye okaw? um;/ {ua'aoe? wpfpw
d t
f m;jzif/h tm*wmed?
uke\
f / 0g? um;/ olaye? tm;jzif/h e tm*awm? rvm/ ww okaw? /
tem*wH? rvmaom tm' tp&So
d nfu/kd tw0aoe? tma'wA
tp&Sdaom teuf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ ed'ga&wGm? xkwf/ [ma&m? udk/
a,maZwaAm? \/ t, tawm? onfvnf;/ a'oem[m&0dba*F? /

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

109

tm*rdwd? vmvw/YH wd wom? aMumif/h "? eda'o0g&/ tarS[?d

wdo
Yk nf/ e yyad wm? rcsUJ tyfownf;/
bm0w w-ypnf;[k odapvdkaomaMum
ifh ],H ykpdwEd ,m ykpm}[k
omaMumif
zGifhownf;/

2/ ,H ykpdwE?d um;/ ,m ykpm ? tMuif ykpm onf/ 0dp,

d rmemwd?
[l/ 0peaoaom? ud/k a,maZwaAm? \/ 0doZdwH tEk*DwDwd {wmyd?
0doZw
d H tEk*w
D [
d al om ygVdvnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? udo
k mvQi/f '|aAm?
\/ (0dp,
d rmem[laom 0peaooudk ,SOaf v[lvakd omf)/ ww? xd0k o
d Zw
d H
tEk*w
D [
d al om ygVd/ 0doZdwE?d um;/ 0doZem? onf/ om 0doZem?
onfvnf;/ {uHoAsmu&Pm'd0aoe? {uHoAsmu&P0doZem tp&So
d nf
wd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzif/h pwkA"d ?H aom/ Asmu&PH? tajzonf/ a[mwd? \/ p oa'g? onf/ or@
d eawm? aygif;jcif;teuf&\
dS /
orda@wAtwr&Sdaomf ord@eteuf&Sd\[k qdkaumif;tHh avm[k
yk p m xG u f & maomaMumif h ]awe} ponf u d k rd e f Y a omf / wpf e nf ; um;
or d @ eteuf &S d a om[l N yD ? 0k w o r d @ eavm apm'emaMumif h ]awe}
ponfudk rdefYaomf/

awe? xdk p o'gjzif/h *gxm,H? / t0kw?H aom/ y'g'? yk'f tp&So

d nfu/kd
o*FPmS wd? oN*K[
\
f / wm ye ykpm 0doZem? wdo
Yk nf/ u? tb,f\/
ykpm0doZem? wdkYenf;/ wd apm'em,? odkYaom apm'emaMumifh/
okwmm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
]]ok
xdkokwyk'fudk qdk tb,ftusKd;&Sdoenf;-ykpmaMumifh ]{awe}
paomygXf xGufonf/
pwk A sL[yk A m y&avm-[l a om yk p m aMumif h ]Asmu&P [d }
ponfudk rdefYownf;/

{awe? okw
[laom yk'jf zif/h okaw? / tm*wH? aom/ ykpm 0doZe?H
ud/k 0dapwA?H a&G;cs,pf pd pftyf\/ wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ ,m p
tEk*DwDw?d um;/ 0kwa 0? omvQijf zpfaom/ tw? ud/k tEk ypm?
aemuf/ ,m *Dwd? tMuifqdkjcif;onf/ ,m tEk*Dwd? tMuifaemuf
qdkjcif;onf/ (,m-um; aemufrS vdkufaponf)/ o*F[*gxm? wnf;/

110

aewdt|uxmed,

wpfenf;um;-,m o*F[*gxm? onf/ 0g? um;/ ykpm ,? tm;/ tEkyl g?

avsmaf om/ ,m *Dw?d tMuif qdjk cif;onf/ (vnf; ,m-o'g vdu
k af ponf)/
{awe? tEk*w
D o
d 'gjzif/h |? 23 ykAm y&H? a&S;aemufu/kd 0g? ykAm y&ud/k
*[dw?H tyf\/
[d? pG/ Asmu&P? tajz\/ ykpm Ekyl wm? ykpm tm;avsmo
f nf\
tjzpfu/kd "? 0dp,[m&/ ykAm y&H? &[l/ t"dayw?H tyf\/ ,m
ykpmEklywm? udk/ ]]ykpmEkoED}}wd? [l/ 0kpwd? \/ yk&drH? a&S;jzpfaom/
]]okw
m}}wd y'H? onf/ ykAm ayu?H a&S;jzpfaom ykpw
d 0doZw
d [laom yk'w
f u
Ykd kd
okwmm}}wd y'H? ud/k
iJah omyk'w
f nf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h yke? wpfzef/ ]]ok
0kw?H \/
a&S;]okw
}yk'o
f nf a&S;]ykpw
d } paom yk'u
f kd iJah omaMumifh okw
[k wpf z ef q d k a om[l N yD / xd kY aemuf
a emuf] ok w }yk ' f j zif h ,l t yf a omteuf
r&SdcJhaomf ed&wu rjzpfcJhNyDavm apm'emaMumifh ]awe} paom ygXf u d k
rd e f Y a omf /

awe? xdak emufow

k
[laom yk'jf zif/h okw
? \/ ed,blaw?
rS&D mjzpf jzpfuek af om/ tm'g'dau? wdu
Yk /kd y&d*P
mS wd? ,l\/
t|uxmq&m...p-o'gjzifh *gxm rqdktyfaom y' tp&Sdonfud
u kd ?
aemufokwyk'fjzifh tm' tp&SdonfwdkYudk oN*K[faom [l\/ ,if;odkY
oN*K[fojzifh tb,ftusKd; &Sdoenf;/ wpfenf;um; *gxm qdktyfonf
ud k o m roN* K [f a umif ; ygavm? tod k Y r l y'tm'tp&S d o nf w d k Y u d k
oN*K[faom[lbdoenf;/ wpfenf;um; ,if;odkY oN*K[ftyfonf\ tjzpfudk
tb,foabmjzi
abmjziffh odtyfygoenf;[k tar;ykpm apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh
]{wm0wm} paomygXfudk rdefYownf;/
rdrdpum;udk ygVdjzifh NyD;apvdk&um; wxmtp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

{wm0wm1? rQtwdik ;f t&Snjf zif/h 0dp,[m&? \/ 0doa,m?

t&mud/k ed&0aoaoe? jzif/h 'dawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wxm p wawm
1/ {w m 0wm / / po'g okwo'gwdkYjzifh oN*K[frS 0dp,[m&\
0do,jzpfaom y'ykpm tp&Sad om wpfq,fw
h pfyg; t<uif;rJu
h ek o
f nf/ roN*K [af omfum;
ruke/f xdaYk Mumifh oN*K [af om-[k qdo
k nf-[lvakd omf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

111

{0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f 0dp,[m&0dba*F? / ]]y'H 0dped wd/ v /tEk*w
D 0dped wD}}wd?
[l/ 0uw?d vw/YH /
y'ykpmtp&SdonfwdkYudk tb,fodkY pDppftyfoenf;[k
ol l a r;zG , f & S d y'yk p m tp&S d o nf w d k Y u d k pD p pf [ ef u d k jyvd k a omaMumif h
]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdyk 'ykpm tp&Sad om wpfq,fw

h pfyg;wdw
Yk iG /f okaw? / tm*wmeH?
ukeaf om/ oaAo?H ukeaf om/ y'geH? wdu
Yk /kd tEkyak Ae? tpOfojzif/h twaom
p? teuftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ Ase aom p? o'gtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
0dpa,m? pDppfjcif;onf/ y'0dpa,m
a,m? rnf\/ ]]t,H ykpm ? onf/ t'd|aZmwem?
t'd|aZmwemykpmwnf;/ 'd|oHoEem? wnf;/ 0drwdap'em? wnf;/
tEkrwdypk m ? wnf;/ uaxwkurswmykpm ? wnf;/ owm"d|mem? ow0gvQif
wnf&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/ 0g? owm"d|meykpm wnf;/ "rm"d|mem? "rvQif
wnf&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/ {um"d|mem? wpfcak om w&m;vQif wnf&m&Sad om
ykpm wnf;/ taeum"d|mem? rsm;aom w&m;vQif wnf&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/
orKw0d o
d ,m? orKww
d &m;vQif t&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/ y&rw0o
d ,m?
y&rww&m;vQif t&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/ twDw0do,m? twdww
f &m;vQif
t&m&Sad om ykpm wnf;/ tem*w0do,m? wnf;/ ypKyE 0 o
d ,m? wnf;}}/ wd
tm'dem? jzif/h ykpm0dpa,m
a,m? ykpm udk pDppfjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ ]]'H 0doZe?H
1/ {uH o Asmu&P 0d o Z e m'd / / puKonf tedpavm-[k
ar;onf & S d a omf pu K onf ted p o mwnf ; [k {uE t m;jzif h ajzjcif ; onf
{uHoAsmu&P0doZem rnf\/ tnda`Eo
nf bma0wAavm? opu
d mwAavm[k
ar;onf&Sdaomf r*f tusKH;0ifaom tnda`Eonf bma0wA rnf\/ zdkvf
tusHK;0ifaom tnda`Eonf opdumwA rnf\-[k a0zefcGJjcrf; ajzjcif;onf
0dbZAsmu&P0doZem rnf\/ tnda`Eonf ukodkvfavm-[k ar;onf&Sdaomf
te0Zteuf&Sdaom ukovo'gudk &nf ar;oavm/ xdkodkY r[kwf okc0dygu
teuf&Sdaom ukovo'gudk &nf ar;oavm-[k wpfzefar; ajzjcif;onf
y#dykpmAsmu&P0doZem rnf\/ twonf owavm? towavm-[k
ar;onf&Sdaomf jyemudk rajztyf-[k wdwfwdwfaejcif;onf Xye0doZem
rnf\/

112

aewdt|uxmed,

onf/ {uHoAsmu&PH1? {uHoAsmu&P0doZemwnf;/ 0dbZAsmu&PH?

wnf;/ y#dypk m Asmu&PH? wnf;/ XyeH? Xye0doZemwnf;/ om0aooH?
om0aoo0doZemwnf;/ 0g? t<uif;ESihf wuGaom 0doZemwnf;/ ed&0aooH?
t<uif;r&Sdaom 0doZemwnf;/ oOw&H? vGefuJaom w&m;&Sdaom
0doZemwnf;/ tEkw& ?H vGeu
f aJ om w&m;r&Sad om 0doZemwnf;/ avmud,?H
avmud,0doZem wnf;/ avmukw&H? wnf;}}/ wd tm'dem? jzifh/
0doZe0dpa,m
a,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
]]t,H ykpm ? onf/ rdem? 0doZemESi/hf oarwd? nD\/ {awe?
xd0k o
d ZemESi/hf e oarwd? rnD}}/ wd? od/Yk ykpw
d w?H ar;tyfaom teufu/kd
tmaewGm? / 0dpa,m p? pDppfjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ ykaAe? a&SUpum;ESi/hf
ty&H? aemufpum;ud/k oHoEw
d mG ? ES;D aESm/ 0dpa,m p? onfvnf;aumif;/
ykAmy&0dpa,m
a,m? rnf\/ ]]t,H tEk*w
D ?d tEk*w
D o
d nf/ 0kww
o
*F[m?
qdt
k yfNy;D aom teufukd oN*K [af om tEk*w
D w
d nf;/ t0kww
o
*F[m? wnf;/
w'k b ,w o *F [ m? xd k q d k t yf N yD ; rqd k t yf a o;aom teuf E S p f y g;ud k
oN*K [af om tEk*w
D w
d nf;/ ukovwo*F[m? ukov
kd [
f al om teufukd
oN*K [af om tEk*w
D w
d nf;/ tukovwo*F[m? wnf;}}/ wd tm'dem?
jzifh/ tEk * D w d 0 d p a,m
a,m? udk/ a0'dwaAm? \/ tm'g'Dok? wdkYwGif/
okca0'em,? udk/ ]]|m&rPmEkb0evuPm? |mkHudk cHpm;jcif;
vuPm&S\
d }}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ (odo
Yk re/f
aemufuv
kd nf; twl)/ wPSm,? ud/k ]]tm&rP*[PvuPm? tmku
H kd
,ljcif; pGv
J rf;jcif; vuPm&S\
d }}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm?
\/ 0dyvmomeH? wdu
Yk /kd ]]0dy&Dw*[PvuPm? azmufjyefaomtm;jzifh
,ljcif;vuPm&Su
d ek \
f }}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/
t0od|meH? okca0'em wPSm 0dyvmowdrYk S <uif;ukeaf om/ awblru"rmeH?
wdkYudk/ ]],xmouvuPm? tMuif tMuifodkYaom rdrdwdkY\ vuPm
&Su
d ek \
f }}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ oaAo?

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

113

tvk;H pku
H ek af om tm'w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ (oaA}[lvnf; &S\
d ? qifjcif)/
'Gg0Dowd,m wdauok p? ESpfq,fESpfyg;aom wdwfwdkYvnf;aumif;/
'G g pw m vD o m"d a u? av;q,f E S p f ' k u f t vG e f & S d a om/ 'k u oaw p?
'kuw
f pf&mvnf;aumif;/ vArmey'0aoe? &oifu
h ek af om yk'w
f \
Ykd tpGr;f jzif/h
0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ wd? od/Yk (*rsrmefvw
k e 'd |d jzpfaomaMumifh
wdo'gudk rqdak vonf)/ wHwt
H m'w0ad ooed'g &PH? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om
tom'teuf t xl ; ud k xk w f j cif ; onf / tm'0d p a,m
a,m? rnf \ /
wpfenf;um;-wHwHtm'w0daooed'g&PH wHwHtm'w0daoo
ed'g&aPe? jzifh/ tm'0d p a,m
a,m? udk/ a0'dwaAm? \/ (um;
]Moum&ed'g&aPe tm'De00dpa,m}-[laom teufpum;udk axmuf
u&Pw Oya,m*0dbwf Muo
H nf)/ /
'kua 0'em,? ud/k ]]ted|mEkb0evuPm? \}}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h
0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ 'kuo
pmeH? 'kuo
pmjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd
]]y#doEv
d uPm? aphpyftyfonf\ tjzpfvQif vuPm&Su
d ek \
f }}/ wd
tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ tedpw
m'De?H tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd
tm'dtE0Ewm, p? tptqkH;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
tedpE u
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dS nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]tedpm ?
rnfuek \
f }}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ oaAo?
ukefaom/ avmud,"rmeH? wdkYudk/ oHudavobm*d,[mebm*d,wm
'd0aoe? npfErG ;f aom tzd&Yk o
dS nf\tjzpf ,kwaf om tzd&Yk o
dS nf\tjzpf
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ wd? od/Yk
(vnf; wdo'gonf *rsrmefvkwed'd|wnf;)/ tm'De00kwd,m?
tm'De0\ jzpfjcif;\/ Moum&ed'g &aPe? ,kwo
f nf\ tjzpfukd xkwo
f jzif/h
tm'De00dpa,m
a,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ ed&Pya'? yk'f / t&d,r*?
ud/k |? 24 tm*reawm? taMumif;tm;jzif/h um,mEkyem'dyAk b
m*
y#yd 'g0dbm*0daooed&'g&P0aoe? um,mEkyemtp&Sad om a&S;tzdYk

114

aewdt|uxmed,

jzpfaom y#dy'gudk a0zefjcif;txl;udk xkwo

f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dpa,m?
ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ edAm e? ud/k ,xm0kwy &d,m,0dbm*0daooed'g &P
0aoe? tMuiftMuif qdktyfNyD;aom y&d,m,fudk a0zefjcif;txl;udk
xkwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dpa,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ wd {0H? od/Yk
ed&P0dpa,m
a,m? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ zvm
zvm'De?H wdu
Yk /kd wHwo
H w
k a 'oem,?
xdkxdkodkYaom okwfa'oemonf/ oma"wAzv p? NyD;aptyfaom
tusK;d udv
k nf;aumif;/ w'kyg, p? xdt
k usK;d \ taMumif;udv
k nf;aumif;/
ww ww? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om t&m/ owK? \/ 0d"me0pe p? pD&ifwu
kd w
f eG ;f aom
pum;udkvnf;aumif;/ 0dbm*ed'g&P0aoe? a0zefjcif;udk xkwfonf\
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dpa,m
a,m? pdppfjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ {0H? od/Yk y'ykpm 0doZeykAm y&mEk*w
D eD ? y'ykpm 0doZemykAm y&tEk*w
D w
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Ykd kd vnf;aumif;/
tm'g'De? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ (0dp, csn;f pyf)/ 0daooed'g &P0aoae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f 0dp,vuaPm? a&G;cs,pf pd pfjcif; vuPm&Sad om oH0Pem
txl;ud/k ]]0dpa,m [ma&m}}wd? 0dp,[m&[l/ a0'dwaAm? \/
3/ oaAoE?d um;/ aomVoE?H ukeaf om/ blrDwd 'H 0peH? ud/k Ase ?H
ud/k oEm,? / tm[? \/
q&m...umrbkHtp&SdonfomvQif blrd[l xif&Sm;cJh\/ o'gonf
bkH[l rxif&Sm;cJh/ q&mhpum; todkYoifhygtHhenf; pk'fxGuf &maomaMumifh
]AseH [d} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ rlvy'ged? wdo

Yk nf/ e,meH? wd\
Yk / blr?d jzpf&monf/
a[mEd ,xm? uJo
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Yk / blrd y0w|d meH? jzpf&monf/
a[mwd? \/ uom? um;/ awoH? xd[
k m&wd\
Yk / Ase 0dpm&bm0awm? o'gudk
pD&ifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ [d? pG/ ]][m&m Ase 0dpa,m}}wd? [l/
0kw?H \/ ay#auyd? vnf;/ ([d}um; 0gusm&raZmwu)/ ]],w p/ v /
ykxkwm}}wd? [l/ 0kwH? \/ a*gpa&m
a*gpa&mwd? um;/ okwawm? okwf\
teufwnf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

115

l y gk H t p&S d o nf w d k Y o m a*gp&[k xif & S m ;onf r[k w f u k e f a vm

vm//
teufum; a*gp&[k rxif&Sm;cJh / q&mhpum; tb,fodkY ,kwd &SdtHhenf;[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]okw [d} tp&SdaomygXf xGufownf;/

[d? pG/ okw

? \/ y'wK'g &Prkace? yk't
f eufukd xkwjf cif;udk
t&if;jyKojzif/h [m&a,mZem? [m&udk ,SOjf cif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ awoH
Ase wmeH? xdo
k 'gteufw\
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,kw
p? toifu
h v
kd nf;aumif;/ t,kw
p? vnf;aumif;/ Oyy&dum ?
qifjcifjcif;wnf;/ ]],kwm ,kwyd &dum }}wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d
\/ ,kwt
d ,kweD ?H oifo
h nf roifo
h nfwu
Ykd /kd 0dpm&Pm? pdppfjcif;wnf;/
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ uxH ye? tb,fodkYvQif/ awoH?
xdo
k 'gteufw\
Ykd / ,kwm ,kwZ meem? oifo
h nf roifo
h nfukd odjcif;onf/
a[mwd? tHeh nf;/ pwl[?d ukeaf om/ r[mya'ao[d? wdEYk iS /hf t0dZk aee?
rqefYusifaomtm;jzifh/ ,kwm,kwZmeem? onf/ a[mwd? \/ ww?
xdo
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Ykd iG /f wm0? tpOfojzif/h Ase ? \/ (,kwb
ma0g pyf)/
obm0edw
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tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/ t"dayww0gpubma0g p? tvdk&Sdtyfaom
teufukd a[monf\tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/ ,kwb
ma0g? oifo
h nf\
tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? \/ tw ye? \um;/ (,kwbma0g pyf)/
okw0 ed ,"rwm[d? okw0f ed nf;"rwmwdEYk iS /hf 0g? opmav;yg;udk jywwfaom
okwf &m*tp&So
d nfukd azsmufjcif; y#dpo
rkyg 'fwnf;[laom "rwmwdEYk iS /hf
t0davmreH? rqefu
Y sijf cif;onf/ ,kwb
ma0g? onf/ a[mwd? \/
,kwt,kwudk q&mqdkonfum; ed&0aooavm pk'f&SdaomaMumifh
]t,arw oacFayg} ygXfudk rdefYaomf/
oacFyom jzpfaomf 0dwm&udk q&mqdkygavmh/ ykpmaMumifh ]0dwma&m
ye} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

t,H? qdt
k yfNy;D aom ,kwt
,kwt
jzpfonf/ {w? eda'o0g&/
oacFayg? tusO;f rQomwnf;/ 0dwm a&m ye? onfum;/ y&awm? aemuf/
tm0d? pGm/ b0dwd? vw/YH [ma&m ,kwDwd ed'da|m
|mwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk

116

aewdt|uxmed,

okaw? / Ase wmeH? o'gteufw\

Ykd / ,kwm ,kwb
m00dbm0e vuaPm?
oifo
h nf roifo
h nf\ tjzpfukd xif&mS ;jyjcif;vuPm&Sad om oH0Pem
txl;onf/ ]],kw[
d ma&m? rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ /
4/ "rEd rdem ya'e? jzif/h ,H ud?d tvk;H pkaH om/ okwm *wH?
aom/ ukovm'd"rH? udk/ tm[? \/ w "r mmwd? um;/
,xm0kw
? aom/ w ukovm'd"r? \/ ,H y'|me
y'|meE?d um;/
a,medaomreodum&m'd? aom/ ,H um&PH? onf/ tw?d \/ (tm'do'gjzifh o'r
0e oyK&o
d yl ed,tp&Sad om om"m&PtaMumif;?
vSLzG,0f wK tvSLcHy*k Kd vt
f p&Sad om tom"m&PtaMumif;udk ,l)/
okaw? / tm*wH 0g? vmaom y'|mefuv
kd nf;aumif;/ tem*wH 0g?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ or0awm? jzpfoifo
h nftm;avsmpf mG / ed'g a&wGm? /
uaxwA?H tyf\/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ wDwd
y'? \/ {0H rdem ea,e? enf;jzif/h 0kwe a,e? jzif/h wd
t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ,m0 oA " r mwd? um;/ ,wum?
tMuifrQavmufuek af om/ wo okaw? / tm*wm? vmukeaf om/
"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f / oaAor?d ukeaf om/ awoH "rmeH? wd\
Yk /
,xmEkyl ?H jzpfoifo
h nftm;avsmpf mG / y'|meH? ud/k ed'g a&wGm? /
uaxwA?H \/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/
,m0o'g\ t0"dteufudk jyjyefvdk&um; ]tx 0g} paom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

tx 0g? um;/ ,m0 oA"rmwd {w ygaX? / okwm *w? aom/

"r? \/ ,H y'|meH? onf/ tw?d \/ wyd "r? \vnf;/ ,H
y'|meH? onf/ twd? \/ wd? odkY/ or0awm? pGm/ ,m0 oA"rm?
tvk;H pkaH om y'|mefw&m;wdik af tmif/ y'|me0dpm&Pm? y'|meftpDt&ifu/kd
umwAm? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ {aom [ma&m y'|maem
y'|maemwd
{w ygaX? / (tawmodYk qdu
k )f / {0H? od/Yk okaw? / tm*w"rmeH? wd\
Yk /
y'|meblwm? y'|mefjzpf jzpfuek af om/ "rm? w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f /

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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awo? xdyk '|mefw&m;wd\

Yk vnf;/ y'|meblwm? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f /
wd? od/Yk or0awm? pGm/ y'|meblw"re'd g &PvuaPm? y'|mefjzpf
jzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd xkwjf cif;vuPm&Sad om oH0Pemtxl;onf/ ]]y'|maem
emr [ma&m? rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
|? 25 5/ 0k w r S d {u"arwd? um;/ ukovm'Dok 0g? wdkYwGif
vnf;aumif;/ cEm'Dok 0g? wdw
Yk iG v
f nf;aumif;/ ,o udop ?d trSwrf &Sad om/
{u"ar? wpfcak om w&m;ud/k okaw? / olyawm 0g? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
ed'g &P0aoe 0g? xkwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ uxdaw1? aomf/
a, "rm {uvuPm aupDw?d um;/ a, aupd2? tvk;H pku
H ek af om/
"rm? wdkYonf/ ukovm'dbma0e 0g? ukodkvftp&SdonfwdkY\ tjzpfjzifh
vnf;aumif;/ lyuEm 'dbma0e 0g? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ awe "are? xdo
k w
k f
okyt
f m;jzifh a[mtyfaom w&m; ,kwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh qdt
k yfaom
w&m;ESi/hf ormevuPm? wlaom vuPm&Su
d ek \
f /
1/ uxdaw / / 0kwo
'g\ auaom[m&PZD0w
d ? 0kwo
d k 0yae p
0gyoru&aP/ uxae yrkwb
m0? aZema'g ]0kw} ryd wDo/k (tbd"mey'yD u
d m796)[l qd k t yf a om auaom[m&PZD 0 d w 0k w d tp&S d a om teuf t rsm;
vsOf;yg;zG,f&SdaomaMumifh uxeteufudk a[m\-[k odapjcif;iSm 0kawudk
]uxdaw}-[k zGio
hf nf/
2/ a, aupd / / ]pdaEm um aum p uo'g? tyuw 0gpaum/
,um&,kawm tm'dr?dS ouvw 0gpaum/ t,m'd p tpdaEm p? ykpm 0gpuondawm}[k qdak omaMumifh ,xm&[tm;jzifo
h m ,l aAm"do'gonf tyuteufukd
a[m\[k t,l&&dS mavaomaMumifh xdt
k ,lukd epfapjcif;iSm a,ESihf aupdukd aygif;
]a, aupd}[k zGio
hf nf/ {uo'g\vnf; ]ao|mo[m, ocsmF n? wkavsaoGaum
wdvd*aum}[k qdkaomaMumifh ao|to[m,ocsFmtnteuf vsOf;yg;zG,f
&SdaomaMumifh ]{u&oa|e bm0em {ukyg'g} tp&SdonfwdkYuJhodkY wkvsteufudk
a[m\[k odapvd&k um; ormevuPm[k zGio
hf wnf;/

118

aewdt|uxmed,

0kwm b0Ed oaAwd {w ygaX? / (t"dyg a,m pyf)/ oaAy?d ukeaf om/
ukovm'dobm0g 0g? ukov
kd t
f p&Sad om oabm&So
d nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/
cEm'dobm0g 0g? vnf;jzpfukefaom/ aw "rm? wdkYonf/ (b0Ed
yuwduwm;)/ okaw? / t0kwmyd? ukefaomfvnf;/ wm, orme
vuPwm,? xdw
k al om vuPm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h oH0Pem0aoe?
zGit
hf yfaom tzGi\
hf tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tmaewGm? / 0kwm ? ukeo
f nf/ b0E?d
uke\
f / wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ {w p? *gxmvnf;/
{uvuPmwd1 rdem? ygXfjzifh/ ormevuPm? wlaomvuPm
&Su
d ek af om w&m;wdu
Yk /kd 0kwm ? qdt
k yfuek \
f /
awe? xdo
k Ykd qdt
k yfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h (ed'g &PH a0'dwAo
H Ykd oGm;)/
o[pm&dwm? wuGjzpfonf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ormeudpw
m? wlaom
udp&Sdonf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ormea[wkwm? wlaom taMumif;
&Sdonf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ormezvwm? wlaom tusKd;&Sdonf\
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ormem&rPwm? wlaom tmkH&Sdonf\ tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ wd {0rm'D[?d odYk o[p&dwtp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h ormemeH?
wluek af om/ (aqmif a,mZemonf)/ t0kwm er?d okwf ra[mtyfuek af om
w&m;wdu
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kd nf;/ 0kwm eH 0d,? okwf a[mtyfuek af om w&m;wdu
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kd o
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vuaPm emrm
emrmwd {w 0pae? / {0H? od/Yk okaw? / tem*awyd?
rvmonfvnf;jzpfuek af om/ 0g? rvmukeaf omfvnf;/ (t"dyg ,w)/ "ar?
wdu
Yk /kd 0kwy u
ma&e? ygVd a[mtyfaom tjym; t|uxm qdt
k yfaom
tjym;tm;jzif/h (0"ua|e {uvuPm tp&So
d nfjzifh ygVd? o[pm&dwm
1/ {uvuPmwd / / ayrl {uvuPmwd 'H 0peH? ud/k vuP0aoe?
OyvuPm\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ 0kwH? \/ ]ormevuPm e 0kwH} [l
vnf;aumif;? ]ormevuPm 0kwm}[lvnf;aumif; tcsKdUygXf &Sd\/ roifh/
vuP0aoemwd OyvuP0aoe? #Dum-[k &So
d nf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

119

tp&So
d nfjzifh t|uxm a[mtyf qdt
k yfaom tjym;[lvakd omf)/ tm*aw
0d,? vmaom w&m;wdu
Yk u
kd o
hJ /Ykd ed'g a&wGm? / ,m oH0Pem? onf/ b0wd?
\/ aom? onf/ vuaPm emr [ma&m? rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm?
wnf;/ /
]ed k w a r0 aek w H } [k Pyp n f ; onf ouw [ k jyvd k & um;
]aekwEd edkwH}[k zGifhaomf/

6/ aekwE?d um;/ edw

k ?H 0dN*Kd [w
f nf;/ y'edApeeHH 1? yk'u
f kd 0dN*Kd [jf yKjcif;/
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ t"dyga,m
a,mwd? um;/ w okw
?
ud/k a'oumeH? a[mukeaf om/ Ak'g eH 0g? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ om0umeH 0g?
wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ t"dyg a,m? tvdw
k nf;/ AseE?d um;/ Asa ee? o'gjzif/h
[d? pG/ u&aP? udP
k ;f teuf/ {wH ypw?H yXrm0dbwfonf/ 0ww?d
\/
cyf o d r f ; aom [m&wd k Y o nf As e 0d p ,csnf ; jzpf y guk e f v suf
tb,f h a Mumih f [m&om As e H [ k qd k a voenf ; [k tar;yk p m
&Sd&maomaMumifh ]umr /v/ 0kwH}[laomygXf xGufonf/

umr? pifppfum;/ oaA? ukeaf om/ [m&m? wdo

Yk nf/ Ase 0dp,m?
o'gudk a&G;cs,pf pd pfwwfuek \
f &Si/fh ye wxmyd? aomfvnf;/ t,H [ma&m?
pwkAsL[[m&onf/ 0daooawm? tm;jzifh/ Ase'Gga&ae0? o'gudk
taMumif;jyKojzifhomvQif/ twy&da,oem? teufudk &SmrSD;wwfonf/
a[mwd? \/ wd uwGm rdem um&aPe? aMumif/h ]]Ase }}E?d [l/ 0kw?H
\/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]Asa ee /v/ *a0odwAm}}wd?
[l/ 0uw?d vw/YH txm
txmwd y'H? onf/ y'yl&Prw?H yk'u
f kd jynhaf pumrQ
jzpfaom yk'fwnf;/ (]t"duma& r*Fav ap0} ponfjzifh qdktyfaom
txo'g\ teufww
Ykd iG f r*Fvmteuf[v
l akd omf/)
1/ y'edApeeHH / / ]zkoea|e zam} tp&So
d nfjzifh taMumif;udk xkw
f
qdkjcif;onf ed'ga&wGm 0peH edA0peH - [laom 0pewaMumifh edApe rnf\/
xdek Ad p eonfum; yk'\
f om edAp e jzpf\/ 0gus\ edAp e rjzpf&um; y'edAp eH-[k
qdkownf;/

120

aewdt|uxmed,

a'oemed ' ge
geEd {w? / zvH? udk/ ed''gwd? ay;wwf\/ 0g?
aqmufEiS ;f wwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ed'geH? rnf\/ um&PH? ud/k vAw?d
\/ a,e um&aPe? jzif/h a'oem? onf/ y0wm? jzpf\/ a'oem,? \/
y0wed rd w
d ?H jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom/ wH um&PH? onf/ ed'geH? rnf\/
D ?d um;/ ykaAe p? a&S;pum;
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ESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ tya&e p? ESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ tEkoE?d pyfjcif;wnf;/ ]]ykAm ya&e
oE}D }wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/ okw
? \/ ykAb
ma*e?
a&S;tzdEYk iS /hf ty&bm*H? ud/k oHoEw
d mG ? ES;D aESm/ uxeH? qdjk cif;/ wd t,H?
um;/ tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ o*wd0aoe? nDGwf qdkonf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ ykAmy&blaw[d? a&SUaemufjzpfukefaom/ okwEa&[d?
okww
f pfyg;wdEYk iS /hf (oHoEeH pyf)/ oH0P,
d rme? zGit
hf yfaom/ okw
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ud/k oHoEe?H onf/ ykAmy&mEkoEd1? rnf\/
ykAy a'e? ESi/h f y&y'? ud/k 0g? \/ , orEe ?H tMuifpyfjcif; onfvnf;/
tw?d \/ t,r?d a&SUyk'Ef iS hf aemufy'k u
f kd pyfjcif;onfvnf;/ ykAmy&mEkoE?d
rnf\/
{aom [ma&m pwkAsLa[m
sLa[mwd {w ygaX? / {0H? od/Yk edAp em "dyg ,m'De?H
0dN*Kd [jf yKjcif; a'ou\tvdk tp&Su
d ek af om/ pwkE?H av;yg;aom teufwu
Ykd /kd
0dbm0evuaPm? xif&mS ;jyjcif; vuPm&Sad om oH0Pem txl;onf/
]]pwkAsLa[m [ma&m emr? rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
1/ ykAmy&mEkoEd /
/ enf; okww
f pfyg;wdEYk iS hf oH0aPwAjzpfaom
okwu
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f nfukd ykAm y&mEkoEd [kqv
kd o
kd nf/ a&S;enf; oH0aPwA
okww
f iG yf if a&SUaemufn
D w
G o
f nfukd ykAm y&mEkoEd [lonf/ enf; oH0aPwA
okwf0,f wpf0guswnf; a&S;yk'faemufyk'fwdkY\ Bud,mum&u tp&SdonfwdkY\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh pyfjcif;udk ykAmy&mEkoEd[k qdkygownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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7/ {urSd y'|mae1wd? um;/ {uo? aom/ tm&r"mwktm'dau?

tm&r"mwftp&Sad om/ y&ur"mwktm'De?H y&ur"mwftp&So
d nfw\
Ykd /
y'|meblaw? eD;pGmaomtaMumif; jzpfjzpfaom/ wpfenf;um;y'|meblaw?
teufjzpf jzpfaom/ "ar? ud/k a'oemlaVV2? a'oemodYk wiftyfonf/
owd? aomf/ y&da,owd aoouH y'|me
y'|meE?d um;/ w? xdyk '|mefjzpfaom
w&m;\/ 0dobm*wm, 0g? oabmrwlonf\ tjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;/
t*[aPe 0g? okwf ra[maomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ aoouH? aom/
("rE&H pyf)/ yrm'g'DeH? tp&SdonfwdkY\/ tmoEum&Pwm? eD;aom
taMumif; jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h y'|meblw?H y'|mefjzpf jzpfaom/
aumoZm'du?H aumoZtp&Sad om/ "rE& ?H w&m;txl;ud/k y&da,owd?
\/ ynm,? jzif/h *a0owd? \/ y&da,odwmG p? vnf;/ oH0Pem,?
teufukd zGiahf omtm;jzif/h a,maZaEm? ygVd ,SOaf ponfjzpf/ |? 26
a'oeH? ud/k tm0awd? vnfap\/ (odYk ay;)/ tm0awd y#dyauwd
{w? / 0D&,
d m&rm'drak ce? 0D&,
d m&rtp&So
d nfukd t&if;jyKojzif/h tm&'ow
k ?H
ud/k 0kwe a,e? jzif/h yrm'g'd0aoe? tm;jzif/h ed'o
d aEm? jyonf&adS omf/ a'oeH?
ud/k y#dyuawm? tm;jzif/h tm0awd emr? vnfaponf rnf\/ tm0am
emr aom [ma&m
[ma&mwd y'? \/ a'oem,? / *[dw"rmeH? ,ltyfuek af om
w&m;wd\
Yk / obm*0dobm-*"r0aoe? \tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm0evuaPm?
vnfapjcif; vuPm&Sad om oH0Pemtxl;onf/ ]]tm0am [ma&m emr?
rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
1 / {urSd y'|mae / / y' o' |meH y'|meH? teuf&ap/
aemufyu ]tm&rx edurxmwd 0D&d, y'|meH}[laom ygVd qdktyfaom
tm&r"mwf tp&Sad om teufonf 0D&,
d [laom yk'\
f jzpf&m jzpf y'|mernf\
[lvakd omf/
2/ a'oemlaV / / y'|meblawudk a&S;teufay;aomtm;jzifh
okwf vmaom w&m;wd\
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Yk kd xkw
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aemufay;aom teuftm;jzifu
h m; ygVdtm;jzifh a[monfuykd if ]a'oemlV} [k ,l/

122

aewdt|uxmed,

8/ "rE?d um;/ obm0"r?H ud/k wH "rZmwH? onf/ ukovm'd0aoe?

tm;jzif/h taeu0d"?H \/ wpfenf;um; taeu0d"?H aom/ wH "r?H ud/k y'|me
y'|meE?d
um;/ ,o um&aP? / ywd|ad w? wnfuek af om/ wpfenf;um; ,o
um&aP? onf/ ywd|ad w? aomf/ Ow&d *kP0daoao? txufjzpfaom
*kPt
f xl;wdu
Yk /kd t"d*pw?d &\/ wH 0daoom"d*reum&PH? xdt
k xuf jzpfaom
*kPftxl;udk &jcif;\ taMumif;udk/ bl r dEd? um;/ ykxkZeblrd? ykxkZOf
bkv
H nf;aumif;/ 'eblr?d vnf;aumif;/ wd {0rm'du?H aom/ blr? ud/k
0dbZaw
wwd? um;/ 0dbma*e? jzif/h uaxwd? qd\
k / om"m&aP
om"m&aPwd? um;/
'ey[mwAm'demr0aoe 0g? 'ey[mwA tp&Sdaom trnf\
tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ykxZk e aomwmyEm'd0wK0aoe 0g? ykxZk Of
aomwmyef tp&Sad om 0wK\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ om"m&aP?
qufqaH om w&m;wdu
Yk /kd t0doad |? rxl;aom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd ormae? wlaom
w&m;wdkYudk/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ 0kw0dy&d,ma,e?
qdt
k yfNy;D onfrS jyefaomtm;jzif/h tom"m&Pm
tom"m&Pm? w&m;wdu
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uke\
f / aea,sm 0dbwDwd {w ygaX? / ,xm0kw" rm'De?H tMuiftMuif
qdt
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um;/ tawm? wnf;/ wom? aMumif/h oHuad vo"ar p? wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/
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tm;jzifv
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tm;jzifv
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txl;onf/ ]]0dbw[
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]bma0 ured blaw awm}
awm}-- [k o'gq&mwdkY rdefYaomaMumifhw
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onff twdwfumv jzpf&um; twdwfjzpfaom ukodkvftukodkvf[k t,l &SdaomaMumifh xdkt,ludk epfapjcif;iSm bm0dawwd}paom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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9/ ed ' d a ||wd? um;/ uxdaw? aom/ okaw? / tm*aw 0g?

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hf yfonf&adS omfvnf;aumif;/
t"d*rmwd {w 0pae? / OyEo
'dom? jzpfNy;D aom w&m;ESihf wluek af om
tem*wfw&m;wdu
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h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/
bm0dwo'dao? yGm;aptyfNy;D aom ukov
kd t
f ukov
kd Ef iS hf wlaom/ bma0waA?
yGm;aptyf yGm;ap&maom ukov
kd w
f &m;ud/k wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
1
y[Dae wd {wmyd? vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? udo
k mvQi/f '|aAm? \/
y&d0wwd y#dyauwd y'? \/ 0kwm eH? okwf a[mtyfuek af om/
0g? zGit
hf yfuek af om/ "rmeH? ukov
kd t
f ukov
kd w
f &m;wd\
Yk / a, "rm? wdo
Yk nf/
y#dyum? qefu
Y sib
f ufwo
Ykd nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / awoH y#dyu"rmeH? wd\
Yk /
0aoe? jzif/h y&d0aww?d vnfap\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
( ]a, p y#dyum}[k tcsKUd pm &S\
d / qifjcif/ po'g vGeo
f uJo
h Ykd xif\)/
{0H? od/Yk ed'|d meH? okwf jytyfuek af om/ 0g? zGit
hf yfuek af om/ "rmeH? ukov
kd f
tukov
kd w
f &m;wd\
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vnfapjcif;vuPm&Sdaom oH0Pemtxl;onf/ ]]y&d0waem [ma&m?
rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ /
10/ 0d0d"med? txl;xl; tjym;jym;ukefaom/ {uoa,0 taw?
omvQi/f y0wmed? ukeaf om/ 0pemed? o'gwdw
Yk nf;/ 0d0pemed? txl;xl;
tjym;jym;aom o'gwd/Yk 0d0pemed {0? wdo
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f /
(Pyponfum; oGw[
v
l akd omf)/ y&d,m,o'g? wdw
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wk-oa'g? onf/ t0"m&aP? / y0ww?d jzpf\//
1/ y[Daewd {wmyd / / wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom olonf yGm;aptyfNy;D aom
twdwfukodkvfESifhwlaom yGm;aptyf yGm;ap&maom ukodkvfw&m;udk bm0daw[k?
y,ftyfNyD;aom twdwftukodkvfESifh wlaom y,ftyf y,f&maom tukodkvfudk
y[Dae[k qdkonf/ pifppf twdwfjzpfaom ukodkvftukodkvfudk qdkonf r[kwf
[lvakd omf/

124

aewdt|uxmed,
xd k t 0"m&Pteuf & S d a om wk o ' g jzif h ,l t yf a om teuf u m;
tb,fenf;? epfaptyfaom teufum; tb,fenf;/ *a[wAed0awwA
teuf r&Sb
d J ]wk-um; t0"m&Pteuf jzpfaom}-[k q&mqdb
k o
d avm-[
avm-[kk
apm'em&SdaomaMumifh ]awe /v/ 'awd}ygXf xGufaomf/

awe? xdt
k 0"m&P teuf&adS om wko'gjzif/h A[l {0? rsm;onfom
jzpfuek af om/ y&d,m,o'g? wdu
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,SOjf cif;/ uaxwAm? uke\
f / uwdy,m? pd;k pOf;aom y&d,m,fo'gwdu
Yk /kd e
uaxwAm? tyfuek /f wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ okaw 0kwmeDw?d
um;/ e00d"okwEocFgaw? udk;yg;tjym;&Sdaom t*Fg&Sdaom okwef[k
qdktyfaom/ awyd#au? yd#uokH;ykHjzpfaom/ Ak'0pae? jrwfpGmbk&m;
ygVdawmf/ bmodwmed? ukefaom/ {wmyd? okaw 0kwmed[laom
yk'f vnf;/ wk-o'? \/ tawm? ud/k tmaewGm? aqmif/ a,maZwaAm?
\/ awe? xdkwk-o'gjzifh/ 0g? xdkYaMumifh/ ygVd,H? / tm*wmeda,0?
omvQijf zpfuek af om/ a00pemed? wdu
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yk't
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tawm}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a,m Zmemwd okw0d'lwd y'? \/ (tawmodYk qdu

k /f ) ]]oy
d
Zmem[D}}wd? [l/ 0kaw? aomf/ ]]oyed m? axmywfjzif/h 0dpma&[d? pD&ifavmh}}/
wd 0g? odv
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wd? odkY/ tawm? onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJh odkY/ {0H wxm? wl/
okwa um0da'g? okwf vdrrf maom/ a,m "ruxdaum? onf/ |? 27
{u? aom/ tw? \/ A[lyd y&d,m,oa'? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ 0dpma&wd?
pD&if\/ 0dbma0wd? \/ a,maZwd? ,SOaf p\/ wd? od/Yk tawm? onf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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a[mwd? \/ a00paem emr aom [ma&m

[ma&mwd? um;/ w tw? \/
0kwy u
m&y&d,m,o'a,mZemvuaPm? tMuif tMuif qdt
k yfNy;D aom
tjym;&Sdaom y&d,m,fo'gwdkYudk ,SOfapjcif;vuPm&Sdaom oH0Pem
txl;onf/ a00pe[ma&m emr? rnf\/ wom? aMumif/h {uo taw? /
taeuy&d,m,o'a,mZemvuaPm? wdu
Yk kd ,SOaf pjcif; vuPm&Sad om
[m&onf/ ]]a00pe[ma&m? rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ /
11/ "rEd? um;/ cEm'd"rH? udk/ ynw D [ Dwd? um;/ ynmyae[d?
tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;wdjYk zif/h yuma&[d? wdjYk zif/h yae[d? odapjcif;wdjYk zif/h
odkY ]yuma&[d yem ynwd} [laom 0pewudkvnf;aumif;?
"mwff\ Pteufudkvnf;aumif; jyNyD; ,cktcg y&dpdEdwGm yem
ynwd[laom 0pewudkvnf;aumif;? "mwf\ Xyeteufudkvnf;aumif;
jyjyefvdk&um; ]touF&awm 0g Xyae[d}-[k wpf0duyf tm;xkwfawmf
rljyefownf;/

0g? um;/ touF & awm? ra&m,S u f a omtm;jzif h / Xyae[d ?

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tmuma&mwd? um;/
{ua0? omvQijf zpfaom/ tw? ud/k (ynmyemuma&m pyf)/ edauy
y b 0ynw d t m'd 0 aoe? ed a u y ynwf y b0ynwf t p&S d o nf w d k Y \
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ynmyemuma&m? tMuif odapaom tjcif;t&monf/ tw?d \/ aom
tmuma&m? ud/k (tcsKUd aom ay ]ynmyema,m tmuma&m}[k? a&S;vnf;
],m}[k &S\
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wpfcak om/ "r? \/ 0g? ud/k taeum[d? ukeaf om/ ynw[
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ynmaywAmum&0dbm0evuaPm? tjym;tm;jzifh odaptyfaom
tjcif;t&mudk xif&mS ;jyjcif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf/ ]]ynw[
d ma&m?
rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ /

126

aewdt|uxmed,
y#d p K y g 'w&m;[l o nf tb,f e nf ; [k ok y f t m;jzif h rxif & S m ;
aomaMumifh y#dpK yg a'gwd y#dpo
rkyg a'g
a'g--[k zGiahf omf/ oHo'g rygaomaMumifh
tjcm;w&m; rS w f t H h p d k ; ownf ; /

12/ y#d p K y g a'g

a'gwd? um;/ y#dporkyga'g? y#dporkyg'fyifwnf;/
`Ed,cEmwd? um;/ `E,
d med p? wdo
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vnf;aumif;/ "mwktm,wem
m,wemwd? um;/ "mwka,m p? wdo
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tm,wemed p? wdo
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wpfq,fEh pS yf 'k &f adS om/ a,m yp,muma&m p? tMuify#dp orkyg 'fw&m;onf
vnf;aumif;/ 'Gg0Dowd? ukeaf om/ ,med `E,
d med p? wdo
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y? ukeaf om/ a, p cEm? wdo
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p "mwka,m? wdo
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wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ oE?d uke\
f / okaw? / tm*wy'wrak ce? vmaom
yk'f\teufudk taMumif;jyKojzifh/ ed'g&d,rmae[d? ukefaom/ {aw[d?
xdky#dporkyg'ftp&Sdaom w&m;wdkYjzifh/ Mow&wd a,m
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rnf\/
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kd nf;/ o*Fa[m? ud/k '|aAm?
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Yk kd
t&if;jyKjcif;wdjYk zif/h 0g? tOD;jzpfaom y#dpo
rkyg 'ftp&Sad om w&m;wdjYk zif/h
okww

? ud/k Mow&PvuaPm? oGi;f jcif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf/
]]Mow&aPm [ma&m emr? rnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ /

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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13/ 0doZdwrSDw?d um;/ Ak'g 'D[?d wdo

Yk nf/ Asmuaw? ajztyfaom/
yaOw?d um;/ wk?H odjcif;iSm/ pad w? tyfaom/ taw? teufu/kd
*gxm,
*gxm,E?d um;/ *gxmlaV? *gxmodYk wiftyfonf/ owd? aomf/
*gxm,H [ l om qd k a omaMumif h *gxmAE om yk p m 0d o Z e m
&S d o avm? pk P d , jzpf a om ygVd um; r&S d o avm/ xd k p k P d , jzpf a om
ygVdvnf; aom"e[m&udk rxkwftyfoavm-[k tar;ykpm apm'em
&Sdav&um; ]'}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

' 0peH? *gxm,-[laom pum;udv

k nf;/ ykpEm? ar;ukeaf om
olwo
Ykd nf/ a,bka,se
,se? jzif/h *gxmAE0aoe
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ykpEd? uke\
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pG
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rokwo
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bm00dpma&m? okwo
f iftyfonf\tjzpf rokwo
f iftyfao;onf\tjzpfukd
pD&ifjcif;onf/ [ma&m aom aom"aem emrm
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yk'\
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Yk /kd aom"evuaPm? okwo
f ifjcif;
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\/ /
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1/ {uwwm / / wypn;f onf bm0wukd a[mavNyD jzpf&um; wmypn;f \
teuftxl; r&SdNyD/ oGwom [lvdkaomf/ oGw[lonfum; ]]aom a,0 tawm
, yp,mwd oGawm? , yp,? \/ tawm? um;/ aom a,0 tawm?

128

aewdt|uxmed,
y'w u d k q&m qd k od & NyD ? t"d y g ,w u m; tb,f o d k Y e nf ; /
jrwfonf\tjzpf ? tazmf r &S d o nf \ tjzpf ? wpf c k w nf ; \tjzpf o nf
{uw w m rnfoavm[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;xm;awmfrl ]omranemwd
tawm} [laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/ omrane[l qdk\/ ao|bma0e[l aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? to[m,bma0e[l aomf v nf ; aumif ; ?
{u*Pebma0e[laomfvnf
vnf;aumif; rqdkaumif;ygavm/ tb,fhaMumifh
omrane
omrane-- [l qd k o enf ; [k yk p m &S d & maomaMumif h ]{uoa' g /v/
wo m }ygXf xG u f o wnf ; /

{w p? {uwwm,[laom ygXfvnf;/ {u
{u-oa'g? onf/
ormeo'y&d,ma,m? ormeo'g\ y&d,m,fonf/ 0g? a00kpo
f nf/ a[mwd?
\/ wom? aMumif/h omrane? wlonf\ tjzpfjzif/h 0g? omrnjzif/h wd?
od/Yk tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ 0do|d m? xl;aom/ rwm? twdik ;f t&Snw
f nf;/
0drwm? xl;aom twdik ;f t&Sn/f 0drwm0? xl;aom twdik ;f t&Sno
f nfyifvQi/f
a0rwH? rnf\/ w? xdkxl;aom twdkif;t&Snf\/ bma0g? wnf;/
a0rwwm? tjzpf/ wm, a0rw w m,
m,? xdkxl;aom twdkif;t&Snf\
tjzpfjzif/h 0daoaoe? xl;aomtm;jzif/h wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
aw e 0duy,dwAmwd? um;/ a, "rm? wdu
Yk /kd (a'odwm pyf)/ ]]'kuH
ork'a,m}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h omrane p? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]Zmwd
Z&m umrwPSm b0wPSm}}wd tm'dem? jzifh/ 0daoaoe p? tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ okaw? / a'odwm? uke\
f / aw "rm? wdu
Yk /kd (e 0duy,w
d Am
pyf)/ ]]{w? 'kuo
pmtp&Sad om w&m;/ omrnH 0g? onfvnf;/ u?
tb,fenf;/ 0daoaom 0g? onfvnf;/ aum? tb,fenf;}}/ wd {0H?
xdyk 'k \
f teufyifwnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h oGawm? rnf\}}-[laom 0pewjzifh
rdr\
d teuf toD; r&S?d yk'\
f teufyif teuf&adS om ypn;f -[lvakd omf/ oGwo
nf
ouwvnf; rnf\/ ]]y'ocFgw ou tawm ,mwd ouawm/ tx
0g o twaem {aom oaum? tawm/ oaum tawm , yp,mwd
ouaw m }}-[l a om 0pew j zif h yk ' f - [k qd k t yf a om rd r d \ teuf o m &S d \ /
wpfenf;um;-yk'-f [k qdt
k yfaom rdr\
d Opmjzpfaom teufom &S\
d / ypn;f \teuf
toD;r&Sd [lvakd omf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

129

od/Yk omrn0daoo0duye0aoe? omrn0daoowku

Yd kd txl;Muo
H nf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ e 0duy,dwAm? txl;rMuHtyfukef/ uom? aMumifh/ e
0duy,w
d Am? ukeo
f enf;[lru
l m;/ omrn0daoouyem,? omrn0daooudk
Muo
H jzif/h a0g[m&bma0e? ac:a0:onf\ tjzpfjzif/h umv'dom0daoom'De?H
umvtxl; t&yftxl; tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / te0|meH 0d,? tjrrJ wnfjcif;uJo
h /Ykd
te0|meawm p? tjrrJ wnfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ tayum
od'dawm p? iJhaomtm;jzifh NyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ e
0duy,w
d Am? uke/f
xd k p um;ud k tus,f c sJ U vd k & um; ],xm [d } tp&S d a om ygXf u d k
rdefYownf;/

[d 0dwm a&rd? tH/h ]]tZ

,sm? ,refaeY/ aoG? eufzef}}/
tZ1? ,aeY/ [da,sm
wd? od/Yk 0kpr mem? qdt
k yfuek af om/ umv0daoom? umvtxl;wdo
Yk nf/
te0|dwobm0g? tjrrJ wnfaom oabm&Su
d ek o
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm p?
uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ ]]yk&rd m 'dom? ta&SUt&yf/ yprd m 'dom? taemuft&yf}}/
wd? od/Yk 0kpr mem? ukeaf om/ 'dom0daoom? t&yftxl;wdo
Yk nf/ te0|dw
obm0g? ukeo
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ {0H wxm? wl/
omrn0daoomyd? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ te0|dwobm0g? ukeo
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /
]te0|meawm umv'dom0daoom'DeH 0d,}\ tus,fudk jyNyD;
,cktcg ]tayumod'dawm}\ tus,fudk jytHhaomiSm ]w [d} paom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/ tEkoaEtwuftm;jzifh [d-um; yuE&teuf&Sd\/
1/ tZ [da,sm aoG / / t"dyg ,fum; eufzef[
l ac:a0:tyfaom
umv txl;onf xdkaeYvGefonf&Sdaomf ,aeY[k ac:a0:tyf\/ wpfzef wpfaeY
vGeo
f nf&adS omf ,refaeY[k ac:a0:tyf\/ wpfcak om tydik ;f tjcm;udk iJ
h ta&SU
t&yf[k ac:a0:tyfaom t&yftxl;onf xdrk S wpfyg;aom tydik ;f tjcm;udk iJ
h
taemuft&yf[k ac:a0:tyf\/ odYk umv0daoo 'dom0daoowdo
Yk nf tjrJ
rwnfwo
hH uJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl wpfcak om w&m;udk iJ
h omrnjzpfaomfvnf; wpfcak om
w&m;udk iJhjyefojzifh 0daoo? wpfckaom w&m;udk iJh 0daoo jzpfaomfvnf;
wpfcak om w&m;udk iJ
h omrn jzpf\/ odYk omrn0daoowdo
Yk nf tjrJ rwnfuek -f
[lvakd omf/

130

aewdt|uxmed,

wxm? xdkrS wpfyg;/ ]]'H 'ku}}Ed? [l/ 0kprmeH? a[mtyfaom

'kuopmonf/ Zmwdtm'dtayum,? Zmwdtp&Sdaom 'kutxl;udk
iJah omtm;jzif/h omrnH? onf/ ormer?d jzpfaomfvnf;/ opmayum,?
opmomrnudk iJhaomtm;jzifh/ 0daoaom? txl;onf/ a[mwd? \/
ork',m'Doyk ?d ork',opmtp&So
d nfwYkd vnf;/ {o {aom ea,m? ud/k
'|aAm? \/
wpfenf;/ uom? aMumifh/ e 0duy,dwAm? ukefoenf;[lrlum;/
omrn0daoouyem,? ojzif/h a0g[m&bma0e? tjzpfjzif/h umv'dom0daoom'De?H wd\
Yk / tayumod'dawm1? aMumif/h te0|meH 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd
tayumod'dawm? Zmwdtp&SdonfudkiJhaomtm;jzifh NyD;jcif;aMumifh/
(te0|meawm[dww
f iG f pyf)/ te0|meawm? aMumif/h e 0duy,w
d Am?
tyfuek /f [d 0dwm a&rd? th/H ]]tZ? ,aeY/ [da,sm? ,refaeY/ aoG? eufzef}}/
wd? od/Yk 0kpr mem? ukeaf om/ umv0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ te0|dwobm0g?
ukeo
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ ]]yk&rd m 'dom? ta&SUt&yf/
yprd m 'dom? taemuft&yf}}/ wd? od/Yk 0kpr mem? ukeaf om/ 'dom0daoom?
wdo
Yk nf/ te0|dwobm0g? ukeo
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/
{0H wxm? wl/ omrn0daoomyd? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ te0|dwobm0g? wdo
Yk nf/
a[mE?d uke\
f / wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ ]]'H 'ku} }E?d [l/
0kprmeH? onf/ Zmwdtm'dtayum,? jzifh/ omrnH? onf/ ormerd?
aomf v nf ; / op m ayu m ,? jzif h / 0d a oaom? onf / a[mwd ? \/
ork',m'Doyk ?d wdYk vnf;/ {o {aom ea,m? ud/k '|aAm? \/
{aom [ma&m t"d|maem
maemwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk okwm *wmeH? ukeaf om/
"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd 0g? wd\
Yk / t0duye0aoe? txl;rMuo
H nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
1/ tayumod'dawm p / / um; ]tayumod'ad wm p}[k &So
d nft
h wdik ;f
p-o'gudk orkpn
;f teuf,
l ay;onf/ igwdt
Yk vdu
k m; odw
Yk nf;= ]tayumod'ad wm
p} po'g rvdk/ usavonf-[k trSwf&Sd aemufom;wdkY xnfhrdavonfom
jzpf&monf/ ]tayumod'ad wm} [laom [dwo
f nf t0|meawm\ y&r&[dwo
f m[k txif&o
dS nf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

131

omrn0daooed'g&PvuaPm? omrn0daooudk xkwfjcif;vuPm

&Sad om [m&onf/ ]]t"d|maem [ma&m emr? rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/
tawm? wnf;/ /
15/ a, "rmwd? um;/ t0dZm 'dum? ukeaf om/ a, yp,"rm? tMuif
taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ ,H "rE?d um;/ ocFg&m'du?H aom/ ,H yp,yk E " r?H
tMuiftusK;d w&m;ud/k Ze,EDw?d um;/ edAa wE?d jzpfapuke\
f / yp,mmwd?
awmwd?
um;/ o[Zmwyp,bma0e? o[Zmwypn;f \ tjzpfjzif/h y&r&awm
um;/ y&r&yp,bma0e?tqifq
h ifah om ypn;f \tjzpfjzif/h tEkyl oEmeC#e0aoe? avsmufywfpmG tpOftm;jzifh pyfjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ypa,m?
onf/ [kwmG ? / wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
xd k y p n f ; ES p f y g;wd k Y \ txl ; um; tb,f e nf ; -[k apm'em&S d & um;
]Oyed,aum#d [d} paomygXfudk rdefUaomf/

[d 0daoaom? ypnf;ESpfyg;wdkY\ txl;um;/ Oyed,aum#d?

Oyed,tpGe;f ud/k "? y&r&taMumif;/ t"daywm? \/ yk&rd o?
a&S;yp,taMumif;/ t0oda|m? Oyed,ypn;f rS <uif;aom/ yp,bma0g?
ypnf;\ tjzpfudk/ t"dayawm? \/ a[wk r 0u,d w G m wd? um;/
,xm0kwy p,ocFgwH? tMuiftjcif;jzifh qdt
k yfNy;D aom yp,[k qdt
k yfaom/
Zeum'dab'bdE?H Zeutp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzifh jym;aom/ wH a[wk?H
xdt
k aMumif;ud/k tmudwmG ? iifxw
k
f / okwa wm? rS/ ed'g a&wGm? /
oH0PemocFgawm? [kqt
kd yfaom/ a,m [ma&m? onf/ b0wd? \/ {aom
[ma&m
[ma&m? onf/ y&duma&m
a&m? rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ {0H?
od/Yk okaw? / tm*w"rmeH? wd\
Yk / y&dum &ocFgaw? qdt
k yfuek af om/
a[wkypa,? a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;wdkYudk/ ed'ga&wGm? /
oH0PemvuaPm? zGijhf cif;vuPm&Sad om [m&onf/ ]]y&dum a&m [ma&m?
rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
16/ a, "rmwd? um;/ a, oDvm'd"rm? wdo
Yk nf/

132

aewdt|uxmed,
],Hrlvm}um; 0guswnf;-[k t,l&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkt,ludk epfap
0gusr[kwfonfomwnf;[k jytHhaomiSm ],Hrlvmwd a,oH}tp&Sdonfjzif
jzifh
zG i f h o wnf ; /

,H r l v m 1 wd ? um;/ a,oH orm"d t m'D e H ? wd k Y \ / rl v bl w m?

taMumif;jzpf jzpfuek af om/ aw "rm? xdo
k v
D tp&Su
d ek af om w&m;wdu
Yk /kd
(orma&my,dwAm pyf)/ awoH orm"dtm'De?H wd\
Yk / y'|mebma0e? jzif/h
orma&my,dwAm? aumif;pGm wiftyfukef\/ wd? odkY/ oraEm? udk/
a0'dwaAm? \/ a, apuwm yumodwm rkedemmwd? um;/ tem*grd
zvwwm,? tem*grdzv
kd -f [laom teuf&o
dS nf\ tjzpfjzif/h {uwm? wlaom
teuf&Sdukefaom/ a, p &m*0d&m*apawm0drkwdaouzvumr"mwk
orwdurem'do'g? tMuif&m*0d&m*apawm0drkwdaouzvumr"mwk
orwdur etp&Sad om o'gwdu
Yk /kd Ak'r ek ed m? bk&m;wnf;[laom rkeo
d nf/
y&d'yD w
d m? uke\
f / aw? xd&k m*0d&m*apawm0drw
k t
d p&Sad om o'gwdu
Yk /kd
tnrna00pebma0e? tcsi;f csi;f \ a00kp\
f tjzpfjzif/h orma&my,dwAm?
uke\
f / wd? od/Yk oraEm? ud/k '|aAm? \/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...orma&myeonf y'|meorma&mye
a00peorma&mye bm0emorma&mye y[meorma&myetm;jzif h
av;yg;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkav;yg;wdkYwGif a, "rm ,Hrlvm-[laom ygXfjzifh
y'|me
oarma&myeudk? a, apuwm yumodwm-[laom ygXfjzifh a00pe
y'|meoarma&myeud
orma&myeudk? odkY a&S;orma&myeESpfyg;udkom ygVd jycJh\/ ,if;odkYom
jyonf & S d a omf ygVd tAsmyd w a'go a&muf c J h & m\/ y'|me a00pe
bm0emy[me
orma&mye0dpm&PvuaPm
q&mhhpum;
bm0emy[meorma&mye0d
Pm--[k qdkvwHYaom q&m
pum;
onf v nf ; twd A smyd w jzpf c J h & m\/ oH 0 aP w A E S i f h v nf ; qef Y c J h [ k
ygVdt|ux
mrvGwf apm'em&maomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk ajzawmfrlvdkaom
|uxmrvG
t|uxmq&monf ]orma&myeH apw}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ ,H r l v m / / ]a,oH rlvm ,Hrlvm}-[k jyK/ ,rlvm[k qdkvdkvsuf
],wo'ormorS?d o' y&ya'e ap/ ed*[
w
D m*arm ykaA? a'Gbma0g 0g ya& od,m}[k o'gwwfaom q&mwdkY qdkonfESifh tnD ,o'gwo'gwdkYudk ormofjyK&m
ed*[dwfvmjcif;? aemufyk'fudk a'GabmfjyKjcif; ESpfyg;wdkYwGif a'Gabmft&m
r[kw&f um; , ed*[
w
d v
f m ,Hrv
l m-[k Ny;D onf-[lvakd omf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

133

{w? jrwfpmG bk&m;ygVdawmf/ orma&mye? wifjcif;onfvnf;/

okaw? / |? 29 ,xmkw0aoe 0g? wdu
k f u
kd \
f tpGr;f tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
ed'g &P0aoe 0g? xkwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ *,Srme?
,ltyfaom/ oduw
,
ocFgw? odum ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;-[k qdt
k yfaom/
oD v m'd u E w , ? oD v tp&S d a om cE m ok H ; yg;taygif ; \/
y&d , m,E & 0d b m0erk a ce? y&d , m,f o ' g txl ; ud k xif p G m jyjcif ; ud k
t&if;jyKojzif/h bm0emyg&dy&l u
d xeH? bm0em\ jynfph jHk cif;udk qdjk cif;onf/
a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumifh/ bm0em,rma&myemyd? bm0emtm;jzifh
wifjcif;udv
k nf;/ 'dwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (odYk aomwkZewdt
Yk m;
em;0ifv,
G af tmif 0peaooESihf wuG ay;)/ bm0emyg&dy&l D p? bm0em\
jynfhpkHjcif;onfvnf;/ y[mwA? y,ftyfaom w&m;udk/ y[maee?
y,fojzifh/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/ y[meorma&myemyd?
y[meftm;jzifh wifjcif;udv
k nf;/ twawm? tm;jzif/h 'dwm {0? omvQi/f
a[mwd? \/ {o orma&myaem [ma&m
[ma&mwd? um;/ okaw? / tm*w"rmeH?
wdu
Yk /kd y'|mea00pebm0emy[meorma&mye0dpm&PvuaPm? y'|mef
a00kpb
f m0emy[meftm;jzifh wifjcif;udk pD&ifjcif;vuPm&Sad om/ {o {aom
[ma&m? onf/ ]]orma&myaem emr [ma&m? rnf\}}/ wd t,H? vQi/f
tawm? wnf;/ /

enf;tusOf;
17/ {0H? od/Yk *gxmAE0aoe? *gxmAE\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h aomVoyd?
vnf;jzpfuek af om/ [ma&? wdu
Yk /kd ed'o
d w
d mG ? tus,t
f m;jzifh jyNy;D / 'ged?
wPSm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww?
/ ea,? wdu
Yk /kd ed'o
d w
d ?Hk iSm/ ]]wPS
xdw
k PSt
p&Sad om ygVd/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ wPS
t0d Z r d pm
pmwd? um;/ okaw? / tm*wH? aom/ twawm? tm;jzifh/
ed'g &P0aoe 0g? tm;jzifv
h nf;/ *[dw?H aom/ wPS? udv
k nf;aumif;/
t0dZ ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ a,m oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ aewd? \/ wd?
od/Yk oraEm? ud/k umwaAm? \/ wpfenf;um;-a,m aewDwd rdem ya'e?

134

aewdt|uxmed,

ESi/hf oraEm? ud/k umwaAm? \/ a,m oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ wH?

xdw
k PSmt0dZm ud/k aewd? \/ oHuad voyu?H oHuad votzd&Yk adS om w&m;od/Yk
ygaywd? a&mufap\/ oHuad vo0aoe? \ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h okww
?H ud/k
a,maZwd? ,SO\
f / wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ oraxem
oraxemwd?
em,mwd? um;/ ynm,? jzif/h a,m oH0Pem
um;/ orm"dem? jzif/h 0dyem,m
0daoaom? onf/ a0g'geyu?H od/Yk ygaywd? \/ wxm? wl/ (a0g'ge0aoe
[lvakd omf)/ okww
?H ud/k a,maZwd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m?
wnf;/ oap[d a,mZ,dwGmwd? um;/ e,aEm p? aqmifonf&adS omfvnf;/
wPSm p? onfvnf;aumif;/ t0dZm p? onfvnf;aumif;/ b0rlvuwm?
b0jzpfaMumif; jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ork',op?H rnf\/ t0aoom?
wPSm t0dZm rS <uif;ukeaf om/ awblru"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ 'kuo
p?H rnf\/
orx0dyem? onf/ r*opH? rnf\/ awe? xdkr*opmjzifh/ ywAm?
a&muftyfaom/ tocFw"mwk? onf/ eda&m"op?H rnf\/ wd {0H? od/Yk
pwl[?d ukeaf om/ ar[d oap[?d wdEYk iS /hf a,maZwGm? / aewd? \/ (aemufoYkd
vnf)/ t,H ea,m eEd,m0am
m0amwd? um;/ wPSm0dZm [d? wPSmt0dZm wdjYk zif/h
oHuad voyu? oHuad votzd&Yk adS om/ okww

p? udv
k nf;aumif;/
(e,evuaPm pyf)/ orx0dyem[d? wdkYjzifh/ a0g'geyu?
a0g'geftzdkY&Sdaom/ okww p? udkvnf;aumif;/ (vdkufaponf)/
pwkopa,mZerkace? av;yg;aom opmwdEYk iS hf ,SOjf cif;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h
e,evuaPm? aqmifjcif;vuPm &Sad om/ a,m oH0Pem0daoaom?
onf/ tw?d \/ t,H oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ ]]eE,
d m0am ea,m emr?
rnf\}}/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...oH 0 P e m0d a oaom t,H eE d , m0am
ea,m emr
emr--[k qdk\/ ]twea,m t,H eEd,m0am ea,m emr}
emr}--[l
rqdak umif;yg oavm/ tb,fhaMumifh ]oH0Pem0daoaom}[k qdkbdoenf;[k
apm'emzG,f &Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]{w p /v/ 0kwH}-[laom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

135

{w p? t&mvnf;/ e,? twe,\/ blr?d t&mjzpfaom

oH0Pemtxl;ud/k *gxm,H? / ]]ea,m}}wd? [l/ 0kwm ? \/ wom? aMumif/h
oH0Pem0daoaomwd? [l/ tarS[?d wdo
Yk nf/ 0kw?H \/
t&Sit
f |uxmq&m...twe,\ t&mjzpfaom oH0Pem0daoo
ud k
oou
*gxm ea,m[k qd k t yf a om-[l qd k \ / tw e ,ud k o m ea,m[k
rqd k a umif ; ygoavm/ q&mh p um;onf tb,f o d k Y oif h y gtH h e nf ; [k
apm'em&SdaomaMumifh ]e [d twea,m oH0Pem}[laomygXf xGufjyef
ownf ; /
t|uxmq&m...twe,onf oH0Pem rjzpf[k qdk\/ ,if;odkY
rjzpfaomf tb,fonf twe,rnfoenf;/ twe,\ t& oky0f ad oo
r&S/d ]t0dZr meabm}om jzpfavoavm[k ykpm &Sjd yef&maomaMumifh ]pwkop
/v/ twea,m}-[laomygXf xGufjyefownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ twea,m? onf/ oH0Pem? onf/ e a[mwd?

rjzpf/ pwkopy#da0"? opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjcif;tm;/ tEkal yg?
avsmufywfaom/ ykAb
ma*? opmav;yg;wdu
Yk kd xd;k xGi;f odjcif;\ a&S;tzdYk /
tEk*g[Peea,m? r*ftm;avsmpf mG ,laom tjcif;t&m-[k qdt
k yfaom
enf;onf/ twea,m? rnf\/
,if ; od k Y tEk * g[Peenf ; onf tw e ,jzpf o nf & S d a omf tb,f
od k Y v Qif oH 0 P e m0d a ooonf e,rnf u k e f t H h e nf ; [k apm'emzG , f & S d
xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]w ye/ v /a0g[ma&m}-[laom ygXfudk
rdefYjyefownf;/

w ye twe,? \um;/ (e,blrEd iS hf pyf)/ O*#w

d nKtm'De?H
tp&Sad om yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd / 0aoe? jzif/h wPSm'drak ce? wPSmtp&So
d nfukd
t&if;jyKojzif/h ,m e,blr&d pem? tMuif twe,\t&mudk pD&ifjcif;onf/
tw?d \/ ww? xdt
k we,\ t&mudk pD&ifjcif;/ e,a0g[ma&m? enf;[k
ac:a0:jcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
18/ tukoav
avwd? um;/ 'Gg'opdwK yg 'o*F[ad w? wpfq,fEh pS yf g;aom
pdwK yg 'fwjYkd zifh oN*K [t
f yfuek af om/ oaAy?d vnf;jzpfuek af om/ tukoav?
ukefaom/ "ar? wdkYudk/ orl a v[Dwd? um;/ twaem? \/ rlav[d?

136

aewdt|uxmed,

rlvjzpfuek af om/ avmba'goarma[[d? wdjYk zif/h wd t,H? um;/ tawm?

wnf;/ ukoav
avwd? um;/ oaAy?d vnf;jzpfuek af om/ pwkbrl au? bkaH v;yg;
jzpfuek af om/ ukoav? ukeaf om/ "ar? wdu
Yk /kd ukovrlav[Dw?d um;/
ukoav[d? ukefaom/ tmavmbm'drlav[d? tavmbtp&Sdaom
rlvwdkYjzifh/ a,m oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ aewd ? \/ e,aEm p?
aqmifonf&Sdaomfvnf;/ rm,mr&Dpdtm'a,m 0d,? rsufvSnfh wHvQyf
tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd o
hJ /Ykd tblw?H xif&mS ;r&So
d nf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wdwom?
aMumif/h blw?H xif&mS ;&Sad om/ |? 30 ow#C#m'a,m 0d,? ow0g taygif;
tp&Sad om orl[ynwfwu
Ykd o
hJ /Ykd orKwo
d prw?H orKwo
d pmrQonf/ e
a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd wom? aMumif/h wxH? rSeaf om/ tukov? \/
|0dyguwmbm0awm p? tvd&k t
dS yfaom tusK;d udk ay;jcif; r&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ukov? \/ ted|0dyguwmbm0awm p?
tvdrk &St
d yfaom tusK;d udk ay;jcif;r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
0dygau? onf/ owd? aomf/ t0do0H g'uwm? rcRw,
f iG ;f apwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h t0dwxH? rcRw,
f iG ;f aom/ 0g? rcRwrf ,Gi;f apwwfaom/
ukovmukovH?ud/k aewd? \/ {0H? od/Yk wdPr ?d vnf;jzpfuek af om/ {awoH
y'geH? wd\
Yk / ukovmukov0daooewm? ukovyk'f tukovyk'w
f \
Ykd
0daooetjzpfu/kd '|Am? \/ tx 0g? um;/ tukovrlav[d? wdjYk zif/h
tukovmed p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ukovrlav[d? wdjYk zif/h ukovmed p?
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ e,aEm? aom/ t,H ea,m? onf/ blwH? xif&mS ;&Sad om/
wxH? rSeaf om/ t0dwxH? rcRwrf ,Gi;f aom opmud/k ed'g a&wGm? / aewd?
\/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ opmed? wdu
Yk /kd ed'g a&wGm? / a,maZwd? \/ wd
t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...ygVd ]blwH wxH t0dwxH}om qdkonf
r[kwfwkHavm/ xdkodkYvsuf todkYrl ]pwm&d opmed}-[k qdkbdoenf;/
tb,fodkY q&mhpum;onf oifhygtHhenf;/ wpfenf;um;-tb,fhaMumifh
op m av;yg;wd k Y o nf bl w wx t0d w x rnf u k e f o enf ; -[l a om
apm'emudk ESvkH;xm; ]'kum'Ded [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

137

[d? pG/ 'kum 'De?d 'kuo

pmtp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/ Am"um'dbm0awm?
ESyd pf ufjcif; tp&Sad om tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? rS/ (tm'do'gjzifh ,m0oEed ,
d sme
tjzpfudk ,l)/ tnxmbm0gbma0e? tAm"utp&Sdaom wpfyg;aom
tjzpfr&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h blwmed? blwrnfuek \
f / opobm0wm?
rSeaf om oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h wxmed? uke\
f / t0do0H g'eawm?
rcRw,
f iG ;f apwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h t0dwxmed? rnfuek \
f / [d wa'0
op?H \/ b*0wm? onf/ ]]pwm&d/ v /tenxmeD}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k
0kw?H \/
]]bdua 0? wd/Yk pwm&d? ukeaf om/ rmed? opmwdo
Yk nf/ wxmed?
rSeu
f ek \
f / t0dwxmed? rcRw,
f iG ;f uke/f tenxmed? razmufjyefuek /f
0g? wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzifh rjzpfuek }f }/
wd y k u v H wH e,H tm[l wd? um;/ tukovrlav[d? wdkYjzifh/
oHuad voyu? npfErG ;f jcif; tzd&Yk adS om/ okww

? ud/k ukovrlav[d?
wdjYk zif/h a0g'geyu? jzLpifjcif; tzd&Yk adS om/ okww

? ud/k pwkopa,mZe
rkace? ojzif/h e,evuaPm? aom/ a,m oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/
tw?d \/ wH oH0Pem0daooH? ud/k ]]wdyu
k v
H e,}}E?d [l/ 0'E?d uke\
f /
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
19/ 0d y v m ao[D wd? um;/ tokab? / okbH? wnf;/ wd
tm'de,y0aw[d? odkYtp&Sdaom enf;tm;jzifh jzpfukefaom/ pwl[d?
ukeaf om/ 0dyvmao[d? wdjYk zif/h udavao
vaowd? um;/ a, "rm? wdo
Yk nf/
udv
d Ed 0dAm",E?d ESyd pf ufwwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h aw "rm?
wdkYonf/ udavom? rnfukef\/ oHudvd|"rm? npfEGrf;apwwfaom
oabmESihf jynfph aHk om w&m;wdu
Yk /kd vAE?d uke\
f / wpfenf;um;- oHuv
d |d "rm?
wdo
Yk nf/ oHuad voyu?H npfErG ;f jcif;tzd&Yk adS om w&m;wnf;/ wd t,H?
um;/ tawm? wnf;/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ ]]oHuad vao}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ yXE?d
uke\
f / udavoo[daw? udavomESihf wuGjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd wd
t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ `Eda,[Dw?d um;/ o'g'D[?d ukeaf om/

138

aewdt|uxmed,

`Ead ,[d? wdjYk zif/h o'arw?d um;/ y#dywyd #da0"o'ar? y#dywyd #da0"
wnf;[laom olawmfaumif;w&m;wdu
Yk /kd a0g'geyu?H jzLpifjcif;tzd&Yk adS om
w&m;ud/k wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ {wH e,
e,Ed {w ygaX? /
(tawmodYk oGm;)/ okbonm'D[?d okbonmtp&Su
d ek af om/ 0dyvmao[d?
wdkYjzifh/ ouv? aom/ oHudavoyu? aom/ okww? udk/
o'd`Ed,m'D[d? wdkYjzifh/ a0g'geyu? aom/ okww? udk/ pwkop
a,mZe0aoe? opmav;yg;ESihf ,SOo
f nf\ tpGr;f jzif/h e,evuaPm? aom/
a,m oH0Pem0daoaom? onf/ tw?d \/ {wH oH0Pem0daooH? ud/k e,0d'l
o're,aum0d'g? opmy#dporkyg'ftp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;w&m;
vdrm ukeaf om ynm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf/ 0g? um;/ twe,ukovm {0? twe,
vdrm onfomvQif jzpfuek af om ynm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf/ oD[0duVD w
d H e,E?d [l/
0'E?d \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
20/ a0,smu&aPolwd y'? \/ (tawm pyf)/ w w
twe,? udk/ a,mZewH? iSm/ uawok? ukefaom/ okw? \/
tw0o
d Zaeok? teuftajzwdYk / wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...tw 0 d o Z a eok - [l om rqd k r l
tb,fhaMumifh okw-[k qdkavoenf;/ okwf\teuf tajz\tjzpfudk
q&mtb,f j zif h od y goenf ; / tar;yk p m apm'emxG u f & monf u d k
jrifawmfrl ]awae0g[} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

awae0? xdo
k Ykd okw\
f teuftajz jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQi/f
]]w[ w[d}}E?d [l/ tmp&da,m? onf/ tm[? Ny/D ukovmukovm
vmwd?
um;/ a0g'ged,m p? jzLpifjcif; tzd&Yk o
dS nfvnf;jzpfuek af om/ oHuad vodum
p? npfErG ;f jcif; ESyd pf ufjcif; tzd&Yk o
dS nfvnf;jzpfuek af om/ w w e,?
xdx
k t
kd we,\/ 'domblw"rm? 'domjzpf jzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk /kd 0kwmwd?
um;/ ok w a wm? rS / ed ' g a&wG m ? / uxd w m? uk e f \ / reom
a0gavmu,aw
a0gavmu,awwd {w ygaX? / aw ,xm0kw" ar? tMuif tMuif
qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom xdw
k &m;wdu
Yk /kd pdawae0? jzifo
h mvQi/f ]]t,H? w&m;onf/
yXrm 'dom? yXr'dom rnf\/ t,H? um;/ 'kw,
d m 'dom? rnf\}}/ wd

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

139

tm'dem? jzif/h w w e,? \/ 'dombma0e? 'dom\ tjzpfjzif/h

Oyy&duw
?d pl;prf;\/ 0dpma&wd? qifjcif\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
]]Moavmu,aw aw |? 31 tA[D}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d
\/ ww? xdyk gVd/ aw
awwd? um;/ aw ,xm0kw" ar? wdu
Yk /kd tA[Dw?d um;/
tAE& ?H twGi;f / pdaw {0? omvQi/f wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ wH
ck 'domavmpeH tm[lw?d um;/ Moavmu,awwd {w 0pae? / ,a'wH
,H {wH MoavmueH? tMuifMunfh q
I ifjcifjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ wH MoavmueH?
ud/k 'domavmpeH emr? trnf&adS om/ e,H? enf;[l/ 0'E?d uke\
f / ck-wd p?
ck[o
l nfvnf;/ t0"m&aP? / y0awm? aom/ edygawm? wnf;/ awe?
xdkck-[laom edygwfyk'fjzifh/ t,H ea,m? 'domavmpeenf;onf/
Moavmuear0? omvQi/f a[mwd? \/ aumpd? aom/ tw0ad oaom?
teuftxl;onf/ e a[mwd? jzpf/ wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ /
21/ MoavmauwGmwd? um;/ yXrm'd'o
d mbma0e? yXrm tp&Sad om
'dom\tjzpfjzif/h Oyy&duw
d mG ? / 'domavmpaeem
mavmpaeemwd? um;/ u&P-blawe?
aom/ 'domavmpeea,e? jzif/h
udP
k ;f rjzpfonf&adS omf xd'k o
d mavmpeenf;\ teuftxl; tb,fod k Y
jzpfawmhtHhenf;-[k jyvdk&um; ]a,e [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ a,e 0d"ed m? tMuif tpDt&ifjzif/h w w twe,?

ud/k a,mZem,? ,SOjf cif;iSm/ 'dom? wdu
Yk /kd MoavmuD,E?d uke\
f / aom 0d"?d
onf/ 'domavmpeH? rnf\/ wd {0H 0g? odv
Yk nf;/ {w? t&m/ tawm?
ud/k '|aAm? \/ Oudyd,mmwd? um;/ O'&w
d mG ? xkw
f / 'domblw"ar? wdu
Yk /kd
okwa wm? rS/ ed'g a&wGm? / wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ]]Ouyd ,
d
a,m ormaewD}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ yXE?d uke\
f / w? xdyk gXf\/ tawm?
ud/k {0H? od/Yk '|aAm? \/ ]]a,m ea,m? onf/ awoH 'domblw"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd
orme,eH? tnDtGwf aumif;pGm aqmifjcif;ud/k ua&mwd? \}}/ wd? od/Yk
'|aAm? \/ 0g? um;/ ,Ed y'H? ,H-[laom yk'o
f nf/ ud&,
d my&mroeH? Bu,
d mudk
pGaJ om yk'w
f nf;/ ormaewDw?d um;/ orH? tnDtGw/f 0g? um;/ orm?

140

aewdt|uxmed,

aumif;pGm/ w w e,? xdx

k o
kd aYkd om twe,ud/k a,mZem0aoe?
,SOjf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tmaewd? aqmif\/ au ye? tb,fw&m;wdu
Yk u
kd m;/
tmaewd? enf;/ oaA? ukefaom/ wHwHe,'dom-blaw? xdkxdkodkYaom
twe,\ 'domjzpf jzpfuek af om/ ukovmukoav? wdu
Yk /kd tmaewd?
ea,mwd {w 0pae? / (tawmESihf pyf)/ ormaewDwd {w ygaX?
\/ t,H ea,m
/ wHweH ,'domblw"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd ,a'wH ,H {wH orme,eH? tMuif
tnDtGwf aumif;pGm aqmifjcif; onf/ tw?d \/ t,H? odYk tnDtGwf
aumif;pGm aqmifjcif;onf/ tuFkaom emr? trnf&adS om/ ea,m? rnf\/
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ {w 'G,?H 'domavmpe tuFo
k enf;
a0g[m&ea,m
ESpfyg;wdkY\ taygif;udk/ ]]a0g[m&ea,m
a0g[m&ea,m}} wd p1 ? a0g[m&enf;[l
vnf;aumif;/ ]]urea,m}}wd p? urenf;[l vnf;aumif;/ 0kpw
?d \/
22/ {0H? od/Yk [ma& p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ea, p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/
ed'o
d w
d mG ? / 'ged? / aeoH? xd[
k m&e,wdu
Yk /kd a,mZeur?H ,SOjf cif;\
aomVo [m&m yXr
tpOfu/kd 'aaEm? / ]]aomVo
yXr}}Ed tm'd? ud/k tm[? \/
ww 0pae? / yXrH? pGm/ aomVo [m&m? wdu
Yk /kd ]]a,maZwAm? uke\
f }}/
wd? odkY/ 0peaoaom? ygVd<uif;udk/ tZm[&dwaAm? aqmiftyf\/
As e y&d a ,|d b m0awm? o' g ud k &S m rS D ; wwf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h /
[m&oH0Pem? [m&tzGiu
hf /kd yXrH? pGm/ umwAm? \/ wd t,H? um;/
t"dym a,m? wnf;/ 'domavmpeawm
mavmpeawmwd? um;/ 'domavmpaee? jzif/h 0g?
um;/ t,ar0? ygVdonfyifvQi?f ygaXm? rlvygXfwnf;/ tuFkaoe [Dwd
{w ygaX? / orbded0da|m? aom/ [d oa'g? onf/ edygwrwH?
edygwfrQomwnf;/
1/ a0g[m&ea,mwd p / / 'domjzpfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd Munfh q
I ifjcifjcif;
tnDtGwf aumif;pGm aqmifjcif;aMumifh a0g[m&enf; urenf;om rnf\/ eE,
d m0
tp&Sad om enf;wdu
Yk o
hJ Ykd toD; xkw
f aqmiftyfaom teuf r&Sad omaMumifh twe,
rrnf-[lvdkaomf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

141

rQwnf ; jzif h *gxm\ teuf u k e f o avm[l a om apm'emud k

&nf ]aooH Owmear0} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

aooH? onf/ Owmear0? ay:ovQiu

f wnf;/ (ay:Ny;D jzpf&um; igwdYk
rzGiNhf y[
D v
l akd omf)/ /
yk'fwpfq,fhESpfyg;
d w
d Hk tm[ pyf)/ a,oH Ase y'ge? tMuif
23/ 'ged? / (ed'o
Ase y' wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ a,oH twy'ge? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe?
jzif/h 'Gg'oy'ged okwE ?d [l/ 0kw?H Ny/D wmed y'ged? xdAk se y'twy'wdu
Yk /kd
tu&H y'
ed'o
d w
d ?Hk iSm/ ]]tu
y'}}Ed tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww? xdt
k u&H y'H
tp&Sad om ygVd/ 0g? xdt
k u&m yk'f tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f ya'? yk'o
f nf/
ty&da,modaw? rNy;D qk;H ao;onf&adS omf/ wpfenf;um; ty&da,modaw?
aom/ ya'? / 0aPm? wpfv;Hk wpfv;Hk aom 0Ponf/ y&d,m,0aoe?
y&d , m,f a 00k p f \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h / tu & Pawm to & Pawm?
rajymif;a&GUjcif;aMumif/h tu&?H rnf\/ (emu&wd e o&wDwd tu&[
H al om
0dN*Kd [u
f kd jyownf;)/
0P\a00kpf pifppf&SdcJhaomf y&d,m,fa00kpftm;jzifh rajymif;a&GU
aomaMumif h tu & mrnf \ }[k qd k a om q&mh p um; roif h & mwum;[k
apm'em&Sd&um; ]e [d /v/ 0dZwd} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ 0P? ttu&m tp&Sad om 0P\/ y&d,ma,m?

y&d,m,fa00kpo
f nf/ e 0dZw
?d r&S/d
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh rajymif;a&GUaomaMumifh tu&mrnfaom [lNyD/
tb,foabmaMumifhum; 0Prnfoenf;[k tar;ykpm &Sd&um; ]tx
0aPmwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

y&d,m,0aoe? jzif/h tu&Pawm to&Pawm? aMumif/h tu&?H

rnfonf/ ,'d od,m? tH/h tx? xdo
k rYkd nfonf&adS omf/ (odYk ore)f ?
0aPmwd? 0P[lonf/ auea|e? tb,foabmaMumifh/ 0aPm?
rnfoenf;/ twoH0Pea|e? teufudk zGifhwwfaom oabmaMumifh/

142

aewdt|uxmed,

0aPm? rnf\/ wpfenf;? [d 0dwm a&rd? th/Hh 0P? ttu&m tp&Sad om

0P\/ y&d,ma,m? y&d,m,fa00kpo
f nf/ e 0dZw
?d r&S/d tx? xdo
k rYkd &Sad omf/
(odYk ore)f ? 0aPmwd? 0P[o
l nf/ auea|e? tb,foabmaMumif/h
0aPm? rnfoenf;/ two0H Pea|e? teufukd zGiw
hf wfaom oabmaMumif/h
0aPm? rnf\/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...yk'f0gusonfom teufudk zGifhonfr[kwf
uk e f a vm/ tu & monf teuf u d k rzG i f h o nf r[k w f u k e f a vm-[l a om
apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]0aPm {0 [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 opH? \/ w&cPwm,? xdkodkYaom cP&Sdonf\

tjzpfaMumif/h ty&my&bma0e? tqifq
h ifh jzpfonf\ tjzpfjzif/h y0awm?
aom/ y'g'dbma0e? yk't
f p&So
d nfw\
Ykd tjzpfjzif/h (tm'do'gjzifh 0gusukd
,l)/ *,Srmaem? ,ltyfaom/ 0aPm {0? onfomvQif/ ,xmorEH?
oauFwtm;avsmpf mG / (o'gonf teufukd a[m\/ teufonf
o'g\ teufwnf;[k ,ltyfaom oabmtm;avsmpf mG -[k qdak omf/)
wpfenf;um;-,xmorE?H o'gteufw\
Ykd tcsi;f csi;f t0dembm0enf;
tm;jzifh pyfonftm;avsmpf mG / wH wH tw?H ud/k |? 32 0'wd? a[m\/ 0g?
um;/ {uu&?H wpfv;Hk aom tu&m&Sad om/ y'H? onf/ tu&H? rnf\/ (rm
{0H tp&So
d nfwYkd rm tp&Sad om tu&monf {uu&yk'rf nf\ [lvakd omf)/
aupd ye? tcsKUd aom tb,*D&0d goD? wdo
Yk nfum;/ ]]reom a'oem ?
reom00wydwjzpfaom a'oemonf/ 0gpm,? 0pDab'tm;jzifh/ 0g?
EIw>f rufaomtm;jzif/h tu&Pawm? rajymif;a&TUjcif;aMumif/h tu&?H rnf\}}/
wd? od/Yk 0'E?d uke\
f / /
y'
y'Ed {w 0pae? y'H[al om ygVd/ 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm?
\/ {awe 0paee? o'gjzif/h tawm? ud/k yZw?d odtyf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wH 0peH? onf/ y'H? rnf\/ wH y'H? onf/ emry'H? vnf;aumif;/
tmcsmwy'H? vnf;aumif;/ Oyo*y'H? vnf;aumif;/ edygwy'H? vnf;aumif;/
wd? od/Yk pwkA"d ?H &So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/ ww? xdak v;yg;aom yk'w
f w
Ykd iG /f
]]zam a0'em pdw} }Ed {0rm'du?H zam a0'em pdwH odt
Yk p&Sad om/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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owGy" meH? j'yfjy"mef;aom yk'o

f nf/ emry'H? rnf\/ ]]zkowd a0',wd
0dZmemwD}}wd {0rm'du?H aom/ ud&,
d my"meH? Bu,
d mjy"mef;aom yk'o
f nf/
tmcsmwy'H? rnf\/ ud&,
d m0daoo*[Pedrw
d ?H Bu,
d mtxl;udk odjcif;\
1
taMumif;jzpfaom/ ]]yy }} wd {0rm'duH ? y odYk tp&Sad om yk'o
f nf/
Oyo*y'H? rnf\/
ud&d,m p? \vnf;aumif;/ owG p? j'yf\vnf;aumif;/
oly0daooyumoea[wkblwH? okyftxl;\ xif&Sm;pGm jzpfjcif;\
{0
taMumif;jzpf jzpfaom/ ]]{0
{0}}EEd {0rm'duH2? {0HodYk tp&Sad om yk'o
f nf/
edygwy'H? rnf\/ /
AseEd {w 0pae? / 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ ,H 0gus?H
onf/ oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h 0kw?H aom/ y'gbd[w
d ?H yk'o
f nf a[mtyfaom/
tw?H ud/k As,
wd? jywwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH 0gus?H onf/ Ase ?H
rnf\/ (teufum; ]oacFyawm 0kwH u ye w}Et
d m[ y'gbd[w
d }H [laom
#DumESihf tnDwnf;/) wpfenf;um; ,H 0gus?H onf/ oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h
0kw?H tu&mwdo
Yk nf a[mtyfaom/ tw?H teufukd vnf;aumif;/ y'gbd[w
d ?H
yk'w
f o
Ykd nf a[mtyfaom/ tw?H udv
k nf;aumif;/ As,
wd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wH 0gus?H onf/ Ase ?H rnf\/ (teufum; tx 0g oacFyawm
0kwH ponfjzifh wpfenf;zGiahf om #DumESihf tnDwnf;/) 0gus?H ud/k vAw?d \/
0gusonf okyftm;jzifh tb,fenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]wH ye} paom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y a omf /

1/ ywd {0rm'duH /
/ jy,k*u
f m; pd&y0go ponfwnf;/ jy,k*f
yo'gonf ya0oeBu,
d m\ 0da,m*-[laom teuftxl;udk jyownf;/
2/ {0Ed {0rm'duH / / jy,k*u
f m; ]{0H reodua&mx? rm {0H reomuw?
{0HoDvm {0H"rm} tp&Sdonfwnf;/ jy,k*f0,f {0H reodua&mx? rm {0H
reomuw jy,k*f {0Ho'gonf Bud,mtxl;udk? {0HoDvm {0H"rm jy,k*f
{0Ho'gonf j'yftxl;udk jyownf;/

144

aewdt|uxmed,

wH ye 0gusH1? onf/ twawm? okyftm;jzifh/ y'ork'ga,m?

yk't
f aygif;wnf;/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...teufudk jywwfaomaMumifh 0gusonf
Asernfaom[k qdk\/ yk'fonfvnf; teufudk rjywwfygoavm-[k
apm'emudk ESvkH;jyK ]y'rwo0aeyd [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ y'rwo0ae? yk'rf Qukd Mum;jcif;onf/ owdy?d aomfvnf;/

t"dum&m'd0aoe? t"dum& tp&SdonfwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ 0g? t&m
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h vArmae[d? &tyfuek af om/ y'Ea&[d?
yk'w
f pfyg;wdEYk iS /hf tEkoEmeH? avsmufywfpmG pyfjcif;ud/k uwGm0? omvQi/f
twor#yd w?d teufukd odjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0gusar0? onfomvQi/f tw?H ud/k As,
wd? jywwf\/ edkwDw?d um;/
tmum&mbd[w
d ?H 0gusukd a0zefjcif;wdYk qdt
k yfaom/ edAp eH? 0dN*Kd [o
f nf/
edw
k ?d rnf\/ /
ed a ' a om
omwd ? um;/ ed A p e0d w m a&m? 0d N *d K [f \ tus,f o nf /
ed&0aooa'oewm? t<uif;r&Sd a[mtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h eda'aom
om?
rnf\/ (edAm eH r*wd edAm ewad u[d 0g r*,
D wd udavao rma&aEm *pww
D d
ra*g tp&So
d nfukd ,l)/ ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h 0gus? ud/k 0dbma*g? onf/
tmuma&m? rnf\/ 0dbma*g? onf/ tmuma&m? rnfonf/ ,'d od,m?
tH/h {0H? odjYk zpfonf/ owd? aomf/ (odYk aemufrS iif ay;)/ y'awm? yk'rf /S
1/ 0gusH / / yk't
f aygif;onf 0gusrnfonf&adS omf xd0k gustydik ;f tjcm;um;
tb,fenf;[k qdjk im;tH/h tMuifrQavmuf tvd&k t
dS yfaom teuftqk;H onf &S\
d /
xdkrQavmufaom tydkif;tjcm;onf 0gustydkif;tjcm; rnf\/ omcsmwH omAs,H
oum&uH o0daooeH ]]0gus}H }-[laom #D/ {umcsmawm y'pa,m? od,m 0gusH
oum&aum-[laom tbd"mef/ ab'gab'ublwwH? ykPH a0g[m&eddwH/
ememy'H 0dbma0wd? ,EH 0gusEd 0kpw
/d ted|ad w ya' 0aPm? 0gu&H ed|ad w y'H/
0gusH wrk'ga,m wH? tanmnmayuvuP-H [laom o'wa b'pdEm udk rS
D vnf;
0gustydkif;tjcm;udk rSwftyf\/

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tmum&? tmum&\/ 0daoaom? txl;onf/ aum? enf;/ wd? od/Yk

ap 0a',s? tH/h 0gaus? onf/ ty&da,modaw? rD/ 0g? um;/ 0gaus? ud/k
t0dbZrmae? ra0zeftyfr/D w'0,a0g? xd0k gus\ tpdwo
f nf/ y'H? rnf\/
Opm&P0aoe? &Gwo
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0gaus? onf/ y&da,modaw?
aomf/ 0g? um;/ 0dbZrmae? aomf/ w'0,a0g? xd0k gus\ tpdwo
f nf/
tmuma&m1 ? rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ {awoH? xdky'tmum&wdkY\/
0daoaom? txl;wnf;/
q|H? ajcmufcak jrmufaom/ 0peH? yk'w
f nf;/ q|0peH? ajcmufcak jrmufaom
yk'/f {w Ase y'? tm;/ tmuma&m? tmum&[k qdt
k yfaom/ q|0peH?
ajcmufcak jrmufaom yk'o
f nf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH Ase y'H?
onf/ tmum&q|0peH? rnf\/ Ase y'H? Ase y'ud/k vAw?d \/ {w p?
*gxmvnf;/ Ase Ed r y'? \/ teE&?H tjcm;rJh / 0wA?H
qdktyfaom/ tmum&y'H? tmum&yk'fudk/ eda'oy'geE&H? eda'oyk'f\
tjcm;rJh / 0'aEe? qdv
k su/f ]]tmum&q|0pe}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ y'gEkyAk u
d ?H
yk't
f pOfu/kd paE[d ye? tvd&k adS om olwo
Ykd nfum;/ wH? xdt
k mum&-[laom
yk'u
f /kd Ase y'geE&ar0? Ase yk'\
f tjcm;rJh omvQi/f umwA?H \/ wxm
[d wawm {0? aMumifhomvQif/ ]]ty&drmem /v/ tmum&m}}wd p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ ]]Asa e[d /v/ 0dbZwD}}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;}}/ 0uw?d
wH/h aupd ye? wdo
Yk nfum;/ ]]tmum&y'Ase edw
k ad ,m p eda'aom}}wd?
1/ tmuma&m / / ukovm "rm}tp&Sad om 0gus "rmwdik af tmif tqk;H ra&mufrD
ukovm[laom tpdwo
f nf yk'o
f m rnf\? tmum& rrnf/ wpfenf;um;-"rmwdik af tmif
tqkH;a&mufjim;aomfvnf; ukovm[lvnf;aumif;? "rm-[l vnf;aumif;
ra0zefao;onf&adS omf ukovm-[laom tpdw?f "rm[laom tpdwo
f nf yk'o
f m
rnf\? tmum& rrnf/ "rmwdik af tmif tqk;H a&mufNy;D aomfum; ukovm[laom
tpdwf? "rm[laom tpdwfonf tmum& rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-ukovm[l
vnf;aumif;? "rm[lvnf;aumif; a0zefonf&Sdaomf ukovm[laom tpdwf?
"rm[laom tpdwo
f nf tmum& rnf\-[lvakd omf/

146

aewdt|uxmed,

[l/ yXE?d uke\

f / {wm0 AseH oAE?d um;/ ,medrmed tu&m'De?d
tMuiftu&m tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd ed'|d med? uke\
f / {wuar0? rQom jzpfaom/
oA?H aom/ Ase ?H Ase y'onf/ a[mwd? \/ wpfenf;um;-oA?H aom/ Ase ?H
onf/ {wuar0? omvQi/f a[mwd? \/
yd#uokH;ykH o'gonf teEty&drmP r[kwfygavm[k apm'em
&Sd&um; ]{aw[d} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYaomf/ wpfenf;um; ]{wm0}-[l
{0o' g ud k qd k \ / xd k { 0o' g jzif h epf a ptyf a om ed 0 aw w A r &S d a omf
rqdkoifhwum;-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]{aw[d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

{aw[d? Ase y' ajcmufyg;wdjYk zif/h to*F[w

d ?H aom/ Ase H emr?
o'grnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
24/ ouF m oem
oemwd? um;/ oHcdawe? tusOf;tm;jzifh/ umoem?
jytyfaom teuf-[laom tjcif;t&mwnf;/ yumoem
yumoemwd? um;/ yXrH?
pGm/ umoem? wnf;/ umoD,wd 'Dy,
D wd? jytyf\/ wd t,H? um;/
tawm? wnf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...t&S i f u p n f ; q&monf oH u moem
yumoem[laom twy'ESpfyg;udk qdkawmfrl\/ xdktwy' ESpfyg;jzifh
Asey'ajcmufyg;wdkYwGif tb,f Asey'jzifh jytyfaom teufudk ,ltyf
oenf;/ trSwfr&Sdaom Asey'jzifh jytyfaom teufudk ,ltyfoavm/
tvkH;pkHaom Asey'wdkYjzifh jytyfaom teufudk ,loavm-[k apm'emzG,f
&Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]rdem [d /v/ 0[dawm}-[laom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

([d - um; 0gusm&r a Zmwuwnf ; )/ rd e m tw y ''G a ,e?

ouFmoemyumoem[laom twy'ESpcf w
k \
Ykd taygif;jzif/h tu&ya'[d?
wdjYk zif/h 0g? wdo
Yk nf/ 0dbm0d,rmaem? jytyfaom/ twmuma&m? teuf[laom tjcif;t&mud/k *[dawm? \/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...yk ' f w d k Y j zif h jytyf a om teuf - [l a om
tjcif ; t&mud k o m tw y 'ES p f y g;jzif h ,l t yf a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm/
tu&mwdkYjzifh jytyfaom teuf-[laom tjcif;t&mudk twy'ESpfyg;jzifh

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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tb,fodkYvQif ,laumif;tHhenf;[k tar;ykpm&Sd&maomaMumifh xdktar;

ykpmudk ajztHhaomiSm ],om} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om? aMumif/h ok,srmae[d? Mum;tyfuek af om/ tua&[d? wdjYk zif/h

ok P E m eH ? emuk e f a om ol w d k Y t m;/ 0g? wd k Y o nf / 0d a oo0d " me?
txl;jzpfjcif;\/ uwwm? jyKtyfNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ |? 33
y'y&da,momae? yk'\
f tqk;H / y'wor#yd w?d yk'\
f teufukd odjcif;onf/
a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h wd rdem twy''Ga,e? jzif/h tu&ya'[d?
wdjYk zif/h 0g? wdo
Yk nf/ 0dbm0d,rmaem? aom/ twmuma&m1? ud/k *[dawm?
\/ (odYk ore)f / wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]ww /v/
yumaowD}}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ ]]tua&[d /v/ O*ga#wD}}wd p?
[lvnf;aumif;}}/ 0uw?d wH/h /
0d 0 &Pm
&Pmwd? um;/ 0dwm&Pm? tus,fcsJUtyfaom teuf[laom
tjcif;t&mwnf;/ 0dbZem p? a0zeftyfaom teuf[al om tjcif;t&m
vnf;aumif;/ OwmeDur? xifpmG jyKtyfaom teuf[al om tjcif;t&m
vnf;aumif;/ ynwd p? tjym;tm;jzifh odaptyfaom teuf[laom
tjcif;t&mvnf;aumif;/ 0d b ZEk w m eD u r y nw d ? a0zeftyfaom
teuf[al om tjcif;t&m xifpmG jyKtyfaom teuf[al om tjcif;t&m
tjym;tm;jzif h od a ptyf a om teuf [ l a om tjcif ; t&m/ ww ?
xdt
k wy'wdw
Yk iG /f 0dbZem
Zemwd? um;/ 0dbm*u&PH? a0zefjcif;udk jyKtyfaom
teuf[al om tjcif;t&mwnf;/ Oba,emyd? ESpyf g;aom 0d0&Pm0dbZem
[laom twy'ESpyf g;jzifv
h nf;/ ed'o
d eH? tus,jf ytyfaom teufu/kd tm[?
1/ tw m uma&m / / em; Mum;tyfaom tu&monf xdkxdkodkYaom
ynwdo'gjzifh yk'f\teuf? 0gus\teufudk odjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh
yk'rf Ny;D rDuyif xdyk 'k \
f teufukd tusO;f tm;jzifh odap\? 0gputm;jzifu
h m; roday/
xdkxdkodkYaom ynwdo'gonfum; tu&mjzifh tusOf;jytyfNyD;aom teufudkyif
0gpu\ tjzpfjzifh odap\/ xdaYk Mumifh tu&myk'Ef pS yf g;wdjYk zifh jytyfaom teuf[al om
tjcif;t&mudk ouFmoem yumoem[laom twy'ESpyf g;jzifh ,ltyf\ [lvakd omf/

148

aewdt|uxmed,

\/ "? twy'ESpyf g;/ yk&rd ea,ae0? jzifo

h mvQi/f Ase muma&[d?
Ase mum&wdjYk zif/h ed'o
d ,
d rmaem? tus,jf ytyfaom/ twmuma&m? ud/k
'dawm? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ ( yk&rd ea,e [lonfum; ,om
tua&[d tp&Sad om a&S;enf;uJo
h Ykd ,om Asa e[d tp&Sad om enf;udk ,l)/
ygu#u&PH? xif&Sm;pGm jyKtyfaom teufonf/ OwmeDurH? rnf\/
wpfenf;um; OwmeDur?H r[o
l nf/ ygu#u&PH? xif&mS ;pGm jyKtyfaom
teufwnf;/ yuma&[d? tjym;wdjYk zif/h yeH? odaptyfaom teufonf/
ynwd? rnf\/ 'Ga,emyd? OwmeDur ynw[
d al om twy'ESpyf g;wd\
Yk
taygif;jzifv
h nf;/ y#de'd o
d eH? wpfzef tus,jf yjcif;ud/k uaxwd? \/ {wmyd?
twy'ESpyf g;vnf;/ edw
k ed ad 'oocFgaw[d? ukeaf om/ Ase ya'[d?
wdjYk zif/h ed'o
d ,
d rmaem? aom/ twmuma&m? ud/k 0kawm? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...]ed'dod,rmaem twmuma&m}[k qdk\/
Asetmum&wdkYjzifh tus,fjytyfaom twmum&avm-[k apm'emzG,f
&Sd&um; ]a,m /v/ 0kpwd}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a,m twmuma&m? ud/k y#de'd o

d ,
D wd? wpfzef tus,jf ytyf\/ wd?
odkY/ 0kpwd? \/ {aw[Dwd? um;/ ouFmoem'd0dedrkw? ouFmoem
tp&So
d nfwrYkd S vGwaf om/ a'oemw? a'oem\ teuf\/ tbm0awm?
aMumif/h {aw[d {0? ajcmufyg;aom twy'wdjYk zifo
h mvQi/f ({aw[d}
{0o'gum; vkwe 'd |d jzpf&um; {aw[d {0[k zGi\
hf /) tawm p? okw\
f
teufukd vnf;aumif;/ ur? O*#etp&Sad om Bu,
d mudv
k nf;aumif;/ ed'|d ?H
\/ (ygVdrS aqmif a,mZemonf)/ tawmwd? um;/ okwa wm? ud/k urE?d
um;/ O*#em'dur?H O*#etp&Sad om ud&,
d mud/k (tm'do'gjzifh 0dye e,e
ud&,
d mwdu
Yk kd ,l)/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...ouFmoe tp&Sdaom twy'ajcmufyg;jzifh
okwf\ teufudkom rjyaumif;ygavm/ O*#e tp&Sdaom ud&d,mudkvnf;
tb,hfaMumifh twy'ajcmufyg;jzifh jytyfoenf;/ O*#e tp&Sdaom
ud & d , monf teuf r [k w f w um;[k apm'emzG , f & S d xd k a pm'emud k
ajztHhaomiSm ]okwawe [d /v/ edAwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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,if ; od k Y ok w f \ teuf j zif h a0ae,swd k Y \ pd w f t pOf \ Ed k ; jcif ;

yGifhjcif; odjcif;ud&d,m NyD;onf&Sdaomf okwf\ teufjzifh O*#e tp&Sdaom
ud & d , mmud
ud k jytyf \ [l om rqd k a umif ; ygavm/ tod k Y r l ouF m oe
tp&Sdaom twy'ajcmufyg;jzifh jytyf\[k qdkoenf; apm'emaMumifh
]aom p /v/ tmuma&mwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h a'oem,? onf/ y0w,

d rmaee? jzpfaptyfaom/
okwa we? jzif/h O*#w
d nKtm'da0ae,smeH? O*#w
d nL tp&Sad om a0ae,sw\
Ykd /
pdwoEme? pdwftpOf\/ yaAm"eud&d,medAwd? Edk;jcif; yGifhjcif;
odjcif;ud&,
d m\ Ny;D jcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ aom p okwa wm? onfvnf;/
ouFmoem'dtmuma&m? ouFmoe tp&Sad om tjcif;t&monf/ a[mwd?
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3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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152

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3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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{0Ho'g r&S?d &S&d mrSm okE& jzpf\)/ y&d,m,awm? y&d,m,fo'gtm;jzif/h
yumodwmeH? jytyfuek Nf y;D aom/ "rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd yab'awm? tjym;tm;jzif/h
ynw0d aoe? ynwf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dbZeH? ud/k okace? jzif/h wk?H iSm/
oum? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h a00pe[m&meE&?H / ynw[
d ma&m? ud/k
0kawm? \/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f okaw? / tm*w"rmeH?
wdkY\/ 0g? wdkYudk/ y&d,m,ynwd0dbm*? y&d,m, o'gynwftm;jzifh
a0zefjcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ okaAm"e? aumif;pGm odtyfonf\ tjzpfukd
vnf;aumif;/ ynw[
d m&0dba*F? / 0uw?d wH/h /
|? 36 yb0y&dnm'dynw0d b
d m*rkace? yb0ynwf y&dnmynwf
tp&Sad om ynwfukd a0zefjcif;udk t&if;jyKojzih/f 0g? ynwftm;jzifh a0zefjcif;udk
t&if;jyKojzif/h y#dpo
rkyg 'opm'd"r0b
d ma*? y#dpo
rkyg 'f opm tp&Sad om
w&m;wdu
Yk kd a0zefjcif;ud/k uaw? aomf/ okaw? / tm*w"rmeH? wd\
Yk /
y#dpo
rkyg 'g'drak ce? jzif/h t0"m&PH? ouf0ifjcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ oum?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ynwt
d eE&?H / Mow&aPm [ma&m? ud/k 0kawm?
\/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]O'H ta"m}}wd *gxH? ud/k O'do
w
d mG ?
/ ]]0dyr ak wm}}wd ya'e? jzif/h taou?H taou jzpfaom/ 0dZ?H 0dZm ud/k
ed'g a&wGm? / ]]0dZK yg 'g t0dZm eda&ma"m}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h y#dpo
rkyg 'H? ud/k
O'g[&dwd? wH/h /
"mwm,wem'Dok? "mwftm,we tp&SdonfwdkY/ Mowm&dwmeH?
oGif;tyfukefaom/ 0g? ouf0ifaptyfukefaom/ okaw? / tm*wmeH?
ukeaf om/ y'wmeH? wd\
Yk / ykpm &r0ad om"eH? ykpm udk okwo
f ifjcif; tm&rukd

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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okwo
f ifjcif;ud/k okace? jzif/h orma'wk?H Ny;D apjcif;iSm/ oum? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h Mow&PmeE&?H / aom"aem [ma&m? ud/k 0kawm? \/
wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]],w /v/ b0wD}}wd tm'? ud/k
0uw?d vwH/Y /
okaw? / tm*awok? ukeaf om/ y'awo?k wdu
Yk /kd 0daom"dawok?
okwfoiftyfukefNyD;onf&Sdaomf/ ww ww? xdkxdkodkYaom w&m;wdkY/
vArmeomrn0daoobma0g? &tyfaom omrntm;jzifh 0daootjzpfu/kd
0g? onf/ okua&m? jyKv,
G o
f nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/
aom"emeE&?H / t"d|maem [ma&m? ud/k 'dawm? \/ [d op?H \/
aom"aem? aom"e[m&onf / t"d | me? t"d | me[m&tm;/
A[lyuma&m? rsm;aom aus;Zl;&S\
d / [d? pG/ wawm {0? xdo
k Ykd rsm;aom
aus;Zl;&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif/ ]],xm ,xm 0g ye /v/
0doZ,w
d A}}E?d [l/ 0uw?d vwH/Y /
omrn0daooblawok? ukefaom/ om"m&Pmom"m&aPok?
uk e f a om/ "ar o k ? wd k Y u d k / ya0'd a wok ? od t yf u k e f N yD ; onf & S d a omf /
y&d u m &ocF g w? &[k q d k t yf a om/ om"m&Pmom"m&Pl y ?
Poabm&Sad om/ yp,a[wk&mod? yp,taMumif; a[wktaMumif;
taygif;\/ yaba'g? txl;tjym;ud/k ok0ad na,sm? odv,
G \
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h t"d|memeE&?H / y&dum a&m? ud/k 0kawm? \/ wxm [d wawm
{0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]tom"m&PvuaPm /v/ om"m&Pm}}wd tm'?
ud/k 0uw?d vw/YH /
tom"m&aP p? vnf;jzpfaom/ om"m&aP p? vnf;jzpfaom/
um&aP? ud/k 'daw? aomf/ w um&P? \/ (um&Pmuma&m
pyf)/ twaem? \/ zavok? wdYk / um&Pmuma&m p? taMumif;[laom
tjcif;t&monfvnf;aumif;/ 0g? udkvnf;aumif;/ (oH0wEdodkY oGm;/
t"dym ,w ay; 0kpr meaomfvnf; pyf)/ awoH a[wkzvmeH? wdu
Yk /kd
yab'awm? tjym;tm;jzif/h a'oemuma&m p? a00kpt
f m;jzifh a[maom

158

aewdt|uxmed,

tjcif;t&monfvnf;aumif;/ 0g? udv

k nf;aumif;/ bma0wAy[mwA"rmeH?
wdu
Yk /kd bm0emy[memed p? yGm;apjcif; y,fjcif;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ 0g?
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ed'g a&wGm? / 0kpr memed? ukeo
f nf&adS omf/ orm? aumif;pGm/
okw? \/ twH? udk/ wxwm0aAm"m,? razmufrjyef rSefaom
oabmtm;jzifh odjcif;iSm/ oH0wEd? jzpfukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/
y&dum &meE&?H / orma&myaem [ma&m? ud/k 'dawm? \/ wd? um;
y&dormyewnf;/ ([m&wd\
Yk tpOfukd qdo
k nfum; Ny;D \- [lvakd omf)/
[m&mEkurudk qdkNyD; ,cktcg e,mEkurudk qdkvdk pum;ysKd;
vdk&um; ]'H [m&meH tEkurum&PH}[laom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

'H? qdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;onf/ [m&meH tEkurum&PH?

[m&tpOf\ taMumif;wnf;/ 0g? [m&wd\
Yk tpOfukd qdak omtaMumif;
wnf;/ /
e,meH ye? enf;wdw
Yk iG u
f m;/ (twe,meH w& ye e,'G,
pyf)/ twe,w,yl a'o? twe,ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;wnf;[laom
1
Oya'o\/ a0ae,sw,ya,mZdwwm ? O*#w
d nL tp&Sad om a0ae,s
ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;onf ,SOaf ptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h w'Ekua rae0?
xdOk *#w
d nL tp&Sad om a0ae,so;kH a,mufwt
Ykd m; a[maomtpOftm;jzifh
omvQi/f eE,
d m0m'De?H ukeaf om/ wdP?H ukeaf om/ twe,meH? wd\
Yk /
uarm? tpOfu/kd a0'dwaAm? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...twe,okH;yg;udk a0ae,sokH;a,mufwdkYonf
,S O f a puk e f a om[k qd k \ / oH 0 P d w yk * d K vf w d k Y o nf ,S O f a puk e f \ [l
rqdkaumif;ygoavm/ t|uxmq&mpum; tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf;[k
apm'em&Sd&um; ]O*#dwnKtm'a,m [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ O*#w

d nKtm'a,m? ukeaf om/ wa,m? ukeaf om/
a0ae,sm? wdo
Yk nf/ eE,
d m0m'a,m? eE,
d m0 tp&Sad om twe,wdu
Yk /kd
1/ a0ae,sw,ya,mZdwwm / / taMumif;nDw
G o
f nf&adS omf xdt
k we,
ok;H yg;wnf;-[laom Oya'o\ tusK;d udk &onfjzpf a0ae,so;Hk yg;taygif;onf
teufukd ,SOaf ponfrnf&um; a0ae,sw,
ya,mZdwwm[l qdo
k nf/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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ya,maZE?d ,SOaf puke\

f / uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h aw? xdek E,
d m0
tp&Sad om twe,wdo
Yk nf/ Oa'oeda'oy#dead 'om 0d,? owdu
Yk o
hJ /Ykd
,xmur?H pGm/ awoH? xdOk *#w
d nL tp&Sad om a0ae,so;Hk a,mufwt
Ykd m;/
|? 37 Oyum&m,? aus;Zl;jyKjcif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
O*#w
d nKtm'a,m? ukeaf om/ wa,m? ukeaf om/ a0ae,sm1? wdo
Yk nf/
eE,
d m0m'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd ya,maZEd? uke\
f / (odYk ore)f /
wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f aeoH? xdt
k we,ok;H yg;wd\
Yk /
pwma&m? ukeaf om/ rlvy'g p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ q? ukeaf om/ rlvy'g
p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ t|? ukeaf om/ rlvy'g p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ed'|d m?
uke\
f / (pwma&m q t|udk twe,ok;H yg;ESihf tpOftwdik ;f [yf)/ w&?
twe,ok;H yg;rS wpfyg;aom/ e,'G, ye? \um;/ (Oa'ouarmESihf
pyf)/ twe,w,? \/ blrd,m? t&mudk/ tmavmpe? MunfhI
jcif;vnf;aumif;/ w? xdktwe,okH;yg;wdkY\ taygif;udk/ ww?
xdx
k o
kd aYkd om t&m/ ( ww w-[lvnf;aumif;/ w ww[lvnf;aumif; a&SUaemufjyef ygXf&MdS u\/ aemufom #DumESihf nDonf)/
orme,? tnDtGwaf umif;pGm aqmifjcif;vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk rdem
um&aPe? jzif/h Oa'ouarm? tusO;f jyaom tpOfu/kd a0'dwaAm? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...Munhfjcif; aqmifjcif;jzifh enf;ESpfyg;wdkY\
Oa'otpOfudk odtyfaom[l\/ rMunfhrlvnf; raqmifaumif;ygoav
m/
ygoavm/
aqmif N yD ; aomf v nf ; rMunf h a umif ; yg oavm[l a om apm'emud k
jrif&um
um;; ]e [d /v/ ormaewkEd} [laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ a0ae,sm ya,maZEd / / Oa'oa'oemtp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf O*#w
d nL
tp&Sad om a0ae,so;Hk a,mufwt
Ykd m; tpOftwdik ;f aus;Zl;jyKouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl eE,
d m0
tp&Sad om twe,ok;H yg;wdo
Yk nfvnf; a0ae,so;Hk a,mufwt
Ykd m; tpOftavsmuf
aus;Zl;jyKuek \
f / odYk aus;Zl;jyKaomaMumifh xdak 0ae,sw\
Ykd tusK;d iSm ,SOt
f yfonf
&Sad omf a0ae,swo
Ykd nf ,SOaf ponf rnfuek \
f -[lvakd omf/

160

aewdt|uxmed,

[d op?H \/ taemavmauwGm? / ormaewk?H tnDtGwf aumif;pGm

aqmiftahH omiSm/ e oum? rwwfaumif;/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ /
t|uxmq&m
...
[m&e,wdkY\ urudk jyNyD/ {wy&rtjzpfudk
t|uxmq&m...
...[m&e,wd
rjyNyDavm
vm// {wy&rtjzpfudk igwdkY tb,fodkY od&rnfenf;-[k apm'em
&Sd&um; ]{wy&rwm p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

p? qufO;D tH/h [m&meH? wd\

Yk / {wy&rwm? rQtwdik ;f t&Snf &So
d nf\
tjzpf o nf v nf ; aumif ; tw e ,w , o[d a w[d ? tw e nf ; oH k ; yg;
taygif;ESiw
hf uG jzpfuek af om/ {wau[d? rQtwdik ;f t&Snf &Su
d ek af om/
yum&0daoao[d? tjym;txl;wdkYjzifh/ ed'g&d,rmaem/ xkwftyfaom/
okw
? \/ tawm? onfvnf;aumif;/ tEkw& m,? aom/ yXrm, blr,
d m?
ud/k or"d*rm,? iSm/ tvH? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ [d? pG/
aewdyu&Pa'oem? aewdusrf;wnf;[laom a'oemonf/ 'eblro
d rEkyw
t
d wm? 'ebko
H Ykd a&mufjcif; tusK;d &S\
d / wd? od/Yk '|A?H
\/ tx 0g? um;/ oaAo?H ukeaf om/ okw
? \/ oH0Pem0daoomeH?
wd\
Yk / {w'aEm*"wm? rQtwdik ;f t&Sn&f adS om [m&wd\
Yk twGi;f 0ifonf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ [m&meH? wdkY\/ {wm0wm? rQtwdkif;t&Snf &Sdonf\
tjzpfu/kd '|Am? \/
oH0Pem0daoowdkYonf rsm;ukefonf r[kwfukefavm/ tb,fodkY
xd k r Qtwd k i f ; t&S n f & S d a om [m&wd k Y \ twG i f ; 0if y guk e f t H h e nf ; -[l a om
apm'emaMumif h ],w u m [d /v/ 0k a w m 0g,raw m }[l a omygXf
xG u f o wnf ; /

[d wa'0 op?H \/ okw

? \/ ,wum? tMuifrQavmufuek af om/
oH 0 P e m0d a oom? wd k Y o nf / oE d ? uk e f \ / oaA ? uk e f a om/ aw
oH0Pem0daoom? wdo
Yk nf/ aewOd ya'om,wm? aewed nf;Oya'oESihf
pyfuek \
f / wd? od/Yk t,H tawm? ud/k 0kawm0? qdck NhJ y;D ovQiu
f wnf;/
tvk H ; pk H a om oH 0 P e m0d a oowd k Y o nf aew d O ya'oES i f h
pyf u k e f a om-[k qd k \ / wpf e nf ; um; tvk H ; pk H a om oH 0 P e m0d a oo

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

161

wd k Y o nf [m&wq,f h a jcmuf y g;wd k Y \ twG i f ; 0if u k e f a om-[k qd k \ /

xd k o d k Y q d k a omf tb,f * k P f & S d y goenf ; -[k ol a r;zG , f & S d v' * k P f u d k
jytHhaomiSm ]wxm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo

h mvQi/f a, aupd? tvk;H pku
H ek af om/
okw
? \/ oH0Pemyum&m? oH0Pemtjym;wdu
Yk /kd ed'o
d ,
D E?d jytyfuek \
f /
'H ar oH0Pemyum&m? wdo
Yk nf/ ao,sxm uwar? tb,fonf
wdkYenf; [lrlum;/ okw? \/ ork|meH? ed'gef;udk/ 0wAH? qdktyf\/
t"dyg a,m? tvdu
k /kd 0dbma0waAm? \/ taeu"m? o'genf; edw
k ed nf;
tm;jzifh rsm;aom tjym;&Sdaom/ y'awm? yk'f\ teufudk/ 0g? o'g\
d v
kd nf;aumif;/ tEk0ga'g
teufu/kd oH0aPwaAm? zGit
hf yf\/ 0d"d p1? 0d"u
p ? tEk0g'udv
k nf;aumif;/ a0'dwaAm? \/
0da&ma"m? tjypfudk/ orm"mwaAm? y,ftyf\/ tEkoEd,m?
tEkoaEtm;/ tEkyl ?H pGm/ ed*arwA?H Ny;D aptyf\/ 0g? ed*;Hk tkyt
f yf\/ (tMuif
tEkoaEjzifh okwf txufa'oemonf jzpf\/ xdt
k EkoaEEiS hf avsmpf mG
oH0Pemudk Ny;D aptyf\-[lvakd omf/) wd p? odv
Yk nf;aumif;/ wxm?
xdrk S wpfyg;/ okw
? \/ ya,mZe? tusK;d udv
k nf;aumif;/ yd@awm p?
oacFyjzpfaom teufuv
kd nf;aumif;/ y'awm p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ tEkoEd
p? ykpm EkoaE tp&Sad om tEkoaEuv
kd nf;aumif;/ apm'em p? udv
k nf;aumif;/
y&d[ma&m p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ tw?H ud/k 0'aEe? qdak om olonf/ 0wAm ?
uke\
f / wd p? vnf;aumif;/ wxm? yg;/ Oayg*g#y'0d*[
y'wpmvemypKy|memed? ed'gef; yk'u
f kd 0dN*Kd [jf yKjcif; yk'\
f teuf apm'em y&d,m,fwu
Ykd /kd
0wAm ed? uke\
f / wd p? vnf;aumif;/ /
1/ 0d"d p tEk0ga'g p / / 0daoosonf 0d"d rnf\/ 0daooeonf tEk0g'
rnf\/ xdaYk Mumifh o'wa b'pdEm twyl H yod'E K ? 0g'lyEd 0kpa w/ 0daooeH
0 wH ty? od'u
H 0d"d yl uH/ 0daoosar0 wH aws0?H twyl H 'k"m rwH/ ,xm
eDvyk v
H &mZ? yk&ad omwd ed'eH} [k rdet
Yf yfNy/D

162

aewdt|uxmed,

wxm? yg;/ uxm? t|uxmwdo

Yk nf/ 0g? okw\
f tzGiw
hf o
Ykd nf/
(wdam uxmwd wdam t|uxm? okw
tw0Pemwd tawm?
t*Fw
k & #DumBu;D )/ {uemVdumm? {uemVdutzGiv
hf nf;aumif;/ pwk&m?
tzGifhvnf;aumif;/ edodE0wdum? utzGifhvnf;aumif;/ wd? odkY/
wdam? ok;H yg;wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / ww? xdo
k ;Hk yg;aom tzGiw
hf w
Ykd iG /f
ygV? ud/k 0wGm? / {auuy'? wpfcw
k pfcak om yk'\
f / twuxeH? teufukd
1
qdjk cif;onf/ {uemVdum emr? rnf\/ /
y#dyu?H qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom tzdu
Yk /kd 'awGm? / y#dyu? \/
OyrH? ud/k 'awGm? / oyu?H rdrt
d zdu
Yk /kd 'awGm? / oyu? \/
OyrH? ud/k 'awGm? / uxeH? onf/ pwk&m emr? rnf\/ /
1/ {uemVdum'd / / wpfckwpfckaom yk'fvQif rlv&Sdaom tzGifhonf
{uemVdu rnf\/ wpfenf;um; wpfck wpfcak om yk'jf zifh teufukd Ny;D apjcif;onf
{uemVdurnf\/ xdak Mumifh {um'oedygwf t*Fw
k & #DumBu;D ]{auuH y'H emVH
rlvH {wdmwd {0Hondwm {uemVdum? {auuH 0g y'H emVH twed*rera*g
{wdmwd {uemVdum}[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/ uPSyu Oyrm Oyar,sEpS yf g; okuy u
Oyrm Oyar,sEpS yf g; odYk pwkuu
kd zGUJ qdjk cif;onf pwk& rnf\/ xdaYk Mumifh
{um'oedygwf t*Fw
k & t|uxm ]ty@dwa*gygvuH 'awGm ty@dwbduK H
'awGm? y@dwa*gygvuH 'awGm y@dwbduK H 'awGmwd pwkuH AEw
d mG
uxeH pwk&m emr}[k rdefYownf;/ if;#Dumvnf; ]pwma&m tHom bm*g
ovuP
yl g,m {wdmwd pwk&m? pwkuH A'w
d mG wd uPSyau Oyarmyar,s',
G H
wxm okuy auwd 'H pwkuH a,maZwGm}[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/ toD;toD; uPSyuukd
jy tqk;H odYk a&mufapjcif; okuy uukd jy tqk;H odYk a&mufapjcif;onf edoEd 0 wu
d
rnf\/ xdak Mumifh if;t|uxm ]ty@dwa*gygvuH 'awGm y&da,mome*reH?
ty@d w bd u K H 'awG m y&d a ,mome*reH ? y@d w a*gygvuH 'awG m
y&da,mome*reH? y@dwbduK H 'awGm y&da,mome*reEd t,H edoEd 0 wu
d m
emr} [k rdeo
Yf wnf;/ if;#Dumvnf; ed,rawm edoEd
tm&' 0awm oH0awm
{wdm tww
D d edoEd 0 wu
d m? ,xm&' tw 0doHk 0doHk y&da,momydumwd
tawm}[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

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0dobm*"r0aoae0? obm* rwlaom w&m;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh

omvQi/f y&da,momeH? tqk;H od/Yk *Em? / yke? wpfzef/ obm*"r0aoae0?
oabmwlaom w&m;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f y&da,mome*reH? tqk;H odYk
oGm;jcif;a&mufjcif;onf/ edodE0wdum emr? rnf\/ /
ab'uxm,1 p? yuwdjzpfaom "mwftp&Sad om tpdwu
f kd cGjJ crf;
qdkjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wwGuxm, p? yk'f\ teufudk qdkjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ y&d,m,0pae[d p? y&d,m,o'gwdjYk zifh vnf;aumif;/ okw?H
ud/k oH0aPwA?H \/ wd p? vnf;aumif;/ {0rm'a,m? odYk tp&Sd
onfwo
Ykd nf/ oH0Pemyum&m? wdw
Yk nf;/ (odYk ay;)/
awor?d xdo
k 0H Pemtjym;wd\
Yk vnf;/ {aw0? [m&wdYk omvQi/f
2
t0a&ma"m ? twGi;f 0ifjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h
aw? xdo
k 0H Pemtjym;wdu
Yk /kd " arok [ma&ok? wdw
Yk iG /f uwdy,[m&o*F[w
d m? pd;k pOf;aom [m&wdjYk zifh oN*K[
t
f yfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
awor?d wd\
Yk vnf;/ {aw0? wdYk omvQi/f t0a&ma"m? onf/ a[mwd?
\/ (odYk ore)f / /
[m&wdkY\ {wy&rtjzpfudk qdkNyD; e,wdkY\ {wy&rtjzpfwdkY\
0dbZdwAtjym; r&Sdyg rrsm;ygoavm[k apm'em &Sd&maomaMumifh ]owdyd
/v/ t0dawGm}[laom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/
0dbZdwAtjym;&Sdygaomf rlvy'wdkYudk yGm;ap xdkrlvy' wdkY\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh enf;tjym; rsm;aumif;ygonf r[kwfukefavm [laom ykpmudk
jrifjyef&um; ],om /v/ bm*daem wom}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ ab'uxm'd / / t"dym ,fum; 'dAE w
D d a'0g tp&So
d nfjzifh "mwfypn;f
tm;jzifh a0zefcjJG crf; qdjk cif;onf ab'uxm rnf\/ Aka'gwd a,m aom b*0g
o,rL temp&da,m tp&So
d nfjzifh yk'\
f t&jzpfaom teufukd qdjk cif;onf wwGuxm
rnf\/ ynm yZmeem tp&So
d nfjzifh y&d,m,fo'gudk qdjk cif;onf y&d,m,0pe
rnf\ [lvakd omf/
2/ t0a&ma"m / / 0dp,[m& wpfpw
d ?f ,kw[
d m& wpfpw
d ?f pwkAsL[[m&
wpfpdwf? y&d0we[m& wpfpdwfESifh a00pe[m&wdkYjzifh oN*K[ftyfaomaMumifh
twGif;0if\-[lvdkaomf/

164

aewdt|uxmed,
t&Sift|uxmq&m
...
O*#dwnL tp&Sdaom a0ae,sokH;a,muf
|uxmq&m...
...O*
wdkYonfom opmudk odjcif;tzdkY&SdaomaMumifh rlvy'wdkYudk ryGm;ap[k qdk\/
,if;odkY a0ae,sokH;a,mufwdkYonfom opmodjcif;tzdkY&Sdaomf a0ae,s
okH;a,muf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh opmom okH;yg; rjym;aumif;ygoavm[k
apm'emzG,f&Sdjyef&um; ]w'wm, p twe,a'oem} [laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y j yef o wnf ; /

e,meH ye? twe,wd\

Yk um;/ ({wy&rwm pyf)/ ,om? aMumif/h
O*#w
d nKtm'a,m? ukeaf om/ wa,m {0? ok;H a,mufom jzpfuek af om/
a0ae,sm? wdo
Yk nf/ opmbdor,bm*daem? opmudk odjcif;tzd&Yk u
dS ek o
f nf/
a[mE?d uke\
f / w'wm, p? xdo
k pmudk odjcif;tusK;d iSmvnf;/ twe,
a'oem? twe,udk a[mjcif;onf/ 0g? twe,a'oemonf/ a[mwd?
\/ wom? aMumifh/ (a0ae,sw,0aoae0 {wy&rwmodkY qdkuf)/ |?
3 8 oHuad voa0g'ge"rmeH? wd\
Yk / (yum& pyf)/ ,xm0kw rlvy'
ab'awm? tMuiftMuif qdt
k yfNy;D aom rlvy'tjym;rS/ 0awGm? yGm;ap/
0dbZdwAyu
ma&? a0zeftyfaom tjym;onf/ owdy?d aomfvnf;/ wxm?
xd0k b
d ZdwAtjym;tm;jzif/h rlvy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd t0awGm? / a0ae,sw,

0aoae0? tpGr;f tm;jzifo

h mvQi/f {wy&rwm? ud/k 0kwm ? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...0dbZdwAtjym;&Sdaomfvnf; rlvy'wdkYudk
ryGm;ap[k qdk\/ tb,fhaMumifh 0dbZdwAtjym; &Sdygvsuf ryGm;aptyfukef
oenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]e0ok e0ok /v/ e [maywAmed}ygXfudk rdefYaomf/
,if;odkY ryGm;aptyfaomf t|m&oatmuf ,kwfaptyfonf r[kwf
uk e f a vm apm'emxG u f & maomaMumif h ]a0ae,sw , m"d u m&awm e
[maywAmed}ygXfudk rdefYjyefaomf/

[d? pG/ e0ok e0ok {0? omjzpfuek af om/ rlvya'ok? wdYk / oaAo?H
ukeaf om/ oHuad voa0g'ge"rmeH? wd\
Yk / taEm*"bm0awm? aMumif/h wmed
rlvy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd e 0awAmed? uke/f a0ae,sw,
m"dum&awm? a0ae,s
yk*Kd vo
f ;Hk yg;taygif;\ t&mjzpfaomaMumif/h e [maywAmed? uke/f wd
wom? aMumif/h e,meH? wd\
Yk / {wy&rwm? ud/k '|Am? \/ /

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

165

ure,meH ye? urenf;wd\

Yk um;/ tmavmpeorme,eawm? Munfjh cif;
tnDtGwf aumif;pGm aqmifjcif;rS/ tn? aom/ yum&E&?
tjym;txl;\/ tor0awm? rjzpfoifah omaMumif/h {wy&rwm? ud/k 0kwm ?
\/ a[wGm'Dwd {w ya'? / tm'doa'e? jzif/h zvblrOd yedomobm*0dobm*
vuPe,m'a,m? tusKd; bkH Oyed,taMumif; obm*w&m;
0dobm*w&m; oabm enf; tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd y&d*[
w
d m? odr;f qnf;tyf
uke\
f / 0g? ,ltyfuek \
f / awok? xdak [wkzv tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f a[wlw?d
um;/ um&PH? wnf;/ a,m a[wk? ud/k "armwdy?d "r[
l vnf;/ 0kpw
?d \/
(twaem zvH "ma&wDwd "arm[laom 0pewaMumifh a[wkonf "r
rnfownf;)/ aom ye a[wk? onfum;/ yp,bma0e? taMumif;\
tjzpfjzif/h {u0da"m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ um&aum1? um&u
taMumif;vnf;aumif;/ ormyaum? utaMumif;vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk
'k0ad "m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ yke? wpfzef/ um&aum? vnf;aumif;/
yaum? vnf;aumif;/ ormyaum? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk wd0ad "m p?
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
a[wk a [wk2 ? a[wktaMumif;vnf;aumif;/ yp,a[wk? yp,
taMumif;vnf;aumif;/ Owra[wk? vnf;aumif;/ om"m&Pa[wk?
vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk pwkAad "m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
1/ um&um'd / / yutaMumif;udk 'k0"d um&uodYk oGi;f onf/ wd0"d
puKADZ tp&Sdonfudk jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;udkom um&utaMumif; jyK
yutaMumif;udk toD; qdo
k nf/
2/ a[wka[wGm'd / / wa,m ukova[wl tp&SdonfjzifY vmaom
tavmb tp&SdonfwdkYonf a[wktaMumif; rnf\/ pwma&m a0g bdua0
r[mblwm a[wl pwma&m r[mblwm ypa,m lyuE
ynmyem,tp&So
d nfjzifh
vmaom taMumif;onf yp,taMumif; rnf\/ ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f &m;onf rdr\
d
0dygufukd pG
J OwrtaMumif; rnf\/ puKAZD tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf puK0n
d mPf tGeYf
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd wpfyg;ESihf rqufqaH om tom"m&PtaMumif; rnf\/

166

aewdt|uxmed,

yp,"arm1? ypn;f jzpfaom taMumif;w&m;vnf;aumif;/ ukoavm?

vnf;aumif;/ tukoavm? vnf;aumif;/ oa'g? o'gvnf;aumif;/
t&d,ra*g? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk y0ad "m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
wxm? yg;/ obm*a[wk 2 ? obm*taMumif ; vnf ; aumif ; /
tobm*a[wk? vnf;aumif;/ tZwu
d a[wk? vnf;aumif;/ Am[d&a[wk?
aumif;/ Zeua[wk? vnf;aumif;/ y&d*g [ua[wk? Oywru
taMumif;
vnf;aumif;/ om"m&Pa[wk? vnf;aumif;/ tom"m&Pa[wk? aumif;/
oreE&a[wk? aumif;/ y&r&a[wk? Oyed,taMumif;vnf;aumif;/
o[Zmwa[wk? o[Zmwfjzpfaom taMumif;vnf;aumif;/ to[Zmw
a[wk? o[Zmwfr[kwaf om taMumif;vnf;aumif;/ omo0a[wk? aumif;/
temo0a[wk? aumif;/ wd tm'dem? jzif/Y taeu0da"m p? onfvnf;/
a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ /
zv
zvr?d tusK;d onfvnf;/ yp,yk E b
ma0e? tusK;d \tjzpfjzif/h {u0d"?
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ t"d*EAa wmyd? a&muftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;/
ormyua[wk0aoe? ormyutaMumif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h zvy&d,ma,m1?
zvy&d,m,fu/kd vAw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h edAa wwAt"d*EA
1/ yp,"arm / / y0"d ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f \
Ykd yp,"rtjzpf jzpfjim;
aomfvnf; |ted|jzpfaom tusKd;\ 0daootaMumif;udk jytHhaomiSm toD;
,lownf;/ o'g\ yutaMumif;\ tjzpfukd r*f\ ormyutaMumif;\ tjzpfukd
jytHah omiSm toD; ,lownf;/
2/ obm*a[wG m 'd / / tGefYtp&Sdonf\ wpfyg;ESifh rqufqHaom
rsK;d aph tp&Sad om taMumif;onf wlaom oabm&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifh obm*a[wk
rnf\/ wpfyg;ESihf qufqaH om a&tp&Sad om taMumif;onf oabmrwlonf\
tjzpfaMumifh tobm*a[wk rnf\/ `E,
d A'oEmef jzpfaom taMumif;onf
tZwu
d a[wk rnf\/ ted`E,
d A'taMumif;onf Am[d&a[wk rnf\/ wpfenf;um;rdro
d Emef jzpfaom taMumif;onf tZwu
d a[wk rnf\/ rdro
d Emef rjzpfaom
taMumif;onf Am[d&a[wk rnf\/
3/ zvy&d,ma,m / / edAm ef\ wpfpw
H k pfcak om taMumif;onf rNy;D aptyfonf\
tjzpf &Sjd im;aomfvnf; ork',udk y,fjcif; ork',\ csKyjf cif;odYk a&mufaomtm;jzifh

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

167

bm0awm? Ny;D aptyfonf\tjzpf a&muftyfonf\tjzpftm;jzif/h 'k0"d ?

onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
aywAeAd a wwAywAa wm? odtyfaomtusK;d Ny;D aptyfaomtusK;d
a&muf t yf a omtusKd ; tm;jzif h / wd 0 d " ? onf v nf ; / a[mwd ? \/
yp,yk E 0 yd guud&,
d m0peweAd m e0aoe? ypKye f 0dyguf Bu,
d m 0pew
edAm efw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0"d ? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ obm*a[wk
edAwH? oabmwlaom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom tusKd;vnf;aumif;/
tobm*a[wkeAd w
?H oabmrwlaom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfaom tusK;d
vnf;aumif;/ wd {0rm'd0aoe? odYk tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
taeu0d"? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ wxm? wl/
avmud,?H avmuDtusK;d vnf;aumif;/ avmukw& ?H vnf;aumif;/ wd
{0rm'dem? jzif/h taeu0d"? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ (wxmo'gjzifh wd
{0rm'dem taeu0d"ukd ,lonf)/ ww? xdak vmuDavmukw& mtusK;d
wdw
Yk iG /f pwm&d? ukeaf om/ omrnzvmed? omrnzdv
k w
f o
Ykd nf/ avmukw& ?H
&mtusK;d onf/ a[mwd? \/ avmud,zvH? onf/ um,du? ud,
k f jzpfaom
tusK;d vnf;aumif;/ rmeo? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk 'k0"d ?H \/ ww?
xdEk pS yf g;wdw
Yk iG /f y'gG &du?H y'gG & jzpfaom tusK;d onf/ um,du?H onf/
a[mwd? \/ t0od|H? <uif;aom tusKd;onf/ rmeoH? pdwf jzpfaom
tusK;d onf/ a[mwd? \/ , zvH? udv
k nf;/ wm, wm, okwa 'oem,?
onf/ oma"wA?H Ny;D aptyf\/ w'yd wrd zvH? onfvnf;/ zvH? zvrnf\/
wd? od/Yk 0dnmwA?H \/ (odYk ay;)/ /
blrDy?d onfvnf;/ omo0blr?d omo0bkv
H nf;aumif;/ temo0blr?d
aumif;/ ocFwblr?d aumif;/ tocFwblr?d aumif;/ 'eblr?d aumif;/
bm0emblr?d aumif;/ ykxZk e blr?d aumif;/ aoubrl ?d aumif;/ taoubrl ?d
aumif;/ om0ublrd? aumif;/ yapuAk'blrd? aumif;/ ormorK'blrd?
aumif;/ psmeblrd? psmebkHvnf;aumif;/ torm[dwblrd? aumif;/
a&muftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh edAm efukd pG
J r*f\ a[wktjzpfuo
hJ Ykd r*fukd pG
J
edAmef\ zvtjzpfonf Oypm&tm;jzifh NyD;\-[lvdkaomf/

168

aewdt|uxmed,

y#dyZrmeblr?d aumif;/ y#dyE b

rl ?d aumif;/ yXrmblr?d aumif;/ ,m0 pwkwb
D rl ?d
pwkwwdkifatmifaom bkHvnf;aumif;/ umrm0p&blrd? aumif;/ ,m0
avmukw& blr?d avmukw& mwdik af tmifaom bkv
H nf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk
A[k0"d m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ ww? xdb
k w
Hk w
Ykd iG /f y&dwr [*wm? y&dw
r[*wjzpfukefaom/ "rm? wdkYonf/ omo0blrd? rnf\/ tyrmPm?
jzpfuek af om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ temo0blr?d rnf\/ edAm e0Zm? edAm efonf
MuOftyfuek af om/ oaA? ukeaf om/ obm0"rm? oabmw&m;wdo
Yk nf/
ocFwblrd? rnf\/ |? 39 typ,m? taMumif;uif;ukefaom/ 0g?
typ,
jzpfuek af om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ tocFwblr?d rnf\/ yXrr*zv"rm?
a&S;OD;pGmaom r*fzv
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf/ 'eblr?d rnf\/ t0od|r*zv"rm?
<uif;aom r*fzdkvfw&m;wdkYonf/ bm0emblrd? rnf\/ [DerZdrm "rm?
w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ ykxZk e blr?d rnf\/ pwma&m? ukeaf om/ t&d,r*"rm p?
wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ a[|drm? atmufjzpfuek af om/ wa,m? ukeaf om/
zv"rm p? wdkYonfvnf;aumif;/ aoublrd? rnf\/ t*zv"rm?
t&[wzv
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf/ taoubrl ?d rnf\/ om0uyapuAk'A 'k " rm?
om0uyapuAk'oAnLbk&m;wdkY\ w&m;wdkYonf/ om0um'dblrda,m?
om0u tp&Sad om bkrH nfuek \
f / psme"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ psmeblr?d rnf\/
psme0Zw
d m? psmefonf MuOftyfuek af om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ torm[dwblr?d
rnf\/ r*"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ y#dyZrmeblr?d rnf\/ zv"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ y#dyEbrl ?d
rnf\/ ]]yXrm, blr,
d m yw,
d m}}wd tm'd0peawm? aMumif/h ty&d,myEm?
0#f tusK;H r0ifuek af om/ (oy&d,myEm[k tcsKUd ygXf&o
dS nfum; ygXfysu)f /
zave? zdkvfESifh/ o[? uG/ pwma&m? ukefaom/ r*g? wdkYonf/ yXrm
'dbrl ad ,m? yXrm tp&Sad om bkrH nfuek \
f / umrm0p&m'd"rm? wdo
Yk nf/
umrm0p&m'dbrl ad ,m? rnfuek \
f / a, p "rm? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ awoH awoH
[m&e,meH? wd\
Yk / ywd|mebma0e? wnf&m\ tjzpfjzif/h okawo?k wdYk /
ed'g &D,E?d xkwt
f yfuek \
f / awyd "rm? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ blrad ,m? rnfuek \
f /
wd? od/Yk 0dnmwAm? uke\
f / /

3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

169

Oyedommwd? [lonfum;/ Av0um&PH? tm;Bu;D pGmaom taMumif;wnf;/

a,m? tMuif taMumif;ud/k Oyed,ypa,mwd? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ ,?
tMuif Oyed,taMumif;udv
k nf;/ oEm,? / okaw? / ]]'kuL yedom
o'g o'LyedoH oDv}Ed ,m0 0drw
k L yedoH 0drw
k
d P'e}}E?d 0drw
k L yedoH
0drw
k
d P'eH[o
l nfw
h ikd af tmifaom pum;ud/k 0kw?H \/ wpfenf;um;?
'kuL yedom /v/ oDvE?d [l/ tm&bdwmG ? / ,m0 /v/ 'eE?d 0drw
k L y
/v/ 'eH[o
l nfw
h ikd af tmifaom pum;ud/k 0kw?H \/ ]]o'g? o'gw&m;onf/
'kuL yedom? 'kuv
Qif tm;Bu;D pGmaom taMumif;&S\
d / oDv?H onf/ o'Lyedo?H
o' g w&m;vQif tm;BuD ; pG m aom taMumif ; &S d \ / 0drkwdP'eH?
ypa0uPmPf\ tjrifonf/ 0drw
k L yedo?H zdv
k w
f &m;vQif tm;Bu;D pGmaom
Oyedommwd? [lonfum;/ wo wo
taMumif;&S\
d /}} tyd p? wpfenf;um;-Oyed
ora, od'a E? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om t,l/ wpfenf;um; wo wo? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om
1
oabm&Sad om/ ora, ? or,[k qdt
k yfaom/ od'a E? t,l/ [',blw?H
[',jzpf jzpfaom/ tAE& ?H twGi;f jzpfaom w&m;ud/k 0kpw
?d \/ "myd?
t&mvnf;/ aew[
d ',H? aew\
d twGi;f jzpfaom w&m;ud/k Oyedomwd?
[l/ 0kpw
?d \/ (odYk ay;)/
xdkaewd\ twGif;jzpfaom w&m;um; tb,fodkY oabm&Sdyggoen
oen
oenff ;
[laom apm'emaMumifh ],H orm y&d*PSEm /v/ a[mEd} [laom ygXfud
u dk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

( aew[
d ',Haemif ,H wpfy'k f tcsKUd pm usav\)/ ,H aew[
d ',H?
ud/k orm? aumif;pGm/ y&d*P
ES m ? pl;prf;qifjcifuek af om/ "ruxdum? wdo
Yk nf/
wo wo okaw? / tm*w"rrak ce? vmaom w&m;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h
oA[m&e,a,mZem,? tvk;H pkaH om [m&e,wdu
Yk kd ,SOjf cif;iSm/ orwm?
pGr;f Edik u
f ek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / {wH aew[
d ',H? onf/ u ye? tb,fenf;/
1/ ora, od'aE / / 'eH 'd|v
d 'w
d ?d od'a Em ora,m ba0-[k
tbd"mefred &Yf um; or,o'g od'E o
'gwdo
Yk nf t,la[mwnf;/ ora,udk od'a E[k
yum&E&y&d,m,ftm;jzifh zGio
hf nf/ [',o'gvnf; tAE& teuf a[mownf;/
xdUk aMumifh [',blwH tAE& [
H k qdo
k nf/

170

aewdt|uxmed,

yu&Py'waomVo? usr;f \ yk't

f euf wpfq,fah jcmufyg;tjym;&Sad om/
t|0Dowd0"d y|me0db*Fo[dw? ESpq
f ,f&h pS yf g;tjym;&Sad om omoey|me
wdu
Yk kd a0zefjcif;ESihf wuGjzpfaom/ awwo
0d"? ok;H q,fo
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{wa0? xdu
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edrw
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f yf\/
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d 0dbma*e? ESi/hf o[? uG/ y0awm?
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'H t,H 0doa,m? onf/ ao,sxm uwarm? enf;[lrlum;/
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3-eda'o0g&tzGihf

171

onfvnf;aumif;/ y'|meH? rnf\/ a[wk? a[wktaMumif;onf/ y&dum a&m?

rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ {awoH? xdyk '|mey&dum &wd\
Yk / 0daoaom? wnf;/
Oyed,udk jyNyD; ,cktcg obm*0dobm*"rwdkYudk jyjcif;iSm
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(p o'gum; yuE& aZmwu)/ obm*0dobm*"rm? w&m;wdu

Yk /kd
(a0'dwAm yuwdu)H / awoH awoH "rmeH? wd\
Yk / tEkuv
l y#duv
l "rm?
avsmaf omw&m; qefu
Y siaf omw&m;wdu
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pGm/ a0'dwAm? uke\
f / ,xm u? tb,fo/Ykd a0'dwAm? ukeo
f enf;[lru
l m;/
orm'd|,
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f / rdem ea,e? jzif/h oA?H
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|? 40 vuPE?d um;/ obma0g? wnf;/ aom obma0g? ud/k
[m&e,meH? wd\
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[m&e,meH? wdu
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f pn;f q&monf/
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{uwenf; tp&Su
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*a[wAm? uke\
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y&dum &[m&wdu
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174

aewdt|uxmed,

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'ged? / taee? a'oem[m&onf/ a'aowA"ar? zGit

hf yfaom
tm'
w&m;wdu
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Yk m;/

0g&

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{0H? od/Yk pm? tvdo

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f m;jzifh
tusO;f jyjcif;od/Yk *pE?d a&mufuek \
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d ?H /
'dwd? \/ ]]ukovm "rm tukovm}}wd tm'Do?k wdYk / aa,s? odtyfaom
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d ?H / '|aAm? \/ wd?
um; twKa'o0daoownf;/ /
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0g&

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d nK0ed ,aee? O*#w
d nLyk*Kd vu
f kd qk;H rjcif;jzif/h
tm'duvsmPH? \/ 0dyw
d nK0ed ,aee? jzif/h raZuvsmPH? \/ ae,sy*k v

0de,aee? jzif/h y&da,momeuvsmPH? \/ t,ar0 tawm? aemuf

teufuo
kd mvQi/f "? / t"dayawm? \/ /
tworw,
d m? teufEiS hf jynfph jHkcif;aMumif/h omw?H rnf\/ 0g? teufEiS hf
jynfph aHk om/ (o-o'g\ orwt
d euf jzpfjcif;aMumifh tworw,
d m omw[
H k
zGio
hf nf)/ Ase orw,
d m? o'gESihf jynfph jHk cif;aMumif/h oAseH? rnf\/ 0g?
o'gESihf jynfph aHk om/
vdktyfonfudk jyjcif;iSm ouFmoem'd tp&Sdaom wpf0duyfudk
tm;xkwfawmfrlownf;/

0g? um;/ ouFmoem'dqtwy'orma,m*awm? ouFmoe tp&Sad om

twy'ajcmufyg;ESifh ,SOfjcif;aMumifh/ omw H ? teufESifh jynfhpkHaom/
tu&m'dqAse y'orma,m*awm? tu&m tp&Sad om Ase y'ajcmufyg;ESihf
,SOjf cif;aMumif/h oAseH? o'gESihf jynfph aHk om/ t,ar0 tawm? aemuf
teufudkomvQif/ "? / t"dayawm? \/ OyaewAmbm0awm?
xnft
h yfaom a0g'gefteuf r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h {uaEe? jzif/h y&dyP
k ?H
jynfhpkH\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ au0vy&d y k P H? tvkH;pkH jynfhpkHaom/
(OyaewA tbm0awmwd yudydwA a0g'gew t0kw
tbm0awm? om&w'DyeD#Dum)/ tyaewAmbm0awm? y,ftyfaom
oHudavow&m; r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ y&d o k ' H ? pifMu,faom/
(tyaewAmwd oHuad vo"r? if;#Dum)/ 0g? um;/ oDvm'dy"ruE
yg&dy&l ,
d m? oDv tp&Sad om ig;yg;aom aus;Zl;w&m;wdEYk iS hf jynfph jHk cif;aMumif/h
y&dykPH? aom/ pwka&mCedw& Pm,? av;yg;aom MoCrS xkwjf cif;iSm/
y0w,
d m p? jzpfjcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ avmumrdoed&ayuwm, p? vlw\
Ykd
tmrdoudk riJo
h nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ y&dok'H? aom/ jA[H ao|H
Owr?H jrwfaom/ p&d,?H ud/k (vSr;f ay;onf)/ 0g? um;/ jA[LeH ao|meH?
jrwfuek af om/ t&d,meH? t&d,myk*Kdvw
f \
Ykd / p&d,?H tusiu
hf /kd oduw
,
o*F[?H
odum ok;H yg;taygif;jzifh oN*K[
t
f yfaom/ omoeH? omoem[k qdt
k yfaom/

178

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jA[p&d,H? jrwfaom tusiu

hf /kd 0g? jrwfaom t&d,myk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd tusiu
hf /kd
yumo,dmrd y&d'yD ,dmrd? tH/h wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ /
{0H? od/Yk b*0wm? onf/ a'odawm p? a[mtyfonfvnf; jzpfaom/
("rH a0g bdua 0 a'aomrdukd &nfonf)/ yumodawm p? onfvnf;
jzpfaom/ (jA[p&d,H yumo,dmrdudk &nfonf)/ omoe"arm?
omoemwnf;[laom w&m;onf/ a,oH tm'g'De?H tMuiftm'
tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd 'e0aoe? jzif/h y0awm? \/ a'oem[m&? \/
0do,blwm? t&mjzpf jzpfuek af om/ aw tm'g'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd ,w
,w ygaX? tMuif tMuifoaYkd om ygXf/ o0daooH? txl;ESihf wuG/ 0kwm ?
a[mtyfukef\/ wawm wawm? xdkxdkodkYaom ygVdrS/ ed'ga&wGm? /
O'g[&P0aoe? O'g[kP\
f tpGr;f tm;jzif/h "? a'oem[m&/
ww uwarm tma'g
tmaewGm? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ww
tma'g}}wd tm'd? ud/k
tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / umr
umrE?d um;/ remyd,lyg'? ESpo
f ufz,
G &f adS om
lygkH tp&Sad om/ awblru"rocFgwH? awblruw&m;[k qdt
k yfaom/
0wKumrH? ud/k umr,rmem
umr,rmemwd? um;/ pE
? tvd&k adS om/ w
apwH ordZwDw?d um;/ umr,rme? tvd&k adS om/ w ow?
tm;/ umrocFgwH? umr[k qdt
k yfaom/ wH 0wK? onf/ ap ordZw?d
tu,f jynfph o
Hk nfjzpft/hH aom oawm? onf/ wH? ud/k oap vbwd?
tH/h wd? od/Yk 0kw?H onf/ a[mwd? \/
|? 43 t'g yDwdraem a[mwDw?d um;/ {uHaoe? pifppftm;jzif/h
wk|pdawm? ESpv
f akd om pdw&f o
dS nf/ a[mwd? \/ v'gwd? um;/ vbdwmG ? /
rapmwd? um;/ oawm? onf/ ,'dpwDw?d um;/ ,H? tMuif0wKu/kd pw?d
\/ t,H? onfum;/ {w? y#dead 'o0g&/ oacFayg? tusO;f wnf;/
0dwm a&m ye? udu
k m;/ eda'ao
o? o0g&/ 0kwe a,e? jzif/h a0'dwaAm? \/
t,H tma'g
tma'gwd? um;/ ,m,H t"dym,ordZem? tMuiftvdk\
jynfph jHk cif;ud/k pw
d vmab? tvdk &St
d yfaom 0wKukd &jcif;aMumif/h ,m,H
yDwrd ewm? tMuif ESpo
f ufaom pdw&f adS om ol\ tjzpfu/kd ,H aomreH?
tMuif 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ud/k 0kw?H \/ (odYk ay;)/ t,H? tvd\
k jynfph jHk cif;

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179

ESpfoufaom pdwf&Sdaom ol\tjzpf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf/ tma'

wAawm? om,mtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tma'g? rnf\/ (um;
q&mwdkY\ teuf)/ wpfenf;um;-t"dym,ordZem? tvdk\ jynfhpkHjcif;
aMumifh/ pw
d vmab? tvd&k t
dS yfaom 0wKukd &jcif;aMumif/h ,m yDwrd ewm?
tMuif ESpfoufaom pdwf&Sdaom ol\ tjzpfudk/ ,H aomreH? udk/
0kwH? \/ t,H? ESpo
f ufaom pdw&f adS om ol\tjzpf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf/
tma'wAawm? aMumif/h tma'g? rnf\/ /
w ap umr,mem
umr,memwd? um;/ umar? tvdk&Sdtyfaom
0wKumrwdu
Yk /kd prme? aom/ w yk*v
? tm;/ 0g? um;/ umare?
jzif/h ,m,rme? oGm;xaom/ 0g? jzpfxaom/ qEZmwm
mwmwd? um;/
ZmwwPS? jzpfaom wPSm&Sx
d aom/ ZEKaem
aemwd? um;/ ow? tm;/
aw umrm y&d[m,EDw?d um;/ aw 0wKumrm? xd0k wKumrwdo
Yk nf/
auepd tE&ma,e? wpfpw
Hk pfcak om tE&m,faMumif/h ap 0deE?d tu,f
ysuf p D ; uk e f o nf j zpf t H h / ov 0 d a ' g 0 k y w D w d ? um;/ tx? xd k o d k Y
ysupf ;D ukeo
f nf&adS omf/ ta,mr,m'dem? oHjzifh Ny;D aom tjym; tp&Sad om/
oave? jrm;jzif/h 0da'g 0d,? ypftyfouJo
h /Ykd yDV,
d wd? ESyd pf uftyf\/ wd
t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ t,H tm'D e a0g
a0gwd ? um;/ umrmeH ?
0wKumrwd\
Yk / ,m,H 0dy&dPmrnxmbm0g? tMuif azmufjyef ysupf ;D
onf\ tjzpfudk/ umr,me? tvdk&Sdaom/ 0g? umrjzifh oGm;aom/
ow? tm;/ ,m kye m a'grekyw
?d tMuif azmufjyefysupf ;D jcif;
ESv;Hk rom,mjcif;ud/k 0kwm ? \/ t,H? 0wKumrwd\
Yk azmufjyefjcif;
ysufpD;jcif; ESvkH;rom,mjcif;wnf;[laom a'gre\ jzpfjcif;onf/
tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ (um; q&mwd\
Yk teuf)/ wpfenf;um;-umrmeH? wd\
Yk /
0dy&dPmrnxmbm0g? azmufjyefysupf ;D jcif;aMumif/h umr,me? aom/
ow? tm;/ kye m? ESyd pf ufjcif;aMumif/h ,m a'grekyw
?d ud/k 0kwm ?
\/ t,H? a'gre\ jzpfjcif;onf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ /
a,m umar y&d0aZwDw?d um;/ a,m bduK ? onf/ ,xm0kaw?
ukeaf om/ umar? wdu
Yk /kd ww? xdu
k mrwdYk / qE&m*? qE&m*ud/k 0g?

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tm;Bu;D aom &m*ud/k 0dur a ee 0g? cGmojzifv

h nf;aumif;/ orkpEd a ee 0g?
t<uif;rJh jzwfojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ oAbma*e? tvk;H pkaH om tzdt
Yk m;jzif/h
0aZw?d MuOf\/ ,xm u? tb,fuo
hJ eYkd nf; [lru
l m;/ oy? a>ra[muf\/
oda&m od&?H OD;acgif;ud/k y'g ya'e? ajcjzif/h y&d0aZwd 0? MuOfouJo
h w
Ykd nf;/
&mwd? um;/ aumpd? aom/ yk&ad om?
(odYk ay;OD;)/ oya0 y'g oda&m
onf/ ZD0w
d u
k marm? touf&n
S v
f o
kd nfjzpf/ uPSoy?H a>ra[mufu/kd
y#dyax? c&D;&ifqikd /f ydwmG ? jrif/ twaem? \/ yga'e? jzif/h w?
xdak >ra[muf\/ od&?H ud/k y&d0aZwd ,xm? MuOfouJo
h /Ykd aom rH /v/
orwd0wwDw?d um;/ aom bduK ? onf/ oA?H aom/ avmuH? ud/k 0do&dwmG ?
vG e f a jrmuf / Xd w w m ? wnf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h / avmau? /
0dowdumocFgwH? [kqdktyfaom/ rH wPSH? udk/ owdrm? owdESifh
jynfph o
Hk nf/ [kwmG ? / orwdur wd? vGe\
f / wd t,H? um;/ tawm?
wnf;/ 'H ed&P
&PE?d um;/ 0dowu
d mocFgwm,? aom/ wPSm,? ud/k
edAm em&raPe? edAm efvQif tmk&H adS om/ t&d,ra*e? jzif/h ,'d'H ,H 'H
orwd0we?H tMuif vGejf cif;ud/k 0kw?H \/ 'H? wPSmudk vGejf cif;onf/
ed&PH? rnf\/ /
acwE?d um;/ au'g&m'dacw?H v,f tp&Sad om vkycf if;ud/k 0wKE?d
um;/ C&0wKtm'd0wK?H tdr&f m tp&Sad om t&mud/k [d&nH 0g
0gwd? um;/
u[myPocFgw? tojym[k qdt
k yfonfvnf; jzpfxaom/ ok0PocFgw?
a&T[k qdt
k yfonfvnf; jzpfxaom/ [d&nH? tojyma&Tu/kd 0g oa'g? onf/
0duyeawm? 0duyfteuf&\
dS / 0g? txl;MujH cif;teuf&\
dS / aom 0g oa'g?
udk/ oAya'ok? wdkY/ a,maZwaAm? \/ *0g
*0gEd? um;/ *ga0g p?
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ta p? jrif;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk *0gH?
EGm;jrif;ud/k 'goayg&doE?d um;/ 'gao p? uRew
f u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ ayg&dao
p? trI v k y f a ,musf m ;wd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / wd ? od k Y / 'goayg&d o H ?
uREt
kf rIvyk af ,musmf ;ud/k xda,m
,mwd? um;/ wad ,m? wdu
Yk /kd AELwd? um;/
wdAEa0g? taqGtrsK;d wdu
Yk /kd ykxl umar
umarwd? um;/ tanyd 0g? wpfyg;vnf;

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181

jzpfuek af om/ remyd,lyg'dau? ESpv

f zkd ,
G &f adS om lygkH tp&Su
d ek af om/ A[l?
rsm;pGmukeaf om/ umr*kaP? umr*kPw
f u
Ykd /kd a,m ea&m tEk*dZwDw?d
um;/ a,m oawm? onf/ tEk tEk? tzefwvJv/J tbducFw?d tvGef
tvd&k \
dS / yaww?d awmifw
h \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ t,H
tma'g
tma'gwd? um;/ acwm'De?H v,ftp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd ,'d'H ,H 'H tEk*Zd e?H
tMuiftzefwvJvJ awmifw
h jcif;ud/k 0kw?H \/ t,H? tzef wvJvJ
awmifw
h jcif;onf/ {awe avmabe? jzif/h 0wKumar? wdu
Yk /kd tma'wd?
\/ wd rdem 0peawe? jzif/h tma'g? rnf\/ /
|? 44 tAvm eH AvD,EDw?d um;/ acwm'daba'? v,ftp&So
d nf
tjym;&Sdukefaom/ umar? 0wKumrwdkYudk/ tEk*dZEH? tzefwvJvJ
awmifw
h aom/ wH yk*v
?H ud/k ukoav[d? wdo
Yk nf/ y[mwAwm ? aMumif/h
tAvocFgwm? tm;enf;onf[k qdt
k yfuek af om/ udavom? wdo
Yk nf/ AvD,Ed
tbdb0E?d ESyd pf ufuek \
f / 0g? um;/ o'gAvm'd0&d a[e? o'gAv tp&So
d nfwrYkd S
uif;jcif;aMumif/h tAvH? enf;aomtm;&Sad om/ wH yk*v
?H ud/k tAvm?
tm;enf;ukeaf om/ udavom? wdo
Yk nf/ AvD,E?d ESyd pf ufuek \
f / tAvwm?
tm;enf;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0g? o'gAv tp&SdonfrS uif;onf\
tjzpfaMumif/h tbdb0E?d uke\
f / wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ r'aEeH
y&d,m
,mwd? um;/ umr*d'?H 0wKumrwdu
Yk kd awmifw
h rufarmonfjzpf/
umar? 0wKumrwdkYudk/ y&da,oE? &Smonfvnf;jzpfxaom/ &uE?
apmifah &Smufonfvnf; jzpfxaom/ {eH e&H? xdo
k w0gud/k oD[m'a,m? jcaoFh
tp&Su
d ek af om/ ygu#y&d,m p? xif&mS ;aom ab;&efwo
Ykd nfvnf;aumif;/
um,'kp&dwm 'a,m? ukefaom/ tygu#y&d,m p? rxif&Sm;aom
ab;&efwo
Ykd nf vnf;aumif;/ r'E?d ESyd pf ufuek \
f / wawm eH /v/ 'u
'uE?d
um;/ wawm aw[d ygu#mygu#y&da,[d? xdx
k if&mS ;aom ab;&ef
rxif&mS ;aom ab;&efwo
Ykd nf/ tbdbw
l ?H ESyd pf uftyfaom/ wH yk*v
?H od/Yk
Zmwdtm'd'u
k ?H y#doaEaejcif; tp&Sad om qif;&Jonf/ orka'? / bdEe m0H?
uGaJ om avSo/Ykd O'uH? onf/ taEGwd tEk*pwd 0d,? tpOfvu
kd o
f uJo
h /Ykd

182

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taEGwd tEk*pw?d \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ t,H tm'Dea0g

a0gwd?
um;/ wPSm'kp&dwoHudavoa[wkaum? wPSm'kpdkufwnf;[laom
npfnL; apwwfaom w&m;vQif taMumif;&Sad om/ ,Gm,H Zmwdtm'd'u
k m
EkAaEm? tMuify#doaEaejcif; tp&Sad om qif;&J\ tpOfrjywf vdu
k jf cif;ud/k
0kawm? \/ t,H? y#doaEaejcif; tp&Sdaom qif;&J\ tpOfrjywf
vdu
k jf cif;onf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ /
wo m wd? um;/ ,om? aMumifh/ umr*d'? 0wKumrwdkYudk
awmifw
h rufarmaom oltm;/ 0kwe a,e? jzif/h 'kum EkAaEm? y#doaEaejcif;
tp&Sad om qif;&J\ tpOfrjywf vdu
k jf cif;onf/ 0dZw
?d &S\
d / (um; wom\
ted,wfukd azmfjyonf)/ wom? aMumif/h ZELwd? um;/ oawm? onf/
o'g oawm
oawmwd? um;/ ykA& wmy&&w?H nOf,
h H rd;k aomuf,H umvywfv;Hk /
Zm*&d,mEka,ma*e? Ed;k Mum;jcif; vkv
YH jzif/h oawm? owd&o
dS nf/ [kwmG ?
/ umrmed y&d0Za,
,wd? um;/ 0dur e 0aoe p? cGmonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ orkap'0aoe p? t<uif;rJhjzwfonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ lyg'Do?k lygkH tp&Su
d ek af om/ 0wKumarok? wdYk / oAyu
m&H?
tvk;H pkaH om tjym;&Sad om/ udavoumrH? ud/k tEkyg a'aEm? rjzpfaprl/
umrmed? 0wKumrwdu
Yk /kd y&d0Za, yZa[,s? pGe&Yf m\/ aw y[m, wa&
MoC
MoCE?d um;/ {0H rdem 0kwy u
ma&e? odYk qdt
k yfNy;D aom tjym;tm;jzif/h
aw umar? xd0k wKumrwdu
Yk /kd y[m,? / wy[meu&t&d,ra*ae0?
xdkumrwdkYudk y,fjcif;udk jyKwwfaom t&d,r*fjzifhomvQif/ pwkAd"rd?
&So
d nfvnf;jzpfaom/ MoCH? ud/k wa&,s? ul;Edik &f m\/ w&dw?Hk ul;tHah omiSm/
ouKaP,s? wwfEikd &f m\/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/
em0H od w G m 0 yg&*l wd? um;/ yk&daom? onf/ O'u*[aPe?
a&,do
k jzif/h *kbm&H? av;aom 0ef&adS om/ em0H? avS/ O'uH? ud/k A[d?
tyod/Yk odw
d mG ? oGe
f / v[kum,? ayghaom/ em0g,? jzif/h tyuoda&ae0?
rNiKd jiifojzifo
h mvQi/f yg&*l? urf;wpfzufoYkd a&mufonf/ ba0,s ,xm?
jzpf&mouJo
h /Ykd yg&H? urf;wpfzufo/Ykd *ap,s ,xm? a&muf&mouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0

0g&

183

{0H wxm? wl/ udavol'u*ku?H udavomwnf;[laom a&jzifh av;aom

0ef&adS om/ twbm0em0H? twabmwnf;[laom avSu/kd odw
d mG ? oGe
f /
v[kaue? aygYaom/ twbma0e? jzifh/ yg&*l? edAmefwnf;[laom
urf;wpfzufoYkd a&mufonf/ ba0,s? &m\/ t&[wyw
,
d m? t&[wzv
kd o
f Ykd
a&mufojzif/h (t&[wKyw
,
d m[lvnf; ygXf&\
dS / t&[wzv
kd f jzpfojzif-h
[k ay;)/ tEkyg'daoom,? uHuad vomonf jzpfaptyfaom 0dygufurZkyf
t<uif;r&Sad om/ edAm e"mwk,m? edAm e"mwfrQ jzpf/ y&deAd m aee? Nird ;f jcif;jzif/h
yg&H edAmeH? edAmefodkY/ wpfenf;um;-edAmeH? edAmefwnf;[laom/ yg&H?
urf;wpfzufo/Ykd *ap,s? a&muf&m\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
'H ed&P
&PE?d um;/ umry[merkace? umrudk y,fjcif;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h
pwka&mCH? av;yg;aom MoCud/k w&dwmG ? ul;ajrmuf/ tEkyg'daoom,?
aom/ edAm e"mwk,m? jzif/h ,H edAm eH? tMuif Nird ;f jcif;ud/k 0kw?H \/ 'H?
tEkyg'daooedAme"mwfjzifh Nidrf;jcif;onf/ oAocFwed&Pawm?
cyford ;f aom ocFww&m;wdrYk S xGuaf jrmufonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ed&PH?
rnf\/ wd? odYk rSwt
f yf\/ /
"armwd? um;/ 'gem'dyn
k "arm? 'ge tp&Sad om ukov
kd w
f &m;onf/
[a0
[a0wd 'H y'H? onf/ edygwrw?H edygwfrQomwnf;/ &uwd "rpm&dE?d
um;/ a,m? tMuifolonf/ wH "rH? xdkukodkvfw&m;udk/ tyrawm?
rarhravsmo
h nf/ [kwmG ? / p&wd? usi\
hf / wH "rpm&? xdu
k o
k v
kd w
f &m;udk
usiahf om olu/kd 'd|"ru
d or&m,duaba'e? rsuaf rSmuf jzpfaom tusK;d rJh
wrvGefjzpfaom tusKd;rJhtjym;tm;jzifh/ 'k0d"awmyd? vnf;jzpfaom/
tewawm? tusK;d rJrh /S &uwd ygavwd? apmifw
h wf\/ qwH r[EH ,x
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aqmif;tyfaom/ r[E?H aom/ qw?H onf/ wH yk&o
d ?H ud/k 0awreawm?
rd;k pGwjf cif;rS/ &uwd ,xm? apmifo
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184

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ww 0pae? / wH qw?H onf/ tyrawm? onf/ [kwmG ? / twmeH?

rdrdudk/ &uE? apmifhaom oludkvnf;aumif;/ qma'E? rdk;aom
oluv
kd nf;aumif;/ 0m'dawm? rd;k pGwjf cif; tp&So
d nfr/S &uwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd
{0H wxm? wl/ "armyd? ukov
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/ "rp&d,m,? ukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
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hf jzif/h twmeH? ud/k |? 45 &uEH
a,0? apmifah om oluo
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wnf;/ {om /v/ pm&Dwd {awe ya'e? pm&D[al om ygXfjzif/h 0kwa r0?
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k nf;aumif;/ 0kw?H
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pyf)/ ed&PH? udk/ temrodwGm? rokH;oyfrl/ a'oem,1 ? onf/
edAa wwAwm,? Ny;D aptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h zvH? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk
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oabm cHpm;wwfaom oabmonf/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h tewm?
rnf\/ (two'gum; obm0teufa[mwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh twmudk
1/ a'oem, zvH / / t&d,r*f zdv
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rnfavNyD jzpf&um; ed&Pudk rok;H oyfr
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d o
Ykd nf/ twm? jyKjyifwwf cHpm;wwfaom oabmonf/ e?
r[kwu
f ek /f wd wom? aMumif/h tewm? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
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0dyeH? udk/ OkumayaEm? tm;xkwfonfjzpf/ tewmEkyem
ocFgwm,? em[k qdt
k yfaom/ ynm,? jzif/h ywd? jrif\/ 0g? I\/ tx
edAdEwd 'kauw?d um;/ tx? xdo
k Ykd jrifaomtcg/ tewmEkyem,?
jzif/h (oky&d'|d wm pyf)/ ykaA {0? omvQi/f tedpw
m'kuw
meH? tedpt
jzpf
'kutjzpfwdkY\/ oky&d'd|wm? aumif;pGm jriftyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh/
edAd'gEkyem0aoe? em\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ 0dyema*gp&blaw?
0dyem\ tmkHjzpf jzpfaom/ yuE'kau? cEmig;yg;wnf;[laom
0#fqif;&J/ edAEd w
?d Ni;D aiGU\/ edaA'?H Ni;D aiGUjcif;od/Yk tmyZw?d \/ {o
ra*g 0dok'd,mmwd? um;/ 0kwv
uPm? aom/ ,m edA'd gEkyem? onf/
tw?d \/ {o {om? edA'd gEkyemonf/ oAuad vo0doZk eawm?
tvk;H pkaH om udavomwdrYk S pifonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0do'k o
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wnf;/ t,H Oyga,m
Oyga,mwd? um;/ tewmEkyemrkace? tewmEkyemudk
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tMuif Ni;D aiGUjcif;ud/k 0kw?H \/ wH edAEd e ?H onf/ 0do'k ,
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186

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rnDw
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'kp& w
d med? wdu
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zvlyg,mPwda,m? zv Oyg, tmPwdwdkYudk/ O'g[&Pbma0e?
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qdw\
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0peH? pum;awmfonf/ 0d"mebm0awm? pD&ifwu
kd w
f eG ;f onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
tmPw?d rnf\/ oA'g? tcgcyford ;f / owdu&d ,
d m,? owdukd jyKjcif;jzif/h
wH oknwm'eH? xdktwrS qdwfonf\tjzpf tcsnf;ESD;\ tjzpfudk
o'g oawmwd
jrifjcif;onf/ orZw
?d jynfph \
Hk / wd wom? aMumif/h ]]o'g
Oyga,m
Oyga,m}}wd? [l/ 0kwH? \/ tw m Ek ' d | OD [ p mwd? um;/ |? 46
0Dowd0wKu?H ESpq
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d /kd
O'&w
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f / orkpEd w
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jcif;onf/ rpKaem? \/ ,H 0do,mwdur eH? tMuift&mudk vGeaf jrmufjcif;onf/
od,m? \/ w? xdak orif;\ t&mudk vGeaf jrmufjcif;\/ ,H ykAb
m*
y#dy'gy#dyZe?H tMuif a&S;tzdjYk zpfaom tusiu
hf kd usijhf cif;onf/ tw?d \/
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f / wd? od/Yk r

188

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e,? ud/k 'ew?H iSm/ 0doHk 0do?Hk oD;/ O'g[&dwmG yd? xkwNf y;D vnf;/ yke?
wpfzef/ ]]oknawm avmu}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h {uawm? wnf;/ O'g[&PH?
xkwjf cif;ud/k uwH? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
6/ {0H? odkY/ tm'g'a,m? wdkYudk/ O'g[&P0aoe? kPf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ olyawm? tm;jzifh/ 'awGm? / 'ged? / ww?
xdt
k m' tp&So
d nfwYkd / yk*v
0dbma*e? yk*Kd vu
f kd a0zefaomtm;jzif/h
ww b*0g
b*0g}}wd
a'oem0dbm*H? a'oemudk a0zefjcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ww
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / t0,0awm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ O*#w
d H
C#dwrw?H aomw'Gg&udk tpOfr;DS ojzifh raem'Gg&du0dnmOftpOfjzifh tmkjH yKumrQ
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ud/k Zmemwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h O*#w
d nL? rnf\/ Oa'orawe?
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um;/ O*#w
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jzpfaom w&m;ud/k wpfenf;um;-Opvw
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d ?H rnf\/
wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ wH? xdv
k yI af pumrQ xapumrQ jzpfaom
w&m;ud/k Zmemwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h O*#w
d nL? rnf\/
t&S if t|uxmq&m...vI yf apumrQ xapumrQaom w&m;udk
odaomolwdkY\ "ronf pifppftm;jzifh rvIyfonfom rxonfom r[kwf
ukefavm/ q&mhpum; tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf; apm'em &Sd&um; ]"arm
[d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ a'od,rmaem? a[mtyfaom/ "arm? onf/ a'ouawm?

w&m;a[maom yk*Kd vrf /S a'oembmZeH? a'oem\ wnf&mjzpfaom
w&m;emyk*Kd vo
f /Ykd ouFraEm 0d,? ajymif;a&TUouJo
h /Ykd a[mwd? \/ {o
{aom yk*a vm? onf/ Opvw
d ar0? vIyaf pum xapumrQomjzpfaom/

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189

wH "r?H ud/k Zmemwd? \/ wd t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/

pvdwar0? cGmaom tmo,onfomvQi/f 0g? vIyaf om tmo,onf
omvQi/f O*#w
d ?H rnf\/
vIyfaom cGmaom w&m;um; tb,fenf;/ tb,fw&m;onf vIyfap
cG m apoenf ; [l a om apm'emaMumif h ]owm'd } tp&S d a om ygXf u d k
rdefYownf;/

[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h owm'dtmum&? ow'd|d tp&Sad om

tjcif ; t&m&S d a om/ (tm'd o ' g jzif h Oap ' ud k o m ,l / tEk a vmrd u
,xmblwPfukd r,lvif)h / a0ae,smeH? wd\
Yk / tmo,? tmo,\/
0g? tvd\
k / (pvem,odYk oGm;)/ Ak'g a0Pdum? jrwfpmG bk&m;\ toD;aom
oEmef jzpfaom/ "ra'oem? onf/ wcFPywdwm {0? xdkcP
usomvQif/ (wcFPo[dwm {0-[lvnf; ygXf&Sd\/ xdka[maom
cPESiw
hf uG jzpfomvQif ay;)/ pvem,? cGmjcif;iSm/ 0g? vIyjf cif;iSm/ a[mwd?
\/ wawm? xdo
k Ykd cGmonf vIyo
f nfr/S y&H? aemuf/ y&mEk0w,
d m? t<uif;rJh
jywfjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? \/ ww wo tmoa,? xdt
k mo,onf/ O*#ad w
pvd w raw a ,0? cG m umrQ jzpf o nf & S d a omf o mvQif / 0g? vI y f u mrQ
jzpfonf&adS omfomvQi/f t,H yk*a vm? onf/ "r?H ud/k Zmemwd t0AkZw?d
od\/ wd wom? aMumif/h O*#w
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teufu/kd Zmemwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dyw
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0dyw
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0dyw
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f eG ;f aom/
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d nLyk*Kd vt
f m;/ 0g? \/ two'd ad wm? aMumif/h

190

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w 0d y d w nK
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udv
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aea,sm? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ rk'`d E,
d wm,? EkeaYf om a`E& o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
('kw,
d [dwf pyf)/ y#davmr*[Pawm? qefu
Y siaf omtm;jzifh ,lwwfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h aewaAm tEkaewaAm? tzefwvJvJ qk;H rtyf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h aea,sm? rnf\/ te0aoaowGm0? t<uif;r&Sad prlomvQi/f
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aMumif/h w ae,s
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wnf;/
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0g? opmav;yg; w&m;\ PfEiS w
hf uG tnDtGwaf ygif;,SOjf cif;onf/
a[mwd? \/ ("rmbdora,mwd pwkop"r aPe o' tbd
ora,m? r[my'geokw#f u
D m)/ t,H yk*a vm? ud/k O*#w
d nL? yk*Kd vf
[l/ 0kpw
?d \/ /
|? 47 uwarm p yk*a vm? onf/ 0dyw
d nL? rnfoenf;
[lrlum;/ , yk*v? tm;/ oHcdawe? jzifh/ bmodw?
a[mtyfaom okw\
f / taw? ud/k 0dwm a&e? tm;jzif/h 0dbZd,rmae?
a0zeftyfonf&adS omf/ "rmbdora,m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ t,H
yk*a vm? ud/k 0dyw
d nL? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ /
uwarm p yk*avm? onf/ aea,sm? rnfoenf;[lrlum;/
Oa'oawm? ygVdoifaom/ y&dypk a wm? teufukd ar;aom/ a,medaom?
toifhtm;jzifh/ reodua&mawm? ESvkH;jyKaom/ uvsmPrdaw?
aumif;aom taqGcifyGef;wdkYudk/ ao0awm? rSD0Jaom/ bZawm?

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qnf;uyfaom/ y,dyk goawm? vkyaf uR;aom/ , yk*v

? tm;/
tEkyak Ae? tpOfojzif/h "rmbdora,m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ t,H
yk*a vm? ud/k aea,sm? ae,sy*k Kd vf [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ wd t,H? um;/
ygVd? wnf;/ /
y'y&arm ye? yk*Kdvu
f u
kd m;/ {w aew,
d ?H / y#da0"? opmav;yg;udk
xd;k xGi;f odjcif;\/ tbmZeH? wnf&mr[kwo
f nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h e *[dawm? r,ltyf/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...ygVd O* # d w k y k * v ed &PH
a'o,wd ponfjzifh enf;okH;yg;udkom ,l\/ rQom enf;&Sdoav
avmm
apm'emaMumifh ]{w p} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

{w p? a'oem0dbm*vnf;/ tma'g? vnf;aumif;/ tm'Dea0g?

vnf;aumif;/ ed&PH? vnf;aumif;/ (ok;H csuu
f kd toD;toD; ,l)/
tma'g p? vnf;aumif;/ tm'Dea0g p? vnf;aumif;/ (ESpcf suu
f kd
wpfaygif;wnf; ,l)/ tma'g p? aumif;/ ed&P? aumif;/
(ESpcf suv
f nf; wpfaygif;wnf;)/ tm'Dea0g p? aumif;/ ed&P? aumif;/
(ESpcf suv
f nf; wpfaygif;wnf;)/ tma'g p? aumif;/ tm'Dea0g p?
aumif;/ ed&P? aumif;/ (ok;H csuv
f nf; wpfaygif;wnf; ,l)/ wd?
od/Yk {aw ow y|mee,m? ckepfyg;aom y|meenf;wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d
uke\
f /
awok? xdck ek pfyg;aom enf;wdw
Yk iG /f wwd,q|owrm? wwd,enf;
q|enf ; ow r enf ; wd k Y u d k / a0ae,sw , 0d e ,ae? a0ae,syk * d K vf
okH;a,mufwdkY\ taygif;udk qkH;rjcif;/ orwwm,? pGrf;Edkifonf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ *[dwm? ukef\/ wa&? okH;yg;rS wpfyg;ukefaom/
pwma&m? av;yg;aom enf;wdu
Yk /kd e *[dwm? uke/f
a'oem[m&\ y'wcsnf; jzpfvsuf todkYrl av;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk
r,ltyfukefoenf;-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]e [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ uxdawe? a[mtyfaom/ au0ave? oufoufaom/

tma'e 0g? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ tm'Dea0e 0g? aumif;/ w'kba,e 0g?

192

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

xdt
k m' tm'De0ESpyf g;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ a0ae,s0ed ,eH? a0ae,swu
Ykd kd
qkH;rjcif;onf/ e or0wd? rjzpf/ uom? um;/ udavomeH? wdkYudk/
y[mem0peawm? y,fjcif;udk ra[mjcif;aMumifw
h nf;/
,if;odkY udavomwdkYudk y,fjcif;udk ra[maomaMumifh oufoufaom
tm'De0 ponfjzifh a0ae,swdkYudk qkH;rjcif; rjzpfaomf tm'ed&P
[laom yrenf;onf udavomwdkYudk y,fjcif;udk a[mygaomaMumifh
a0ae,swdkYtm; qkH;rjcif; rjzpfaumif;ygoavm/ ,if;odkY jzpfaomf xdkyr
enf ; ud k v nf ; ,l a umif ; onf r[k w f w H k a vm pk ' f & S d & um; ]y a rmyd }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

yarmyd? tm'ed&P[laom yrenf;onfvnf;/ tm'De0g0peawm? tm'De0udk ra[mjcif;aMumif/h ed&P? 0#frS xGuaf jrmufjcif;\/
0g? t&d,r*feAd m ef\/ tEkyga,m {0? taMumif;r[kwo
f vQiw
f nf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...tm'De0udk ra[mapumrl udavoy[mefuk d
a[mygaomf ed &P\ Oyg,jzpf a umif ; yg\wum;-[k apm'emzG , f
&Sd&um; ]e [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ b*0awm? \/ 0drw

k &d om? 0drw
k u
d pd & adS om/
a'oem? onf/ 0drkwd? 0drkwdudkvnf;aumif;/ w'kyg,? xdk0drkwd\
taMumif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ temroE?D rok;H oyfr
l / e y0ww?d rjzpf/ wom?
aMumif/h {aw pwma&m e,m? wdu
Yk /kd tEk'# m? rxkwt
f yfuek /f
t&Sift|uxmq&m...y'y&ryk*dKvf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh ckepfyg;aom
enf ; wd k Y u d k ,l a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm/ ,if ; od k Y ,l a umif ; ygaomf
av;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk a[maumif;onf r[kwfavm/ tb,fhaMumifh
av;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk ra[mavoenf;-[k tar;ykpm&Sd&um; ]oap
ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

y'y&r? jzpfaom/ yk*v? \/ 0aoe? jzifh/ y0wH? aom/

oHudavobm*d,H? jzpfaom/ 0goembm*d,H? aom/ w'kb,bma*?
xdEk pS yf g;aom oHuad vo0goemtzdYk / Xdw?H aom/ a'oeH 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/
(um; omrn)/ wm'doH? xdkodkY oabm&Sdaom/ okawua'oH 0g?
okww
f pfpw
d u
f v
kd nf;aumif;/ *gxH 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/ (um; 0daoo)/

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193

{awoH e,meH? xdck ek pfyg;aom enf;wd\

Yk / O'g[&Pbma0e? kP\
f tjzpfjzif/h
oap ye O'&wd? tu,f xkwt
f /hH {0H owd? odYk xkwo
f nf &Sad omf/
owEr d e,meH? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ *[PH? ,ljcif;onf/ ba0,s? &m\/ ye wxmyd?
aomfvnf;/ a0ae,s0de,eH? a0ae,swdkYudk qkH;rjcif;onf/ awoH?
xdka0ae,sow0gwdkY\/ oEmae? oEmef/ t&d,r*? udk/ Oyg'eH?
jzpfapjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wH? xdkt&d,r*fudk jzpfapjcif;onf/
,xm0kaw[d {0? omvQijf zpfuek af om/ ea,[d? wdjYk zif/h a[mwd? \/
t0aoao[d? ukeaf om/ ea,[d? wdjYk zif/h e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd wom?
aMumifh/ wa&? rS wpfyg;aom av;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk/ "?
a'oem0dbm*/ e 0kwm ? uke/f
av;yg;aom enf ; wd k Y u d k aew d u srf ; ra[mtyf u k e f a omf
xdkav;yg;aom enf;wdkYudk r&tyf rxkwftyfNyDavm[laom apm'emaMumifh
],om ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ ay#au
ay#au? / (ESpyf 'k u
f kd 0kwH pyf)/
]]ww? xdt
k m'tm'De0 tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f tma'g p?
onfvnf;aumif;/ tm'Dea0g p? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwarm?
tb,fenf; [lrlum;/ yk&daom? onf/ ,med? tMuif aumif;rI
raumif;rIwdkYudk/ ua&mwd? \/ wmed? xdkaumif;rI raumif;rI\
tusK;d wdu
Yk /kd twe?d / ywd? jrif&\/ uvsmPum&D? aumif;rIukd
jyKaom olonf/ uvsmPH? aumif;usK;d ud/k ywd? \/ ygyum&D p?
raumif;rIukd jyKaom olonfvnf;/ ygyuH? raumif;usK;d ud/k ywd?
\}}/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H a[mawmfrt
l yf\/
ww? xdak umif;usK;d raumif;usK;d wdw
Yk iG /f uvsmPum&D? onf/ ,H
uvsmPH? aumif;usK;d ud/k ypEak bmwd? cHpm;&\/ t,H? aumif;usK;d onf/
tma'g? rnf\/ ygyum&D? onf/ ,H ygyH? tMuif raumif;usKd;udk/
ypEak bmwd? \/ t,H? raumif;usK;d onf/ tm'Dea0g? rnf\/ /
|? 48 t|dar bdua 0 /v/ vmabmwd tm'd? odYk tp&Sad om
pum;ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww? xdt
k |dar bdua 0 tp&Sad om ygVd/ 0kawo?k

194

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ukeaf om/ t|ok? ukeaf om/ avmu"aro?k avmu"Hw&m;wdw

Yk iG /f vmabm?
vmbf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ ,aom? tjct
H &H rsm;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/
okc?H csr;f omjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ yoHom? cs;D rGr;f jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d
\/ t,H? vmbf&jcif; tp&So
d nfonf/ tma'g? rnf\/ tvmabm
p?vmbf r &jcif ; onf v nf ; aumif ; / t,aom p? tjcH t &H r&S d j cif ;
onfvnf;aumif;/ 'ku?H qif;&Jjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ edEm ? uJ&h UJ jcif;onf
vnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ t,H? vmbfr&jcif; tp&So
d nfonf/ tm'Dea0g?
rnf\/ /
ww? xdt
k m' tm'De0 tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f tma'g p? onf
vnf;aumif;/ ed&P? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwarm? [lru
l m;/ yknmeH?
wd\
Yk / okacg? tvd&k t
dS yfaom/ 0dygaum? tusK;d onf/ a[mwd? \/ t"dyg a,m
p? tvdo
k nfvnf;/ Zw?d jynfph \
Hk / cdy ? vsipf mG vnf;/ y&rH? jrwfaom/
oE? Nird af om/ edAm eH? ud/k t"d*pw?d &\/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/ ww? xd*k gxm/
0kawo?k ukeaf om/ ykn0dygum'Do?k aumif;rI\tusK;d tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f
yknmeH? wdkY\/ a,m 0dygaum p? onfvnf;aumif;/ ,m
t"dyg ,ordZem p? tMuiftvd\
k jynfph jHk cif;onfvnf;aumif;/ ,H
edAm e? onfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ t,H? aumif;rI\tusK;d
tvd\
k jynfph jHk cif; edAm efonf/ tma'g p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
ed&P? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ (odkY tjynfhtpkH ay;/
ykn0dygut"dyg ,ordZemonf tm'? edAm efonf ed&Prnf\
[k rSwv
f if)h / /
bdua0? wdkY/ r[myk&do? jrwfaom a,musfm;\/ r[myk&do
vuPmed? jrwfaom a,musfm;\vuPmwdkYonf/ rmed 'Gwo?
ok H ; q,f h E S p f y g;wd k Y w nf ; / a,[d r[myk & d o vu a P[d ? wd k Y E S i f h /
orEm*w? aom/ r[myk&o
d ? \/ 0g? tm;/ a'G0? ukeaf om/ *wda,m?
jzpfjcif;wdo
Yk nf/ b0E?d uke\
f / tnm? wpfyg;aom jzpfjcif;onf/ ew?d r&S/d
t*g&H? tdrf/ oap tZm0owd? tu,f aetHh/ &mZm pu0wd?
pu0aw;rif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ t*g&om? tdr&f maxmifaom vl\abmifr/S

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1-a'oem[m&0dbif;tzGihf

195

edur w
d mG ? / te*g&d,?H tdr&f mraxmifaom &[ef;tjzpfo/Ykd oap yAZwd?
tu,f a&muft/hH avmau? / t&[H? &m* tp&Sad om udavomwdrYk S
a0;aom/ 0d0#pa'g? &m* a'go tp&Sdaom udavomwnf;-[laom
zsuq
f ;D tyfNy;D aom trd;k &Sad om/ ormorKa'g? bk&m;onf/ a[mwd? \/
(um; teufajyjypfkH ay,smvwpfpdwfudk azmf ay;vdkufonf/
ay,smvikyo
f nfum; rsm;ao;\)/ wd? od/Yk wpfenf;um; wd tm'd?
odYk tp&Sad om/ oA?H aom/ vuPokw?H ud/k 0kw?H \/
ww? xdv
k uPokwf / a,m pu0wb
d ma0g p? tMuif pu0aw;rif;\
tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ a,m ormorK'b
ma0g p? tMuifb&k m;tjzpfukd
vnf;aumif;/ 0kawm? \/ t,H? pu0aw;rif;\tjzpf bk&m;\ tjzpfonf/
tma'g p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ ed&P? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
(vnf; pu0wb
d m0onf tm'? ormorK'b
m0onf ed&P
rnf\)/ /
ww ? xd k t m' tm'D e 0 tp&S d o nf w d k Y w G i f / tm'D e a0g p?
onfvnf;aumif;/ ed&P? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwarm? [lru
l m;/
avmau? / [a0? pifppf/ yuE m ? wdo
Yk nf/ bm&m? 0efrnf
uke\
f / yk*a vm? onf/ bm&[ma&m? 0efukd &Guaf qmifaomol rnf\/
bm&m'geH? cEmwnf;[laom 0efudk ,ljcif;onf/ 'kcH? rnf\/
bm&edauyeH? cEmwnf;[laom 0efukd csjcif;onf/ okc?H \/ *k?H
av;pGmaom/ bm&H? cEmwnf;[laom 0efu/kd eduyd w
d mG ? cs/ tnH?
aom/ bm&H? 0efudk/ tem'd,? r,lrl/ orlvH? taMumif;ESifh
wuGjzpfaom/ 0g? tjrpfEiS w
hf uG jzpfaom/ wPS?H ud/k tAK,?S Ekw
f /
edpmawm? wPSmwnf;[laom rGwfodyfjcif; r&Sdonf/ [kwGm? /
y&deAd K awm? Nird ;f jcif;odYk a&muf\/ wd? od/Yk a, bm&m p? tMuifcEm
wnf;[laom 0efwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ ,H bm&m'ge? tMuifcEmwnf;
[laom 0efukd ,ljcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ ,H bm&edauye? tMuif
cEmwnf;-[laom 0efukd csjcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ ,m y&deAd K wd p? tMuif
Nird ;f jcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0kwm ? \/

196

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4-y#deda'o

t,H? cEmwnf;-[laom 0eftp&Sdonfonf/ tm'Dea0g p?

onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ ed&P? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ (vnf;
bm&m'geonf tm'De0? bm&edauye y&deAd K wo
d nf ed&Prnf\)/ /
ww? xdt
k m' tm'De0 tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f tma'g p? onf
vnf;aumif;/ tm'Dea0g p? onfvnf;aumif;/ ed&P? onfvnf;aumif;/
uwarm? [lru
l m;/
&mZ? rif;jrwf.../ pdMwm? qef;Mu,fuek af om/ r"k&m? om,m
tyfuek af om/ raem&rm? ESv;Hk \ arGUavsm&f mjzpfuek af om/ umrm?
0w K umr ud a voumrwd k Y o nf / 0d l y l a ye? azmuf j yef a om
oabmjzif/h pdw?H ud/k raxE?d ESyd pf ufuek \
f / wom? aMumif/h t[H?
onf/ yAZad wm? &[ef;jyKonf/ trS?d \/ tyPu?H rcRwrf ,Gi;f aom/
omrnar0? &[ef;\ tjzpfonfomvQif/ 0g? Nidrf;aptyfNyD;aom
raumif;rI &Sdonf\ tjzpfonfomvQif/ aoa,sm? jrwf\/ 0g?
tvGeaf umif;\/ wd? od/Yk a, umrm p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ,H
pdwr xe? tMuifpw
d u
f kd ESyd pf ufjcif;udk vnf;aumif;/ ,H omrn?
tMuif Nidrf;aptyfNyD;aom raumif;rI&Sdaom &[ef;\ tjzpfudk
vnf;aumif;/ 0kw?H \/
t,H? umr tp&So
d nfonf/ tma'g p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd?
\/ tm'Dea0g p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ ed&Pe? onfvnf;/ a[mwd?
\}}/ (vnf; ok;H yg;udk tpOftwdik ;f [yf ,l)/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/
wom? aMumif/h awyd e,m? xdt
k m'tm'De0 tp&Sad om enf;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/
"? aewu
d sr;f / ed'g a&wGm? / a0'dwAm? uke\
f /
tm' tp&S d o nf w d k Y om 'k u wd u enf ; ud k &oavm? zv
tp&S d o nf w d k Y um; r&NyD a vm-[l a om yk p m aMumif h ]zvm'D o k y d /v/
{0}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

zvm'Doyk ?d zvtp&So
d nfwYkd vnf;/ t,H ea,m? 'kuwduenf;ud/k
vAwd {0? vQiu
f wnf;/
&tyf o nf \ tjzpf u d k tb,f h a Mumif h od t yf y goenf ; -[l a om
apm'emaMumifh ],om /v/ tmPwd p}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

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197

,om? aMumif/h ay#au

ay#au? / (ESpyf 'k u
f kd qdv
k waYH om 0kw-H [laom
ygXaooES i f h pyf ) / ]]ww ? xd k t m' tp&S d o nf w d k Y w G i f / zv ?
onfvnf;aumif;/ Oyga,m p? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwrH? [lru
l m;/ oDav
1
/v/ oyanm wd *gxm? ud/k 0kwm ? \/ ww? xd*k gxm/ 0kw?H aom/ ,H
oDvm'd p? tMuif oDvtp&So
d nfonfvnf;aumif;/ ,H tmwmysm'du?H
tMuif 0D&,
d tp&So
d nfonfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ 'H? oDv0D&,
d
tp&So
d nfonf/ zv? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ Oyga,m p? onfvnf;/
a[mwd ? \/ |? 49 ww? xdktm' tp&SdonfwdkYwGif/ zv?
onfvnf;aumif;/ tmPwd p? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwrH? [lru
l m;/
'ku
? qif;&Jr/S oap bm,x? tu,f aMumufuek o
f nf
jzpft/hH a0g? oifwo
Ykd nf/ 'ku?H ud/k oap ty,
d ?H tu,f rcspo
f nf
jzpft/hH 0g? tvdrk &So
d nf jzpft/hH tm0d 0g? rsuaf rSmufvnf;aumif;/
,'d? xdNk rKd U/ &a[m 0g? rsuu
f ,
G f vnf;aumif;/ ygyuH? ,kwrf maom/
ur?H ud/k rm tuw? rjyKuek v
f if/h wd? od/Yk 0kw?H aom/ ,H 0d"me?
tMuif rm uw ygyuH ur-H [l wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif; tpDt&ifonfvnf;aumif;/
a,m 'kum yarmaum p? tMuif qif;&JrS rvGwjf cif;onfvnf;aumif;/
tw?d \/
'H? wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif; tpDt&if qif;&JrS rvGwjf cif;onf/ zv2?
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ tmPwd p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ /
ww? xdt
k m' tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f Oyga,m p? onfvnf;aumif;/
tmPwd p? onfvnf;aumif;/ uwarm? [lru
l m;/
1/ oD a v ywd | m, / / *gxmudk wpfpdwfrQom xkwfonf/ oDav
ywd|m, ea&m oyanm? pdwH yn bm0,H/ tmwmyD edyaum bduK ? aom rH
0dZ#a, Z#H/ odYk *gxmtjynfph Hk rSwv
f if/h *gxm a&S;xuf0ufjzifh Oyg,ud?k
aemufxuf0ufjzifh zvudk jyownf;/ xdaYk Mumifh ay#aumya'o ]yk&rd m, w
*gxm, Oyga,m? yprd u
d m, w *gxm, zvH}[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/
2/ zv tmPwd p / / um; zvESiw
hf uG tjynft
h pkH ay;onf/ oap
bm,x tp&Sad om *gxmjzifu
h m; tmPwu
d o
kd m jyonf/ zvudk jyaom *gxmudu
k m;
t|uxm rqdak v/ ay#aumya'oum; ]oap bm,x}*gxm\ tjcm;rJh

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ukrL yrH? td;k ESihf wlaom/ 0g? td;k vQif Oyrm&Sad om/ rH um,H?
taygif;[k qdt
k yfaom ud,
k u
f /kd 0d'w
d mG ? od/ e*lyrH? jrjJ rcH ikd cf aHh om
NrKd UESiw
hf al om/ 'H pdw?H 0dyempdwu
f /kd XaywGm? / 0g? jzpfap/
ynm0ka"e? 0dyemt&d,r*fjzifh NyD;aom ynmwnf;-[laom
vufeufjzifh/ rm&H? udavomwnf;[laom rm&fudk/ a,ma"x?
cGi;f &m\/ 0g? atmif&m\/ Zdw? jzpfaptyfNy;D aom wkP0dyem
udv
k nf;/ &au? apmifah &Smuf&m\/ teda0oaem? wyfjcif;r&So
d nf/
od,m? &m\/ wd? od/Yk ,H pdw ? tMuif0yd empdwu
f v
kd nf;aumif;/
,H 0d"me? tMuif wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif;tpDt&ifuv
kd nf;aumif;/ 0kw?H \/
t,H? 0dyempdwf wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif; tpDt&ifonf/ Oyga,m p?
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ tmPwd p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
(a,ma"x Zdw &au teda0oaem od,mudk tmPw,
d rSw)f /
wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/ wom? aMumif/h zvm'Doyk ?d wdYk vnf;/ t,H
ea,m? ud/k vAwd {0? vQiu
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h nf;/
O'g[&PH? kPu
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zvponf w d k Y u d k ww uwrH zvH /v/ "r p m&D w d / 'H zvH /
ww uwarm Oyga,m /v/ 0dok'd,mwd/ t,H Oyga,m/ ww uwrm
tmPwd /v/ 0Za,wd/ t,H tmPwd-[k {uu\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? oknawm /v/ od,mwd/ 'H zvH-[k wdu\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
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yvm,wH}[k zvudk jyaom *gxmudv
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k / xdw
k iG f ]oap bm,x}*gxmjzifh
tmPwdudk? ]oap [d ygyuH}[laom *gxmjzifh zvudk jyonf/ xdkYaMumifh
ay#aumya'oyif ]yk&rd u
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199

jyoenf;/ rjyaomfvnf; NyD;aumif;onf r[kwfygavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]{w

p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{w p? t&mvnf;/ a,m yk*a vm? ud/k ed&Pa'oem,? jzif/h

0daewaAm? qk;H rtyf\/ aom yk*a vm? onf/ O*#w
d nL? rnf\/ wd
tm'dem? jzif/h a'oem0dbma*e? jzif/h yk*v
0dbm*od'?d yk*Kd vu
f kd a0zefjcif;\
Ny;D jcif;onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? twl/ O*#w
d nK /v/
a'aowDwd tm'dem? jzif/h yk*v
0dbma*e? jzif/h a'oem0dbma*g? a'oemudk
a0zefjcif;onf/ or0wd? jzpfoif\
h / wd wom? aMumif/h aom a'oem0dbma*g?
ud/k wxm? xdyk *k v
0dbm*-[laom tjcif;t&mtm;jzif/h 'dawm? \/
yk * v 0d b m*tm;jzif h a'oem0d b m*ud k jyNyD ; vsuf tod k Y r l
]pwam y#dy'g}tp&Sdonfudk qdkjyefavoenf;-[k apm'em &Sd&um;
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{0H? od/Yk a,oH yk*v

meH? wd\
Yk / 0aoe? jzih/f a'oem0dbma*g? ud/k
'd a wm? \/ aw yk * a v? wd k Y u d k / y#d y 'g0d b ma*e? y#d y 'gud k
pwam y#dy'g
a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]pwam
'g}}wd
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
y#dy'gonf okcg y#dy'g 'kum y#dy'g[l ESpfyg;om jym;onf
r[k w f u k e f a vm/ ,if ; od k Y v suf pwam y#d y 'g-[k tb,f h a Mumif h
qdkoenf;ykpmaMumifh ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdyk #dy'g0dbm*/ y#dy'gbdnmuawm? y#dy'gtbdnmOfwo

Ykd nf
jyKtyfaom/ 0dbma*g? a0zefjcif;onf/ y#dy'guawm? y#dy'gjyKtyfonf
rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h pwam y#dy'g1wd? [l/
tm[? \/
vdktyfaom y#dy'gudk jytHhaomiSm a&S;OD;pGm y#dy'gab'udk
jyvdk&um; ]wm yaewm}paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ pwam y#dy'gwd / / okcg y#dy'g? 'kum y#dy'g-[l y#dy'g
ESpfyg;wnf;/ xdkwGif wpfyg;wpfyg;onf 'Embdn cdygbdntm;jzifh ESpfyg; ESpfyg;
jzpf&um; y#dy'g av;yg;jzpf\-[k qdak omf/

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y#dyZdwAjzpf&um; psmefudkvnf; y#dy'g[lygonf/ y#dy'gwdkYudk

qdkNyD; tbdnmum; tb,fenf; pk'f&SdaomaMumifh ]Oypm&awm ye}
tp&Sdonfudk rdefYaomf/

p? qufqdOk ;D tH/h wm yaewm wm ye {wm y#dy'g? wdo

Yk nf/
orx0d y emy#d y w d 0 aoe? orxy#d y w d 0d y emy#d y w d w d k Y \
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 'k0"d m? ukeo
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / uxH a[mE?d enf;[lru
l m;/
orxyau? orxtzdkY/ wm0? pGm/ yXrorEm[m&awm? a&S;OD;pGm
ESv;Hk oGi;f onfr/S y|m,? / (ykAu
pd u
kd jyKNy;D yx0DuodP
k ;f tp&So
d nfwYkd
a&S;OD;pGm yx0D yx0D tp&So
d nfjzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f onf-[lvakd omf)/ ,m0? avmuf?
w w psme? \/ Oypm&H? Oypm&psmefonf/ OyZw
?d \/ wm0?
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?d \/
Oypm&awm ye? Oypm&psmefru
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ynm? ud/k ]]tbdnm}}wd? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ /
atmufynmxuf vGef&um; ]tbd t"dum ynm tbdnm}-[laom
0pewjzifh tbdnm[lygonf/ xdky#dy'g tbdnmonf todkYrl av;yg;
jym;oenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]om yem,H} ponfudk wufownf;/

om yem,H om ye t,H y#dy'g? onf/ {up? tcsKUd aom yk*Kd vt

f m;/
eD0&Pm'dypeu
D "rork'gpm&*[Pwm,? eD0&Ptp&Sad om qefu
Y sib
f uf
w&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;udk ,lonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 'kum ? qif;&Jonf/ udpm ?
NiKd jiifonf/ a[mwd? \/
'kua0'emESifh ,SOfaomaMumifh 'kujzpfoavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]tokcao0emwd tawm}udk rdefYaomf/
y#dy'g\ okcg 'kumjzpfaMumif;udk q&mqdkNyD/ tbdnm\ 'Em
cd y g jzpf a Mumif ; ud k rqd k N yD a vm apm'em&S d & um; ]tbd n myd } ponf u d k
rdefYaomf/

tokcao0em? rcsr;f omaom rS0D jJ cif;&So

d nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ {up? tm;/ w'bma0e? xdek 0D &Ptp&Sad om

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qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;wd\
Yk jzpfjcif;udk ,ljcif;r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h okcg?
csr;f omonf/ a[mwd? \/ tbdnmyd? onfvnf;/ {up? tm;/ 'Em?
aES;onf/ rEm? Ekeo
Yf nf/ toDCy0w?d rvsiaf om jzpfjcif;&So
d nf/ a[mwd?
\/ {up? tm;/ cdyg ? vsio
f nf/ trEm? rEkeo
Yf nf/ oDCy0w?d vsiaf om
jzpfjcif;&So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h a,m yk*a vm? onf/ tm'dawm?
tprS/ y|m,? / udavao? wdu
Yk /kd 0dua raEm? cGmonf&adS omf/ 'kaue?
qif;&Jojzif/h oocFga&e? wdu
k w
f eG ;f ojzif/h oya,ma*e? vkv
YH ESihf ,SOo
f jzif/h
udvraEm? yifyef;onfjzpf/ 0dua rw?d cGm&\/ w yk*v
? tm;/ 'kum ?
aom/ y#dy'g? onf/ a[mwd? \/ a,m ye yk*a vm? onfum;/ 0dur w
d
udavaom? cGmtyfNy;D aom udavom&So
d nfjzpf/ |? 50
50tyemy&d0goH?
tyem\ jzpfjcif;udk/ 0oaEm? jzpfaponf&Sdaomf/ pda&e? MumjrifhrS/
t*Fygwkbm0H? psmeft*Fgudk &jcif;od/Yk 0g? psmeft*Fgxif&mS ;jzpfjcif;od/Yk ygykPmwd?
\/ w yk*v
? tm;/ 'Em? EkeaYf om/ tbdnm emr? rnfonf/ a[mwd?
\/ a,m yk*a vm? onf/ cdy?H vsipf mG / t*Fygwkbm0H? od/Yk ygykPmwd? \/
w yk*v
? tm;/ cdym ? aom/ tbdnm emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ a,m
yk*a vm? onf/ udavao? wdu
Yk /kd 0dua raEm? &Sad omf/ okace? vG,o
f jzif/h
tudvraEm? ryifryef;onfjzpf/ 0dua rw?d \/ w yk*v
? tm;/
okcg? aom/ y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
orxyu qd k N yD ; 0d y emyu rqd k N yD a vmpk ' f & S d & um;
]0dyemyau ye}ponfudk rdefYaomf/

0dyemyau ye? um;/ a,m yk*avm? onf/ lyglyrkace?

kyef mrfw&m;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h 0dyeH? ud/k tbde0d o
d aEm? ESv;Hk oGi;f onf
&Sad omf/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ r[mblwmed? wdu
Yk /kd y&d*a [wGm? odr;f qnf;/
0g? vuPmtp&So
d nfwjYkd zifh ydik ;f jcm;,lonfjzpf/ Oyg'gly?H Oyg'gkyu
f /kd
y&d*P
mS wd? odr;f qnf;\/ 0g? vuPmtp&So
d nfwjYkdzifh ydik ;f jcm; ,l\/ tly?H
emrfudk/ y&d*PSmwd? \/ lyglyH ye? kyfemrfw&m;udkum;/ y&d*PSaEm?
vuPmtp&So
d nfwjYkd zifh ydik ;f jcm; ,lonf&adS omf/ 'kaue? ojzif/h uoda&e?

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NiKd jiifojzif/h udvraEm? / y&d*a [[k?H iSm/ oaumwd? \/ w yk*v

?
tm;/ 'kum ? aom/ y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ y&d*[
w
d lygly ye?
ydik ;f jcm; ,ltyfNy;D aom kyef mrfw&m;&Sad om yk*Kd vt
f m;um;/ 0dyemy&d0gaoe? 0dyemudk jzpfapojzif/h (0dyemy&d0gao[lvnf; ygXf&\
dS /
[k ay;)/ r*ygwkbm0'Ewm,? r*fxif&mS ;jzpfjcif; aES;onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
'Em? aom/ tbdnm emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/
xdkyk*dKvfom 'kum y#dy'g 'Embdnjzpfonf r[kwf[k jyvdk&um;
]a,myd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a,myd yk*a vm? onfvnf;/ lygly?H ud/k y&d*a [wGm? / emrly?H

emrfyk u
f /kd 00wayaEm? rSwo
f nf&adS omf/ (onfum; emrfyk rf Qomwnf;/
wpfpw
Hk pfcak om ow0gr[kw[
f k rSwo
f nf[v
l akd omf)/ 'kaue? jzif/h uoda&e?
jzif/h udvraEm? / 00waywd? rSw\
f /
'k u m y#d y 'g\taMumif ; ud k jyNyD ; 'E m bd n m\ taMumif ; ud k
jyvdk&um; ]00wydaw} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYaomf/

emrlay? ud/k 00wyad w p? aomfvnf;/ 0dyemy&d0goH? 0dyem\

jzpfjcif;udk/ 0oaEm/ jzpfaponf&Sdaomf/ pda&e? rS/ r*H? udk/ Oyga'wkH?
jzpfapjcif;iSm/ oaumwd? \/ wmyd yk*v
? tm;vnf;/ 'kum ? aom/
y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 'Em? aom/ tbdnm emr? onf/ a[mwd?
\/ (odYk ay;)/ /
xdkodkYom 'kum y#dy'g 'Embdnm jzpfonf r[kwfao;[k jyjyefvdk&u
m;
um;
]tya&m}ponf u d k wuf a omf /
'Embdnmudk jyvdk&um; ]ypa, p} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYonf/

tya&m? wpfyg;aom yk*Kdvo

f nf/ emrlyr?d udv
k nf;/ 00waywGm? rSw
f /
ypa,? emrfyk \
f taMumif;wdu
Yk /kd y&d*P
aS Em? &Sad omf/ 'kaue? jzif/h uoda&e?
jzif/h udvraEm? / y&d*P
mS wd? \/ ypa, p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ y&d*a [wGm? /
0dyemy&d0goH? ud/k 0oaEm? &Sad omf/ pda&e? rS/ r*?H ud/k Oyga'wd? jzpfap\/

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{0r?d odv
Yk nf;/ 'kum ? aom/ y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 'Em? aom/
tbdnm emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
tya&m? onf/ ypa,yd? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ y&d*a [wGm? / vuPmed?
wdu
Yk /kd y#d0Zd aEm? xd;k xGi;f odonf&adS omf/ 'kaue? jzif/h uoda&e? jzif/h
udvraEm? / y#d0Zd w?d \/
'kum y#dy'gudk jyNyD; 'Embdnudk jyjcif;iSm ]y#d0d'vuaPm
p}tp&Sdonfudk rdefYonf/

y#d0'd v
uaPm p? xd;k xGi;f odtyfaom vuPm&So
d nfjzpfvnf;/
0dyemy&d0goH? ud/k 0oaEm? jzpfaponf&adS om/ pda&e? rS/ r*?H ud/k Oyga'wd?
\/ {0r?d vnf;/ 'kum ? aom/ y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 'Em? aom/
tbdnm emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
tya&m? onf/ vuPmedy?d wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ y#d0Zd w
d mG ? / 0dyem
aP? onf/ wdau? xufvwfaomf/ ola&? &Jvwfaomf/ okyoaE?
aumif;pGm Munfvifvwfaomf/ 0[aE? &Guaf qmifvwfaomf/ OyE?H jzpfaom/
0dyemeduE? 0dyem wyfjcif;ud/k y&d,m'd,rmaem? ukecf ef;aponf
&Sdaomf/ 'kaue? jzifh/ uoda&e? jzifh/ udvraEm? / y&d,m'd,wd?
ukecf ef;ap\/
'Embdnudk jythHaomiSm ]eduEd} tp&Sdonfudk wufonf/

eduEd ? 0dyem wyfjcif;udv

k nf;/ y&d,m'd,w
d mG ? / 0dyemy&d0goH?
ud/k 0oaEm? &Sad omf/ pda&e? rS/ r*?H ud/k Oyga'wd? \/ {0r?d vnf;/ 'kum ?
aom/ y#dy'g emr? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 'Em? aom/ tbdnm emr? onf/
a[mwd ? \/ rd e m0 Oyga,e? enf ; jzif h o mvQif / w&myd ?
rSwpfyg;vnf;jzpfuek af om/ wdam? ukeaf om/ y#dy'g? wdu
Yk /kd a0'dwAm?
uke\
f / {w ye? t&mum;/ 0dyemyuu
d m {0? 0dyemtzdYk om
jzpfuek af om/ pwam? ukeaf om/ y#dy'g? wdu
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f / /
0#frS xGufajrmufjcif;udk tvdk&SdtyfaomaMumifh 0dyemyudu
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204

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rsm;cJ h \ / tb,f a v;a,muf e nf ; yk p m &S d & um; ]pw m a&m yk * v mwd }

tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

pwma&m yk*vmmwd? um;/ ,xm0kwy #dy'g0dbma*e? tMuif tMuif

qdktyfNyD;aom y#dy'gudk a0zefaomtm;jzifh/ pwma&m? ukefaom/
y#dyEuyk*v
m? usiahf om yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wH ye y#dy'g0dbm*H?
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wPSmp&dawm
]]wPS
wm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / p&dwE?d um;/ p&d,m? tusi/hf 0kw?d tusi/hf wdt,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ {w yk*v
? tm;/ wPSm,? onf/ edAw
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d ?H
jzpfaptyfaom/ p&dw?H tusio
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wmwd
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{w ya'? / t0dZm ? ud/k rE,
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f nf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
1/ a[wkyg,zav[d / / wPSmp&dwtjzpf rEyn\tjzpfonf
]'kum y#dy'g 'Em bdnm}[k qdt
k yfaom yXry#dy'g\ a[wk rnf\/ wPSmp&dw
tjzpf O'wynm\ tjzpfonf 'kum y#dy'g cdyg bdnm[k qdt
k yfaom 'kw,
d y#dy'g\
a[wk rnf\/ 'd|dp&d,tjzpf rEynm\ tjzpfonf okcg y#dy'g 'Embdnm[k
qdt
k yfaom wwd,y#dy'g\ a[wk rnf\/ 'd|pd &dwtjzpf O'wynm\tjzpfonf
okcg y#dy'g cdygbdnm[k qdktyfaom pwkwy#dy'g\ a[wk rnf\/ owda`E?
orm"da`E? 0D&d,da`E? ynda`EwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? owdy|mef? psmef? ory"mef?
opmwdkYonf vnf;aumif; tpOftwdkif; y#dy'gwdkY\ Oyg,taMumif; rnf\/
a[wkaMumifh Oyg,taMumif; wdw
Yk iG f Zeuedym 'utaMumif;onf a[wk rnf\/
Oyed, taMumif;onf Oyg, rnf\/ 0#frS xGuaf jrmufjcif;onf zv rnf\/

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owd`Eda,em
,emwd? um;/ tm"dyp?H tpd;k &onf\ tjzpfu/kd 0g? tBu;D \
tjzpfu/kd ukrk mem,? jyKaom/ owd,m? jzif/h
tb,f h aMumif
a Mumifh owd a `E j zif h xG u f a jrmuf o enf ; / orm"d a `E
tp&Sdon
nffjzifhvnf; rxGufajrmufaumif;ygoavm[k apm'em &Sd&um;
]owd`Ed,ar0 /v/ a[mwd}udk rdefYownf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...owda`Eom oefY&Sif;aom[k tb,fhaMumifh
qdkbdoenf;/ orm"da`Etp&Sdonfonfvnf; oefY&Sif;onf r[kwfavm
apm'emaMumifh ],om /v/ 0kwH}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h t? xdyk *k Kd vt

f m;/ owd`E,
d ar0? onfomvQi/f
0do'H? oef&Y iS ;f onf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h owd`Ead ,e? jzif/h ed,smwd?
xGuaf jrmuf\/ (odYk ore)f /
,om? aMumifh/ wPSmp&dwwm,? wPSmonfjzpfaptyfaom
pdu
k &f o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ykAb
ma*? a&S;tzdYk / aumoZmbdba0e?
ysi;f jcif;jzifh ESyd pf ufojzif/h 0D&,
d ?H onf/ Av0H? tm;&So
d nf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
arm[m"duwm,? vGeaf om arm[&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ynm? onf/
Av0wD? tm;&So
d nf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ w'kba,emyd? xdw
k PSmpdu
k &f o
dS nf\
tjzpf? vGeaf om arm[&So
d nf\tjzpf[al om ESpyf g;aom taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/
orm"d? onf/ Av0g? onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wom? aMumif/h ]]owd`E,
d ar0
/v/ a[mwD}}wd? [l/ r,m? onf/ 0kw?H \/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f
]]owdy|mae[d eda,[D}}wd? [l/ tm[? Ny/D
'k u m y#d y 'g 'E m bd n mum; tb,f h a Mumif h jzpf o enf ;
apm'emaMumifh ]wPSmp&dwwm, p}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wPSmp&dwwm, p? wPSmonf jzpfaptyfaom pdkuf&Sdonf\

tjzpfaMumifhvnf;/ t? xdkwPSmp&dwyk*dKvftm;/ udavo0dureH?
udavomudk cGmjcif;onf/ e oku&H? rvG,/f wd wom? aMumif/h 'kum ?
aom/ y#dy'g? onf/ a[mwd? \/ t0do'Pwm,? roefY&Sif;aom
Pf&o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 'Embdnm? EkeaYf om tbdnmOfonf/ a[mwd?
\/ wd? od/Yk ykaA? a&S;/ 0kwe ,H? ud/k tmaewGm? / a,maZwA?H \/

206

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ed,smwDw?d um;/ t&d,ra*e? jzif/h 0'kua wm? 0#fqif;&Jr/S ed*p w

?d
xGuaf jrmuf\/ /
tw o ' g um; oabma[mwnf ; / xd k o abm[l o nf v nf ;
ynmwnf;[k jyjcif;iSm OVm&yanm}ponf rdefY/

O'awmwd? um;/ O'tawm? jyefaY jymaom ynm&Sad om/ OVm&yanm?

jyefaY jymaom ynm&Sad om/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ynmo[m,
y#dvmabe p? ynmwnf;[laom tazmfukd &ojzifv
h nf;/ t? xdw
k PSm
p&dwyk*Kd vt
f m;/ 0g? \/ orm"d? onf/ wdaum? xufonf/ a[mwd? \/
or,ak wok "aro?k wdYk / tm"dyp?H tBu;D \ tjzpfu/kd y0aww?d jzpfap\/
awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]orm"d`Ead ,em}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ 0do'Pwm?
cdygbdnm,m
m,m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H
oef&Y iS ;f aom Pf&o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ]]cd
\/ psmemeH? wdkY\/ orm"dy"mewm? orm"dvQif jy|mef;jcif; &Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h psmae[d eda,[Dw?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ t,H? onfvQi/f
0daoaom? wnf;/ aooH? onf/ yk&rd o'doar0? a&S;ESihf wlovQiu
f wnf;/
'd|pd &dawm? 'd|pd &dwyk*Kd vo
f nf/ 0g? 'd|o
d nf jzpfap tyfaom pdu
k &f adS om
yk * d K vf o nf / ted , smed u r* r d ? 0#f r S rxG u f a jrmuf apwwf a om
taMumif;udv
k nf;/ ed,smeduE?d 0#frS xGuaf jrmufapwwfaom taMumif;[l/
rnrmaem? atmufarhonfjzpf/ ww? xd0k #frS xGuaf jrmufapwwfaom
taMumif;/ Om[A[kvwm? rsm;pGm tm;xkwjf cif; &So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h
0D&,
d m"daum? vGeaf om 0D&,
d &So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/ 0D&,
d m"duwma,0 p?
vGeaf om 0D&,
d &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQiv
f nf;/ t? xd'k |d pd &dw
yk*Kd vt
f m;/ udavo0dur e ?H onf/ oku&H? vG,o
f nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h okcg? aom/ y#dy'g? onf/ a[mwd? \/ t0do'Pwm,
ye? aMumifu
h m;/ 'Embdnm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k
'd|dp&dawm raEm}}wd tm'dem? tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h 'awd? \/ aooH?
]]'d
onf/ 0kwe ,ar0? qdt
k yfNy;D aom enf;&So
d vQiu
f wnf;/ /

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207

opmwdkYonf tb,fodkY ed, jzpfukefoenf;/ tb,f\vn

vnff ;
ed, jzpfukefoenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]t&d,opmed [d /v/ a[mEDwd}
[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

oap[Dw?d um;/ t&d,oap[?d wdjYk zif/h [d op?H \/ t&d,opmed?

wdkYonf/ (um; omrn? ed,m a[mEdodkY oGm;/ avmud,med?
avmukw&medum; 0daooexnfh)/ avmud,med? avmuDopmwdkYonf/
(if;odYk oGm;)/ ykAb
m*P? a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom Pf\/ (oroe|me
ed,wdkY pyf)/ oroe|mewm,? okH;oyftyfaom t&mjzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h ed,med? rS&D mwdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / (odYk vSr;f ay;)/
avmukw& med? avmukw& mopmwdo
Yk nf/ t"drpk e wm, p? Twt
f yfonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ r*P? \/ tbdor,|mewm, p?
odtyfaom t&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ed,med? wdo
Yk nf/
a[mE?d uke\
f / wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? odtyfuek \
f / aooH? onf/ 0kwe ,ar0?
vQiu
f wnf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...y#dy'g0dbm* wPSmp&dw tp&Sdaom
yk*dKvfwdkYudk O*#dwnLtp&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkYrS toD;tjcm; rSwftyfukef
oavm? tb,fyk*dKvfenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]{w p /v/'|AH}-[laom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{w p? y#dy'g0dbm*vnf;/ O'awm? jyefaY jymaom ynm&Sad om/

'd|pd &dawm? yk*Kd vo
f nf/ O*#w
d nL? rnf\/ raEm? EkeaYf omynm&Sad om/
wPSmp&dawm? onf/ aea,sm? rnf\/ wa&? rS wpfyg;ukeaf om/
a'Gy?d ESpaf ,mufaom yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nfvnf;/ 0dyw
d l? rnfuek \
f / wd {0H?
od/Yk a,e a0ae,swa ,e? tMuif a0ae,sy*k Kd vo
f ;Hk a,mufw\
Ykd taygif;jzif/h
ykaA? / a'oem0dbma*g? ud/k 'dawm? \/ wa'0 a0ae,sw,
?H udo
k mvQi/f
rdem y#dy'g0dbma*e? jzif/h 'dw?H \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
'ged? / wH a0ae,sy*k v
0dbm*H? xdak 0ae,sy*k Kd vu
f kd a0zefjcif;ud/k
twe,a,mZem,? twe,udk ,SOjf cif;\/ 0do,H? t&mud/k uwGm? /
Oabm wPSmp&dwmm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
'awk?H iSm/ ]]Oabm

208

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

0d y em,om qd k y gavm/ tb,h f a Mumif h orxyk A * F r m,

[lvnf; qdkoenf; ykpm&Sd&um; ]wPSm, /v/ ykA*Frm,mwd} [laom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

wPSm,? \/ orm"dy#dyuwm ? orm"d\ qefu

Y sib
f ufjzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h wPSmp&dawm? onf/ 0doZk rmaem? pifMu,fonf&adS omf/
orm"drak ce? orm"dukd t&if;jyK bm0emudk tm;xkwjf cif;jzif/h 0doZk w?d \/
orxykA*Frm,m
wd wom? aMumif/h |? 52 ]]orxyk
m,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
,if ; od k Y orm"d u d k t&if ; jyK bm0emud k tm;xk w f j cif ; jzif h
pifMu,fygaomf ]oraxe}[lom qdkygavm? todkYrl orx
orxykykA*Frm,
0dyem,
ifh orx /v/
em,--[l qdkbdoenf; apm'em&Sdjyef&maomaMum
maomaMumif
0dyem,mwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYjyefaomf/
,if ; od k Y qd k a omf t&[w z d k v f o rm"d u d k y if rS w f & rnf a vm
pk'f&Sd&um; ]" ye}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

]]orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wD}}wd? [l/ 0peawm ye? aMumifu

h m;/
orm'd|o
d [dawae0? orm'd|Ed iS hf wuGom jzpfaom/ ormorm"dem? jzif/h
ed,smeH? 0#frS xGufajrmufjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ ormorm"dem {0?
jzifhomvQif/ ed,smeH? onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd wom? aMumifh/
]]orxykA* rF m, 0dyem,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ]]&m*0d&m*g apawm0drw
k w
D d t&wwzvorm"D}}wd? [l/ o*Fa[ok? t|uxmwdYk / 0kw?H
\/ " ye? aewu
d sr;f um;/ tem*grdzvorm"Dw?d tem*grdzv
kd o
f rm"d
[l/ 0uw?d wH/h (&m*0d&m*g apawm0drw
k d aouzvH &m*0d&m*g apawm0drw
k d
umr"mwkorwdur eH}[l qdv
k wHU -[lvakd omf/)
tem*grd z vorm"d u d k tb,f h a Mumif h qd k o enf ; / t&[w z v
orm"dudkom qdkaumif;ygonf r[kwfavm ykpm&SdaomaMumifh ]aom /v/
um&D w d } ygXf ud k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

[d ,om? aMumif/h aom? xdt

k em*grfy*k Kd vo
f nf/ orm"do? / 0g? ud/k
y&dy&l um&D? jznfjh cif;udk jyKavh&o
dS nf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
tem*grdzvorm"Dw?d [l/ 0uw?d wUH / (odYk ore)f /

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t&Sift|uxmq&m...&m*0d&m*g apawm0drkwd\t& olywudk

qdkNyD/ 0pewum; tb,fenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]ww}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
yuwdoabmtm;jzifh &m*uif;aomaMumifh &m*0d&m*rnfoavm
apm'emaMumifh ]&m*y[m,dum,mwd tawm}udk rdefYownf;/

ww? xd&k m*0d&m*g apawm0drw

k [
d al om yk'f / 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk
'|aAm? \/ &ea|e? wyfwwfaom oabmaMumif/h &ma*g? rnf\/ {wm,
apawm0drw
k ,
d m? jzif/h aom &ma*g? xd&k m*onf/ 0d&Zw?d uif;\/ wd
wom? aMumifh/ om apawm0drkwd? onf/ &m*0d&m*g? rnf\/ wm,
&m*0d&m*g,
m*g,? xd&k m*rS uif;aMumif;jzpfaom apawm0drw
k jd zif/h (um;
0dbwsef cHonf)/
&m*y[m,dum,? &m*udk y,fwwfaom apawm0drw
k jd zif/h wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ (y,faomaMumifh &m*uif;onf/ yuwdoabmtm;jzifh
r&Sad omaMumifh uif;onf r[kw-f [lvakd omf)/ /
apawm0drkwd,mmwd {w ya'? / apawm
apawmwd? um;/ pdw?H pdww
f nf;/
w'ya'aoe p? xdpk w
d u
f kd Teo
f jzifv
h nf;/ {w? t&m/ orm"d? ud/k
0kpw
?d \/ udr0d ? tb,fuo
hJ eYkd nf;[lru
l m;/ ]]pdwH yn bm0,}}E?d [l/
0kpwd ,xm? uJhodkYwnf;/ y#dy'd0aoe? Nidrf;jcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/
y#dyuawm? qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;rS/ 0drpk w
?d vGw\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
0drkwd? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ awe? xdkqefYusifbufw&m;onf/ 0drkawm?
vTwftyf\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ 0drkwd? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ wawm?
xdq
k efu
Y sib
f ufw&m;rS/ 0drpk e ?H vGwjf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h 0drw
k ?d rnf\/ orm"da,0? udo
k mvQi/f vAw?d \/
e ynm
om
ynm--[lvnf;aumif;? e pdw-H [lvnf;aumif; {0udk vSeaf pa
paom
0drkwd\t& orm"d[k tb,foabmjzifh odygoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ],xm
[d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

avmud,uxm,H? avmuDa'oem/ onm p? onfvnf;aumif;/

pdw ? onfvnf;aumif;/ a'oemoDo?H a'oem\ y"meonf/ a[mwd

210

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

,xm? uJo
h /Ykd r,m? onf/ 0kw0 pe? \/ om"uH? aom/ ,xm u 0peH?
ud/k b*0g? onf/ tm[? enf;[lru
l m;/ ]]emewum,m emewondaem}}wd
p? [lvnf;aumif;/ ]]u pdawm wGH bduL }}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ tm[?
\/ {0H wxm? xdt
Yk wl/ avmukw& uxm,H? avmukw& ma'oem/ ynm
p? onfvnf;aumif;/ orm"d p? onfvnf;aumif;/ a'oemoDo?H onf/
a[mwd? \/ r,m? onf/ 0kw0 pe? \/ om"uH? aom/ ,xm u 0peH?
udk/ tm[? enf;[lrlum;/ ]]yPdaum ormorm"D}}wd p? [l
vnf;aumif;/ ]]orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wD}}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/
tm[? \/
,if;odkY ynmESifh orm"donf avmukw&ma'oem a'oemoDo
jzpfygaomf apawm0drkwdt&udk ynm[lvnf;aumif;? ynmorm"d[l
vnf ; aumif ; q&mqd k y gavm/ tod k Y r l orm"d o m-[k qd k a voenf ;
apm'em&Sd&um; awok /v/ orm"da,0gwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

awok ? xd k y nmorm"d w d k Y w G i f / "? t&m/ &m*? \/

OZk0dypeDuawm p? ajzmifhajzmifhqefYusifbufjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ orxykA* rF wm0peawm p? orxvQif a&SUoGm;&So
d nf\
tjzpfukd qdak omaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ apawm*[aPe? apawmo'gjzif/h
orm"d? ud/k 0kawm? \/ 0drw
k 0d paee p? 0drw
k o
d 'gjzifv
h nf;/ wxm? wl/
orm"d? ud/k 0kawm? \/ awe? aMumif/h ]]orm"da,0g}}wd? [l/ r,m?
onf/ 0kw?H \/ apawm p? pdwo
f nfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wH? xdpk w
d o
f nf/
0drw
k d p? 0drw
k o
d nfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h apawm0drw
k ?d
rnf\/
ormem"du&P\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh apawm0drkwdo'gwdkY\ ormou
ormoudd k
jyKNyD ; bd E m "d u &P\ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h qd k j yef t H h a omiS m ]tx 0g}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tx 0g? um;/ 0kwy u

m&a0? qdt
k yfNy;D aom tjym;&So
d nfom
jzpfaom/ apwaom? pdwf\/ y#dyuawm? rS/ 0drkwd 0darmaum?
vGwjf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h apawm0drw
k ?d rnf\/
0g? um;/ apwod zv0dnmaP? zdv
k 0f n
d mOf/ 0g? zdv
k pf w
d f / 0kwy u
m&m0?

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211

omvQijf zpfaom/ 0drw

k ?d vGwjf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
apawm0drw
k ?d rnf\/ (yk'\
f tjcm;rJh om apawm0drw
k [
d k tcsKUd pm &S\
d /
tcsKUd pmum; r&S/d r&So
d nfom oifo
h uJo
h Ykd xif\/ qifjcif)/
tny'w\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh jyjyefvdk&um; ]apwaom 0g} tp&Sdaom
0d u yf u d k tm;xk w f o wnf ; /

0g? um;/ {wo? orm"d/ apwaom zv0dnmP? \/

y#dyuawm? qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;rS/ 0drw
k d 0darmaum? vGwjf cif;onf/ tw?d
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h apawm0drw
k ?d rnf\/ orm"da,0? udo
k mvQi/f
vAw?d \/ ynm0drkwd,mmwd {wy?d vnf;/ t,H ea,m? ud/k ,xmor0?H
jzpfoifo
h nftm;avsmpf mG / a,maZwaAm? \/ ( 0dnmOf\ y&d,m,f
jzpfaom apawmo'gESifh qdktyfNyD;aom a,mZemjcif; rjzpfoifh&um;
,xmor0-H [k Bu,
d m0daooeudk rdeo
Yf nf)/
a&S;uJh odkY ]orxykA*Frm, 0dyem,}[k qdkygavm/ todkYrl
0dyemykA*Fare oraxe-[k qdkoenf;/ ykAmy&0da&m"d jzpfcJh[k ygXf
apm'em&Sdav&um; 'd|d,m /v/ 0dokZwDwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

'd|,
d m? \/ (y0wo
d Ykd qdu
k )f / o0doa,? rdrt
d &m/ ynmo'do?D ynmESihf
wlaom/ y0w?d jzpfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h (0doZk wd
pyf)/ 'd|pd &dawm? onf/ 0doZk rmaem? &Sad omf/ ynmrkace? ynmudk tOD;jyKojzif/h
Oabm 'd|dp&dwm 0dyem
0doZk w?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]Oabm
em}}wd tm'?
ud/k tm[? \/ t0dZm0d&m*g ynm0drkwDw?d um;/ t&[wzvynm?
t&[wzv
kd yf nmwnf;/
orxykA*Frjzpfaom y#dy'gwdkYjzifh xGufajrmufukefaom yk*dKvfwdkYudk
eE d , m0enf ; jzif h tb,f h a Mumif h aqmif t yf u k e f o enf ; / wpf y g;aom
enf ; jzif h v nf ; aqmif t yf a umif ; onf r[k w f w k H a vm apm'emaMumif h
orx /v/ [mwAmwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

orx*[aPe? orxudk ,lojzifh/ wy#dyuawm? xdkorx\

qef Y u sif b uf j zpf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h / wPS ? ud k v nf ; aumif ; /
0dyem*[aPe? jzifh/ wy#dyuawm? xdk0dyem\ qefYusifbuf

212

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4-y#deda'o

jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h (vdu

k af ponf)/ t0dZ ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ ed'g a&wGm?
/ yXre,? \/ blr? t&mod/Yk okace? vG,o
f jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ oum?
a, /v/ [mwAm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]a,
|? 53 ww? xdyk #dy'gwdw
Yk iG /f orxykA*Frm y#dy'g
'gwd? [lonfum;/
yk&rd m? a&S;jzpfuek af om/ a'G y#dy'g? wdw
Yk nf;/ w&m? rSwpfyg;aom
aemufy#dy'gESpfyg;wdkYonf/ 0dyemykA*Frmm? 0dyem a&SUoGm;&Sdaom
y#dy'grnfuek \
f / wd? od/Yk '|Am? uke\
f /
[mwA m 1 wd? um;/ *arwAm? a&mufaptyfukef\/ aewAm?
odaptyfukef\/ wd t,H? vQif/ tawm? wnf;/ 0dyem,? \/
tedp' u
k t
ewonmbm0awm p? tedpo
nm 'kuo
nm tewonm
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ tokbonm,? \/ 'kuo
nmy&d0g&wm p? 'kuo
nm\ tjct
H &Hjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
pwam? ukeaf om/ rm onm? wdu
Yk /kd 0g? wdo
Yk nf/ 'dwm? ukeo
f nf/
a[mE?d jzpfuek \
f / wy#yd aue? xdik g-[laom onmwd\
Yk qefu
Y sib
f uf
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h pwma&m? ukeaf om/ 0dyvmom p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/
'dwm? ukeo
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ouv? aom/
oD[0duVD w
d e,? \/ blr? ud/k okace? jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ oum? \/
a, 0dyem /v/ [mwAm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
wd wom? aMumif/h ]]a,
y#d y 'g0d b m*jzif h a0ae,syk * d K vf u d k a0zef j cif ; ud k jyNyD ; vsuf
tod k Y r l oG m ,H [ma&m-tp&S d a om ygXf u d k up n f ; r[max&f
rdefYjyefavoenf;-[laom apm'em&Sd&monfudk ESvkH;ydkuf {0H y#dy'g
/v/ or0wD}}wd tm'drm[-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if ; od k Y P0d b m*jzif h yk * v 0d b m*ud k jyvd k o nf & S d a omf uw
,m 0dyem-tp&Sdaom ygXfudkom qdkygavm/ todkYrl ], owm
0g
0g}} paom ygXf u d k qd k a voenf ; apm'em&S d j yef & monf u d k &nf a,e
yk*v0dbm*'aee /v/ 'awkH-[laom ygXfudk rdefYjyefownf;/
1/ [mwAmwd / /[mo'gonf *wdteuf&\
dS / *wduv
kd nf; Pfukd
vdt
k yf&um; [mwAmwd *arwAm-[k zGiahf omf/

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213

,if;odkY yk*v0dbm*udk jyojzifh a'oem\ wnf&mjzpfaom yk*dKvfud k

a0zef xd k a 'oem\ wnf & mjzpf a om yk * d K vf a'oem[m&ud k
,SOfvdkygaomf ], owm 0g}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkygavm/ todkYrl
oG m ,
,HH [ma&m uw or 0 wd - [l a om ygXf u d k qd k j yef a voenf ; [k
apm'em jzpf&monfudk &nf xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]r /
v/ ykpdwGm} [laomygXfudk rdefYownf;/
tod k Y r l [m&\ jzpf & mtjym;ud k ar;oenf ; / rar;aomf v nf;
yk*v
0dbm*udk jyjcif;udp Ny;D aumif;onf r[kwyf gavm apm'emaMumi
miffh ,om
/v/ 0de,ewm? wom-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
a0ae,swdkYtm; qkH;rjcif;[lonf tb,fenf;-[k olar;zG,f &Sd&um
um;;
0de,e /v/ edAweH-[laom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/
,if ; od k Y j zpf a omf jrwf p G m bk & m;a'oemawmf o nf a0ae,swd k Y u d k
qk H ; rjcif ; tusKd ; &S d y goavm/ a'oem\ jzpf & mtjym;ud k o m rar;tyf
aumif;ygoavm/ todkYrl [m&\jzpf&m tjym;udk ar;bdoenf;-[laom
tar;ykpmaMumifh ],xm /v/ Asmyga&m
}-}-[l
[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
Asmyga&m}-

7/ {0H? od/Yk y#dy'g0dbma*e? jzif/h a0ae,sy*k v

0dbm*H? a0ae,sy*k Kdvw
f u
Ykd kd
a0zefjcif;ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? / wH yk*v
0dbm*H? ud/k P0dbma*e?
okwr, tp&Sad om Pfukd a0zefaomtm;jzif/h 'aaEm? jyawmfrv
l akd om/
tmp&da,m? t&Sirf [mupn;f q&monf/ ,om? aMumif/h b*0awm? \/
a'oem? onf/ ,m0a'0 a0ae,s0ed ,ewm? a0ae,swu
Ykd kd qk;H rjcif;tusK;d
tydik ;f tjcm;&So
d nf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ 0de,e? qk;H rjcif;[lonfvnf;/ aeoH?
xdak 0ae,swt
Ykd m;/ okwr,m'De?H ukeaf om/ wdE?H ukeaf om/ ynmeH?
ynmwdu
Yk /kd tEkua re? tpOfojzif/h edAw
e ?H jzpfapjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzif/h b*0awm? \/ a'oem,? \/ y0wb
d m00dbm0e?
jzpfonf\ tjzpfudk xif&Sm;jyjcif; onfvnf;/ [m&e,Asmyga&m?
[m&e,wd\
Yk Asmyg&onf/ 0g? [m&e,wd\
Yk udpo
nf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wom? aMumif/h r [m&? a'oem [m&\/ ork|w
d yum&H?
jzpf&mtjym;ud/k wm0? pGm/ ykpw
d mG ? ar;/ a,e yk*v
0dbm*'aee?
tMuif y k * d K vf udk a0zefj cif; udk jyojzif h / a'oembmZeH ? a'oem\

214

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4-y#deda'o

wnf&mjzpfaom yk*Kd vu
f /kd 0dbZdwmG ? / ww? xdak 'oem\ wnf&mjzpfaom
yk * d K vf / a'oem[m&H ? ud k / a'oem,H ? ok w f / 0g? a'oem/
eda,maZwkumarm? ,SOv
f o
kd nfjzpf/ wH yk*v
0dbm*H? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/
oGm,H [ma&m uw or0wD}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
]]oG
ww 0pae? / ,mwd? um;/ a,m aom yk*a vm? onf/ t|[d1?
&Spyf g;ukeaf om/ tuaP
P[d? tuPwdrYk /S 0drak wm p? vGwo
f nfvnf;/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ aomwm0"mey&da,momem[d? aomw'Gg&udk tpOfr;DS ojzifh
rSwfjcif;tqkH; &Sdukefaom/ orwD[d? jynfhpkHjcif;wdkYESifh/ orEm*awm p?
jynfph o
Hk nfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ w yk*v
? tm;/
owmwd? um;/ 'd|"ru
d or&m,duy&raw[?d rsuaf rSmufjzpfaom
jrwfaomtusK;d wrvGef jzpfaom jrwfaomtusK;d wdjYk zif/h ,xm&[H? pGm/
tEkomoeawm? qk;H rawmfrw
l wfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h owm? rnf\/ "rEd
{w ya'? / 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ ,xmEko|d ?H
qk;H rawmfrw
l ikd ;f / y#dyZrmae? usiu
hf ek af om olwu
Ykd /kd tyga,ok? wdYk /
tywrmae? rusaponfwu
Ykd /kd uwGm? / "ma&wd? aqmifwwf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h "arm? \/ wH "r?H ud/k a'o,wDw?d um;/ oacFy0dwm &
ea,[d? tusO;f tus,jf zpfaom enf;wdjYk zif/h bmowd uaxwd? a[m\/
tnwa&m
tnwa&mwd? um;/ b*0awm? \/ om0auok? wdw
Yk iG /f tnwa&m?
wpfa,muf wpfa,mufaom/ *k | meD a ,m
,mwd? um;/ oDvokwm'd
*kP0daooa,ma*e? oDv tMum;tjrif tp&Sdaom *kPftxl;ESifh
,SOjf cif;aMumif/h *ku&PDa,m? tav;jyKtyfaom/ ojA[pm&Dwd {w ygaX?
/ ao|a|e? jrwfaom oabmaMumif/h ouvH? aom/ owKomoeH? ud/k
jA[?H jA[[
l / 0kpw
?d \/ orH? tnDtGw/f 0g? um;/ o[? wuG/ jA[?H
jrwfaom omoemudk/ p&wd y#dyZwd? usifh\/ wd wom? aMumifh/
ojA[pm&D? rnf\/ o'H y#dvbwDw?d um;/ ]]a,m b*0g? onf/ {0ly?
1/ t|[d tuaP[d / / t|uPokyu
f kd wa,m tyg,m tlyg?
tonH ypEr d p? y`d E,
d mea0uv?H rdpm 'd|d p 'gkum-[k ZdemvuFm&#Dum rdeo
Yf nfukd
rS
D odtyf\/

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aom/ "r? ud/k a'aowm? a[mawmfr\

l / aom b*0g? onf/ ormorKa'g
0w? tvk;H pkaH om w&m;wdu
Yk kd razmufrjyef ud,
k af wmfwikd f odawmfral ypGwum;}}/
wd? od/Yk wxm*aw p? vnf;aumif;/ t,H "arm? ud/k 0g? onf/
]]oGmumawm? aumif;pGm a[mtyfaom/ a,m "arm? onf/ 0g? udk/
{uEy&dyak Pm? pifppf jynfph \
Hk / {uEy&doak 'g? pifppf pifMu,f\/ t,H "arm?
ud/k oGmumawm 0w? aumif;pGm a[mtyfavpG wum;}}/ wd tm'dem?
jzif/h "ar p? vnf;aumif;/ o'?H ,kMH unfjcif;ud/k vbwd? \/ Oyma'wd?
jzpfap\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
ww mwd? um;/ ,xmokaw? tMuif tMuif Mum;tyfaom/ 0g?
Mum;tyfwdkif;aom/ ,xmy&d,aw? tMuif tMuif oiftyfaom/ 0g?
oiftyfwikd ;f aom/ wo "ar? xdw
k &m;/ 0DrHommwd? um;/ ygVd,m p?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ ygVdtw p? ygVd\ teufuv
kd nf;aumif;/ 0Dro
H eynm?
pkpH rf;qifjcifaom ynmonf/ aooH? <uif;aom Om[em tp&Sad om
okH;yk'fonf/ wm {0? xdkqifjcifaom ynm\omvQif/ a00peH?
a00kpw
f nf;/
tb,fhaMumifh a00kpf jzpftHhenf;/ teuftoD;vnf; jzpfaumif;ygo
nf
ygonf
r[kwfwkHavm-[laom apm'emudk &nf ]om [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ wpfenf;um; [d ,om? aMumif/h om? xdpk pHk rf;

qifjcifaom ynmud/k ,xm0kw0 rD o
H ae? tMuif tMuif qdt
k yfNy;D aom
pkHprf;qifjcifjcif;/ oauFmpH? wGefYjcif;odkY/ temyZdwGm? ra&mufrl/
O[e0aoe? tm;xkwfjcif;\tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ Om[em
Om[emwd p? [l
vnf;aumif;/ wkve0aoe? EdiI ;f csed jf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h wkvem
emwd p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ Oyy&duP
0aoe? uyf xuf0ef;usirf S Munfh jI cif;
tm;jzif/h 0g? qifjcifjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h Oyy&dumwd p? [lvnf;aumif;/
0kwm ? \/ wom? aMumif/h wm {0? xdpk pHk rf;qifjcifaom ynm\omvQi/f
a00peH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (odYk ore)f /

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teuf t xl ; tm;jzif h jyjyef v d k & um; ]tx 0g

0g}} tp&S d a omygXf u d k
rdefYaomf/

tx |? 54 0g? um;/ 0Dro

H wd? pkpH rf;wwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0DrHomm? rnf\/ om? xd0k rD o
H ynmonf/ y'y'w0pd m&Pm? yk'u
f kd vnf;aumif;
yk'\
f teufuv
kd nf;aumif; qifjcifwwfaom/ ynm? wnf;/ Om[em
Om[emwd?
um;/ 0D&da,e? onf/ Oywrdwm? axmufyifhtyfaom/ "r? udk/
"m&Py&dp,om"dum? aqmifjcif; avhusujf cif;udk Ny;D apwwfaom/ ynm?
wnf;/ wkvem
emwd? um;/ ya'e? ESi/hf y'E&H 0g? yk'w
f pfyg;udk vnf;aumif;/
a'oem,? ESi/hf a'oeE&H 0g? a'oemwpfyg;udv
k nf;aumif;/ wkv,dwmG ?
EdiI ;f csed
f / oHoEw
d mG ? ES;D aESm/ *[Pynm? ,laomynmwnf;/ Oyy&dumwd?
um;/ r[mya'ao? r[mya'o/ Mowma&wGm? cs/ ygVd,m p?
udv
k nf;aumif;? ygVdtw p? ygVdteufuv
kd nf;aumif;/ Oyy&duP
ynm?
uyf xuf0ef;usifrS MunfhIqifjcifaom ynmwnf;/ tw[dw?
rdrt
d pD;tyGm;udv
k nf;aumif;/ y&[dw? olwpfyg;tpD;tyGm;udv
k nf;aumif;/
1
tmucFaE[?d tvd&k u
dS ek af om olwo
Ykd nf/ ok,swd ? Mum;tyf\/ wd wom?
aMumifh/ ok w H? rnf\/ 'k'Ed ,xm? 'k'H[louJhodkY/ umv0pedpm,?
twdwu
f mvudk qdv
k jkd cif;\/ tbm0awm? r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h okw?H
rnf\/
]ok , swD w d ok w H1 }[k 0w r meumvjzif h tb,f h a Mumif h
jyKoenf;/;/ bma0 ured blaw awm
awm--[laom y&dbmom o'gvuPmESifh
tnD ]ok , d w m wd ok w H} [k twd w f u mvtm;jzif h jyKygavm-[l a om
apm'emaMumifh ]umv /v/ 'k'Ed}-}-[l
} -[laomygXf xGufownf;/

wH okw?H xdMk um;emtyfaom w&m;[lonf/ u ye? tb,fenf;/ wd?

od/Yk ap 0a',s? th/H t"dum&awm 0g? t&mtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ (owm
1/ ok,swDwd okwH / / 'k'H twdwu
f mvtxl;wdu
Yk kd rqdv
k akd omaMumifh
]'k[w
d m wd 'k'}H [k rjyKr
l ]'k,w
S w
D d 'k'}H [k jyKtyfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl twdwu
f mvtxl;udk
rqdv
k akd omaMumifh ]ok,w
d m wd okw}H [k rjyKr
l ]ok,sww
D d okw}H [k jyKonf-[lvakd omf/

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217

0g "rH a'aowd ponfukd ,l)/ omrw,

d awm 0g? a0ae,swu
Ykd kd qk;H rjcif;iSm
pGr;f Edik af omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ y&d,w"d armwd? [l/ 0dnm,wd? odtyf\/
urom"etm;jzifh jyNyD; ,cktcg bm0om"etm;jzifh okwo'g\
0pewudk jyvdk&um; ]tx 0g
0g}} ponfudk wufownf;/

tx 0g? um;/ t"dum&awm 0g? tm;jzifv

h nf;aumif;/ omrw,
d awm
0g? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ (vdu
k af ponf)/ o0eH? Mum;emjcif;/ okw?H Mum;emjcif;/
aomw'Gg&mEkoma&e? aomw'Gg&udk tpOfr;DS ojzif/h y&d,w"d r? ud/k
Oy"m&PH? aqmifjcif;/ 0g? rSwjf cif;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ okawe?
Mum;emtyfaom y&d,wdw&m;wnf;[laom/ a[wkem? taMumif;jzifh/
wpfenf;um; okawe? aomw'Gg&udk tpOfr;DS ojzifh y&d,ww
d &m;udk aqmifjcif;
rSwjf cif;wnf;[laom/ a[wkem? jzif/h edAw
m ? jzpfaom ynmonf/ okwr,D1?
rnf\/
yuma&e? tjym;tm;jzif/h Zmemwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ynm?
rnf\/ ,m 0Dro
H m? tMuif plprf;qifjcifwwfaom ynmonf/ tw?d \/
t,H? plprf;qifjcifwwfaom ynmonf/ okwr,D ynm? rnf\/ wd?
od/Yk yapur?d toD;toD;vnf;/ a,maZwA?H \/ wxm
wxmwd? um;/ okwr,D
2
ynm? onf/ 0D r H o m'd y &d , m,0wD p? 0DrHotp&Sdaom y&d,m,f
&So
d nfvnf;aumif;/ 0Dro
H m'd0b
d m*0wD p? 0Dro
H tp&Sad om a0zefcjJG crf;jcif;
&Sdonfvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd ,xm? uJhodkY/ wxm? wl/ pd E m r,D p?
pdEm r,Dynmonfvnf;/ 0Dro
H m'dy&d,m,0wD p? onfvnf;aumif;/ 0Dro
H m'd
0dbm*0wD p? onfvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
teufwnf;/
1/ okwr,D / / a*gPawm edAw
H a*gr,H [l\odYk edAw
t
euf r,ypn;f
[lvakd omf/ wv
d id jf zpf&um; okwr,D[k um&E jzpfjyefownf;/
2/ 0DrHom'dy&d,m,0wD / / ]0Dro
H m'dy&d,m,0wD}[laom pum;udk
]0Dro
H mwd /v/ a00peH} [laom a&S;0duyfukd &nf qdo
k nf/ 0Dro
H m'd0b
d m*0wD[laom pum;udk tx 0g 0DrHowDwd 0DrHom /v/ Oyy&duPynm-[laom
aemuf0u
d yfukd &nf qdo
k nf-[k rSwv
f ifu
h ek /f

218

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0g? um;/ okwr,D? okwr,Dynmonf/ Mo&rwu

d m p? enf;aom
twdik ;f t&Sn&f o
dS nfvnf;aumif;/ te0|dwm p? tjrrJ wnfonf vnf;aumif;/
a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ pdEm r,D p? onfvnf;/ Mo&rwu
d m p?
onfvnf;aumif;/ te0|dwm p? onfvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd?
od/Yk 'awd? \/ /
ok a we ed a,em
a,emwd? um;/ okawe okwH? Mum;emtyfaom/
y&d,w"d are y&d,w"d r?H ud/k (um; okwo'g\ 0pew ESpcf suw
f iG f
a&S;0duyfukd &nfonf)/ 0g? um;/ y&d,w"d r0aee y&d,w"d r0eH?
aomw'Gg&udk tpOfr;DS ojzifh y&d,ww
d &m;udk aqmifjcif; rSwjf cif;ud/k (um;
aemuf0duyfudk ,SOfonf)/ Oyeda,e Oyed,H uwGm? trSDjyK/
wrLwvuaP? txl;tjym;odkY a&mufonfudk rSwfjcif;teuf/
u&P0peH? wnf;/ ,xm0kw?H aom/ okw?H Mum;emtyfaom y&d,ww
d &m;ud/k
0g? aomw'Gg&udk tpOfrSD;ojzifh y&d,wdw&m;udk aqmifrSwfjcif;udk/
Oyedm,? trSjD yK/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
pd E m r,D y nm 0D r H o m tp&S d o nf w d k Y \ txl ; ud k jytH h a omiS m
]0DrHomwd tm'Dok} tp&Sdonfudk rdefYownf;/

0DrHommwd tm'Do?k wdYk / ]]'H? onfum;/ oDv?H wnf;/ t,H?

um;/ orm"d? wnf;/ ar? onfwu
Ykd m;/ lygly"rm? kyef mrfw&m;wdw
Yk nf;/
ar? wdu
Yk m;/ yuE m ? wdw
Yk nf;}}/ wd? od/Yk awoH awoH "rmeH? wd\
Yk /
obm00Dro
H eblwm? oabmudk pkpH rf;wwfonfjzpfjzpfaom/ ynm? onf/
0DrHomm? rnf\/ awoHa,0 "rmeH? wd\
Yk omvQi/f 0pew?H ud/k rkw
d mG ? /
obm0o&ovuP? oabm rdrdudp vuPmudk/ wkv,dwGm?
EIid ;f csed
f / *[PH 0d,? ,ljcif;uJo
h /Ykd *[Pynm? ,lwwfaom ynmonf/
wk v em
em? rnf \ / awoH a ,0 "r m eH ? wd k Y \ omvQif / ovu P H ?
rdrv
d uPmud/k t0dZ[dwmG ? rpGerYf
l / tedpw
m'dyk e oyp,
m'dtmuma&?
tedptp&Sdaom kyetjcif;t&m oyp,tp&Sdaom tjcif;t&mwdkYudk/
wauwmG p? Mu
H vnf;aumif;/ 0dwauwmG p? txl;Bu
H vnf;aumif;/
Oyy&duP
ynm? uyf xuf0ef;usirf S Munfh I qifjcifaom ynmonf/

0g&

1-a'oem[m&0dbif;tzGihf

219

Oyy&dum? rnf\/ wxm Oyy&duad w? xdo

k aYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh uyf
xuf0ef;usif Munfh I qifjciftyfuek af om/ o0d*a [ 0d,? rdru
d ,
kd u
f o
hJ /Ykd
Oy|[aE? xifuek af om/ "ar? wdu
Yk /kd {aw "rm? w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ {0H?
odYk oabm&Su
d ek \
f / wd? od/Yk edZmeuar? Ijcif;iSm cho
H nfwu
Ykd /kd 0g?
qifjcifjcif;iSm cHo
h nfwu
Ykd /kd uwGm? / pdawe? jzif/h tEk tEk? tzefwvJv/J
ayuPm? Munfh I qifjcifjcif;onf/ reomEkayuPmm? rnf\/
okwr,Dynm Om[em[laom yk'fudk qdkouJhodkY pdEmr,D
ynm rqdkaMumif;udk jytHhaomiSm ]{w p}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
pdEm, a[wkblwm, edAwm pdEmr,D}tp&Sdonfudk okwr,D ynm
yk'f qdktyfNyD;aom enf;udk tpOfrSD;ojzifh ,SOfjcif;iSm wwfaumif;NyD
jzpf&um; aooH ]0kwe,ar0}-[k qdkownf;/

{w p? okwr,Dynm pdEm r,Dynmwdw

Yk iG v
f nf;/ okwr,Dynm?
onf/ ,xmokw? tMuif tMuif Mum;emtyfaom/ "r? ud/k "m&Py&dp,0aoe? aqmifjcif; avhusufjcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ y0weawm?
jzpfjcif;aMumifh/ Om[Zmwm? jzpfaom tm;xkwfjcif;&Sdonf jzpf/
]]Om[em}} wd? [l/ 0wAw
?H qdt
k yfonf\ tjzpfu/kd t&[wd ,xm?
xdu
k o
f uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ pdEm r,D? pdEm r,Dynmonf/ e t&[wd?
rxdu
k /f wd wom? aMumif/h "? pdEm r,Dynm/ ]]Om[em}}wd y'H?
ud/k e 0kw?H rqdt
k yfownf;/ pdEe ?H MujH cif;/ pdEm ? jcif;/ edZmeH? qifjcifjcif;/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ aooH? onf/ 0kwe ,ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/
rm[d 'GD[d ynm[Dw?d um;/ ,xm0kwm [d? ukeaf om/ um&Pblwm[d? taMumif; jzpf jzpfuek af om/ 'G[
D ?d ukeaf om/ ynm[d? wdjYk zif/h
xdkpum;udk jrJapvdk&um; ]okw /v/tm&bwDwd}ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

[d? pG/ okwpdEmr,aPok? okwr,Pf pdEmr,Pf

okwpdEmr,PfwdkY/ ywd|dawm? wnfaomolonf/ 0dyeH? udk/
tm&bwd? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ ( okwr,P pdEm r,P
okwpdEm r,P okwpdEm r,Pmed-[k {ua'oolayuaoo jyK)/
]]rmok 'Go
D k ynmol}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ yXE?d uke\
f / aw[d? xdo
k &Ykd w
G af om

220

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

q&mwdo
Yk nf/ ]]Zmwmolwd 0g? [lvnf;aumif;/ OyEm ol}}wd 0g? [l
vnf;aumif;/ |? 55 0peaoaom? ud/k a,maZwaAm? \/
or,kwo'g\ ora,m*teufom xif&Sm;&um; reoduma&e
or,kawm t0d,kawm reodum&or,kawm-[k BuHtHhpdk; ]]reodum&
or,kwmwd}} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

reod u m&or , k w mmwd? um;/ lyglyy&d*[m'dreoduma&?

kyef mrfukd odr;f qnf;jcif; tp&So
d nfukd ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;/ ,kwy ,
w
k
?
tm;xkwaf om yk*Kd vt
f m;/ ,H PH OyZwDw?d um;/ 0kwe a,e? jzif/h (lyH
y&d*P
mS wd tlyH y&d*P
mS wd ponfjzifh y#dy'gudk qdak omt&m qdt
k yfNy;D aom
enf;udk ,l)/ reodum&ya,ma*e? ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif; vkv
YH jyKaomtm;jzif/h
'd|0d o
d 'k u
d cFg0dw&P0do'k rd *gr*P'e0do'k yd #dy'gP'e0do'k eD ?H
wdu
Yk /kd org'aee? Ny;D apojzif/h 0dyeH? ud/k OkuE
? vkv
YH jyKaom
yk*Kdvt
f m;/ P'e0do'k o
d cFgwH? [kqt
kd yfaom/ ,H t&d,r*PH? onf/
OyZw
?d \/ t,H? P'e0do'k [
d k qdt
k yfaom t&d,r*fynmonf/
bm0emr,D ynm? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk oraEm? pyfjcif;ud/k umwaAm? \/
wre PH? onfum;/ 'eH? 'ePfvnf;aumif;/ bm0em?
bm0emPf vnf ; aumif ; / wd ? od k Y / 'k 0 d " H ? onf / a[mwd ? \/
(]'ebm0em[d} [lvnf; ygXf &S\
d / 'ePfbm0emPfwjYkd zifh ay;)/
'e /v/0g
wd wom? aMumif/h ]]'e
/v/0g}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
bm0em[l qd k t yf o nf & S d a omf bm0emr,D y nm rnf w ef a p/
'e[l qdktyfaomfum; bm0emr,Dynm tb,fodkY rnfygtHhenf;-[
-[kk
ESvkH;ydkuf ],'d /v/ bm0emr,Dwd}-[k apm'emownf;/

'eE?d [l/ ,'d 0kpw

?d tu,f qdo
k nfjzpft/Hh {0H owd? aomf/
ww ? xd k ' ebk H / Oy E m ? aom/ ynm? onf / bm0emr,D ?
bm0emr,Dynmrnfonf/ uxH a[mwd? enf;/ wd t,H? um;/ apm'em?
wnf;/ [d wa'0 op?H \/ wH PH? onf/ bm0emr,ar0? bm0emr,
PfonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/

0g&

1-a'oem[m&0dbif;tzGihf

221

,if;odkY bm0emr
, jzpfaomf tb,fodkY 'e[l qdk&awmhthHenf;
bm0emr,
[k pk'f&Sd&um; ]yXrH /v/ 0kwEd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
bm0emr,Pf u d k y if 'e[l vnf ; aumif ; ? bm0em[l
vnf ; aumif ; qd k t yf o nf & S d a omf 'ebk H bm0embk H w d k Y \ txl ; um;
tb,fenf;-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]ozavm}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

yXrH? pGm/ edAm e'eawm ye? edAm efukd jrifonf\ tjzpfaMumifu

h m;/
]]'e}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ ozavm? zdv
k Ef iS w
Yf uG jzpfaom/ yXrra*g?
aomwmywrd *fonf/ 'eblr?d 'ebkH rnf\/ aoom? ukeaf om/
aoumaou"rm? aou taouw&m;wdo
Yk nf/ bm0emblr?d rnf\/ /
8/ 'ged? / wdam? ukeaf om/ rm ynm? wdu
Yk /kd y&d,m,Ea&e?
y&awm aCmom
aCmom}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H
y&d,m,fwpfyg;jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ ]]y&awm
\/ ww 0pae? / t0,0awm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ y&awm
y&awmwd?
um;/ twawm? rdrrd /S e y0wm? aom/ tnawm? aom/ owKawm 0g?
jrwfpmG bk&m;rSvnf;aumif;/ om0uawm 0g? rSvnf;aumif;/ y0wm? aom/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ aCmom
aCmomwd? um;/ awoH? xdw
k pfyg;aom
bk&m;om0uwd\
Yk / a'oemaCmoawm? a'oem[laom toHaMumif/h y0wm?
aom/ om ynm? onf/ a'oemyp,m/ a'oem[laom taMumif;aMumif/h
y0wm? jzpfaom/ om ynm? onf/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ (odYk
ay;)/ tx 0g? um;/ {wdm? okwr,Dynmtm;/ y&awm? olwpfyg;rS/
y0awm? aom/ aCmaom? a'oemwnf;-[laom toHonf/ tw?d \/
wd wom? aMumif/h om? xdo
k w
k r,Dynmonf/ y&awm aCmom
aCmom? rnf\/
,m ynm? onf/ tw?d \/ om ynm? onf/ okwr,D? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk
a,maZwA?H \/ ypwork|dwmmwd? um;/ ypw?H toD;aom rdro
d Emef/
w w? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om yk*Kd vt
f m;/ 0g? \/ twe?d rdrd / orLwm? jzpfaom/
a,med a omreod u m&m
m&mwd ? um;/ awoH awoH "r m eH ? wd k Y \ /
obm0y&d*P
eS m'dem? oabmudk odr;f qnf;jcif; tp&Sad om/ ,xm0kawe?
aom/ Oyga,e? oihfaom taMumif;jzifh/ y0wreodum&m? jzpfaom
ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;aMumif/h y&awm p aCmaoem
aCmaoemwd? um;/ a[wkbal we? aom/

222

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

y&awm aCmaoe? olwpfyg;rS jzpfaom a'oem [laom toHaMumif/h aooH?

onf/ 0kwe ,ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
'ged? / ,'w?H tMuif a0ae,sy*k Kd vw
f u
Ykd kd a0zefjcif;tusK;d iSm/ rm
ynm? wdkYudk/ O'#m? xkwftyfukef\/ war0 a0ae,syk*v0dbm*H?
xdak 0ae,sy*k Kd vw
f u
Ykd kd a0zefjcif;udo
k mvQi/f a,maZwGm? / 'awk?H iSm/
,m
]],m
,m}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / rm a'Gw?d [l/
*Pe0aoe? ta&twGu\
f tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0wGm? qdNk y;D / yke? wpfzef/
wm? xdEk pS yf g;aom ynmwdu
Yk /kd okwr,D pdEmr,D pm
pmwd? [l/ olyawm?
tm;jzifh/ 'awd? \/ t,H O*#dwlwd? um;/ t,H yk*avm? udk/
okwr,pdEm r,aP[d? wdjYk zif/h tmo,ya,m*yaAm"? tmo,
ya,m*\ Ed;k jcif; yGijhfcif;ud/k 0g? \/ edym 'dwwm? Ny;D aptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
Oa'orawae0? Oa'orQjzifo
h mvQi/f Zmeeawm? odonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
]]O*#w
d l}}wd? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ t,H 0dydwlw?d um;/ pdEm r,aPe?
jzif/h tmo,? \/ 0g? ud/k ty&duw
wm? rjyKjyiftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
Oa'oeda'ao[d? wdjYk zif/h Zmeeawm? aMumif/h 0dyw
d l? rnf\/ t,H
aea,sm
aea,smwd ? um;/ ok w r,Pmyd ? \vnf ; / (tyd o ' g jzif h
pdEm r,Pfukd ,l)/ tbm0awm? r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ed&0aooH?
t<uif;rJ/h 0dwm &a'oem,? tus,af [mtyfaom a'oemjzif/h aewAawm?
aqmiftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? odap tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h aea,sm?
rnf\/ /
9/ {0H? od/Yk a'oemy#dy'gP0dbma*[d? a'oem0dbm* y#dy'g0dbm*
P0dbm*wdjYk zif/h (,H 'GEa wm y&H ok,sw?d wH yapurbd oZaw-[k
qdak omaMumifh 0dbm*o'g\ 'GEa wmy&jzpf&um; toD;toD; ,SO
f ay;onf)/
a'oembmZeH? a'oem\ wnf&mjzpfaom/ a0ae,sw,
?H ud/k 0dbZdwmG ?
/ 'ged? / ww? xdak 'oem\ wnf&mjzpfaom a0ae,sy*k Kd vf ok;H a,muf
wd\
Yk taygif;/ y0ww
d m,? jzpfaptyfaom/ b*0awm? \/ "ra'oem,?
om,H "ra'oem
/ a'oem[m&H? ud/k ed'g a&wGm? / a,maZwk?H iSm/ ]]om,H
'oem}}wd
tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H tm;xkwaf wmf rltyf\/ /

0g&

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223

|? 56
56ww 0pae? / om,
om,E?d um;/ om t,H "ra'oem? onf/
wpfenf;um;-om,Ed y'? \/ om t,Ed y'apa'g? ud/k umwaAm? \/
om,H "r a 'oem\ t& tb,f a 'oemenf ; / om,H [l a om
ed,wf\ ted,wfum; tb,fenf;[laom apm'emudk &nf ],m ykaA
/v/ ypmrowd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ykaA? / ]]"rH a0g bdua 0 a'aomrD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h y#dead 'o0g&?

\/ tm'dawm? tp/ a'oem[m&? \/ 0do,bma0e? t&m\tjzpfjzif/h
,m ygVd? ud/k eduw
d m ? csxm;tyfNy/D war0 ygV? udo
k mvQi/f {w? t&m/
a'oem[m&H? ud/k eda,maZwk?H iSm/ ]]om,H "ra'oem}}wd? [l/ wpfenf;um;]]om,H "ra'oem}}wd rm, ygVd,m? jzif/h ypmrowd? pG\
J / u a'o,wDw?d
u a'o,wDwd rdem ya'e? jzif/h uaxwkurswm
[l/ wpfenf;um;-u
0aoe? ajzvdka[mvdkonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ a'oem,? \/ yd@wH?
taygif;jzpfaom teufu/kd ykpw
d mG ? / wH yd@w?H ud/k *Pem,? ta&twGuf
pwm&d opmeD}}wd? [l/
tm;jzif/h y&dpEd w
d mG ? / omrnawm? tm;jzif/h ]]pw
pwm&d opmeD}}wd rdem ya'e? jzif/h 'awd? \/
wpfenf;um; ]]pw
t&Sift|uxmq&m...]"rH a0g bdua0}tp&Sdaom a'oem\
"romrefom yd@w jzpfonf r[kwfavm/ xdk"romref[k qdktyfaom
yd@wudkom jyaumif;onfr[kwfavm/ tb,hfaMumifh opmav;yg;[k qdktyfaom yd@wudk jyoenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; op /v/ewDwd[lao
omm ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h op0ed rd w

k m ? opmrS vGwaf om/ b*0awm? \/
a'oem? onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h pwm&d opmeDwd rdem?
jzif/h omrnawm? tm;jzif/h yd@w?H ud/k 'awd? \/ (odYk ore)f /
op m av;yg;rS vG w f a om a'oemr&S d a pumrl op m av;yg;o
nf
av;yg;onf
yd@wr[kwfcJhaomf q&mhpum; roifhao;-[k apm'emzG,f &Sdjyef&um;
]wm p /v/ yd@awm} ygXf xGufjyefownf;/

wm p? xdjk rwfpmG bk&m;a'oemawmf\vnf;/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/

opmed? wdo
Yk nf/ yd@awm? taygif;jzpfaom teufonf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /

224

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4-y#deda'o

tb,hfaMumifhum; av;yg; jzpfoenf;/ tb,faMumifhum; opm

rnfoenf;-[laom apm'emudk ajzvdk ]y0wd /v/ '|AH-[laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

y0wyd 0wued0ww
d 'kyg,0drw
k
? jzpfaom w&m;? jzpfapwwfaom
w&m;? jzpf w wf j zpf a pwwf a om w&m;wd k Y \ epf & mjzpf a om w&m;
xdek pf&mjzpfaom w&m;\ taMumif;jzpfaom w&m;rS vGwaf om/ ae,s?
odtyfaom w&m;\/ tbm0awm? aMumif/h pwm&d? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /
t0dy&Dwbma0e? razmufrjyefonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h opmed? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d
'kuH ork',H eda&m"H
uke\
f / wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ wmed? xdo
k pmwdu
Yk /kd ]]'k
r*}}E?d [l/ wpfenf;um; ]]'k
'kuH /v/ r*}}Ed rdem ya'e? jzif/h olyawm?
tm;jzif/h 'awd? \/ /
'ko'gonf ukpdwteufudk? co'gonf wkpteufudk a[m&um;
ukpdw wkpmwd 'kuH-[laom ur"m&nf;ormofudk taMumif;ESifhwuG
jyvdkaomaMumifh ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdkav;yg;aom opmwdkYwGif/ wpfenf;um; ww ygaX? /

t0,0awm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ taeuky'0g"d|mebma0e?
rsm;pGmaom Oy'a0gwd\
Yk wnf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h (y&Hy&[dwf
wnf;)/ ukpdwwm p? pufqkyftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
AmvZey&duyw
d "k0okbokcwbm00d&a[e? olru
kd w
f o
Ykd nf Mut
H yfaom
"k0tjzpf okbtjzpf okctjzpf twtjzpfrS uif;jcif;aMumif/h wkpw
m ?
tcsn;f ES;D qdwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ 'ku?H rnf\/
oHo'g\ oHa,m*teufudk? O'o'g\ Oywdteufudk? tm,o'g\
um&Pteufudk jyvdkjcif;aMumifh t,wd y0wwd {wdm 0g {wom
zvEd ta,m? oHa,ma* owd O' ta,mwd ork'a,m-[laom
0pewudk jyvdk&um; t0aoo /v/ ork'a,m-[k zGifhownf;/

t0aooyp , or0ga,? wPS m rS <uif ; aom taMumif ; \

nDw
G jf cif;onf/ owd? aomf/ 'ku
? \/ Oywu
d m&Pwm? jzpfjcif;\
taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ork'a,m
a,m? rnf\/ oA*wdon
k wm?

0g&

1-a'oem[m&0dbif;tzGihf

225

tvk;H pkaH om *wdrS qdwo

f nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h {w? edAm ef/ oHom&pm&u
ocFgawm? oHo&maESmifcsKid [
hf k qdt
k yfaom/ 0g? oHo&mwnf;[laom jzpfjcif;[k
qdt
k yfaom/ (teufum; ]pm&uEd p&PH y0weH pm&uH}-[k op0b
d if;
a,mZemESihf tnDwnf;)/ 'kua &ma"m? 'ku\
jzpfjcif;onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd
&ma"m? rnf\/ (odYk vSr;f ore)f / 0g? um;/ {wo
wom? aMumif/h eda&ma"m
edAmae? udk/ t"d*aw? odtyfonf&Sdaomf/ 0g? &tyfonf&Sdaomf/ 0g?
a&muftyfonf&Sdaomf/ oHom&pm&uocFgw? aom/ 'kua&m"?
'kujzpfjcif;\/ tbma0g? r&Sdjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wdyd wom?
aMumifv
h nf;/ eda&ma"m
&ma"m? rnf\/
zvlypm&wtm;jzifh jyjyefvdk&um; tEkyg'eda&m"yp,wm 0g-[k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

0g? um;/ tEkyg'eda&m"yp,wm? wpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;\

taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ed a &ma"m1 ? rnf\/ (odkY ay;)/
rma&aEm? udavomwdu
Yk kd owfvsu/f *pw?d oGm;wwf\/ 0g? jzpfwwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h ra*g2? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ edAm ewad u[d? edAm efukd
tvd&k u
dS ek af om olwo
Ykd nf/ r*,
d wd? &Smtyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ra*g?
rnf\/
ww? xdak v;yg;aom opmwdw
Yk iG /f ork'a,e? jzif/h tma'g? onf/
a[mwd? \/ 'kaue? jzif/h tm'Dea0g? onf/ a[mwd? \/ r*ead &ma"[d?
wdjYk zif/h ed&PH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ {0H? od/Yk wpfenf;um; {0H? twl/
,o okaw? / pwm&d? ukeaf om/ opmed? wdo
Yk nf/ olyawm? tm;jzif/h
tm*wmed? uke\
f / ww okaw? xdo
k w
k f / ,xmkw0aoe? wdu
k f u
kd \
f
1/ eda&ma"m / / 0duyfvnf; ]tbma0g {wo a&m"mwd eda&ma"m}[k jyK/ xdakY Mumifh 0dbif;#Dum ]{wo paw tbma0g {wo a&m"mwd eda&ma"m
ap0 y'ormaom}-[k rdeo
Yf wnf;/
2/ ra*g / / ESp0f u
d yfww
Ykd iG f a&S;0duyf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh rma&Ea*g-[k
qdt
k yfvsuf edw
k ed nf;tm;jzifh ra*g[k qdo
k nf/ rPdrLtvdk wpfenf;um; ]rma&wDwd
arm? *pww
D d a*g? arm p aom a*g pmwd ra*g}-[laom 0pewukd jy\/

226

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm'g'a,m? wdu

Yk /kd ed'g a&wAm? uke\
f / (vSr;f ay;)/ ,w
ye okaw? um;/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ opmed? wdo
Yk nf/ olyawm? tm;jzif/h
e tm*wmed? uke/f ww okaw? / twawm? tm;jzif/h O'&w
d mG ? / awoH?
xdak v;yg;aom opmwd\
Yk / 0aoe? jzif/h tm'g'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd ed'g a&wAm?
uke\
f /
opmwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tm'tp&SdonfwdkYudk xkwftyfukefaom[k qd k N yD / tm'tp&S d o nf w d k Y \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h u m; op m wd k Y u d k
rxk w f t yf u k e f oavm apm'em&S d & um; ],w p}tp&S d a om ygXf u d k
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

,w p? tMuif okwf vnf;/ tm'g'a,m? wdo

Yk nf/ olyawm?
tm;jzif/h tm*wm? uke\
f / ww okaw? / 0wAa r0? qdzk ,
G o
f nfyifvQi/f
ew?d r&S/d ,w ye? um;/ e tm*wm? uke/f ww okaw? / twawm?
tm;jzif/h O'&w
d mG ? / awoH? xdt
k m'tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / 0aoe? jzif/h
pwm&d? ukeaf om/ opmed? wdu
Yk /kd ed'g a&wAmed? uke\
f /
,if;odkY opmwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh tm'tp&SdonfwdkYudkvnf;aumif;?
tm'tp&SdonfwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh opmwdkYudkvnf;aumif; xkwftyf
ukefonf&Sdaomf todkYrl tm' tp&SdonfwdkYjzifhom opmwdkYudk
xkwfoenf;/ opmwdkYjzifhvnf; tm'tp&SdonfwdkYudk xkwfaumif;onf
r[kwfukefavm-[laom apm'emykpmudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]" ye}tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

" ye? t&mum;/ tm'g'a,m? wdu

Yk /kd O'g[&P0aoe?
tm;jzifh/ (umrH umr,rmetp&Sdaom O'g[kPf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
[lvakd omf)/ olyawm? tm;jzif/h 'dwm? uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
tm'Dea0g
aw[d? xdt
k 'tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h opmed? wdu
Yk /kd ed'g a&wk?H iSm/ ]]tm'D
pm
pm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww? xd'k u
k o
pm tm'De0tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f ]]oHcad we /v/ 'kum }}wd
0peawm? aMumif/h wPSm0Zm? wPSmonf MuOftyfuek af om/ awblru"rm?
wdkYonf/ 'kuopH? rnf\/ aw p? xdkawblruw&m;wdkYonfvnf;/
tedpm 'dobm0wm? tedpt
p&Sad om oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tm'Dea0g?

0g&

227

rnf\/ zv? zvonfvnf;/ a'oem,? onf/ oma"wA?H Ny;D aptyfaom

tusK;d wnf;/ ww? xdt
k usK;d wdw
Yk iG /f ,H zvH? onf/ avmud,?H onf/ a[mwd?
zv 'ku}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ tma'gwd
\/ wH zvH? ud/k oEm,? / ]]zv
{w 0pae? / wPSm0dyvmomer?d wd\
Yk vnf;/ pw
d wm? aMumif/h aw?
tma'g ork'a,m
xdw
k PSm0dyvmowdu
Yk /kd oEm,? / ]]tma'g
a,m}}wd? [l/
0kw?H \/
t&d , r*f u d k o m r* o p m [l qd k w ef a p? tb,h f a Mumif h Oyg,
tmPwdwdkYudk r*opm[k qdkbdoenf; ykpm&Sd&um; ]o[ /v/0kwH}-[laom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

0dyem,? ESi/hf o[? wuG/ t&d,ra*g p? onfvnf;aumif;/

a'oem |? 57 p? wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif; tpDt&iftm;jzifh jzpfaom a'oemonf
vnf;aumif;/ a'oemzvm"d*r? a'oem\ tusK;d udk &jcif;\/ Oyga,m?
taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd uwGm rdem um&aPe? odaYk om
Oyga,m tmPwd p ra*g}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
taMumif;aMumif/h ]]Oyga,m
,if;odkY t&d,r*fudk r*opm xkwftyfonf&Sdaomf ed&Pyk'fu
m;
um;
rxkwftyfNyD[k t,l&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkt,ludk epfapjcif;iSm ]ed&P
/v/ waAm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if ; od k Y ES p f y k ' f xk w f t yf o nf & S d a omf tmuk v rjzpf c J h N yD a vm
pk'f&Sd&um; ]e pm,H /v/ '|aAm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ed&Pya' pmyd? ed&Pyk'f vnf;/ t&d,ra*g? ud/k ed'g a&waAm?

\/ t,H op 0 d b ma*g? op m ud k a0zef j cif ; onf / tmuk a vm?
aESmif,
h u
S o
f nf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd? od/Yk '|aAm? \/
ESpfyk'f xkwfvsuf todkYrl tmukv rjzpf&SdukeftHhenf; ykpm&Sd&um;
],xm [d /v/ '|AEd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h op0b

d a*F? / ]]wPSm p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ t0od|m?
wPSmrS <uif;ukefaom/ udavom p? wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ t0od|m?
udavomrS <uif;ukeaf om/ tukovm? ukeaf om/ "rm p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/
omo0ged? tmoa0gw&m;\ tmkHjzpfukefaom/ ukovrlvmed p?
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ omo0g? ukefaom/ ukovm? ukefaom/ "rm p?

228

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ork',opbma0e? jzif/h 0dbwm? uke\
f }}/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wo wo ea,? / wHwt
H 0od|m? xdx
k o
kd rk',opm\tjzpfjzifh
a0zeftyfonfrS <uif;ukeaf om/ awblru"rm? wdu
Yk /kd 'kuo
pbma0e? jzif/h
0dbwm ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ "myd? opmudk a0zef&mvnf;/
'|A?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h op0b
d ma*g? onf/ tmukavm? onf/ e
a[mwd? rjzpf/ rmed pwm&d opmeDwd 'H 0peH? onf/ ed*reH? ed*;Hk wnf;/
'H "rpuE?d um;/ b*0awm? \/ pwkop0aoe? jzif/h omrkuo
H u
d m?
ud,
k af wmfwikd f xkw
f a[mawmfrt
l yfaom/ ,m,H "ra'oem? onf/ tw?d
\/ 'H? ud,
k af wmfwikd f xkw
f a[mawmfrt
l yfaom a'oemonf/
"rpu?H rnf\/ /
'ged? / wm "ra'oem,? \/ "rpubm0H? "rpu\ tjzpfu/kd
op0db*Fokw0aoe1? opmudk a0zef&mjzpfaom "rpuy0weokw\
f
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0g? opmudk a0zef&mjzpfaom oH,w
k f "rpuy0weokw\
f
,xm[ b*0g
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ ]],xm[
b*0g}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
ww ygaX? / 'H2 'kuE?d um;/ Zmwdtm'd0b
d m*H? Zmwdtp&Sad om
a0zefjcif;&Sad om/ oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h yKyg'geuEo
[*wH? ig;yg;aom
Oyg'geuEmjzpf jzpfaom/ (o[*wum; waAmwnf;)/ wpfenf;/
yKyg'geuEo
*F[?H ig;yg;aom Oyg'geuEm wdjYk zifh oN*K [t
f yfaom/ wPSm0Z?H
aom/ awblru"rZmwH? awblrujzpfaom w&m;oabmonf/ 'ku
?
\/ t"d|mebma0e p? wnf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
'ku' u
k m 'dbma0e p? 'ku' u
k t
p&So
d nfw\
Ykd tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
1/ op0db*Fokw0aoe / / opmudk a0zef&mjzpf&um; opo,
H w
k u
f kd
op0b
d *F [lygownf;/ tbd"rm "mwk0b
d if;\ tjcm;rJh a[mtyfaom op0b
d if;udk
r,lvifh/
2/ 'H / / ed,wf\ oabmonf aemufy'k o
f Ykd vdiv
f u
kd jf r/J jy,k*u
f m; ],H
rr Oyg'geH aom rr y#dCmawm}tp&So
d nfwnf;/ xdak Mumifh ],m,H
"ra'oem}-[laom a&S;yk'o
f Ykd rvdu
k rf
l "rpu-H [laom aemufy'k o
f Ykd vdu
k
f ]'H}[k eykvid q
f o
kd nf/ teufum; a'oemyifwnf;/

0g&

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229

'ku?H 'ku[
k qdt
k yfaom/ t&d,op?H rnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ ar
arwd rdem ya'e? jzif/h b*0g? onf/ twmeH? ud,
k af wmfu/kd ed'o
d wd?
Teaf wmfr\
l / Am&mPod,E?d um;/ Am&mPoDemru? aom/ e*&?
\/ t0d'al &? teD;/ yapuAk'
oDe?H t&Siyf apuAk'g wnf;-[laom odw\
Ykd /
tmumoawm? rS/ Mow&P|mewm,? ouf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
odywe
weEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ rd*geH? om;taygif;wdt
Yk m;/ ww? xdt
k &yf/
tb,? ab;rJ\
h / 0g? ud/k 'dEw
m ? ay;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h rd*'g,
'g,Ed
p? [lvnf;aumif;/ v'emar? &tyfaom trnf&adS om/ tar? ocFr;f /
Ow&wd twdur wd? vGew
f wf\/ 0g? um;/ tbdb0wd? ESyd ef if;wwf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h Ow&?H rnf\/ {w "rpu? xd"k rpuftm;/ 0g? xuf/
Ow&?H vGeaf om w&m;onf/ 0g? ESyd ef if;Edik af om w&m;onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd
wom? aMumif/h wH "rpu?H onf/ tEkw&H? rnf\/ tewdo,H? vGeu
f aJ om
w&m;r&Sad om/ 0g? um;/ ty#b
d m*H? twlr&Sad om/
"r a 'oem\om "r p u [ l a[mtyf o nf \ tjzpf u d k jytH h
aomiSm ]udmyd /v/ 0kwH}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

b*0awm? \/ "ra'oem? ud/k taeumok? ukeaf om/ a'0rEky&domok? ewfy&dowf vly&dowfwYkd / taeuowuwK ?H tBurd w
f pf&mru/
awoH? xdkewfvlwdkY\/ 0g? tm;/ t&d,opy#da0"orm'e0aoe?
t&d,opmudk xdk;xGif; odjcif;udk NyD;apjcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ udmyd
y0ww
d m? tu,fum; a[mawmfrt
l yf\&Si/fh 0g? jzpfaptyf\&Si/hf wxmyd?
vnf;/ oAyXrH? tvk;H pkaH om "ra'oemwd\
Yk a&S;OD;pGm/ tnmodaum@nyrkcg,? tnmodaum@ntrSL;&Sdaom/ t|m&oy&drmPm,jA[aum#d,m? wpfq,f&h pS u
f ak # twdik ;f t&Sn&f adS om jA[m\/ pwkopy-
#da0"0dbm0eD,m? opmav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjcif;udk jywwfaom/ ,m
"ra'oem? onf/ twd? \/ wm "ra'oem,? \/ omwdo,m?
vGepf mG aom/ "rpuornm? "rpuf[al om trnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd
"rpuH y0wdw}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
wom? aMumif/h ]]"r

230

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ww 0pae? / owdy|mem'd"arm {0? owdy|meftp&Sdaom

w&m;onfomvQi/f y0wea|e? jzpfwwfaom oabmaMumif/h pu?H rnf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h "rpuH? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ puE?d um;/ tmPm?
tmPmwnf;/ "rawm? w&m;oabmrS/ teaywwm? ruif;onf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ "r? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ wH? xdk"ronf/ pu?
tmPmonfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h "rpuH? rnf\/
"are a,e? toift
h m;jzif/h pu?H jzpfonfwnf;/ wpfenf;um; "are a,e?
jzif/h y0w?H aom/ pu?H tmPmwnf;/ wdyd wom? aMumifv
h nf;/ "rpuH?
rnf\/ r,m? onf/ 0kw0 pe? \/ om"uH? aom/ ,xm u 0peH? ud/k
tm[? enf;[lru
l m;/ ]]"r? udv
k nf;/ y0aww?d jzpfapwwf\/ pu?
tmPmudv
k nf;/ y0aww?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h "rpu?H rnf\/ pu?
tmPmudv
k nf;/ y0aww?d \/ "r? udv
k nf;/ y0aww?d \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h "rpu?H rnf\/ "are? toift
h m;jzif/h y0aww?d \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h "rpu?H rnf\}}/ wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ty#d0wd,E?d um;/
"r
d &? w&m; tpd;k &awmfral om/ b*0awm? \/ ormorK'- bm0awm
p? tvkH;pkHaom w&m;wdkYudk razmufrjyef udk,fawmfwdkif odonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ "rpu? "rpuw&m;\/ tEkw& bm0awm
p? vGeu
f aJ om w&m;r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;umif;/ ty#ad o"eD,?H
rwm;jrpftyfaom/ ye? qufqdOk ;D tH/h aue? tb,foo
l nf/ ty#0d w,
d ?H
rwm;jrpftyfoenf;/ wd apm'em,? odkYaom apm'emaMumifh/
oraPe 0g
]]oraPe
0g}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / oraPem
oraPemwd?
um;/ yAZH? &[ef;tjzpfodkY/ Oy*awe? a&mufaom olonf/ |? 58
jAm[aPem
Pemwd? um;/ ZmwdjAm[aPe? Zmwftm;jzifh jzpfaom ykPm ;onf/
ord w ygy Am[d w ygyjzpf a om y&rw o rPjAm[ P wd k Y u d k v nf ;
qdkaumif;ygonf r[kwfukefavm-[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;xm; ]y&rw
/v/ewd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ y&rworPjAm[PmeH? y&rwjzpfaom &[ef;ykPm ;

wdt
Yk m;/ y#davmrepdwaH ,0? qefu
Y siaf om pdwo
f nfyifvQi/f ew?d r&S/d

0g&

1-a'oem[m&0dbif;tzGihf

231

a'a0em
a'a0emwd? um;/ umrm0p&a'a0e? onf/ auepDw?d um;/ a,e auepd?
trSwfr&Sdaom/ t0od|yg&doaZe? <uif;aom y&dowfonf/(cwd,
*[ywdy&dowfukd ,l)/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...ygVd vmaom orPjAm[P ponfwdkYwGif
wpfa,mufa,mufom a,e auepd jzpfaumif;onf r[kwfukefavm[k tar;ykpm apm'em&S&d um; ]{wm0wm /v/ '|A}H -[laomygXf xGuo
f wnf;/

{wm0wm? rQ twif;t&Sn&f adS om pum;tpOfjzif/h t|Erd y&dome

meHH1?
&Spyf g;aom y&dowfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;/ te0aooy&d,m'geH? t<uif;rJ,
h jl cif;ud/k
0g? t<uif;rJh ukeaf pjcif;ud/k '|A?H \/ avmuodE?d um;/ owavmau? /
wwmwd? um;/ wdH pwkop"ra'oem,H? xdpk wkop"ra'oem/
ty&drmPm tu&m? ty&drmPm y'g[k y#dyg#dtm;jzifh qdkygavm/
pk'f&Sd&um; ]ty&drmPm /v/ 'ewH-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ty&drmPm y'g? ty&drmPm tu&mmwd? [l/ Oy#dyg#d0peH?

usdwfustm;jzifh qdkjcif;onf/ 0g? tpOfr[kwfaomtm;jzifh qdkjcif;onf/
a,bka,se? jzif/h tu&med? wdu
Yk /kd y'o*F[w
d med? yk'jf zifh oN*K [t
f yfuek \
f /
wd? odkY/ 'ewH? jyjcif;tusKd;&Sd\/ y'g tu&m Asemwd? [l/
vd*0F yd vmaom? vdijf yefjcif;ud/k uawm? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ twmmwd?
um;/ pwkopocFgw? aom/ tw? tm;/ ouF m oem
oemwd? um;/
ouFmodwAmuma&m? tusO;f jytyfaom tjcif;t&mwnf;/ aoaooky?d
<uif;aom yumoemtp&Sad om yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ {o {aom ea,m? ud/k
'|aAm? \/
tw um; ,k y p n f ; t,S O f q|D u H [ k t,l & S d & maomaMumif h
]twmwd p /v/ 0peH}ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

twmwd {w ya' p? vnf;/ oraE? oret

f euf/ omrd0peH?
omrd0b
d wfwnf;/ wdyd'Ed {w ygaX? / wDwd oa'g? wd-[laom
1/ t|Erd y&domeH / / y&dowf&pS yf g;okyu
f m; rif;y&dowf? ykPm ;y&dowf?
ol<u,fy&dowf? &[ef;y&dowf? pwkr[m&mZfy&dowf? wm0womy&dowf? rm&y&dowf?
jA[my&dowf/ &Spfyg;wnf;/

232

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

o'gonf/ yum&awm? yum&teuf&\

dS / yd-oa'g? onf/ or@
d eawm?
or@
d eteuf&\
dS / rdemyd rdemyd yuma&e? tjym; tjym;jzifv
h nf;/
'H? wPSmMuOfaom awblruw&m;udk/ 'kuH? 'ku[k qdktyfaom/
t&d,op?H [l/ a0'dwA?H \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ awe?
xd
k wdy[
d al om o'gjzif/h Zmwdtm'daba'e? Zmwdtp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzif/h
,xm0kw? aom/ 'kuop? \/ taeuab'w? rsm;aom
tjym;&S d o nf \ tjzpf u d k v nf ; aumif ; / wH ' D y umeH ? xd k ' k u o p m ud k
jywwfuek af om/ tu&y'g'De?H wd\
Yk / 0kwy u
m&H? aom/ ty&drmPw?
twdik ;f t&Snrf &So
d nf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ oraww?d Ny;D ap\/ /
t,H 'k u o rk ' a,m
a,mwd? um;/ umrwPSm'dab'g? umrwPSm
tp&Sad om tjym;&Sad om/ 0? \/ rlvblwm? aom/ t,H wPSm? onf/
,xm0kw? aom/ 'ku? \/ edAwda[wkbm0awm? jzpfjcif;\
taMumif ; jzpf o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h / 'k u o rk ' a,m? rnf \ / t,H
'kueda&ma"m
&ma"mwd? um;/ oAocFwed#m? tvk;H pkaH om ocFww&m;wdrYk S
vGwaf om/ t,H tocFw"mwk? tocFw"mwfonf/ ,xm0kw
? aom/
'ku
? \/ tEkyg 'eda&m"yp,wm? wpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;\ taMumif;
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 'kue ad &ma"m? rnf\/ t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD
y#dy'g
'gwd? um;/ orm'd|t
d m'dt|*Forla[m? orm'd|d tp&Sad om &Spyf g;aom
t*Fgjzifh a&wGut
f yfaom/ t,H? r*i&f pS yf g;onf/ 'kue ad &m"ocFgwH?
aom/ edAmeH? odkY/ tm&rP0aoe? tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/
w'bdrkcDblwwm? xdkedAmefodkY a&SUIjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ *pwd p?
oGm;vnf;oGm;wwf\/ (*pED p-[lvnf; ygXf&\
dS / *pED p? oGm;onfvnf;/
a[mwd? \/ odYk ay;)/ 'kue ad &m"yw,
d m? 'ku\
csKy&f modYk a&mufjcif;\/
0g? iSm/ y#dy'g p? tusio
hf nfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
'kue ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g? rnf\/ wdyd'Ed y' ye? wdy'd [
H al om
yk'\
f um;/ (tawm pyf)/ ork',oap? / t|owwPSm 0dp&daw1[d?
1/ t|owwPS m 0d p &d a w[d / / t|owwPSm0dp&dwokyfum;
umrwPSm b0wPSm 0db0wPSmtm;jzifh okH;yg;/ xdkokH;yg;udk oEmefESpfyg;ESifh

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wpf&mh&Spfyg;aom wPSm0dpdkufwdkYjzifh/ eda&m"oap? / r'edr'em'dy&d,ma,[d? r'edr' etp&Sad om y&d,m,fwjYkd zif/h r*oap? / owwo
aAm"dyu,
d "ar[?d wdjYk zif/h tawm? ud/k 0dbZdwmG ? / a0'dwaAm? \/ aooH?
onf/ 0kwe ,ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...tvk H ; pk H a om jrwf p G m bk & m;pum;awmf
ygVd \ 'G g 'oy'\ tjzpf u d k jyNyD ; onf r[k w f a vm/ tb,f t usKd ; iS m
upnf;r[max&fonf ]ww b*0g tua&[d ouFmaowd}tp&Sdaom
r[m-ax&f
ygXfudk rdefYjyefav
oenf;-[laom apm'emudk &nf ]{0H 'Gg'o y'ged
voenf
okwEd *gxm, /v/tm'd 0kwH}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...'G g 'oy'tjzpf u d k jyaom[l \ / ]tu & H
y'H AseH}ponfjzifh jyonfudk rjyqdkaumif;rnfavm apm'emaMumi
apm'emaMumiffh ]'H
'kuEd ar /v/ 0dbZaEm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...'H 'kuEd ar bdua0 tp&Sdonfjzifh
op0db*Fokwfudk tusOf;tm;jzifh jy ]ww ty&drmPm y'g}tp&Sdonfjzifh
Asey' twy'wdkYudk a0zefaom[l\/ op0db*Fokwfudk rjyaomfvnf;
Asey' twy'wdkYudk a0zefjcif;udp NyD;aumif;ygonf r[kwfukefavm/
todkYrl op0db*Fokwfudk jy a0zefoenf; apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh
]oAmyd /v/ 0dbma0aEm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...tvk H ; pk H a om jrwf p G m bk & m;pum;awmf \
pwk o p a 'oem\ tjzpf u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? qqu a 'oem\ teuf\
pwkoptjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jyaom[l\/ op0db*Fokwf tvkH;pkHaom
jrwfpmG bk&m;pum;awmf\ pwkopa'oem\ tjzpfaMumi
miffh qqua'oem\
pwk o p t jzpf u d k rqd k w um;/ rvmwum;[k apm'em&S d a omaMumif h
]qquy&d,m,H /v/ 'erkace}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...qqua'oemudk wpfpdwftm;jzifh jy
"rpuy0weokwfjzifh xdkqqua'oem\ teufudk oN*K[tyf
ftyfonf\
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ajrm ufonf&adS omf ajcmufyg;jzpf\/ xdak jcmufyg;udk tmkaH jcmufyg;ESihf ajrm ufonf
&Sad omf ok;H q,fah jcmufyg;jzpf\/ xdo
k ;Hk q,haf jcmufyg;udk umvok;H yg;ESihf ajrm ufonf
&Sad omf w&mh&pS yf g; jzpfownf;/

234

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apm'em&Sd&um; ]"rH a0g bdua0 /v/ 'e0aoe}-[laom ygXfudk

rd e f Y o wnf ; /

{0H? od/Yk ]]'Gg'oy'ged okw} }Ed *gxm,? / ouv? aom/ omoe?

\/ qE?H ukeaf om/ twy'ge? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ qE?H ukeaf om/ Ase y'ge?
wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe? jzif/h ,m 'Gg'oy'wm? tMuifwpfq,fEh pS yf 'k f
&So
d nf\ tjzpfu/kd 0kwm ? \/ ]]"rH a0g bdua 0 a'aomrD}}wd tm'dem?
jzif/h a'oem[m&? \/ 0do,'e0aoe? t&mudk jyjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
qquy&d,m,H? qqua'oemud/k {ua'aoe? wpfpw
d t
f m;jzif/h O'o
d w
d mG ?
tusO;f jyNy;D / "rpuy0we okawe? jzif/h w'w? xdq
k qua'oem\
teuf\/ o*F[w
d bm0'-erkace? oN*K [t
f yfonf\tjzpfukd jyjcif;udk
t&if;jyKojzif/h oA
myd? vnf;jzpfaom/ b*0awm? \/ 0pe? \/
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kd nf;aumif;/ w'w?
xdkqqua'oem\ teuf\/ pwkopbm0? av;yg;aomopm\
tjzpfuv
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k nfjzpf/ (Oa'oawm
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jzif/h op0db*Fokw?H opmav;yg;udk a0zef&mjzpfaom "rpuy0weokwu
f /kd
Oa'oawm? tusO;f jyaomtm;jzif/h 'awGm? / (0dbZaEmodYk oGm;)/ ]]ww
ty&drmPm y'g}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h Ase wy'ged? Ase y' twy'wdu
Yk /kd
0dbZaEm? a0zefawmfrv
l o
kd nfjzpf/ war0 'Gg'oy'bm0H? xdw
k pfq,fh
ESpyf 'k &f o
dS nf\ tjzpfuo
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f m; ]ouvomoe}[k vm)/
'DaywGm? / 'ged? / awoH? xdAk se y' twy'wd\
Yk / tnrn0do,D
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m0H?
ww b*0g tua&[d ouFmaowD}}wd
pyfonf\ tjzpfu/kd 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ww
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ( 0do,Dum; Ase y'? 0do,um; twy'wnf;)/ /
t&Sit
f |uxmq&m...]tua&[d ouFmaowd}[k t&Siu
f pn;f q
&m
q&m
tb,h f a Mumif h qd k o enf ; / ]ya'[d ouF m aowd } tp&S d o nf j zif h o m
rqdkaumif;ygoavm-[k apm'emykpm xGuf&maomaMumifh ]ww /v/
y'* [ PH } -[l a om ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

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,if;odkY tu&mudk odjcif;udk t&if;jyKojzifh yk'fudk odonf&Sdaomf

tu&mwdkYjzifh yk'fudk jy\[lom rqdkaumif;yg oavm apm'emaMumifh
]*[daw p /v/ a[mwdudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkY yk'fudk odojzifh yk'f\ teufudk odygonf&Sdaomf y'wdkYjzifh
,if;\ teufudk jy\[lom rqdkaumif;ygoavm apm'emaMumifh ]ww
p /v/ ouFmaowDwd}-[laomygXfudk rdefYaomf/

ww 0pae? xdyk gVd/ (tm[odYk qdu

k )f / y'g0,0*[Prkace? yk'\
f
tpdwfjzpfaom tu&mudk odjcif;udk t&if;jyKojzifh/ y'*[PH? yk'fudk
odjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ ya'? ud/k *[daw p? odtyfNy;D onf &Sad omfvnf;/
*[dwykAo
auFw? a&S; ,ltyfaom trSw&f adS omoltm;/ y'wm0aAma"m?
yk'f\ teufudk odjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ ww p? xdktu&myk'f
wdw
Yk iG v
f nf;/ y'g0,0*[aPe? yk'\
f tpdwjf zpfaom tu&mudk odojzif/h
y'*[P? yk'u
f kd odjcif;\/ 0daoom"meH? txl;jzpfjcif;onf/ Zm,wd
0d , ? jzpf o uJ h o d k Y / y'w m 0,0* [ aPemyd ? yk ' f \ teuf t pd w f u d k
odojzifv
h nf;/ 0g? yk'\
f tpdwjf zpfaom tu&m\ teufukd odojzifv
h nf;/
y'w*[
P? yk'\
f teufukd odjcif;\/ 0daoom"meH? txl;jzpfjcif;onf/
tua&[d ouFmaowD}}wd? [l/
Zm,wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]tu
tm[? \/
]tu a &[d yumaowd } tp&S d o nf j zif h v nf ; qd k a umif ; ygonf
r[k w f w k H a vm/ tb,f h a Mumif h ya'[d yumaowd - [k qd k b d o enf ;
apm'em aMumifh ],om ye /v/ 0kwH}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifhum;/ tua&[d? wdkYjzifh/ oHcdawe? tm;jzifh/

'Dy,
d rmaem? jytyfaom/ tawm? onf/ y'y&da,momae? yk'\
f tqk;H /
0gus? \/ ty&da,modwwm? rqk;H ao;onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ya'ae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f yumodawm 'Dyad wm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wom? aMumif/h
ya'[d yumaowD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
]]ya'[d
]tua&[d 0d0&wd}tp&Sdonfjzifhvnf; qdkaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm
vm//
tb,f h a Mumif h ]As a e[d 0d 0 &wd }-[k qd k b d o enf ; yk p m &S d & um; ]0gus
y&d a ,mom
ae ye /v/ 0d0&wDwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,momae

236

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

0gusy&da,momae ye? 0gus\ tqk;H um;/ aom tawm? onf/

0d0&dawm 0d0a#m? zGit
hf yfonfu/kd uawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd
Asae[d 0d0&wD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
wom? aMumif/h ]]As
]tmuma&[d 0dbZwd}-[k qdkcJh\/ ]tua&[d 0dbZwd}tp&Sdonf
jzifhvnf; qdkaumif;onf r[kwfygavmpk'f&Sd&um; ],om p /v/ 0kwH}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om p? tMuifaMumifv
h nf;/ yuma&[d? tjym;wdjYk zif/h 0gusaba'?
0gusudk cGJjcrf;jcif;udk/ uaw? jyKtyfonf&Sdaomf/ w'awm? xdk0gus\
teufonf/ 0dbawm emr? a0zeftyfonf rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wom?
tmuma&[d 0dbZwD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
aMumif/h ]]tmuma&[d
]edkwD[d OwmeDua&mwd}[k qdkcJh\/ ]tua&[d OwmeDua&mwd}
tp&Sdonfjzifhvnf; rqdkaumif;ygavoavm ykpmaMumifh ]wxm /v/
ua&mwDwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wxm? wl/ 0gusm0,0geH? 0gustpdww

f \
Ykd / 0g? wdu
Yk /kd yapu?H oD;oD;/
edAp e0dbma*? 0dN*Kd [t
f m;jzifh a0zefjcif;ud/k 0g? 0dN*Kd [u
f kd a0zefjcif;ud/k uaw?
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jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]ededkwD[d OwmeDua&mwD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
]tua&[d ynaywd}tp&Sdonfjzifhvnf; qdkygavmh/ tb,fhaMumifh
]eda'ao[d ynaywd}-[k qdkbdoenf; tar;ykpm xGuf&maomaMumifh
]uwedApae[d /v/ ynmaywDwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

uwedApae[d? jyKtyfaom 0dN*dK[f&Sdukefaom/ ed&0aooawm?

tm;jzif/h 0dwm &0aoe? tm;jzif/h a'odaw[d? ukeaf om/ 0gusm0,a0[d?
wdkYjzifh/ a0ae,smeH? wdkY\/ pdwy&dawmoe? pdwf\ ESpfoufjcif;onf
vnf;aumif;/ 0g? udv
k nf;aumif; / Ak'ed o
d me? ynm\ xufjcif;onf
vnf;aumif;/ 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/ uwH? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
eda'ao[d ynaywD}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
aMumif/h ]]ed
cyfodrf;aom 0guswdkY {0teufudk &tyf\/ xdk{0udk ,SOfonf
&Sdaomf ]ouFmaowd {0}-[k ,SOftyf\[k jyjcif;iSm ]{w}tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

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{w p? tua&[d ouFmaowd tp&Sad om ygVdvnf;/ tua&[d

{0 ouFmaowDw?d [l/ t0"m&PH? t0"m&Pud/k ({0o'gudv
k nf; [l)/
tuwGm? / tua&[d ouFmaowd {0gwd? [l/ {0H? od/Yk t0"m&PH?
ud/k '|A?H \/
]tua&[d {0}[l t0"m&Pudk rSwftyfaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm/
wpfenf;um;-]ouFmaowd {0}[k t0"m&Pudk rSw&f ojzifh tb,ftusKd;&Sdyg
oenf; apm'em&Sd ]ouFmaowd {0}[k t0"m&Pudk rSwfjcif;\ tusKd;[
[kk
qdktyfaom v'*kPfudk jytHhaomiSm ]{0H [d /v/ a[mwd}[laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

{0H? odYk rSwt

f yfonf/ owd? aomf/ twy'geH? wd\
Yk / emem0gus0d1
o,wmyd txl;xl;aom 0gusvQif t&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfonfvnf;/ od'g ?
Ny;D onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
{0H [d tp&Sdaom pum;\ v'*kPfudk jytHhaomiSm ]awe} tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk rdefYjyefownf;/

awe? xdktwy'wdkY\ txl;xl;aom 0gusvQif t&m&Sdonf\

tjzpfaMumif/h {umEkoEad u? wpfcak om tEkoaE&adS om/ okaw? / qaV0?
ajcmufyg;om jzpfukefaom/ twy'ged? wdkYudk/ ed'ga&wAmed? ukef\/
ememEkoEad u? txl;xl;aom tEkoaE&adS om/ okaw ye? um;/ tEkoErd dS
tEkoErd ?dS tEkoaE tEkoaEwikd ;f / q q? jzpfuek af om/ twy'ged? wdu
Yk /kd
ed'g a&wAmed? uke\
f / /
tua&[d p ya'[d p O*a#wD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h Ase y'geH? wd\
Yk /
]]tu
udpo
m"eH? udp\
Ny;D jcif;ud/k 'awd? \/
ouF m oe tp&S d o nf o m As e y'wd k Y \ ud p r [k w f w k H a vm
apm'emaMumifh ]a0ae,sw, /v/ Asmyga&m}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
1/ emem0gus0do,wmyd / / tu&mwdjYk zifo
h m tusO;f jyonf r[kw/f yk'f
tp&So
d nfwjYkd zifv
h nf; tusO;f jyaomaMumifh ]tua&[d {0}[k t0"m&Pudk rrSwrf
l
]tua&[d ouFmaowd {0}[k t0"m&Pudk rSwt
f yf\/ xdo
k Ykd rSwo
f nf&adS omf y'
tp&SdonfwdkYjzifh ouFmoe\ NyD;jcif;aMumifh twy'wd k Y \ emem0gus0do,
tjzpfonfvnf; Ny;D \/

238

aewdt|uxmed,

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[d wa'0 opH? \/ a0ae,sw,0de,ear0? a0ae,syk*dKvf

ok;H a,mufw\
Ykd taygif;udk qk;H rjcif;onfomvQi/f awoH? xdAk se y'wd\
Yk /
Asmyga&m? onf / 0g? ud p o nf / a[mwd ? \/ op y # d a 0"? \/
t|mebm0awm ye? t&mr[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifu
h m;/ y'y&arm? ud/k
"? / e 0kawm? rqdt
k yfownf;/
ok y f t m;jzif h rqd k a omf v nf ; y'y&ryk * d K vf u d k ,l t yf \ [k
jyjyefvdk&um
um;; ]ae,s*[aPe 0g} tp&SdaomygXfudk rdefYownf;/

0g? um;/ aou*[

aPe? aouy*k Kdvu
f kd ,lojzif/h uvsmP ykxZk e ?
ud/k *[PH? ,ljcif;onf/ a[mwd 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd ae,s*[
aPae0? ae,sy*k Kd vu
f kd
,lojzifo
h mvQi/f wmyd? xdyk 'y&ryk*Kd vu
f v
kd nf;/ "? / *[PH? onf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? odkY/ '|AH? \/ tua&[Dwd tm'Dok? wdkY/
u&Pom"ae? u&Pom"e/ 0g? u&Pum&u/ u&P0peH? onf/
a[mwd? \/ a[wkr?dS [dwt
f euf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
[dwfteuf rjzpfoifhonfudk NyD;apvdk ]tu&m'Ded [d} tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d op?H \/ tu&m'De?d wdo

Yk nf/ O*#em'dtwmed? O*#e tp&Sad om
tusKd;&Sdukefonf/ a[mEd? ukef\/ O*#em'd? O*#e tp&Sdonfonf/
tu&m'dtw?H tu&m tp&Sad om tusK;d &So
d nf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
,if;odkYqdkaomf tb,fonf a[wk [loenf;-[laom ykpmaMumifh
,'wm p /v/ 0ooDwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

|? 60 ud&,
d m p? onfvnf;/ ,'wm? tMuiftusK;d &S\
d / aom
tawm? xdt
k usK;d onf/ a[wk? [dwrf nf\/ ,xm? O'g[kPf tb,fenf;
taEe 0owD1}}wd? [lonfwnf;/
[lru
l m;/ ]]taE
1/ taEe 0owd / / t"dym ,fum; aejcif; tp&Sad om Bu,
d m\ tusK;d jzpfaom
xrif;&jcif; tp&Sdonfonf [dwf rnf\/ um; tu&m tp&Sdonf wdkYonf
O*#e tp&Sad om Bu,
d m\tusK;d r[kwu
f ek /f xdaYk Mumifh ]tua&[d} tp&So
d nfwYkd
udP
k ;f 0dbwfonf u&Pteufom jzpfoif\
h / [dwt
f euf rjzpfoif-h [lvakd omf/

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239

]O*a#wd} [laom ygXf\ cGg\ tp&Sdaom teufjzpfoifh aomaMumifh

xdkteufudk epfapvdk pifapvdk&um; ]O*a#wDwd /v/ O'dowDwd tawm}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
tb,fodkY a[moenf;? jyoenf; apm'emaMumifh ],xm"daywH twH}
[laom ygXfudk?
tb,fodkY jyoenf; apm'emaMumifh ],xm /v/ wxm}-[laom
ygXfudk?
tmo,\ Edk;jcif; yGifhjcif;udk jzpfavmh[kqdk a[moavm? jyoavm
apm'emaMumifh ]ouFmoe0aoe tm'[aEm}-[laom ygXfudk?
tb,fyk*dKvftm; 0daooudk xm;oenf;? tmo,\ Edk;jcif; yGifhjcif;
jzpfoenf;[laom apm'emaMumifh ]aomwm0"meH /v/ a0ae,smeH}-[laom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

O*a#wDwd y'? \/ aomwm0"meH? aomwo'gudk tpOfro

DS jzifh
rSwjf cif;ud/k uwGm? / orm[dwpdwm eH? wnfMunfaom pdw&f u
dS ek af om/
a0ae,smeH? wd\
Yk / ouFmoe0aoe? tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tua&[d? wdjYk zif/h
0daooH? txl;ud/k tm'[aEm? xm;onfjzpf/ ,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzif/h
uxdaw? aomf/ y'y&da,momae? / tmo,y#ad Ama"m? tmo,\
Ed;k jcif; yGijhf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wxm? xdt
k jcif;jzif/h ,xm"dayw?H
tMuif tMuif tvd&k t
dS yfaom/ tw?H ud/k oacFaye? jzif/h uaxwd? \/
O'o
d wd? tusO;f jyawmfr\
l / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ 0dy,wDw?d
um;/ ,xmO'|d ?H tMuiftjcif;jzifh tusO;f jytyfNy;D aom/ tw?H ud/k ed'o
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240

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O*#em tm'D}}wd?
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omm ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkYqdkaomf ]0dyem eda'aom 0dwm&Py#deda'aom} [lom
qdkygavm apm'emaMumifh ]eda'o /v/ y&da,momeEd}-[laomygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

wxm? xdrk w
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p? wdo
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0g&

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242

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um;/ jA[H oAao|H? tvk;H pkaH om w&m;wdx
Yk uf jrwfaom/ p&d,?H wnf;/
wd? od/Yk ynm,wd? tjym;tm;jzifh odtyf\/ (]ynm,wd-udk ],m0a'0
/v/ ,wd}[k zGio
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w
k m ?
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[d ,om? aMumifh/ aw? xdkpwkopur|mef;udk yGm;apjcif;

tjrJvkHYvjyKaom yk*dKvfwdkYonf/ rH a'oem[m&H? udk/ ya,maZEd?
,SOaf puke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h a,m*De?H pwkopur|mef;udk yGm;apjcif;
vkv
YH jyKuek af om yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd / twm,? iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (odYk ore)f /
'H 0peH? awoH t,H "ra'oem a,m*DeH-[laom pum;udk/
a'oem[m&0db*F? \/ ,xmEkoEed m? tEkoaEtm;avsmpf mG / orm?
aumif;pGm/ Xydwbm0H? xm;tyfonf\ tjzpfu/kd 'awk?H iSm/ yu&PH?
aewu
d sr;f ud/k o*Fg,aE[?d o*Fg,emwifuek af om rax&fwo
Ykd nf/ Xydw?H
awem[
\/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]awem[
tm,om r[mupm,aem
,aem}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
]ed , k a w m }[l a om yk ' f umd k u f w nf ; [l a om [d w f t euf o n
nff
taEmeDwwnf;[k jyvdk ]ed,kawmwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ed , k a w m wd y'? \/ ygVd a wm? rS / tm'g'd y 'aw ?

tm'tp&Sad om y'wwu
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wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
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244

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0g&

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tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

aom yem,H aom ye t,H 0dpa,m? onf/ t0dy&Dwobm0edw

k d
ovuaPae0? razmufrjyefaom rm*"bmomwnf;[laom obm0
edw
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246

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4-y#deda'o

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f eufukd jyjcif;wnf;/
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tb,hfaMumifh ],xm u ba0}tp&Sdaom pum;udk t&Sifupnf;q&m
qdkjyefavoenf;-[k olar;zG,f&Sd xdktar;udk ajztHhaomiSm ]{0H /v/
0dbZaEm ,xm u ba0wd tm'drm[}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkY a0zefvdkonf&Sdaomf ]y'H 0dpdewd} tp&Sdonfjzifh a&S;
qd k t yf o nf E S i f h t nD y'0d p ,ud k a&S ; OD ; pG m jyygavm/ tb,f h a Mumif h
yOm0doZem0dp,wdkif a&S;OD;pGm jyavoenf;/ ykAmy& rqefYcJhNyDavm
ykpmaMumifh ],om /v/ 'aaEm}[laomygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{0H? od?Yk eda'o0ga&? / 0dp,[ma&m? ud/k oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h ed'ad |m?

\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH0b
d ma*e? xd0k pd ,[m&udk a0zefjcif;jzif/h ed'o
d w
d mG ?
/ y#deda'o0aoe? tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ 0dbZaEm? a0zefawmfrlvdkaom
t&Siu
f pn;f q&monf/ ,om? aMumif/h y'0dpa,m? yk'w
f ikd ;f pdppfjcif;onf/
1/ twK'g&0aoe 0g / / wpfcak omyk'\
f jzpfoifu
h ek af om rsm;pGmaom
teufwu
Ykd kd xkwjf cif;onf twK'g & rnf\/ wpfcak omteuf\ jzpfoifu
h ek af om
rsm;pGmaom yk'w
f u
Ykd kd xkwjf cif;onf y'k'g &rnf\/

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okw
? \/ tEky'H? yk'pf Oftwdik ;f / y0awwAwm,? jzpfaptyfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h twdbm&daum p? tvGeu
f sr;f av;jcif;udk jyKwwfonfvnf;/
a[mwd? \/ e okua&m p? rvG,o
f nfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wH y'0dp,H? ud/k temrodwmG ? rok;H oyfr
l / yO0o
d Ze0dpa,? yOm0dp,
,xm u ba0
ba0}}wd
0doZem0dp,wdu
Yk /kd wm0? pGm/ 'aaEm? &um;/ ]],xm
tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / ,xm u ba0
ba0wd y'? \/ a,e
yuma&e? tMuiftjym;jzif/h aom 0dpa,m? xdyk pk m 0doZemudk pdppfjcif;ud/k
y0awwaAm? jzpfaptyf\/ wH yum&ZmwH? xdt
k jym;oabm onf/ u ba0?
tb,fodkY jzpfoenf;/ uD'doH? tb,fodkY oabm&Sdonf/ ba0,s?
jzpf&moenf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ]],xm u ba0,sm}}wdy?d
[lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/ yke? wpfzef/ ,xmwd y'H? onf/ edygwrw?H
edygwfrQomwnf;/ tm,omwd 'H 0peH? onf/ yd,0peH? cspzf ,
G q
f akd om
pum;wnf;/ tZd a wm
wmwd? um;/ Am0&D jAm[P? Am0&DykPm;\/
y&dpm&ublwmeH? tjcHt&Hjzpf jzpfukefaom/ aomVoEH? wpfusdyf
ajcmuf a ,muf a om ol w d k Y w G i f / tnwa&m? wpf a ,muf j zpf a om
t&Sit
f Zdwonf/ yg&m,ae
yg&m,aewd {w ya'? / edAm eH? ud/k yg&H? yg&[l/
0kpw
?d \/ w? xdek Ad m efo/Ykd t"d*rlyg,a'oewm? a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom
a'oemjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ('H emrH uwH yg&m,eornmyk'w
f Ykd
yg&m,e
pyf)/ oA?H aom/ b*0awm? \/ 0peH? onf/ ]]yg&m,e
yg&m,e}}E?d [l/ 0wAw
?H
qdt
k yfonf\ tjzpfu/kd udm yd t&[wd? tu,fum; xdu
k \
f &Si/hf ye
wxmyd? xdo
k x
Ykd u
kd v
f Qi;f rlvnf;/ o*wu
d ma&[d? o*Fg,emwifuek af om
rax&fwdkYonf/ 0wK*gxmEk*Dwd*gxm'D[d? 0wK*gxm tEk*Dwd*gxm
ponfwEYkd iS /hf o'? wuG/ tZdwokwm'DeH? tZdwokwf tp&Su
d ek af om/
aomVoE?H ukeaf om/ okwm eH? wd\
Yk / 'H emrH? yg&m,e[laom trnfu/kd
uwH? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h awoan0? xdt
k Zdwokwf tp&Sad om
wpfq,fhajcmufyg;aom okwfwdkY\omvQif/ yg&m,eornm? yg&m,e
[laom trnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]yg&m,ae}}wd?
[l/ tm[? \/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ ]]yg&m,edaum}}wd? [l/ yXE?d uke\
f /

248

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4-y#deda'o

,if ; od k Y & G w f u k e f a omf teuf u d k a&S ; twd k i f ; yif rS w f & rnf a vm

apm'em&Sd&um; ]aw ud&} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

aw? xdw
k pfusyd af jcmufa,mufaom olwo
Ykd nf/ wmyoyAZL y *reawm?
&aoh&[ef;tjzpfodkY a&mufonfrS/ ykaA? a&S;/ yg&m,eH? edAmefodkY
a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom tusiu
hf /kd t"D,Em? jzpfapukev
f su/f 0g? usiu
hf ek v
f su/f
0dp&ok ud&? oGm;ukefowwf/ wom? aMumifh/ t,rd? t&SiftZdw
onfvnf;/ yg&m,eH? edAm efoYkd a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom tusiu
hf /kd 0aww?d
jzpfap\/ 0g? usi\
hf / wd wom? aMumif/h ]]yg&m,edaum}}wd? [l/ 0kawm?
\/ ykpwDw?d [l/ uom? aMumif/h 0kw?H enf;/ ykpm ? onf/ edAw
w
m ?
jzpfNy;D onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h twDwm eEk? vGeNf y;D r[kwu
f ek af vm/ wd
t,H? vQi/f apm'em? wnf;/ {wH 0peH? onf/ op?H \/ ye wxmyd?
aomfvnf;/ ykpemum&H? ar;aom tjcif;t&mudk/ Ak'd,H? rdrdynm/
0dy&d0wrmeH? jzpfonfu/kd uwGm? / {0H? od/Yk tm[? \/ /
{om ykpm p emr? ykpmrnfonfvnf;/ t'd|aZmwemykpm?
t'd|aZmwemykpm vnf;aumif;/ 'd|oHoEem? vnf;aumif;/ 0drwdap'em?
vnf ; aumif ; / tEk r wd y k p m ? vnf ; aumif ; / uaxwk u rswmyk p m ?
vnf;aumif;/ {uHoAsmu&PD,m? {uHoAsmu&PD,ykpm vnf;aumif;/
0dbZAsmu&PD,m? vnf;aumif;/ y#dykpmAsmu&PD,m? vnf;aumif;/
XyeD , m? vnf ; aumif ; / "r m "d | mem? vnf ; aumif ; / ow m "d | mem?
vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk taeu0d"m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h
]]t,H ykpm ? onf/ t'd|aZmwem u? avavm}}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h
,xmor0H? pGm/ ykpm? udk/ 0dapwAm? pdppftyf\/ {w p? ykpm
0doZemwdw
Yk iG v
f nf;/ ykpm 0dbma*g? ykpm udk a0zefjcif;ud/k 0waAm ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd
{0H wxm? wl/ |? 63
63 0doZe0dbma*gyd? udv
k nf;/ 0doZe0dpa,? 0doZemudk
pdppf&m/ ,xmor0?H pGm/ 0waAm? \/ [d ,om? aMumif/h ykpm obma*e?
ykpm ESihf oabmwlaomtm;jzif/h 0doZe?H onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h 0doZem0dbma*gyd? udv
k nf;/ ,xmor0?H pGm/ 0waAm? \/ (odYk
oref)/ " ye? um;/ 0drwdap'eH? ,kHrSm;jcif;udk jzwfwwfaom/ 0g?

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,krH mS ;jzwfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaom/ owm"d|meH? ow0gvQif wnf&m&Sad om/

ykp?H ud/k O'g[&dwmG ? xkwNf y;D / ww? xdyk pk m / 0dp,emum&H? pdppftyfaom
auek ed0kawm avmaum
tjcif;t&mud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]auek
avmaum}}wd tm'? ud/k
tm[? \/ /
ww 0pae? / orbde0d ad |? aom/ auem
auemwd {w ya'? / uw&?d
uwm;teuf/ u&P0peH? udP
k ;f 0dbwfwnf;/ olwd y'H? onf/ edygwrw?H
wnf;/ 0g? um;/ olwd t,H oa'g? ok[al om o'gonf/ oHoa,?
,krH mS ;jcif;teuf/ y0awm? aom/ edygawm? wnf;/ awe? xdo
k -k [laom
edygwfy'k jf zif/h t yO? \/ 0drwdap'eykpm bm0H? 0drwdap'emykpm \
tjzpfu/kd 'awd? \/ ed0kawm
wmwd? um;/ y#dpm 'dawm? zk;H vTr;f tyfoenf;/
avmaum
avmaumwd? um;/ owavmaum? ud/k 0g? onf/ pm,om tZdawm
wmwd
'H 0peH? onf/ o*wu
d m&u0peH? o*Fg,emwifuek af om q&mwd\
Yk
pum;wnf;/ ey u mowD wd? um;/ e ynm,wd? rxif&Sm;oenf;/
udmbdavyeH jALoDw?d um;/ u? tb,fw&m;ud/k t avmu?
xdo
k wavmutm;/ 0g? ud/k tbdavyeH? vdr;f usw
H wfaom w&m;[l/
0'od u? a[mawmfro
l enf;/ ]]uomG bdavye}}Eyd ?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/
tw?d \/ w? xdu
k o
mG bdavyeH [laom ygXf\/ u ok tbdavyeE?d
[l/ y'0dbma*g? yk'u
f kd a0zefjcif;ud/k 0g? yk'jf zwfjcif;ud/k umwaAm? \/ /
y'geDw?d um;/ {aw[d 0gaus[?d wdjYk zif/h tawm? ud/k yZw?d odtyf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h wmed 0gusmed? wdo
Yk nf/ y'ged? rnfuek \
f / 0gusmed?
wdw
Yk nf;/ 0g? wdu
Yk /kd vAE?d uke\
f /
auek ed0kawm avmaum paom 0gusyk'fwdkYonf ykpdwAteuf
r[k w f u k e f / ed 0 gaw paom teuf w d k Y o m yk p d w A t euf jzpf u k e f \ /
xdkYaMumifh ykpdwmeDwd paom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
av;yg;aom 0gusudk ar;jcif;\ tpGr f; tm;jzifh qdkt yfu ke fo n
nff
r[k w f y gavm/ tod k Y r l ]{aum yaO m }}-- [k qd k o enf ; [k yk p m
xGuf&maomaMumi
maomaMumiffh ]{aum yaOmwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

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4-y#deda'o

ykpw
d meDw?d um;/ ykpm bma0e? ykpm \ tjzpfjzif/h 0kwm ed? uke\
f / wd
t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
{aum yamwd {w 0pae? / t"dyg a,m? ud/k {0H? od/Yk '|aAm? \/
(odYk ay;)/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ y'ged? 0guswu
Ykd /kd ykpe 0aoe? ar;onf\
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ,'dyd 0kwm ed? tu,fum; qdt
k yfuek \
f &Si/hf ye wxmyd?
vnf;/ wkH? odjcif;iSm/ pdawm? aom/ tawm? onf/ {aum {0?
wpfyg;wnf;omvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]{aum yam}}wd?
[l/ 0kw?H qdt
k yfownf;/ ww? xdw
k pfcak om ymjzpfjcif;/ wpfenf;um;
ww w {uy bm0? xdw
k pfcak om ymjzpfjcif;\/ um&PH? ud/k
]]{{u0wKy&d*[m}}
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g\avmm
pk'f&Sd&um; ]'H 0kwH a[mwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm 0wKumarm? qdv

k o
kd nf/ a[mwd?
\/ ed 0 g&Pty u moetbd a vyer[mb,ocF g wm? zk H ; vT r f ; jcif ;
rxif&mS ;jcif; vdr;f usjH cif; Bu;D pGmaom ab;-[k qdt
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ukeaf om/ {aw twm?wYu
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ye wxmyd? vnf;/ aw twm? wdo
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ywd? pG
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f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
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ud/k y"mebma0e? jzif/h *[dawm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h wAaoe?
xd k o w a vmu\ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h / t,H ya m ? onf / {aum0?
wpfyg;wnf;omvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm 0wKumarm?
onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ awae0? aMumifo
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"m}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
ww? xdkokH;yg;aom avmuwdkYwGif/ &m*g'dudavoA[kvwm,?
rsm;aom &m*tp&Sad om udavom&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h umrm0p&owm?
umrm0p&ow0gwdo
Yk nf/ udavoavmaum
voavmaum? rnf\/ psmembdnm y&d0'k ,
d m?

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psmeftbdnmOfw\
Ykd yGm;jcif;aMumif/h lyg0p&owm? wdo
Yk nf/ b0avmaum
b0avmaum?
rnf\/ tmaeorm"dA[kvwm,? rsm;aom rwkefrvIyfaom orm"d
&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ (y&r&[dwH pyf)/ 0do'd`Ed,wm? oefY&Sif;aom
a`E& o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tlyg0p&owm? wdo
Yk nf/ `Ed,avmaum
avmaum?
rnf\/
avmuokH;yg;wdkY\ txl;udk wpfenf;jyjyefvdk ]tx 0g} tp&Sdaom
wpf0duyfudk tm;xkwfownf;/ xdk0duyf t&Sift|uxmq&m...'kursmsm;;
aomaMumif h tyg,f o w 0 gwd k Y o nf 'k u a vmuom rnf a umif ; onf
r[k w f a vm-[k tar;yk p m &S d & maomaMumif h ]ud v d eH ud a vaom}[laom ygXfudk rdefYonf/
,if;odkYqdkaomf ]udavoA[kvwm,}om [lygavm/ tb,fhaMumifh
]'
]'kkuA[kvwm,} [lbdoenf; apm'emaMumifh ]0dygu'kuEd tawm}[lao
omm ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tx 0g? um;/ udv

d eH? npfErG ;f jcif;onf/ udavaom? rnf\/
0dygu'ku?H 0dygufjzpfaom qif;&Jjcif;wnf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
wom? aMumif/h 'kuA [kvwm,? rsm;aom qif;&Jjcif;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
tyga,ok? wdYk / edAw
m ? jzpfuek af om/ owm? wdo
Yk nf/ udavoavmaum
voavmaum?
rnf\/ w'an? xdt
k yg,fow0gwdrYk S wpfyg;ukeaf om/ owm? wdo
Yk nf/
orwb
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d 0 &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? jynfph aHk om
tpD ; tyG m ;&S d o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h / (b0o' g um; 0k ' d t euf a [m)/
b0avmaum
b0avmaum? rnf\/
,if;odkY tyg,fow0gwdkYrS wpfyg;aom ow0gwdkYonf b0avmu
rnfaomf `Ed,avmurnfp&m ow0gr&SdNyDwum;/ ,if;odkY r&Sdaomf
]`E d , avmaum}
avmaum}-- [l qd k a ompum;onf pum;rQom jzpf c J h - [k
apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh ]ww}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

ww? xdktyg,fow0grS wpfyg;aom ow0gwdkYwGif/ a, owm?

wdo
Yk nf/ 0drw
k yd &dygpau[d? t&[wzv
kd u
f kd &ifah pwwfuek af om/ `Ead ,[d?
o'g tp&Sad om a`Ew
EYkd iS /hf orEm*wm? jynfph u
Hk ek \
f / aom oawm?
xdkt&[wzdkvfudk &ifhapwwfaom a`EESifh jynfhpkHaom ow0gonf/

252

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4-y#deda'o

`E d , avmaum
avmaum? rnf\/ wd? odkY/ a0'dwAH? \/ ( ed,wf
wdo
Y k abmonf aemufy'k o
f Y k d vdi0f pk v
f u
k d jfrJ jzpf&um; ]aom}-[k {u0kpf qdo
k nf/)
,if ; od k Y t&[w z d k v f u d k &if h a pwwf a om a`E E S i f h jynf h p k H a om
ow0gonf ]`Ed,avmu}rnfonf&Sdaomf t&d,myk*dKvfwdkYudkvnf;
oN*K[ftyfoavm-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]y&d,myE"r0aoe} tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

y&d,myE"r0aoe? 0#f tusKH;0ifaomw&m;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/

avmuornm? avmu-[laom trnfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h t&d,yk*v
m? wdu
Yk /kd "? / e o*F,ES ?d uke/f /
t0d Z m , ed 0 k a wm avmaum
avmaumwd? um;/ pwk&*ForEm*awe?
av;yg;aom t*FgESihf jynfph aHk om/ tEuma&e? trdu
k w
f u
kd o
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h /Ykd
"robm0y#dpm 'evuPm,? w&m;oabmudk zk;H vTr;f jcif; vuPm&Sad om/
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\/ 0d0dpmwd? um;/ 0dpu
d pd m a[wk? ,krH mS ;jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumif/h
]]rp&,
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Zy m bd a vye
vyeEd? um;/ Zym wPSm? wPSmonf/ (Zymum; wPSm\
y&d,m,fwnf;/ xdak Mumifh Zymudk wPSm-[k zGio
hf nf)/ t avmu?
xdo
k wavmuud/k ru#mavayg? arsmufEaJS p;onf/ ru#? arsmufu/kd
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odavaom? uyfNiw
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l /
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]Zym wPSm t avmu}-[k qdkownf;/

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vQi/f y'awm? yk'\
f teufwnf;/ aooH? <uif;aom pum;ud/k ygVd,m {0?
jzifv
h Qi/f 0dnm,wd? \/ ykpm *gxm,H? / 0kwm ed? ukeaf om/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/
rmed y'ged? wdu
ar[D}}wd? um;/
Yk /kd (0doZw
d medukd iJ
h ay;onf)/ ]]ar[D

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0doZe*gxm,H? / 0kaw[?d ukeaf om/ pwl[?d ukeaf om/ ar[d ya'[d?

wdjYk zif/h 0doZw
d med? ajztyfuek \
f / uxH 0doZw
d med? ukeo
f enf;/ wd? od/Yk
yXr
apm'em,? \/ or0awm? aMumif/h ]]yXr
yXr}}Ed tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ awe?
xdyk XrH tp&Sad om pum;jzif/h ,xmur?H pGm/ ykpm 0doZemed? wdu
Yk /kd a0'dwAmed?
uke\
f / wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ /
'ged? / ,xmur?H pGm/ wH ykp ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ wH 0doZe?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ olyawm? tm;jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ *gxm, p? \vnf;/
auel}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww
tw?H ud/k 0d0&dw?Hk zGit
hf ahH omiSm/ ]]auel
0pae? / ]]eD0&aP[D}}wd ya'e? jzif/h 0kwa r0? omvQijf zpfaom/ tw?H
t0dZmeD0&Pm [d
ud/k ygu#H? xif&mS ;pGm/ uwGm? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]t0d
oaA owm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
ykpm0doZemt&m ],xm[}tp&Sdonfudk todkYrl qdkoenf;/
apm'emaMumifh ]{w p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,xm[m
{w p? ygVdvnf;/ ]],xm[m
,xm[m}}wd tm'dem? ,xm[ tp&Sad om
ygXfjzif/h okwE & 'aee? okww
f pfyg;udk jyojzif/h ro yO0o
d Ze0dpa,?
yOm0doZemudk pdppfjcif;/ tEk*w
D 0d pd ,H? tEk*w
D u
d kd pdppfjcif;ud/k 'awd?
\/ wd? odkY/ '|AH? \/ ww ygaX? / y&d , m,awm
m,awmwd? um;/
um&Pawm? taMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh/ eD0&PocFgwmeH? ukefaom/
umrpEm'Derd? wdkY\vnf;/ um&Pbm0awm p? taMumif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ y#dpm'ebm0awm p? zkH;vTrf;wwfonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ {uHa,0? wpfcak om t0dZm udo
k mvQi/f eD0&PH?
[l/ 0'grd? a[mawmfrl\/ tanoH? t0dZmrS wpfyg;jzpfukefaom/
eD0&Pobm0geH? eD0&Poabm&Sad om w&m;wd\
Yk / tbm0g ye? r&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumifu
h m;/ e 0'grd? a[mawmfrrl/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
t0dZm ,? onf/ owd? aomf/ eD0&PmeH? wd\
Yk / bma0g? jzpfjcif;onf/ a[mwd
,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ t0dZm ,? onf/ towd? aomf/ eD0&Pmed?
oAaom
wdo
Yk nf/ e oE?d uke/f wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/ ]]oA
om}}wd tm'd? ud/k
0kw?H \/ /

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awem
awemwd? um;/ ]]t0dZm , ed0ak wm avmaum}}wd ya'e? jzif/h yXr
y'm
y'mwd? um;/ ]]auek ed0ak wm avmaum}}wd y'? \/ ,kwmwd?
um;/ a,mZdwm? ,SOt
f yf\/ 0g? um;/ tEkyl g? avsmufywf\/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ {awe? ]awe p yXr y' 0doZem ,kwm }
[laom ygXfjzif/h 0doZe? \/ ykpm Ekyl wm? ykpm tm;avsmo
f nf\ tjzpfu/kd
'dwm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ykAm y&0dpa,m? ykAm y&udk pdppfjcif;ud/k
0kawm? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ ]]a,m yk*a vm eD0&aP[d ed0ak wm}}wd
tm'dem? tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h 0d0pd m yrm'geH? ,krH mS ;jcif; arhavsmjh cif;wd\
Yk /
(yp,orew
f nf;)/ t0dZm ,? \/ (bm0orew
f nf;)/ yp,bm0H? taMumif;\
tjzpfu/kd 'awd? \/
xdkodkY jy\-[laom pum;udk jrJapvdk cdkifapvdk NyD;apvdk&um; ]ed0kawm
{0 [d eyumowd}udk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ ed0ak wm {0? t0dZm ESihf vTr;f tyfonf jzpfomvQi/f eyumowd?
rxif&mS ;/ 0d0dpmwd? um;/ 0dpd u
d pd m ? wnf;/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]0d0d0dpm
emr 0kpwd 0dpdudpm}}}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ wMw? xd0k 0d pd m [laom yk'f /
t,H? qdv
k wHo
Y nfum;/ y'od'?d yk'\
f Ny;D jcif;wnf;/ rdpm 'd|o
d rm'd|ad ,m?
wdo
Yk nf/ ]]edp?H jr\
J / tedp?H rjr]J ]/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h {uHo*g[bma0e?
pifppf ,lonf\tjzpfjzif/h 0g? wpfcak om tzdu
Yk kd ,lonf\ tjzpfjzif/h
(tHoo'gum; aum|moa[mwnf;)/ y0wEd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm?
wl/ t,H? 0dpu
d pd m onf/ e y0ww?d rjzpf/ t,H ye? 0dpu
d pd m onfum;/
taeuHo*g[bm0awm? pifppf r,lEikd o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? wpfcak om
tzdu
Yk kd r,lonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ]]edpH Ek acg? jro
J avm/ tedpH Ek acg?
avm}}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0d0"d ?H txl;xl; tjym;jym;aom tmku
H /kd 0g?
um;/ 0d'k ?H qefu
Y sijf cif;ud/k pwd {owd? &Smwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
aom 0dpdudpaEm}}wd
0d0pd m ? rnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f y'od'?d wnf;/ ]]aom
tm'dem? jzif/h tyumoe? rxif&mS ;jcif;\/ (um&Pore)f / 0d0pd m yrm'geH?
wd\
Yk / (bm0ore)f / um&Pbm0H? taMumif;\ tjzpfu/kd 0d0&wd? zGi\
hf /
okaw "ar e Oyg'd,wDw?d um;/ orm'g,? aqmufwnf/ e 0ww?d

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255

rusi/hf eyumoEDw?d um;/ twaem? \/ oEmae? / tEkyg 'd,rmem?

rjzpfaptyfuek o
f nf/ [kwmG ? / aw ukovm "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ wH yk*v
?H ud/k
|? 65 avmau? / yumoH tbdnmwH? xif&mS ;onfu/kd e ua&mE?d uke/f
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ tbdvdrwDw?d um;/ ru#mavayg? onf/
ru#?H ud/k 'gkov
d m'Do?k opf ausmuf tp&So
d nfwYkd / tv,
D maywd 0d,?
uyfNiad pouJo
h /Ykd yk&o
d ?H yk*Kd vu
f /kd lyg'd0o
d a,? lygkH tp&Sad om tmkH /
mwd?
tv,
D maywd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ tmowdA[kvm
um;/ tmo*FA[kv? rsm;aom uyfNidjcif;&Sdaom/ { 0H tbd Z y m wd
u&dwGmwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk y&d,|k me|m,de?D ESyd pf uf wnfwwf\/ wd
rdem um&aPe? aMumifh/ ww m wd? um;/ wm, wPSm,? onf/
avmaum
avmaum? avmuudk/ tbd v d a w m? vdrf;usHtyfonf/ odavaoe?
opfap;jzif/h 0g? onf/ ruad wm 0d,? vdr;f uso
H uJo
h /Ykd a[mwd? \/ wd
t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
{wom 'kum ? rS/ bm,wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH 'ku?H onf/
b,H? rnf\/ r[E?H aom/ b,H? wnf;/ r[A,H? Bu;D pGmaom ab;/ awae0?
'kur r[A,}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/
aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]'k
]'k0d"H 'kuH}tp&Sdonfjzifh 'kutjym;udk a0zefNyD; r[kwfwkHavm/
tb,hfaMumifh ]wdam 'kuwm}tp&Sdaom pum;udk qdkjyefoenf;[k
apm'em&Sd&um; ]'kuH a'greEd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

'kuH a'greEd ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h 'kua r0? udo

k mvQi/f 0dbw?H \/ wd
wdam
wom? aMumif/h oA?H aom/ 'ku?H ud/k 0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]wd
'k u w mm}}wd tm'd? udk/ 0kwH? \/ Mo"aom
Mo"aomwd? um;/ u'gpd? &Hcg/
twLyurrlvm,? rdrv
d v
YHk vQif taMumif;&Sad om 'ku' u
k t
jzpfr/S u'gpd?
&Hcg/ ylyurrlvm,? olwpfyg;vkv
YH vQif taMumif;&Sad om 'ku' u
k t
jzpfr/S
wd tm'dem? aom/ 0dbma*e? jzif/h 'ku' u
k w
m,? rS/ rkpe um? \/
0daoaoe? jzif/h lyg0p&m? lyg0p&ow0gwdo
Yk nf/ 'ku' u
k w
m,? 'ku
'kut
jzpfr/S rkpe um? uke\
f / (odYk ay;)/ wxm
wxmwd rdem ya'e? jzif/h
Mo"aom? tcdu
k t
f weft
Y m;jzif/h 0g? tydik ;f tjcm;tm;jzif/h u'gpd? &Hcg/ u&[pd?

256

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4-y#deda'o

wpfpkHwpfckaom b0/ rkpwd? \/ wd {0H? odkY? tmuwd? \/

0dy&dPmr'kuwm,
m,? 0dy&dPmr'kut
jzpfr/S rkpe um? vGwaf om olwu
Ykd m;/
OayumormywAd [kvm? rsm;aom Oayumormywf&adS om olww
Ykd nf;/
wpfenf;um; OayumormywAd [kvm? rsm;aom Oayumormywf&adS om
olwo
Ykd nf/ 0dy&dPmr'kuw
m,? rS/ rkpe um? vGwu
f ek \
f / 0daoaoe? jzif/h
tlyg0p&owm? wdo
Yk nf/ 0dy&dPmr'kuw
m,? rS/ rkpe um? vGwu
f ek \
f /
(odYk ay;)/ tymAm"m
Am"mwd y'H? onf/ 'ku' u
k w
m,? rS/ rkpe ? \/
um&P0peH? taMumif;udk jyaom pum;wnf;/ 'DCm,kummwd y'H? onf/
0dy&dPmr'kuw
m,? rS/ rkpe ? \/ um&P0peH? wnf;/ (odYk ay;)/
'D C m,k u m-[l a om yk ' f \ 0d y &d P mr'k u t jzpf r S vG w f j cif ; \
taMumif ; ud k jyaom pum;\tjzpf u d k tb,h f a Mumif h od y goenf ;
pk'f&Sd&um; ]tlya'0g [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

[d ,om? aMumif/h tlya'0g? tlyg0p&jA[mwdo

Yk nf/ avmau? /
0daooawm? tm;jzif/h 'DCm,kum? &Snaf om touf&u
dS ek \
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h 'DCm,kumwd 'H y'H? onf/ 0'kua wm? 0'kur /S rkpe ?H onf/
tpEu
d ?H pifppfvw
G jf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ ,om p? aMumifv
h nf;/ 'kum
a0'emyd? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ ocFwwm? ocFww&m; jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h
tedpw
m'docFg&'kuo
bm0g {0? tjrrJ &Sd tp&Sad om ocFg&'kuo
abm&So
d nf
omvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ,awm 0'kua wm? tMuif 0'kur /S
rkpe ?H onf/ tpEu
d ?H pifppfvw
G jf cif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wH 0'ku?H ud/k
te0aooy&d,m'ge0aoe? t<uif;rJh ukeaf ponf\tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0g?
t<uif;rJ,
h o
l nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h o*FPw
dS mG ? oN*K [
f / 'awk?H iSm/
ocFg&'kuwm, yem
]]ocF
yem}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
ww 0pae? / t0,0awm? ud/k {0H? od?Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ ur
udavao[d? uHuad vomwdo
Yk nf/ Oyg'd,wd? pGv
J rf;tyf\/ 0g? jzpfaptyf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h Oyg'd? rnf\/ 0dyguuEm p? 0dygufemruEm wdu
Yk kd
vnf;aumif;/ u#wm p ly?H u#wmkyu
f v
kd nf;aumif;/ vAE?d uke\
f / Oyg'd?
uH udavomwdo
Yk nf pGv
J rf;tyf jzpfaptyfaom 0dygufemruEm u#wmky\
f /

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257

aooH? t<uif;wnf;/ Oyg'daooH? uHudavomwdkYonf pGJvrf;tyf

jzpfaptyfaom 0dygufemruEm u#wmkyf t<uif;/ {wdm? xdek Ad m e
"mwftm;/ wH Oyg'daooH? onf/ ewd? r&Sd/ wd wom? aMumifh/
tEkyg'daoom? rnf\/ edAm e"mwk? ud/k vAw?d \/ tEkyg'daoom,
oom,?
0dygufemruEm u#wmkyf t<uif;r&Sdaom/ wm, ed A m e"mwk , mm?
xdkNidrf;jcif;oabmrQjzpf/ t,H? yk'fonf/ wrLwvuaP p?
txl ; tjym;od k Y a&muf a om vu P mud k rS w f a Mumif ; teuf vnf ; /
u&Peda'aom? udP
k ;f 0dbwfjzifh jyjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ edAm e"mwlwd p?
[lonfvnf;/ edAm ,erw?H Nird ;f jcif;rQomwnf;/ womwd? um;/ ,om?
aMumif/h ocFg&'kuw
m? onf/ ouvavmuAsmydeD p? tvk;H pkaH om avmu
ESHYonfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ oAo*Fg[deD p? tvkH;pkHaom 'kuudk
oN*K [o
f nfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h avmum
avmumwd {w ya'?
/ omrd0peH? omrd0b
d wfonf/ oraE? oret
f euf/ a[mwd? \/ awe?
xdk ]ocFg&'kuw
m 'kuH avmu}-[laom ygXfjzif/h ]]'kur m}}wd y'?
\/ tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/
y'w u d k q&mqd k N yD / yk p m 0d p , 0d o Z e m0d p ,ud k rqd k N yD a vm/
tb,f o d k Y igwd k Y yk p m 0d p , 0d o Z e m0d p ,ud k od & yguk e f t H h e nf ;
apm'emzG,f &Sd&um; ]{0arw} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{0H? od/Yk {w? *gxm/ avmu? owavmuud/k eD0&Pm'De?d

zkH;vTrf;wwfaom w&m; tp&SdonfwdkYudk/ (tm'do'gjzifh tyumoe
tbdavye r[A, ok;H yg;udk ,l)/ tZmeaEe 0g? rodojzifv
h nf;aumif;/
or,E&y&dpa,e? t,lwpfyg; avhusufjcif;aMumifh/ ww? xdkow
avmuudk zk;H vTr;f wwfaom w&m; tp&So
d nfwYkd / oHo,yuaEe 0g?
,krH mS ;jcif;odYk ajy;0ifojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ (ykpm uwmodYk qdu
k )f / {uHaoae0?
pif p pf o jzif h o mvQif / AsmumwA w m ? ajztyf a om oabm&S d a om/
(]AsmumwaAm twm obma0g {wdmwd AsmumwAwm}[k jyK)/
owm"d|mem? ow0gvQif wnf&m&Sad om/ ykpm ? ud/k uwm? \/ om p ykpm ?
onfvnf;/ tZmeE 0g? rodonfvnf; jzpfaom/ ooHo, 0g?

258

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4-y#deda'o

,krH mS ;onfvnf; jzpfaom/ tZdw? t&Sit

f Zdwtm;/ (odYk 0peaoo
xnf
h ore)f / wpfenf;um; tZmeE 0g? aom/ ooHo, 0g? aom/
tZdw? \/ om p ykpm ? onfvnf;/ eD0&Pm'd0o
d ,wm,? owavmuudk
zk;H vTr;f wwfaomw&m; tp&So
d nfvQif t&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h pwkA"d m?
onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
]pwkA"d m}m}--[k q&m qdck \
hJ / ygVd ]{aum yaOm}[k qdo
k nf r[kwyf gav
gavmm/
q&mhpum; ygVdESifh qefYcJh\ apm'em&Sd&um; ]ygVd,H ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qd k o wnf ; /

ygVd,H ye? um;/ eD0&Pm'De?H zk;H vTr;f wwfaom w&m; tp&So

d nfw\
Ykd /
(tm"m& pyf)/ avmaum? owavmuud/k tm"m&bma0e? wnf&m\
tjzpfjzif/h *gxm,H? / 0kawm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h {aum? aom/
yaOm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk 'dw?H \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
t,H? um;/ {w? t&m/ ykpm0dpa,m? ykpmudk pdppfjcif;wnf;/
0doZe0dpa,myd? udv
k nf;/ t'd|aZmwem0doZem p? t'd|aZmwem0doZem
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ 0drwdap'em p? 0drwdap'em0doZemonfvnf;/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h ykpm 0dpa,? / 0kwe ,mEkoma&e?
jzif/h a0'dwaAm? \/ /
|? 66 {0H? od/Yk {um"m&H? wpfcak om 0wKvQif wnf&m&Sad om/ ykp?H
ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? / taeum"m&H? rsm;aom 0wKvQif wnf&m&Sad om/
o0Ed oA"D}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
ykp?H ud/k (vdu
k af ponf)/ 'awk?H iSm/ ]]o0E
ww 0pae? / o0EDw?d um;/ oEE?d pD;uke\
f / oA"Dw?d um;/ oaAo?k
ukefaom/ lyg'Dok? ukefaom/ tm,waeok? wdkY/ aomwm
aomwmwd? um;/
wPSm'daomwm? wPSm tp&Sad om aomwwdo
Yk nf/ 0g? tvsOw
f o
Ykd nf/ u
ed0g&P
g&PE?d um;/ awoH? xdw
k PSm tp&Sad om aomwwdu
Yk /kd tm0&PH?
wm;jrpfwwfaom w&m;onf/ u? tb,fenf;/ &um? apmifah &Smufwwfaom
w&m;onf/ um? tb,fenf;/ oH0&H jAL[Dwd? um;/ aeoH? xdkwPSm
tp&Sad om aomwwdu
Yk /kd eD0&PocFgwH? wm;jrpfwwfonf-[k qdt
k yfaom/
wH oH0&H? xdak pmifw
h wfaom w&m;ud/k uax[d? a[mawmfryl gavmh/ aue

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259

aomwm yd"D,a&
a&wd? um;/ aue "are? onf/ wPSm'daomwm? wdu
Yk /kd
yd",
d sE?d ydwt
f yfuek o
f enf;/ ypZd E ?d jzwftyfuek o
f enf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f
{w? *gxm/ y'awm? wnf;/ aooH? onf/ ygVd0aoae0? jzifyh ifvQi/f
tm0d? xifpmG / b0dwd? w/YH /
*gxm av;yg;aom 0guswdkYudk ykpm\tpGrf;tm;jzifh qdktyfukefvsuf
uf
tb,fhaMumifh yOmESpfyg;om jzpfygtHhenf; ykpm&Sd&um; ]aw a'G yOmwd}
tp&S d a om ygXf u d k qd k o wnf ; /

aw a'G yOmwd {w ygaX? / ykpm 0aoe? jzif/h y0wm,? aom/

rdm *gxm,? / pwm&d? ukeaf om/ y'ged? wdu
Yk /kd pwm&d? ukeaf om/
0gusmed? wdu
Yk /kd ,'dyd ykpw
d med? tu,f ykpm \ tpGr;f tm;jzifh qdt
k yf
uke\
f &Si/hf (pwm&d 0gusmed}um; pwm&d y'ged}\ tzGiw
hf nf;/ ykpw
d med}udk
ygVdrS ,l ay;onf)/ ye wxmyd? vnf;/ wk?H iSm/ pw
d ? aom/
tw? \/ 'k0"d wm? aMumif/h aw twm? xd*k gxmjzifh ,ltyfuek af om
teufwo
Ykd nf/ a'G yOm? ESpyf g;aom yOmwdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd?
od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ uom? aMumif/h a'G yOm? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d ukeo
f enf;/
ar[d A[Gm"d0paee ykpdwmm}}wd? [l/
wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h ]]ar[d
tm[? \/ ww? xdkygVd/ t,H? um;/ oacFyawm? tusOf;jzpfaom
teufwnf;/ {wm, *gxm,? *gxmjzifh/ ar *[dwm twm?
,l t yf a om teuf w d k Y u d k / ,o m ? aMumif h / A[l e d ? rsm;pG m aom
oabmw&m;wdu
Yk /kd t"dupd ? pG
J / y0w0paee? jzpfaom pum;jzif/h ykpw
d m?
ukef\/ wom? aMumifh/ aw twm? xdk*gxmjzifh ,ltyfukefaom
teufwdkYonf/ a'G ym? wdkYonf/ a[mEd? ukef\/ wd t,H? vQif/
oacFyawm? wnf;/
eD 0 &P0d " metm;jzif h ES p f y g;om jzpf v suf ]A[G m "d 0 paee}[k
qdkaompum; todkY oifhygtHhenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]{uawm}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qd k o wnf ; /

{uawm? wpfcrk /S Oy&d? tvGeo

f nf/ 0g? txufonf/ A[l? trsm;
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260

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d ,wH? xdEk pS yf g;tjym;&Sad om
teufvQif t&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfuo
kd mvQi/f 0d0&dw?Hk zGit
hf ahH omiSm/ ]]{{0 }}Ed
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ w? xd{k 0Htp&Sad om ygVd\/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk
a0'dwaAm? \/ wdAsoem'docFgwm[d? taqGtrsKd; wdkY\ ysufpD;jcif;
tp&So
d nf[k qdt
k yfuek af om/ ,m[d tmy'g[d? tMuif ab;&efwjYkd zif/h 0g?
wdkYonf/ (vSrf; ay;onf)/ 0g? um;/ ygP0"m'D[d {0? ow0gudk
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wdo
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(um; ormyE o\teufukd ESp0f u
d yfziG o
hf nf)/ t,H avmaum? onf/
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meH? rnf\/t&d,ra*g? ud/k
vAw?d \/ /
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d
? ysUH vGiahf om pdw&f adS omoltm;/ o0EDw?d um;/ y0wE?d uke\
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h mvQi/f

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]]{0H torm[dwm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ]],xm[

b*0g}}wd tm'dem?
],xm[ b*0g}}
jzif/h "myd? vnf;/ tEk*w
D 0d pd ,H? ud/k 'awd? \/
remyd , r[k w f a om l y gk H p onf w d k Y vnf ; aomwjzpf o nf
r[k w f a vm/ tod k Y r l ]o0wd remyd a uok l a yok } -[k qd k o enf ;
tar;&Sd&um; ]aomwmeH}paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
wpf e nf ; um; 'd | d a omw rmeaomw t0d Z m aomwwd k Y \ vnf ;
wPSmaomwodkY tpOfvdkuf&um; ]aomwmeH} paomygXfudk qdkownf;/

aomwmeH? wd\
Yk / o0eH? jzpfjcif;onf/ 0g? pD;jcif;onf/ a,bka,se?
jzif/h tEka&m"0aoae0? wyfEpS o
f ufjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f a[mwd?
o0wd remyd a uok l a yol}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]o0wd
wPSmtp&Sdaom aomwwdkYonf lygkH ponfwdkY jzpfukef pD;ukefonf
r[kwfygavm/ tb,fhaMumifh ]puKH o0wd}ponfjzifh qdkavoenf;/ puK
tp&SdonfwdkYonf lygkH ponf rjzpfwwf rpD;wwfukefwum;
um;--[k tar;ykp m
&Sd&maomaMumifh ]{w p}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

{w p? puKH o0wdtp&Sad om ygXf/ aomwmeH? wPSmtp&Sad om

aomwwd\
Yk / 'Gg&bma0e? jzpf&m'Gg&\ tjzpfjzif/h y0wrmem? jzpfuek af om/
wpfenf;um; y0wrmem y0wrmewm? aMumifh/ pum'a,m? wdkYudk/
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wdYk wifpm; ac:a0:onf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h o,H? rdrw
d o
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0d,? jzpfuek f pD;ukeo
f uJo
h /Ykd 0kwm ? uke\
f / wDw?d um;/ {0H? od/Yk oAm1wd?
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tvk;H pkaH om tjym;tm;jzif/h 'H a0g'ge
a0g'geE?d um;/ ]]y&d,|k me0dCmw}}E?d [l/
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d id af Zmwuomwnf;-[k
t,l&adS v&maomaMumifh xdt
k ,lukd epfapjcif;iSm oAmwd oAom -[k zGio
hf wnf;/
]wa,m ae0 p oAemar[d}okwu
f kd a,bk,stm;jzifo
h m qdo
k nf/ tyutm;jzifh
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262

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0kw?H aom/ 'H y&d,|k mey[meH? y&d,|k mefukd y,fjcif;onf/ a0g'geH?

jzLpifaMumif;wnf;/ /
|? 67 0doZe*gxm,? / owd awoH ed0g&P
g&PEd {w ygaX? /
0dyemor,w
k m ? 0dyemESih f ,SOaf om/ owd? owdonf/ ukovmukovmeH?
ukeaf om/ "rmeH? wd\
Yk / *wda,m/ jzpfjcif;wdu
Yk /kd oraEGormem? aumif;pGm
&SmrS;D wwfonf jzpf/ awoH aomwmeH? wdu
Yk /kd ed0g&PH? wm;jrpfwwf\/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ aomwmeH oH0&H jALrDw?d um;/ war0
ow? udo
k mvQi/f aomwmeH? wdu
Yk /kd oH0&H? apmifw
h wf ydww
f wf\[k/ jALrd?
\/ (r*f\ a&S;tzdjYk zpfaom 0dyemESihf ,SOaf om aomwwdu
Yk kd cGgaomtm;jzifh
jzpfaom owdukd ,if;r*fcP aomwwdu
Yk kd ydww
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[lvakd omf)/ ynma,aw yd"D,a&
a&wd? um;/ lyg'Do?k lyuEm tp&So
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p&So
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wnf;/ /
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Ykd
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EmeH? pdwt
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riif/
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,
]ynm,
aomwm y[D,Ed}[lom qdkygavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]tEko,y[meH}paom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tEko,y[meH? tEko,udk y,fjcif;ud/k "? t&m/ yd"meH? [l/

t"dayw?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ynm, tEko,m y[D,EDw?d [l/
tm[? \/ ,om? aMumif/h tEko,edrw
d ?H tEko,vQif taMumif;&Sad om/
y&d,|k meH? y&d,|k mefonf/ 0g? ow0gwdu
Yk kd ylyefapwwf ESyd pf ufwwfaom
udavomonf/ tEko,mbma0? tEko,rjzpfonf&adS omf/ e a[mwd?
rjzpf/ wd wom? aMumif/h tEkoa,olwd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ 'ged? /

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263

wH
war0 tw?H udyk ifvQi/f Oyrm,? jzif/h 0dbma0aEm? xif&mS ;jyvd&k um;/ ]]wH
,xm cE0Emm}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
y'wudk q&mqdkNyD; ykpm*gxm ykpm0dp, 0doZem0dp,udkum;
rqdkygNyDavm/ tb,fodkY igwdkYod&ygtHhenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]{wmyd}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{wmyd? *gxmvnf;/ (ykpm 0dpa,m 0doZem0dpa,m p a0'dwaAm

pyf ) / aomwmeH ? wPS m tp&S d a om aomwwd k Y u d k / ed 0 g&PocF g wH ?
wm;jrpfwwfonf[k qdktyfaom/ oH0&? apmifhwwfaom w&m;udk
vnf;aumif;/ yd"me? ydwfwwf jzwfwwfaom w&m;udkvnf;aumif;/
tZmeaEe 0g? ojzifhvnf;aumif;/ ww? xdkapmifhwwf ydwfwwfaom
w&m;/ oHo,dawe 0g? ,krH mS ;&So
d jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ {uHou
d wm? pifppf
ajztyf jzwftyfaom oabm&Sad om/ "rm"d|mem? "rvQif wnf&m&Sad om/
ykpm ? ud/k uwm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h "? *gxm/ ykpm 0dpa,m p?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0kwe a,ae0? vQi/f 0doZe0dpa,m p? udv
k nf;aumif;/
a0'dwaAm? \/ /
t&Sift|uxmq&m...o0Ed oA"d aomwm[laom *gxm ]aw
a'G yO m }[k t&S i f u p n f ; q&m qd k a wmf r l \ / xd k o d k Y o m qd k t yf o avm?
apm'em&Sd&um; ]{w p {aum yaOmwd 0wAH od,m}-[laom ygXfudk
qdkownf;/
tb,hfaMumifh qdktyfoenf;/ oH0&yd"me\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh ]a'G
yOm}[lom qdkaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]aomaw /v/
bm0awm}-[laom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
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{aum yaOm-[lom qdktyfoavm ykpmxGufjyef&maomaMumifh
aomwmeH 0g /v/ yOmwd-[laom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

{w p? o0Ed oA"d aomwm[laom *gxmvnf;/ (0wAo

H Ykd oGm;)/
a,e t"dyg a,e? tMuiftvdjk zif/h ]]auek ed0ak wm avmaum}}wd *gxm,?

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/ eD0&Pm'De?H owavmuudk zk;H vTr;f wwfaom w&m;tp&Su

d ek af om/ pwkE?H
av;yg;aom w&m;wd\
Yk / ykpw
d Abma0? ar;tyfonf\tjzpfonf/ owdy?d
vnf;/ {aum yamwd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ awe t"dyg a,e? jzif/h wm0?
tpOfojzif/h aomwmeH a,0? wdu
Yk o
kd mvQi/f oH0a&m p? apmifw
h wfaom
w&m;udv
k nf;aumif;/ yd"me? ydww
f wf jzwfwwfaom w&m;udv
k nf;aumif;/
ykpw
d ?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h aomaw? wdu
Yk /kd {uw0aoe? wpfyg;wnf;\
tjzpf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h *a[wGm? / ykpm ,? \/ {um"d|mebm0awm?
wpfcak om w&m;vQif wnf&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h {aum yaOmwd? [l/
Yk / A[kbm0awm
m0awm?
0wA?H onf/ od,m? \/ 0g? um;/ aomwmeH1? wd\
rsm;onf\tjzpfaMumif/h A[l? rsm;ukeo
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h ,wum aomwm wwum ymwd? [l/ 0wA?H onf/ od,m?
\/ (odYk ay;)/
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qdkaom tvdktm;jzifh ]o0Ed oA"d aomwm}*gxm ]{aum yaOm}ponfjzifh
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a,e ye t"dyg a,e? jzifu

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/ aomaw? wPSm tp&Sad om aomwwdu
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l /
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1/ aomwmeH A[kbm0awm / / auek ed0kawm avmaum*gxm
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Ykd kd ar;tyf
ukeaf omfvnf; xdak v;yg;aom teufwu
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]{aum yam}-[k qdt
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k yf\/
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xdak omwwd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzifh yOmudk trsm;[l qdt
k yf\-[lvakd omf/

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wnf&m&So
d nf\tjzpfonf/ owdy?d vnf;/ avmuH? ud/k temrodwmG ? /
ed0g&Pm'De?H wdu
Yk /kd 0dbma*e? jzif/h pwma&m yOmwdy?d [lvnf;/ 0wA?H onf/
od,m? \/ wd t,H ea,m? ud/k 'dawm? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
'ged? / ,om? aMumif/h ykpa Em? ar;aom t&Sit
f Zdwonf/ au0vH?
oufouf/ ykaA? / twem? onf/ &pdwed,marae0? pD&iftyfaom
trSwjf zifo
h mvQi/f e ykpw
?d rar;/ tx acg? pifppftm;jzif/h a'oemumav?
a[mawmfrlaom umv/ 0kw"r? a[mawmfrltyfaom w&m;\/
tEkoE? tEkoaEu/kd *a[wGmyd? vnf;/ ykpw
?d \/ wom? aMumif/h
w? xdak [mawmfrt
l yfaom w&m;\/ 0g? t&Sit
f Zdw\/ tEkoE ykpm ,?
tEkoaEudk ,l ar;tyfaom ykpm\/ 0dapwAmum&H? pdppftyfaom
tjcif;t&mud/k 'aEm? / ]],med aomwmeD}}wd *gxm,? \/ teE&?H
ynm ap0 owd pm}}
/ ]]ynm
pm}}wd *gxH? ud/k tm[? \/ wm *gxm,? \/
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ynm p? onfvnf;aumif;/ ,m |? 68 p owd? onfvnf;aumif;/
w'0aooH? xdyk nmowdrS <uif;aom/ , emrly?H onfvnf;aumif;/
tw?d \/ {wH oAr?d tvk;H pko
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rlygavmh/ wd t,H? um;/ oacFyawm? wnf;/ /
t? xdkykpm\/ 0doZe*gxm,H ye? um;/ ,om? aMumifh/
ynmowda,m? wdo
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h mvQi/f o*F[?H od/Yk *pE?d
uke\
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emrly?H onf/ taooH? t<uif;rJ/h OykZw?d csKy\
f / wH? xdek mrfyk w
f \
Ykd
csKy&f mud/k aw? tm;/ 0'grd? \/

266

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w? xdek mrfyk \
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wd wom? aMumif/h ]]t,H
0pae? / {wm, oEd,m? tpyfjzifh/ a'oem? udk/ tEkoED,wd?
tpOfpyftyf quftyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h om oE?d xdt
k pyfonf/
tEkoE?d rnf\/ /
,m, y#dy'g,? tMuifpwkopur|mef;udk yGm;apjcif;-[k qdt
k yfaom
tusijhf zif/h tEkyg'daooH? 0dygufef mruEm u#wmky\
f t<uif;r&Sad om/
edAm e"mwk?H od/Yk t"d*pE?d a&mufuek \
f / pwkopur|mebm0emocFgwH?
pwkopur|mef;udk yGm;apjcif;-[k qdt
k yfaom/ wH y#dy'H? ud/k 0doa,e?

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wDPd p opmeD}}wdtm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/

t&mESi/hf o[? wuG/ 'awk?H iSm/ ]]wD
ww 0pae? / ocFwmeDwd y'? \/ 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm?
\/ oarp orL,? tnDtGwaf &muf/ ypa,[d? taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf/
uwmed? uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ocFwmed? uke\
f / eda&m""rmeDw?d
um;/ edZk eobm0ged? csKyjf cif;oabm&Su
d ek \
f / 'kuH ork'a,m ra*gwd
'H 0peH? onf/ awoH? xdo
k ;Hk yg;aom opmwd\
Yk / 0g? wdu
Yk /kd oly'eH?
okyu
f kd jyaom pum;wnf;/ 0g? okyt
f m;jzifh jyaom pum;wnf;/ eda&ma"m
ye? eda&m"opmonfum;/ uxH? tb,foYkd oabm&So
d enf;/ wd? od/Yk
apm'emor0awm? apm'em\ jzpfoifjh cif;aMumif/h ]]ededa&ma"m tocFawm
wm}}wd?
[l/ tm[? \/
ed a &ma"m tocF a wm[k qd k a Mumif ; ud k qd k N yD / xd k e d a &m"onf
tb,fhaMumifh tocFwrnfoenf;[k ykpm&Sd&um; ]aom [d}tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk qdkownf;/ tEkoaEtm;jzifh [d o'gonf 0gusm&rwnf;/
wpf e nf ; um;-ed a &m"op m onf tocF w [k qd k \ / op m \
tjzpfjzifh twlwl r[kwfygavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]aom [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qdkownf;/ tEkoaEtm;jzifh [d o'gonf 'VDu&Pwnf;/

[d? pG/ aom eda&ma"m? onf/ auepd? aom/ ypa,e? taMumif;w&m;onf/

ocFawm? jyKjyiftyfonf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wd wom? aMumif/h tocFawm?
rnf\/ 0doa,e? ESifh/ o[? wuG/ y[mwAy[m,uobma0ok?
y[mwAoabm y[m,uoabm &Su
d ek af om/ t&d,oapo?k wdw
Yk iG /f
y[m,u0dbm*rkace? y[m,u jzpfaom r*opmudk a0zefjcif;udk
taMumif;jyKojzifh/ y[mwA0dbm*H? y[mwAjzpfaom ork',opmudk
ww ork'a,m
a0zefjcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ww
a,m}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / t0dZm0aoom
0aoomwd? um;/ 'era*e? aomwm
ywrd *fonf/ y[Dem0aoom? y,ftyfonfrS <uif;aom/ t0dZm ? wnf;/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ t, aoooa'g? udv
k nf;/ umrpaEm
Asmyga'g rmaem O'pE d {wmyd? O'p[
H al om yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ a,maZwaAm? \/

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t0dZm-[laom yk'fom ,SOftyfonf r[kwfwkHavm/ tb,fhaMumifh

]umrp a E m } tp&S d a om yk ' f w d k Y vnf ; ,S O f t yf o enf ; apm'em&S d & um;
],xm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;//tEk
tEkoaEwuftm;jzifh [d
o' g onf um&Pteuf a [mwnf ; /
wpf e nf ; um;-]umrp a E m }tp&S d a om yk ' f vnf ; ,S O f t yf o nf \
tjzpf u d k tb,f o abmjzif h od y goenf ; apm'em&S d & um; ],xm [d }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/ tEkoaEwuftm;jzifhum; [do'gonf
'VDu&Pwnf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h wpfenf;um; [d wa'0 op?H \/ t0dZm ,xm?

t0d Z m ud k u J h o d k Y / {0H wxm? wl / tyg,*reD , obm0g? tyg,f o d k Y
vm;apwwfaom oabm&Su
d ek af om/ {awyd "rm? xdu
k mrpEt
p&Sad om
w&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ yXrra*e? jzif/h 0g? onf/ y[D,Ed {0? y,ftyfuek f
ovQiu
f wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h umrpaEm Asmyga'g rmaem O'pE d
{wmyd? wdYk vnf;/ a,maZwaAm? \/ (odYk ore)f / ]]t0dZm ed&0aoom}}
wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/ {wmyd? odyYk gXf&&dS mvnf;/
,xm0kawo?k ukeaf om/ umrpEm 'dya'oky?d wdYk vnf;/ ed&0aoooa'g?
ud/k |? 69 a,maZwaAm? \/ [d ,om? aMumif/h wpfenf;um; [d wa'0 op?H
\/ yk&rd r*'aG ,e? a&S;r*fEpS cf w
k \
Ykd taygif;jzif/h om0aooH? t<uif;ESiw
hf uG/
umrpEm 'a,m? wdu
Yk /kd y[D,E?d uke\
f / wa&[d ye? rS wpfyg;aom
txufr*fEpS yf g;wdjYkzifu
h m;/ ed&0aooH? t<uif;rJ/h y[D,E?d uke\
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h umrpEm 'dya'oky?d wdYk vnf;/ ed&0aoo-oa'g? ud/k a,maZwaAm?
\/ (odYk a,mZem)/ aw"mwkau rmed 'o oHa,mZemeDwd {w
0pae? / aw"mwkau
u[d 'H 0peH? onf/ oHa,mZemeH? wd\
Yk / 0do,'eH?
t&mudk jyaom pum;wnf;/
t&mud k jyaom[l \ / oH a ,mZOf w d k Y o nf xd k a w"mwk u jzpf y g
ukef\avm apm'em&Sd&um; ]ww [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ wmed? xdq

k ,fyg;aom oHa,mZOfwo
Ykd nf/ ww? xdo
k ;Hk yg;aom
b0/ oHa,mZe0aoe? ,SOaf pjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0g? aESmifzUJG jcif;\
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0wE?d uke\
f / /

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12/ tenmwnmrD w d ` E d , H t"d | m,m

m,mwd? um;/ y[m,uH?
jzpfaom/ wH? xdt
k enmwnmrDwad `Eo
/Ykd ywGm? a&muf/ ,H yem
yemwd
{w ygaX? / , Ed y'H? onf/ a[wktaw? / y0awm? aom/ edygawm?
wnf;/ (emrfy'k v
f nf; [laomaMumifh qdo
k nf)/ 'H ca, P
PE?d um;/
a[wkbal we? aom/ a,e aPe? aMumif/h ]]ar? tm;/ Zmwd? y#doaEonf/
cDPm? ukeNf y}D }/ wd? od/Yk twaem? \/ Zmwd,m? \/ cDPbm0H? ukeo
f nf\
tjzpfu/kd Zmemwd? \/ {0H? od/Yk ypa0uP? ypa0uPmPf\/ edrw
d b
w
l ?H
taMumif;jzpf jzpfaom/ 'H t&[wzvPH? onf/ ca, PH emr?
ca, Pfrnf\/ emy&H wwm,mwd yZmemwDwd {wmyd? vnf;/ ]],H
emy&H/ v/ yZmemwD}}wd? [l/ ,Ed y'H? ,H-[laomyk'u
f /kd tmaewA?H \/
'H tEkyga' P
PEd "myd? [laom ygXfvnf;/ ykaA? / 0kwe a,ae0?
vQi/f t&[w zvP0aoe? jzif/h tawm? ud/k a,maZwaAm? \/
t|omvd e D q&muJ h o d k Y t&[w z d k v f Pf c snf ; yif qd k o avm
apm'emaMumifh ]t|omvded,H ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

t|omvd e d , H ye? um;/ ]]udavou,ua&? udavom\

ukejf cif;udk jyKwwfaom/ t&d,ra*? / y0w?H aom/ PH? onf/ ca,
PH? rnf\/ y#doE0d aoe? jzif/h tEkyg 'blaw? rjzpfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpf
jzpfaom/ wHwHr*0ZudavomeH? xdkxdkaom r*fjzifh owftyfaom
udavomwd\
Yk / tEkyg 'y&da,momae? rjzpfonf\ tqk;H / OyaE? aom/
t&d,zav? t&d,zdv
k f / y0w?H aom/ PH? onf/ tEkyg a' PH?
tEkyg a' Pfrnf\}}/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/
,if ; od k Y t|omvd e D qd k a omf vnf ; t&d , r*f jzpf a om
Pf o nf ca,Pf rnf \ / t&d , zd k v f jzpf a om Pf o nf
tEk y g a'Pf rnf \ -[k qd k y gavm apm'emzG , f & S d xd k a pm'emud k
ajzvdk&um; ]" ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

" ye? um;/ Ob,r?d ESpyf g;aom ca,Pf tEkyg a'Pfukd vnf;/
t&[wzvP0aoae0? t&[wzv
kd
f Pf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh omvQi/f

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4-y#deda'o

0dbwH? \/ awae0? aMumifhomvQif/ ]]rmed

rmed /v/ 0d ` E d , }}}}Ed p?
tm&rP /v/ vAED}} wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ tm[?
[lvnf;aumif;/ ]]tm&r
\/ /
tnd`E,
d ?H onf/ a[|darok? atmuf jzpfuek af om/ wDo?k ukeaf om/
zavok? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ Oy&darok? txuf jzpfuek af om/ wDo?k ukeaf om/
ra*ok p? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ Oyw,
d m? jzpfojzif/h ykeyKe?H tzefzef txyfxyf/
OyZr mer?d aomfvnf;/ tenmwnmrDw`d E,
d ?H onf/ yXrzvkyw
,
d m?
aomwmywzd v
kd jf zpfojzif/h tEkyg 'eda&ma"e? wpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzif/h
edZk wd 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd t*zvkyw
,
d m? t&[wzv
kd f jzpfojzif/h tEkyg 'eda&ma"e?
, tenmwnmrDwd`Ed,}}Ed
jzif/h edZk w?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]],
tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ {awe? tenmwnmrDw`d E,
d H tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h
y[mwA " r m ? wd k Y o nf / 'ebm0em[d ? aomwmyw d r *f
txufr*fo;Hk yg;wdjYk zif/h edZk Ed 0d,? csKyu
f ek o
f uJo
h /Ykd t*zvkyw
,
d m? jzif/h
w'0aoozv"rmyd? xdt
k &[wzv
kd rf S <uif;aom zdv
k w
f &m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;/
tEkyg 'eda&ma"e? jzif/h edZk E?d uke\
f / awblru"rmeH? wd\
Yk / edZk ae ye?
um;/ aum ye 0ga'g? tb,fqzkd ,
G &f m &Sad wmhtehH nf;/ wd rH tw?H ud/k
'awd? \/ tnmwm0d`E,
d wm? tnmwm0da`Ej zpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
{um? wpfcak om/ ynm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ {um? wpfcak om ynmonf/
,'d a[mwd? tH/h {0H? odYk jzpfonf/ owd? aomf/ uxH? tb,fo/Ykd 0g?
tb,fhaMumifh/ 'Gd"m? ESpfyg;tjym;tm;jzifh/ 0kwm? enf;/ wd? odkY/
tyd pm
apm'emor0awm? aMumifh/ ]]tyd
pm}}wd tm'? udk/ tm[? \/
tm&rPoauFawem
wemwd? um;/ ca, tEkyga'wd1? ca, tEkyg a'-[laom/
rm, tm&rPornm,? tmk\
H trnftm;jzif/h
1/ ca, tEkyga'wd / / t&[wzv
kd
f Pf\ tjzpfjzifh wpfyg;wnf;om
jzpfjim;aomfvnf; xdt
k &[wzv
kd v
f Qif taMumif;&Sad om c,tEkyg 'vQif tmk&H adS om
ypa0uPmPf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh tusK;d \ a0g[m&tm;jzifh ESpyf g;aom trnfukd
&uke\
f [lvakd omf/

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om yZmeea|e ynm
ynmwd? um;/ ykaA? / aomwmeH? wdu
Yk /kd yd"meudpm ?
yd w f j cif ; ud p & S d a om/ ,m ynm? ud k / 0k w m ? NyD / om ynm? onf /
yZmeeobma0e? odwwfaom oabmaMumif/h ynm? rnf\/ w&m ye?
owdonfum;/ ,xm'd | H? tMuiftMuif jriftyfaom/ ,xm*[dwH?
tMuiftMuif ,ltyfaom/ tm&rP?H od/Yk tydvmyea|e Mo*g[ea|e?
ouf0ifwwfaom oabmaMumif/h owd? rnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ /
|? 70 13/ {0H? od/Yk ]]ynm ap0 owd pm}}wd y'? \/ tw?H ud/k
0d0&dwmG ? zGiNhf y;D / 'ged? / ]]emrly}}Ed y'? \/ tw?H ud/k 0d0&aEm?
ww a, yKyg'geuEm? 'H emrly}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/
&um;/ ]]ww
]ww a, yKyg'geuEm? 'H emrlyH}[laom yk'f emrlyH[laom
yk ' f \ teuf u d k zG i f h N yD ; onf r[k w f w k H a vm/ tb,f t usKd ; iS m ]ww
a,}tp&Sdonfudk qdkjyefoenf;ykpmjzpf&maomaMumifh ]emrly 0dbma0e
'aaEm ww a,wd tm'drm[}-[laom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
,if ; od k Y emrf k y f w d k i f ; ud k a0zef o jzif h jyvd k y gaomf tvk H ; pk H a om
emrfkyfudk jyygavm/ todkYrl zyruw&m; kyfa`Eig;yg;wdkYudkom
jyavoenf ; yk p m jzpf & maomaMumif h ]ok c * [ Pw H ygu#emrl y ar0
0dbma0wkH}-[laom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

emrly? udkvnf;/ 0dbma*e? jzifh/ 'aaEm? jyonf&Sdaomf/

ok c * [ Pw H ? ,l v G , f a pjcif ; iS m / ygu#emrl y ar0? xif & S m ;aom
ww a,
emrfyk u
f o
kd mvQi/f 0dbma0wk?H iSm/ ]]ww
a,}} wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...,lvG,fapjcif;iSm xif&Sm;aom emrfkyfudkom
jyjcif;iSm ]ww a,} ponfudk qdkaom[l\/ zyruw&m; kyfa`E
ig;yg;rS w pf y g; emrf k y f r&S d c J h a omf ,l v G , f a pjcif ; iS m xif & S m ;aom
emrfkyfudkom jyjcif;iSm ]ww a,} tp&Sdonfudk qdk\[k qdkaompum;onf
tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]w*[aPae0 [d} tp&Sdaom
ygXf u d k qd k o wnf ; /

[d op?H \/ w*[aPae0? xdzk yruw&m; ky

f a`Ei g;yg;wdu
Yk kd
,lojzifo
h mvQi/f o[p&Pm'dem? wuGjzpfjcif; tp&Sad omtm;jzif/h w'an?

272

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4-y#deda'o

xdzk yruw&m; ky
f a`Ei g;yg;rS wpfyg;ukeaf om/ pdwa pwodum p?
pdwaf pwoduw
f u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ ly"rm p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ *[dwm?
ukeo
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd? od/Yk '|Am? uke\
f / {w? emrfyk w
f w
Ykd iG /f
emr*[aPe p? emro'gjzifhvnf;/ cEw,ar0? cEmokH;yg;wdkY\
emrl y H
taygif ; ud k o mvQif / *[d w H ? \/ wd wo m ? aMumif h / ]]emrl
0dnmPor,kw}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/
emrlyH 0dnmPor,kwH-[k qdkonf&Sdaomf kyfonfvnf; 0dnmOfESif h
or,kwfjzpf\[k teufa&muf&um; ]wH ye} ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/

wH ye ly?H onfum;/ or,w

k ?H 0dnmOfEiS hf or,w
k jf zpfoavm/ wd
t,H? vQif/ apm'em? wnf;/ 'H? or,kwH-[laom pum;udk/
or,w
k y p,0aoe? or,w
k y pn;f \ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h e 0kw?H rqdt
k yf/
ypk&Ze? tNyed t
f zsi;f jzpfaom olonf/ t0dbma*e? toD;ra0zefaom
tm;jzif/h *[PD,obm0H ye? ,ltyfonf\ tjzpfuu
kd m;/ oEm,? &nf/
0kw?H \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
*gxm,? jzifh/ tEkyg'daoom? 0dygufemruEm u#wmkyf\
t<uif;r&Sad om/ edAm e"mwk? edAm e"mwfu/kd ykpw
d m? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
wH? xdt
k Ekyg'daooedAm e"mwfo/Ykd pwk&'d yd g'rkace? av;yg;aom 'yd g'fukd
t&if;jyKojzif/h t&d,r*g"d*are? t&d,r*fukd &ojzif/h ywA?H a&muftyf\/
wd? odkY/ 'aaEm? / 'dyg'bm0emrlvblwmed? 'dyg'fudk
yGm;apjcif;\ taMumif;jzpf jzpfuek af om/ `E,
d med? wdu
Yk /kd owdynm[d?
ww owd p yOm p pwm&d `Ed,meD}}wd?
owdynmwdjYk zif/h ed'g a&wk?H iSm/ ]]ww
[l/ tm[? \/
owdonf owda`Eo
m rnfaumif;onf r[kww
f aHk vm/ tb,fhaMaMumi
miff h
owd a'G `Ed,med? owd`Ed, orm"d`Ed,-[k upnf;jrwfpGm r[max&f
qdkavoenf;-[k apm'emxGuf&maomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk ajzvdkaom
t &S i f t |uxmq&monf uk o vmuk o vmeH /v/ orm"d ` E d , m wd [laom ygXf u d k qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /
tb,f o d k Y orm"d a `E u d k NyD ; apoenf ; yk p m &S d j yef & maomaMumif h
]owd*[aPe apw /v/ "m"daywH}-[laom ygXfudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

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ukovmukovmeH? ukeaf om/ "rmeH? wd\

Yk / *wda,m? jzpfjcif;wdu
Yk /kd
oraEGormem? aumif;pGm &Smwwfaom/ owd? onf/ odZE?D Ny;D onf&adS omf/
{uaEe? jzif/h orm"1? ud/k edyga'wd? Ny;D ap\/ {w p? ynmowd
wdw
Yk iG v
f nf;/ owd*[
aPe? owdukd ,lojzif/h y&d,|k mey[meH? y&d,|k mefukd
owd /v/
y,fjcif;ud/k "? t&m/ t"dayw?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]owd
orm"d`Ed,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
ynmonf ynd a `E o m rnf a umif ; ygvsuf tod k Y r l ]ynm a'G
`E d , med } ponf u d k qd k o enf ; -[l a om apm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m
]wxm}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

wxm? xdrk w
S pfyg;/ tEko,ork*g w0d"m,de?D tEko,wdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJh
jzwfjcif;udk pD&ifwwfaom/ ynm? onf/ odZrmem? NyD;onf&Sdaomf/
pwkAd"ory"me0D&d,H? av;yg;tjym;&Sdaom ory"mef-[k qdktyfaom
ynm /v/
0D&,
d ud/k 0dem? / e odZw?d rNy;D / wd wom? aMumif/h ]]ynm
0D&d,d`Ed,m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
,m arok pwl o k `E d a ,olwd? um;/ ed,yp,wm,?
ed,ypn;f \ tjzpfjzif/h t"d|meblawok? wnf&mjzpf jzpfuek af om/
owdtm'Dok? ukefaom/ pwlok? ukefaom/ arok `Eda,ok? wdkY/
wHo[Zmwm {0? xdak v;yg;aom a`EE iS w
hf uGom jzpfaom/ ,m o'[em?
tMuif,kHMunfjcif;onf/ twd? \/ ]]ar[d pwl[d `Eda,[D}}wdyd?
[lvnf;/ ygVd? onf/ tw?d \/ wm? xdyk gVd\/ 0g? / (0peaoaom
pyf)/ ar[d pwl[d `Eda,[d or,kwmwd? [l/ 0peaoaom?
ygVd<uif;ud/k a,maZwaAm? ,SOt
f yf\/ tm&raP? / tbdyo
m'vuPm?
tvGe,
f MHk unfjcif; vuPm&Sad om/ o'g? onf/ uwKumrwmobm0?
jyKvjkd cif; oabm&Sad om/ qE? \/ 0g? tm;/ 0daooypa,m? xl;aom
1/ orm" ed y g a'wd / / orm"d E S i f h uif ; y&d , k | mef u d k r&jcif ;
rjzpfoifah omaMumifh owdjzifh orm"da`Eu
kd xkwo
f nf [lvakd omf/

274

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4-y#deda'o

taMumif;onf/ 0g? txl;ojzifh aus;Zl;jyKonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom?

,m o'g"dyaw,sm pdawu*wm? t,H qEorm"D}}wd? [l/
aMumif/h ]],m
tm[? \/ orm[daw pdaww?d um;/ 0dyemorm"dem? jzif/h pdaw? onf/
orm[daw? wnfMunfonf&Sdaomf/ 'H y[me
y[meEd {w ygaX? /
0durey[meom"aum? 0durey[mefudk NyD;apwwfaom/ orm"d? udk/
yZ[wd {awemwd? [l/ uwGm? / wpfenf;um; {awe? orm"djzif/h
yZ[wd? pGew
Yf wf y,fwwf\/ wd uwGm rdem um&aPe? aMumif/h
y[meE?d [l/ 0kawm? \/ ]]y"me}}Eyd ?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d \/
ta*g? tjrwfonf/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ wxm [d wawm
{0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]orm"d? ud/k {aum'Dw?d [l}}/ 0kpw
?d \/ /
tmoymo tp&S d a om ygXf j zif h xG u f o uf 0 if o uf
ponf u d k y if ,l t yf o avm apm'emaMumif h ]tmoymomwd
tm'dem}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

]]tmoymom
tmoymom}}wd tm'dem? ygXfjzif/h um,0pDpw
d o
cFg&oDaoe?
tmoymom
um,ocFg& 0pDocFg& pdwocFg&udk t&if;jyKojzifh/ wHork|myum?
xdkum,ocFg& tp&SdonfwdkYudk jzpfapwwfukefaom/ 0D&d,ocFg&m0?
0D&,
d ocFg&wdu
Yk o
kd mvQi/f *[dwm? uke\
f /
t&Sift|uxmq&m...]tmoymom} tp&Sdaom ygXfjzifh
um,ocF g & tp&S d o nf u d k jzpf a pwwf a om 0D & d , ocF g &wd k Y u d k o m
,ltyfukefaom-[k qdk\/ xdkodkY ,ltyfonf\tjzpfudk tb,foabmjzifh
odygoenf;/ wpfenf;um; xGufouf0ifouf tp&Sdonf[k qdktyfaom
um,ocF g &tp&S d o nf w d k Y u d k o m r,l t yf a umif ; ygoavm/ q&mh p um;
tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf; apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ]aw [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qdkownf;/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ aw? xd0k &D ,

d ocFg&wdu
Yk /kd wpfenf;? aw[d? wdo
Yk nf/
,m0? avmuf/ bm0emedyw
?d bm0em\ Ny;D jcif;onf/ tw?d \/ wm0?
avmuf/ {u&aoe? wpfupd w
nf;\tjzpfjzif/h o&Pawm p? jzpfjcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ ouFaywAawm p? a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf MuHtyfonf\
o&ouFyg}}wd? [l/ 0kwm ? uke\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]o&ouF
f / uom? um;/

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275

|? 71 ]]{0H? od/Yk ar? tm;/ 0g? \/ bm0em? onf/ a[mwk? wnf;}}/ wd?
od/Yk ,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzif/h pw
d m? \/ wxm? xdt
k jcif;jzif/h y0w,
d m?
jzpfjcif;\/ a[wkbm0awm? taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhwnf;/
([d w f u m; ouF a y w A a wm\ [d w f w nf ; )/ w'k b ,
,E d ? um;/
qEorm"docFgwH? qEorm"d[k qdktyfaom/ 0D&d,? vnf;aumif;/
y"meocFg&ocFgwH? aom/ 0D&,
d ? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk wH Ob,H?
xdEk pS yf g;pkaH om/
t&Sit
f |uxmq&m
...
]qEorm"d}-[k qdt
k yfaom 0D&,
d ? ]y"meocFg&}|uxmq&m...
...]qE
[k qdktyfaom 0D&d,udk ]qEorm"dy"meocFg&orEm*wH 'dyg'H}-[laom
ygXfjzifh ,ltyfNyD; r[kwfwkHavm/ ,if;odkY ,ltyfonf&Sdaomf w'kb,H\
t&udk toD;tjcm;om qdktyfaumif;ygonf r[kwfwkHavm apm'em&Sd&um;
]Ob,ar0 [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ Ob,ar0? ESpfyg;aom 0D&d,udkomvQif/ Oypm&0aoe?

tab'ab'lypm&\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tnH 0d,? wpfyg;udu
k o
hJ /Ykd uwGm? /
qEorm"d /v/ 'dyg'
]]qE
g'}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/
jym;rSom tjym;udk jyK qdkaumif;ygonf r[kwfavmykpm&Sd&um;
]tbdErd [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d opH? \/ ]]odvmykwu o&D&}}Ed? [l/ a0g[&Ed ,xm?

ac:a0:uk e f o uJ h o d k Y / tbd E r d ? rjym;onf u d k v nf ; / Oypm&0aoe?
tab'ab'lypm&\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h bdEH 0d,? jym;ouJo
h /Ykd uwGm? /
a0g[&E?d uke\
f / /
ww 0pae? / ,m "rZmwd? tMuiform"dy"me-[k qdt
k yfaom
oabmw&m;onf/ Zw?d jynfph \
Hk / 0g? Ny;D \/ wd wom? aMumif/h om
"rZmwd? onf/ '?d rnf\/ ordZw?d jynfph \
Hk / edyZ w
?d Ny;D \/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ wm, "rZmwd,m? jzif/h owm? wdo
Yk nf/
ZEd? jynfhpkHukef\/ 0g? BuD;yGm;jcif; vGefuJjcif;odkY a&mufukef\/ 'g?
jynfph u
Hk ek o
f nf/ 0k'g ? yGm;ukeo
f nf/ Ouo
H *wm? vGeu
f jJ cif;odYk a&mufuek o
f nf/
a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h om "rZmwd? onf/ '?d rnf\/

276

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4-y#deda'o

{awe "are? xdo

k rm"d tp&Sad om w&m;jzif/h yZw?d jynfph jHk cif; Ny;D jcif;odYk
a&mufwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom "arm? onf/ yga'g? rnf\/
yXare? aom/ tawe? Zw-d [laom teuftm;jzif/h 'd {0? jynfph aHk om
w&m;onfyifvQi/f yga'g? tzdt
Yk pkwnf;/ 'dyga'g1? jynfph aHk om w&m;onfyif
tzdt
Yk pk/ 'ad um|maom? jynfph aHk omw&m; tzdt
Yk pk/ wd t,H? vQi/f
taw m ? wnf ; / 'k w d a ,e? aom/ taw e ? ZE d wm,-[l a om
teuftm;jzif/h ',
d m? jynfph jHk cif; yGm;jcif;odYk a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom w&m;\/
yga'g? wnf&m taMumif;wnf;/ ywd|m? wnf&mwnf;/ t"d*rlyga,m?
&jcif;\ taMumif;wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h 'dyga'g
ga'g? rnf\/
pifppf 'd\ wnf&mtaMumif; [kwfyg\avmykpm&Sd&um; ]awe
[d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? th/H awe? xdo

k rm"d tp&Sad om w&m;jzif/h Oyly&d0ad ooocFgwH?
txuftxuf jzpfaom txl;-[k qdt
k yfaom/ '? jynfph jHk cif; Bu;D yGm;jcif;
vGeu
f jJ cif;od/Yk yZEd ygykPE?d uke\
f /
1/ 'dyga'g / / teufum; ]'o
d ' yXarm uwKtawm? 'kwad ,m
u&Pawm 0kawm? yg'o' {aum u&Pawm {0/ yZw
d Am p 'd 0kwm ? e
p ZEd/ yZdwAm p 'D yZeu&aPe yga'e ormem"du&Pm e a[mEDwd
]]yXare tawe 'd {0 yga'g}}wd uxH oum 0wK?H wxm 'u
d &d ,
d mu&aPe
oma"wAm Ak'docFgwm 'd yZeud&d,mu&aPe yZdwAmwd 'GdEH u&PmeH e
ormem"du&Pwm or0wDwd ]]'kwad ,e tawe ',
d m yga'g}}wd uxH oum
0wKEd ap? oum/ yg' Zrmeaum|moZeu&Plyg,bm0awm}-[laom
#DumESihf tnDwnf;/ #Dumteufum; 'o
d '? \/ yXarm? aom/ uwKtawm?
uwKteufu/kd 0kawm? \/ 'kwad ,m? aom/ u&Pawm? ud/k 0kawm? \/ yg'o'?
\/ {aum? aom/ u&Pawm {0? udo
k mvQi/f 0kawm? \/ yZw
d Am? yZeBu,
d mjzifh
a&muftyfaom/ 'd p? 0k'[
d k qdt
k yfaom 'u
d v
kd nf;/ 0kwm ? \/ ZE?D jynfph aHk om/
'd? udk/ e 0kwm? tyfcJh/ yZdwAm p 'd? yZdwAmjzpfaom 'donfvnf;/
yZeu&aPe? yZeBud,m\ udkPf;jzpfaom/ yga'e? yg'ESifh/ ormem"du&Pm?
wlaom wnf&m &Su
d ek o
f nf/ e a[mE?d rjzpfuek /f wd wom? aMumif/h yXrawe
'd {0 yga'gwd? [l/ tmp&da,e? t|uxmq&monf/ 0wKH? qdktHhaomiSm/

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277

opdumwAjzpfaom 'dyg'fudk rvdk? bma0wAjzpfaom 'dyg'f

ud k o m vd k t yf & um; y#d y ' d 0 d a 0ued d w teuf u d k epf a pjcif ; iS m
0da0ueddwEd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

0d a 0ued d w Ed? um;/ w'*F0da0ueddw? w'*F0da0uudk

rS D o nf v nf ; jzpf a om/ ork a p ' 0d a 0ued d w ? ork a p ' 0d a 0uud k
rSDonfvnf; jzpfaom/ ed&P0da0ueddw? aom/ 'dyg'H? udk/
bma0wd? \/ wd t,H? onfvQi/f tawm? wnf;/
tb,fodkY w'*F0da0u tp&Sdonfudk rSDaom 'dyg'fudk yGm;ap
oenf;/ rSDjcif; twlwlyif r[kwfavm
vm--[laom apm'emykpmudk jyawmfrlvdk
]wxm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
uxH oum? tb,fodkY wwfaumif;ygtHhenf;/ wxm? xdkrSwpfyg;/ 'dud&d,m
u&aPe? 'dBud,m\ udkPf;jzifh/ oma"wAm? NyD;aptyfaom/ 0k'docFgwm?
BuD;yGm;onf[k qdktyfaom/ 'd? 'donf/ yZeud&d,mu&aPe? yZeBud,m\
udP
k ;f jzif/h yZw
d Am? a&muftyfonf/ a[mwd? jzpfc\
hJ / wd wom? aMumif/h 'GEd ?H
ukefaom/ u&PmeH? wdkY\/ tormem"du&Pwm? rwlaom wnf&m&Sdonf\
tjzpfonf/ e or0wd? rjzpfoifhcJh/ wd wom? aMumifh/ 'kwd,awe 'd,m
yga'gwd? [l/ tmp&da,e? onf/ 0wK?H iSm/ uxH oum? enf;/ wd? od/Yk ap
0a',s? tHh/ oum? \/ uom? aMumifh/ oum? enf;[lrlum;/ yg'? yg'\/
Zrmeaum|moZeu&Pl y g, bm0awm? jynf h p k H a om ' d t zd k Y t pk
ZeBu,
d m\ udP
k ;f jzpfaom '\
d rS&D mtaMumif; jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h oum?
\/ wpfenf;um;/ yXare? aom/ tawe? ZEd wm, [laom teuftm;jzif/h
0k'd {0? jynfhpkHjcif;odkY a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom w&m;onfomvQifyg'/ yga'g? yg'
rnf\/ 'dyga'g? jynfhpkHjcif;odkY a&mufaMumif; jzpfaom w&m;onfomvQifyg'/
'ad um|maom? jynfph jHk cif;odYk a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom w&m;tzdt
Yk pk/ wd t,H? vQi/f
tawm? wnf;/ 'kwad ,e? aom/ tawe? Zw[
d al om teuftm;jzif/h ',
d m?
jynfhpkHtyfaom w&m;\/ yga'g? wnf&mtaMumif;wnf;/ ywd|m? wnf&mwnf;/
t"d*rlyga,m? &jcif;\ taMumif;/ wd wom? aMumifh/ 'dyga'g? rnf\/
teufum; ]tx 0g yXrawe ',
d m yga'g 'yd ga'g? 'kwad ,e tawe 'd
{0 yga'g 'yd ga'gwd {0H a,mZeawm/ wxm teE&awm ypmow
d a,e "
yXarmwd t"dayawm? wxm yk&ad rm 'kwad ,mwd}[laom #DumESihf tnDwnf;/

278

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4-y#deda'o

wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ 'yd g'bm0emEk,ak wm? 'yd g'fukd

yGm;apjcif; tzefwvJvJ vkv
YH jyKaom/ t,H a,m*D? a,m*Dy*k Kd vo
f nf/
0dyemuaP? 0dyemcP/ udpa wm? udpt
m;jzif/h w'*F0ad 0uedw
d ?H
aom/ 'dyg'H? udk/ bma0wd? \/ tZmo,awm? tvdktm;jzifh/
ed&P0da0uedw
d ?H aom/ 'yd g'H? ud/k bma0wd? \/ r*ua P ye?
um;/ udpa wm? tm;jzif/h orkap'0da0uedw
d ?H aom/ 'yd g'H? ud/k
bma0wd? \/ tm&rPawm? tmkjH yKaomtm;jzif/h ed&P0da0uedw
d ?H
aom/ 'yd g'H? ud/k bma0wd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ (odYk
a,mZem)/ 0d&m*eddwEd tm'Do?k wdYk / {o {aom ea,m? ud/k '|aAm?
\/ /
tb,f o d k Y enf ; wl y gtH h e nf ; / o' g jym;&S d a omaMumif h enf ; jym;
aumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm[k ykpm xGuf&maomaMumifh ]0da0uwm {0
[d 0d&m*g'a,m} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ 0d&m*g'a,m? 0d&m*tp&So

d nfwo
Ykd nf/ 0da0uwm {0?
0da0uteuf&u
dS ek o
f nfomvQi/f a[mE?d uke\
f /
wpfpkHwpfck txl;r&SdNyDavm apm'emykpm&Sd&um; txl;udk jyjcif;iSm
]au0vaw}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

{w p? 0d&m* tp&So
d nfwYkd / au0vH? txl;um;/ a0ga*g?
a0g* o nf / y&d p m *a0ga* g p? y&d p m *a0g* v nf ; aumif ; /
yuEe a0ga*g p? vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk 'k0ad "m? onf/ a[mwd? \/
xdkESpfyg;wdkY\ txl;um; tb,fodkYenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]ww}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk a[mawmfrlownf;/

ww? xdEk pS yf g;aom a0g*ww

Ykd iG /f 0dyemuaP? / w'*F0aoe?
w'*F\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h r*ua P? / orkap'0aoe? jzif/h udavoy[meH?
udavomudk y,fjcif;onf/ y&dpm *a0ga*g? rnf\/ 0dyemuaP? /
wEEd b
ma0e? xdek Ad m efoYkd Gwo
f nf\ tjzpfjzif/h r*ua P? / tm&rP
u&P0aoe? jzif/h edAm eyuEe ?H edAm efoYkd ajy;0ifjcif;onf/ yuEe a0ga*g?
rnf\/

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279

xdkESpfyg;aom a0g*wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;aom a0g*onf

oifhoavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]w'kb,rd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

w'kb,r?d xdEk pS yf g;aom a0g*onfvnf;/ avmud,avmukw&

rdau? avmuDavmukw& mESihf a&maom/ ro two0H Pemea,
two0H Pemenf;/ ,kZw
?d \/
wpf y g;yg;aom a0g* o m oif h a umif ; ygonf r[k w f w k H a vm/
tar;&Sd&um; ]wxm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ t,H yXrd'yd ga'g? a&S;OD;pGmaom

'dyg'fonf/ ,xm0kawe? aom/ yuma&e? jzifh/ (0dyemuaP
w'*F0aoe ponfjzifh qdt
k yfaom tjym;udk ,l)/ udavao? wdu
Yk /kd y&dpZ wd?
pGe\
Yf / edAm e? odv
Yk nf;/ yuEw
?d ajy;0if\/ a0g*y&dPmrdEd rdem
ye 0paee? jzifu
h m;/ a0g*w?H y&dpm *a0g* yuEe a0g* tusK;d iSm/
y&dPrEH y&dypE ? &ifq
h v
J nf;jzpfaom/ y&dPwH y&dyu? &ifNh y;D vnf;
jzpfaom/ wd t,H tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/
y&dPrEHudk y&dypEH? y&dPwHudk y&dyuH zGifhonf/ &ifhqJ &ifhNyD;[k
ESpfcsuf todkYrl zGifhoenf;/ wpfcsufcsufom zGifhaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm
apm'emaMumifh ]t,H [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkaomf/

[d ,om? aMumif/h 'yd g'bm0emEk,ak wm? aom/ t,H a,m*D? onf/

,xm a,e tmuma&e? jzif/h bm0dawm? yGm;aptyfonf &Sad omf/ yXarm?
aom/ 'dyga'g? onf/ udavoy&dpm*a0g*w? udavomwdkYudk
pGejYf cif;wnf;[laom a0g*tusK;d iSmvnf;aumif;/ edAm eyuEe a0g*w ?
edAm efoYkd ajy;0ifjcif;wnf;[laom a0g*tusK;d iSmvnf;aumif;/ y&dypw?d &ifq
h J
jzpf\/ ,xm p a,e tmuma&e? jzifv
h nf;/ bm0dawm? yGm;aptyfonf &Sad omf/
y&dyaum? &ifNh y;D onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wxm awe tmuma&e? jzif/h eH?
xdyk Xr'yd g'fu/kd bma0wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 'k0ad "e? jzif/h tawm?
ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kawm? qdt
k yfownf;/ (odYk a,mZem)/ aood'yd ga'oky?d
<uif;aom 'yd g'fwYkd vnf;/ {ao0 {aom {0 ea,m? udo
k mvQi/f '|aAm?
\/ t,H ye? qdv
k wHo
Y nfum;/ 0daoaom? wnf;/ qE?H ud/k aZ|uH?

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4-y#deda'o

tBu;D ud/k uwGm? / y0wad wm? jzpfaptyfaom/ orm"d? onf/ qEorm"d?

rnfonf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ 0D&,
d ?H ud/k pdw?H ud/k 0Dro
H ?H
ud/k aZ|uH? ud/k uwGm? / y0wad wm? aom/ orm"d? onf/ 0drHomorm"d?
rnf\/ wd t,H? um;/ 0daoaom? wnf;/ /
|? 72 14/ au0vH? oufouf/ pwkw
'yd ga'g {0? onfomvQi/f
orm"dPrlvaum? orm"dPfwnf;[laom rlv&So
d nf/ e? r[kw/f tx
acg? pifppfru
l m;/ oaAmyd? tvk;H pkaH om 'yd g'fonfvnf;/ orm"dPoaAm
rlvaum? Pfwnf;-[laom rlv&S\
d / wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/ ]]oaA
/v/ y&d0wD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ oaAmyd? tvk;H pkaH om 'yd g'fonfvnf;/
Prlvaum? onf/ ,'d od,m? tH/h {0H? onf/ owd? aomf/ uom?
aMumif/h aom {0? xdpk wkw
'yd g'fuo
kd mvQi/f 0Dro
H morm"Dw?d [l/ 0kawm?
enf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f ykpm ? tar;wnf;/ 0Dro
H ?H ud/k aZ|uH uwGm?
tBuD;jyK/ y0wdwwm? jzpfaptyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ aom {0?
udo
k mvQi/f 0Dro
H morm"Dw?d [l/ 0kawm? \/ wd t,H tawm? ud/k
0kawm0? qdt
k yfNy;D ovQiu
f wnf;/ ww 0pae? / ykAb
m*ynm,? a&SUydik ;f
jzpf a om ynmjzif h / Prl v aum
aum? Pf w nf ; [l a om rl v &S d \ /
t"d*rynm,? t"d*rynmjzif/h PykA*Farm
rm? PfvQif a&SUoGm;&S\
d /
ypa0uPynm,? jzif/h PmEky&d0wd? PfoYkd tpOfvu
kd \
f / tx 0g?
um;/ ykAbm*ynm,? jzifh/ Prl v aum
aum? \/ Oypm&ynm,? jzifh/
PykA*Farm
rm? \/ tyemynm,? jzif/h PmEky&d0wd? \/ 0g? um;/
Oypm&ynm,? jzif/h Prlvaum
aum? \/ tyemynm,? jzif/h Pyky*Farm
rm?
\/ tbdnmynm,? jzif/h PmEky&d0wd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ /
,xm yk a &&wd {w ya'? / tawm? udk/ 0waAm? qdktyf\/
orm"d? \/ ykaAe0d gomEkwdPmEky&d0wb
d ma0e? ykaAe0d gomEkwd
PfoYkd tpOfvu
kd o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h yka& ykaA? a&S;/ (xdu
k kd zGiv
hf &kd um;
]twDwmok} ponfukd qdo
k nf)/ twDwmok? ukeaf om/ ZmwDo?k ZmwdbHk
b0wdYk vnf;aumif;/ toacsaF ,soyk ?d ra&wGuEf ikd o
f nfvnf;jzpf ukeaf om/
oH00d0aok? oH0uyf00d uyfwYkd vnf;aumif;/ twaem p? \vnf;aumif;/

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ya&o ? wd k Y \ vnf ; aumif ; / 'k y # d 0 d Z H ? od E d k i f c J a om/ cE emr?

cEmrnfonfvnf;aumif;/ cELyedA' emr? cEmESiphf yfaom trnftrsK;d
tp&So
d nht
f rnfonfvnf;aumif;/ ewd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd wxm? wl/ ypm?
aemuf jzpfaom/ orm"d? \/ tem*wHoPmEky&d0wdbma0e?
tem*wHoPfoYkd tpOfvu
kd o
f nf\tjzpfaMumif/h (ypmudk zGiv
hf &kd um;
tem*wmok tp&Sdonfudk qdkaomf)/ tem*wmok? vmvwHYukefaom/
ZmwD o k ? wd k Y vnf ; aumif ; / toacsF a ,sok y d ? vnf ; jzpf u k e f a om/
oH00d0aok? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ twaem p? \vnf;aumif;/ ya&o?
wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 'ky# 0d Zd ?H aom/ cE emr? onfvnf;aumif;/ cELyedA'
emr? onfvnf;aumif;/ ew?d r&S/d wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
,xm ypmwd {w ygaX? / orm"d? \/ apawmy&d,PmEk
y&d0wdbma0e? apawmy&d,PfodkY tpOfvdkufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/
tem*awok? ukefaom/ owok 'd0aook? ckepf&ufwdkY/ y&owmeH?
wpfyg;aom ow0gwd\
Yk / 'ky# 0d Zd ?H aom/ pdwH emr? rnfonf/ ewd ,xm?
uJhodkY/ wxm? wl/ yka&? / twDawok? vGefavukefNyD;aom/ owok
'd0aook? wdYk / y&owmeH? wd\
Yk / 'ky# 0d Zd ?H aom/ pdwH emr? rnfonf/
ew?d r&S/d wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ,xm 'd0ggwd? um;/ 'd0obma*?
aeYtzdYk / ol&,
d mavmaue? aea&mifonf/ tEum&? trdu
k w
f u
kd \
f /
0d"rdwwm? azsmuftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ puKrEmeH? rsufpdtjrif
&Sdukefaom/ owmeH? wdkYtm;/ tmygx*wH? xifjcif;odkY a&mufaom/
puK0ad n,s?H puK0n
d mOfjzifh odtyfaom/ ly?H lygku
H /kd ok0ad n,sH ,xm?
od v G , f o uJ h o d k Y / wxm &w d E d ? um;/ wxm? wl / &w d b ma*? /
pwk&*ForEm*awyd? av;yg;aomt*FgESifh jynfhpkHonfvnf;jzpfaom/
tEuma&? onf/ 0wrmae? jzpfonf&Sdaomf/ orm"d? \/ 'dApuK
PmEky&d0ww
d m,? aMumif/h 'ky# 0d Zd ?H aom/ lyg,weH emr? rnfonf/
ew?d r&S/d /
,xm &w wxm 'd0ggwd? um;/ &w,
d ?H / 'ky# 0d Zd ?H aom/ lyg,weH
emr? rnfonf/ ewd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ (odYk ay;)/ wxm? wl/ 'd0gyd?

282

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4-y#deda'o

vnf;/ twdokckrH? tvGefodrfarGUaom/ , lyH? tMuiflygkHonf

vnf;aumif;/ auepd? wpfpw
Hk pfcjk zif/h wda&m[dw?H jcm;em;zk;H uG,af om/ ,
lyH? onfvnf;aumif;/ twd'la&? tvGefa0;aomt&yf/ XdwH? aom/
wpfenf;um; twd'al &? aom/ , ly?H onfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ 'ky# 0d Zd ?H
aom/ oA?H aom/ wH lyH emr? xdk yl gkrH nfonf/ ew?d r&S/d lyg,wae? /
0kwH ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ wxm? wl/ orm"d? \/ 'dAa omwPmEky&d0ww
d m,? aMumif/h o'g,wae p? vnf;/ aewA?H aqmiftyf\/ 0g?
wd 0d0a#e apwom
odtyf\/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]wd
apwom}}wd tm'?
ud/k tm[? \/ ww ygaX? / ty&da,mea'emmwd? um;/ tbdnmP?
tbdnmOfPf\/ yg&dAEuudavao[d? ab;&efjzpfaom udavom
wdo
Yk nf/ teaZmwa#e? rvTr;f rd;k rESyd pf uf tyfaom/ ty&da,me'wm
{0? rvTr;f rd;k rESyd pf uftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh omvQi/f oybmoH? ta&mifEiS hf
wuGjzpfaom/ pdwH? udk/ {awae0? 0d0a#e apwom tp&Sdaom
ygXfjzifo
h mvQi/f orm"d? \/ '0d "d PmEk-y&d0ww
d myd? '0d "d PfoYkd
tpOfvu
kd o
f nf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;/ 0kwm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/ wd? od/Yk
'|A?H \/ yd`Ed,meDwd rdem ya'e? jzif/h 'yd g'or,w
k m ed? ukeaf om/
aou? aouy*k Kd v\
f / y`d E,
d med? wdu
Yk /kd t"daywmed? uke\
f / wd
ukovmeD}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ pdwo[bleDwd
wom? aMumif/h |? 73 ]]uk
tm'd ? ud k / awoH ? xd k i g;yg;aom a`E w d k Y \ / 0d Ped a &ma"e?
0dnmOfcsKyo
f jzif/h eda&m"'ew?H csKyjf cif;udk jytHah omiSm/ tm&'?H \/
emrlym}}wd tm'd? ud/k wxm? wl/ 0dnmPeda&ma"e? jzif/h eda&m"'ew?H
]]emrl
iSm/ tm&'?H \/ (odYk ore)f /
t&Sift|uxmq&m...emrfkyf\ 0dnmOftaMumif;&Sdonf\ tjzpf?
0dnmOfaMumifh jzpfonf\ tjzpfudkom rqdkygoavm/ 0dnmOfcsKyfojzifh
csKyfjcif;udk rqdkwum;ykpmxGuf&maomaMumifh ]awaewH} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qdkownf;/

awe? xdek mrly tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h {wH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/

]]au0vH? oufouf/ y`E,
d med {0? wdo
Yk nfomvQi/f 0dnmP? \/ eda&m"m?

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aMumif/h edZk E?d csKyu

f ek o
f nfum;/ e? uke/f tx acg? rlum;/ emrly?
onfvnf;/ 0dnmPa[wku?H 0dnmOfvQif taMumif;&So
d nfjzpf/ wpfenf;um;
0dnmPa[wku?H aom/ emrly? onfvnf;/ 0dnmP? \/ eda&m"m?
aMumif/h edZk w?d \}}/ wd {wH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ /
wm
wmwd? um;/ 0dnmP? \/ a[wlw?d um;/ wPSm t0dZm 'daum?
tem[m&Ed 'H y'H? onf/ y'? \/
wPSmt0dZm tp&So
d nfwnf;/ tem[m&
tw00d &PH? teufukd zGiahf om yk'w
f nf;/ tebdeEdwEd 'H y'H? onf/
tbdeEeblwm,? tvGew
f yfEpS o
f ufwwfonf jzpfjzpfaom/ wPSm,?
wPSm\/ y[Dewm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f tyww
d ?H rawmifw
h onf jzpf/
wawm {0? xdkodkY wPSmudk y,ftyfNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif/
ty#doEduH? y#doaEukd rjzpfaponfjzpf/ wH 0dnmPH? onf/ edZk w?d
\/ 0dnmPH? onf/ a[wkaem? wPSm t0dZm tp&Sad om taMumif;\/
tbm0g? r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ta[wk? taMumif;r&So
d nf/ typ,?H
ypn;f r&So
d nf/ [kwmG ? / ykeA0?H topfaom b0ud/k e edAw
,
wd ,xm
p? rjzpfapouJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ wpfenf;-0dnmPH ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ (odYk
aomfvnf; ay;)/ {0H wxm? wl/ emrlyr?d onfvnf;/ 0dnmPocFgw?
qdt
k yfaom/ a[wkaem? \/ tum0g? r&Sjd cif;aMumifh ta[wk? 0dnmOfwnf;
[laomtaMumif; r&So
d nf/ (vSr;f pyf ay;onf/) yp,? \/ tbm0g?
r&Sjd cif;aMumif/h wyp,
meH? xd0k n
d mOf\ taMumif;jzpfuek af om/ ocFg&m'De?H
wd\
Yk / tbm0g? r&Sjd cif;aMumif/h typ,
?H 0dnmOf\taMumif; ypn;f r&So
d nf/
[kwmG ? / ykeA0?H b0opfu/kd e edAw
,
wd? rjzpfap/ (odt
Yk jynft
h pkaH y;/
0dnmPocFgw ponfudk wajzmifhwnf; ray;vifh)/ aooH? onf/
ygu#ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/ ykpm 0doZe0dpa,myd? udv
k nf;/ 0kwe ,mEkoma&e?
jzif/h a0'dwaAm? \/ /
{0H? od/Yk tEkoEyd pk r ?d tEkoaEukd ,lar;aom ykpm udv
k nf;/ 'awGm?
/ a[|m? / owm"d|mem? aom/ ykpm p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ "rm"d|mem?
aom/ ykpm p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0doHk 0do?Hk oD;/ 'dwm? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h 'ged? / wm? xdo
k wm"d|meykpm "rm"d|meykpm wdu
Yk /kd o[? wuG/

284

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'awk?H iSm/ ]]a,

ao}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww
a, p ocFgw"rmao
0pae? / t,H? um;/ tawm? wnf;/ ocFgw"rmwd? um;/ tedpm 'd0aoe?
jzif/h y&d0rD o
H w
d "rm? pkpH rf;qifjciftyfaom w&m;&Su
d ek \
f /
t&Sift|uxmq&m...ocFgw"rmudk oarp oHwk,S ypa,[d
uw
uwmm "r m tp&S d o nf j zif h ocF g ww&m;ud k o m zG i f h a umif ; ygonf
r[kwfwkHavm/ wpfenf;um;-pkHprf;qifjciftyfaom "ronf ocFgw"r
rnf a umif ; ygonf r[k w f a vm-[k tar;yk p m xG u f & maomaMumif h
t&[wH {wH t"d0peH-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{wH? ocFw"r[al om trnfonf/ t&[wH t&[EmeH? &[Emwd\

Yk /
t"d0peH? trnfwnf;/ aou mwd? um;/ oDvm'Ded? wdkYudk/ odurmem?
usiq
hf jJ zpfuek af om/ t0aoom? &[EmrS <uif;ukeaf om/ t&d,yk*v
m?
wdkYwnf;/ yk x lwd? um;/ A[l? ukefaom/ ow Zem? ckepfa,mufaom
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f o
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aocgaocgeH? xdak ouy*k Kd vf taouy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd / y#dyw? tusiu
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wnf;/ aooH? ud/k ygVd0aoae0? jzifo
h mvQi/f 0dnm,wd? \/ /
15/ udmmwd? um;/ ud a[wk? tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h aue
um&aPe? tb,ftaMumif;aMumif/h wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
aocgaoc0d y em yk A * F r y [ mea,ma*em
mea,ma*emwd? um;/ aoac p?
aou y k * d K vf w d k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / taoac p? wd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; /
0dyemykA* rF y[mae p? 0dyema&SUoGm;&Sad om y[mefwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/
ykpe a,ma*e? ar;jcif;ESihf ,SOaf om/ ykpm 0d"ed m? ykpm tpDt&ifjzif/h wd
t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
0doZe*gxm,H? / umarok embd*daZ,sm
Z,smwd? um;/ 0wKumarok?
wdYk / udavoumare? jzif/h e tbd*ad Z,s? rrufarm&m/ reom}em0davm
od , mmwd? um;/ Asmyg'0dwum'a,m p? Asmyg'0dwuf tp&So
d nfvnf;

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jzpfuek af om/ um,'kp& w

d m'a,m p? vnf;jzpfuek af om/ reaom? pdw\
f /
tm0dvbm0ua&? aemufuso
d nf\ tjzpfukd jyKwwfuek af om/ "ar? wdu
Yk /kd
yZ[aEm? / pdawe? jzif/h tem0davm? aemufusjd cif; r&So
d nf/ ba0,s?
&m\/ ,om ye? aMumifu
h m;/ tedpw
m'd0aoe? tedpt
jzpf tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ oA"rmeH? wdkY\/ y&dwkvdwwm? EdIif;,SOftyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ oA"arok? wdkY/ ukoavm? vdrmaom/ taoaum?
taouy*k Kd vo
f nf/ um,mEkyemowdtm'D[?d um,mEkyemowd
tp&So
d nfwjYkdzif/h oawm p? owdEiS hf jynfph o
Hk nfvnf;aumif;/ oAuad vomeH?
wdkY\/ bdEwm? zsufqD;tyfNyD;onf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ OwrbduKbm0H?
jrwfaom&[ef;tjzpfo/Ykd yawm p? a&mufonfvnf;aumif;/ [kwmG ? /
oA&d,myaxok? wdkY/ y0wwd? jzpf\/ 0g? ae\/ wom? aMumifh/
ukoavm /v/ y&dAaZZ}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f ocFyawm?
]]uk
wnf;/ /
owm"d|mef "rm"d|mefjzpfaom ykpm0doZemudk jyNyD;
r[kwfwkHavm/ tb,fhaMumifh ]b*0awm} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkoenf;
apm'em&Sd&um; ]aocgaoc /v/ 0kwH}udk qdkownf;/
,if ; od k Y aocgaocy#d y 'gud k jyvd k y gaomf ]ww aoau e }
ponfudkom qdkygavm/ tb,hfaMumifh ]b*0awm} ponfudk qdkoenf;
apm'emaMumifh ]tem0&PPH /v/ 0dbZdwGm}udk qdkownf;/
tb,h f a Mumif h tem0&PPf u d k ur ' G g &wd k Y j zif h a0zef o enf ; /
ra0zefaomfvnf; aoctaocy#dy'gudk jyjcif;udp rNyD;aumif;ygoavm
apm'emaMumifh ]ww ,H /v/ 0kwH}udk qdkownf;/
,if;odkY edyaum[laom yk'fudk bk&m;udk &nf qdkygaomf bk&m;udkom
jyaumif ; onf r[k w f y gavm apm'emaMumif h ]b*0awm p /v/
'D a ywA E d } ud k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

|? 74 ww? xdyk pk m *gxm 0doZem*gxmwdw

Yk iG /f ykpm *gxm,H? / ,H
]]edyaum}}wd y'H? ud/k 0kw?H \/ wH? xdek yd aum[laom yk'u
f /kd b*0E?H ud/k
oEm,? \/ 0kw?H / b*0awm p? \vnf;/ Ouo
H yg&rdyw
?H vGeu
f aJ om
tqk;H odYk a&mufaom/ aeyu?H ynmawmfu/kd tem0&PP'aee?

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tem0&PPfukd jyojzif/h 'DaywA?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h tem0&P

PH? ud/k wm0? pGm/ ur'gG &aba'[d? ur'gG &tjym;wdjYk zif/h 0dbZdwmG ? /
aocgaocy#dy'H? aoctaocwd\
Yk tusiu
hf /kd 'awk?H iSm/ b*0awm
oAH um,urEd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ awe? xdk b*0awm oAH um,urH
tp&Sdaom ygXfjzifh/ oAw? tvkH;pkHaom tpdwftydkif; tp&SdonfwdkY/
ty#[
d wP'aee? tydwt
f yif r&Sad om Pfukd jyojzif/h wxm*w?
\/ aocgaocy#dywad 'oemaumovar0? aoctaocwd\
Yk tusiu
hf kd
a[mjcif; vdrm awmfro
l nf\ tjzpfuo
kd mvQi/f 0dbma0wd? xif&mS ;jy\/
ww 0pae? / aum pm
pmwd y'? \/ uG p? tb,ftmkH / uo 0doa,?
,H tedap 'kau tewed
tb,ftmkH / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ]],H
pm
pm}}wd rdem ya'e? jzif/h wH 0do,H? xdt
k mku
H /kd 'awd? \/ 'H t,H
t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ P'eH emr? Pftjrif
rnfonf/ OyZr meH? jzpfonf&adS omf/ ]]oA?H aom/ ocFw?H ocFww&m;onf/
tedp?H wnf;/ 'ku?H wnf;/ oaA "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ tewm? wnf;}}/ wd
rdem tmuma&e? jzif/h OyZw
?d \/ w ye? xd
k Pf tjrif\um;/
wo 0doa,? / a,e arma[e? jzif/h wpfenf;um;-a,e tnmPt'aee?
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xdkarm[onf/ 0g? xdkrodrjrifjcif;onf/ y#dCmawm? tydwftyif
tqD;twm; rnf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ {awe?
,H tedap tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h vuPw,y#da0"? vuPma&;ok;H yg;
wd\
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k nf;aumif;/
tenom"m&Pw? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 'awd? \/ [d wa'0 op?H \/
vuPw,0dbm0aee? vuPma&;ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;udk xif&mS ;jyjcif;aMumifh
b*0awm? \/ pwkopy#da0"? opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjcif;udk
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wdo
Yk nf/ y#dZmeE?d oduek \
f / /
tPH t'e
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d yf if
qD;wm;wwfaom w&m;ud/k olyawm? tm;jzif/h 'awd? \/

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xdktnmPt'eonf y#dCmw pifppf [kwfyg\avm/ y#dCmw

r[k w f c J h a omf y#d C mwud k jy\-[k rqd k w ef w um; apm'emaMumif h
]qVm&rP} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ qVm&rPobm0y#dpm'aum? ajcmufyg;aom tmkH\

oabmudk zkH;vTrf;wwfaom/ oarma[m? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;onf/
P'e? udk/ y#dCmawm? ydwfyifqD;wm;wwf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h 'awd? \/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...],H tedpH 'kuH tewm} ygXfjzifh 0do,udk
jyaom-[k qdk\/ ],H tedpH 'kuH tewm}[lom ygXf &Sdoavm-[k
tar;&Sd&um; ],o 0doa,} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/ ygXfjzifh
],H tedpH 'kuH tewm}om &Sdonf r[kwf/ ]tedap 'kau tewed}[lvnf;
ygXf&Sdonfudk jyonf/

,o 0doa,? / P'eH? onf/ Oyw&d [H? jzpfjcif;iSm xdu

k \
f /
waw0 0doa,? omvQif/ w? xdkPftjrifudk/ y#dCmawe?
ydwyf ifq;D wm;aom arm[onf/ b0dwA?H jzpf&m\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
]],H tedap 'kau tewed pm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ,xm " yk&daom
omwd
tm'd? onf/ Oyrm'eH? Oyrmudk jyaom pum;wnf;/ wMw 0pae? /
'H? qdt
k yfvwHU onfum;/ Moyroo
H Ee?H OyrmOyar,sukd ES;D aESmjcif;wnf;/
yk&ad om 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd oaAm? aom/ avmaum? owavmuud/k '|aAm? \/
wm&ulyged 0d,? Mu,ftaygif;wdu
Yk u
kd o
hJ /Ykd q tm&rPmed? wdu
Yk /kd '|Amed?
uke\
f / w yk&o
d ? \/ wm&ulygeH? wdu
Yk /kd 'eH 0d,? jrifjcif;uJo
h /Ykd
avmu? \/ puK0n
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ajcmufyg;aom tmkw
H u
Ykd kd odjcif;ud/k '|A?H \/ w yk&o
d ? \/ (tZmeeH
pyf)/ wm&ulyged? wdu
Yk /kd yEmyd? jrifaomfvnf;/ ]]{wumed owmed?
rQavmufaom t&mwdw
Yk nf;/ {wumed o[med? rQavmufaom
taxmifwdkYwnf;}}/ wdtm'dem? odkY tp&Sdaom/ *PeoauFawe?
a&wGujf cif; trSwjf zif/h tZmeeH 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd avmu? \/ (te0aAma"mrSm
pyf)/ lyg'dtm&rP?H ud/k ux?d wpfpw
Hk pfcak om tjcif;t&mjzif/h ZmeEmyd?
odaomfvnf;/ tedpm 'dvuPw,me0aAma"m? tedpt
p&Sad om vuPma&;

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ok;H yg;wd\
Yk taygif;udk rodjcif;ud/k '|aAm? \/ wd 'H? um;/ Moyroo
H Ee?H
wnf;/ aooH? onf/ ygu#ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
'ged? / a,[d ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h b*0wm? onf/ tm,oawm? aom/
tZdw? tm;/ aocgaocy#dy'g? aoctaocyk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd tusiu
hf /kd 0kwm ?
ww aoacem
\/ awoH y'geH? wd\
Yk / tw?H ud/k 0dbZdw?Hk iSm/ ]]ww
aoacem}}wd tm'?
ud/k tm[? \/ ww ygaX? / wwmwd? um;/ edygwrw?H wnf;/ 0g? um;/
wo 0doZae? / aoacem
aoacemwd y'? \/ 0peawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm?
\/ {w yk*v
? tm;/ odum ? usijhf cif;wnf;[laom/ oDv?H tavhonf/
tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom yk*a vm? onf/ aoacg? rnf\/ awe
aoace? xdak ouy*k Kd vo
f nf/ 'GDok "arolwd {w? / 'k0ad "ok? ukeaf om/
"aro?k wdYk / wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ y&d,k|meDa,olwd {w?
/ y&d,k|dawe? xdk;usifhESdyfpufwwfaom/ a'gaoe? onf/ ,w?
tMuif&efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif;\ taMumif;wdYk / y&d0ww
d A?H jzpf&m\/ wpfenf;um;a'gaoe? onf/ y&d,|k ad we? xd;k usiEhf ydS pf ufojzif/h ,w? wdYk / y&d0ww
d A?H
&m\/ awok tmCmw0wLok? xd&k efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif;\ taMumif;wdYk / wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ]]y#dC|meDa,ol}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/ tw?d
\/ aom a,0 tawm? xdq
k t
kd yfNy;D aom teufuykd ifvQi/f '|aAm? \/ /
]a'goy&d,k|meDa,ok}[k a'gorSvnf; pdwf\ apmifhtyfonf\
tjzpfudk xkwf qdktyfonf r[kwfwkHavm/ xdkodkYjzpfvsuf tb,hfaMumifh
]ww ,m pm} ponfjzifh a*"\tpGrf;tm;jzifhom eda'oudk upnf;
jrwfpGm r[max&f jyKavoenf;/ a'go\tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf; rjyKaumif;
ygoav
m[k vD e E & apm
'em &S d & maomaMumif h xd k v D e E & apm'emud k
ygoavm[k
apm'em
ajzawmfrlvdkaom t|uxmq&monf ]{w p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkawmf
rl o wnf ; /

|? 75 {w p a*"y#ad o"apm'em,H? a*"udk jrpfjcif;udk wdu

k w
f eG ;f &m
vnf;/ (]umarok embd*ad Z,s}[k wdu
k w
f eG ;f onfukd ,l)/ a*"edrad wm?
a*"vQif taMumif;&Sad om/ a'gaom? onf/ a*a"? a*"onf/ owd? aomf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wawmyd? xdak 'gorSvnf;/ pdw
?

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\/ &uw
d Awm? apmift
h yfonf\ tjzpfu/kd ed'g a&wGm? / 0kwm ? \/ ye
wxmyd? xdo
k Ykd xkw
f qdt
k yfaomfvnf;/ ,om? aMumif/h b*0wm? onf/
]]umarok embd*ad Z,sm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ wom? aMumif/h ]]ww ,m
pm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h a*"0aoe? jzif/h eda'aom? ud/k uawm? \/ tx 0g?
um;/ a'goawm? rS/ pdw
? \/ &uw
d Awm? ud/k *gxm,? / 'kw,
d yga'e?
jzif/h 0kwm a,0? vQiu
f wnf;/ wd? od/Yk '|Am? \/
t &S i f t |uxmq&m
...
a'gorS apmif h t yf o nf \ tjzpf u d k
|uxmq&m...
...a'gorS
'kw,
d yg'jzifh okyftm;jzifh rqdkwum;/ pdwfjzifh aemufusdjcif; r&Sd&monf
ud k o m qd k o nf r[k w f y gavm-[l a om yk p m aMumif h ]'k w d , yga'e [d }
tp&Sdaom ygXf xGufownf;/

[d? pG/ 'kw,

d yga'e? jzif/h aooudavoa0g'ge"rm? a*"rS <uif;aom
oHuad vow&m; tvk;H pkaH om a0g'gefw&m;wdu
Yk /kd 'dwm? uke\
f /
wxm [d paom ygXfuu
kd m; traope*koed meenf;tm;jzifh qdak wmfrl
ownf ; / tb,h f a Mumif h e nf ; [l r l u m; 'k w d , yg'jzif h a*"rS < uif ; aom
oHuad vow&m;? tvk;H pkaH om a0g'gefw&m;wdu
Yk kd jy\
\--[k qdak om a&S;pum;u
pum;uddk
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tEkoaEorEwudk jyaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh odkY
txGufqdk&m\/
|uxmq&m...
...'k'kw,
vow&m
w&m;?;?
t&Sit
f |uxmq&m
...
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w&m
tvkH;pkHaom a0g'gefw&m;wdkYudk jytyfukefaom-[k qdk\/ xdkodkY jytyfonf\
tjzpfudk t|uxmq&m yputm;jzifh rodygoavm[k tar;ykpmapm'em
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m;jziff h
][d}o'g teuf&Sd\/
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h txGuq
f akd omfum; t&Sit
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r[max&fonf ]ww aoace} tp&Sdonfjzifh ]umarok embd*daZ,s?
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m/
vm/
tb,ftusKd;iSm ]aoacg tbd*dZaEm}paom ygXfudk qdkjyefavoenf;[k tar;ykpm apm'em&Sd&um; ]wxm [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
txGuf tEkoaEtm;jzifh [d-o'g teufr&Sd/

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wxm wH 0peH? onf/ [d op?H \/ wpfenf;um; wxm [d wawm {0?

xdkodkY 'kwd,yg'jzifh a*"rS<uif;aom oHudavow&m; tvkH;pkHaom
a0g'gefw&m;wd\
Yk jytyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQif (um; a&S;txGuEf iS hf
tnDwnf;)/ wpfenf;um;-wxm? yg;/ (um; aemuftxGuEf iS hf tnDwnf;)/
OyEm EkyE a b'awm? OyEt
jym; tEkyE t
jym;tm;jzif/h orm0g,mr? \/
0do,bma0e? t&m\ tjzpfjzif/h oaA? ukeaf om/ oHuad voa0g'ge"ar?
wdkYudk/ pwk"m? av;yg;tjym;tm;jzifh/ 0dbZdwGm? / ory"merkace?
ory" mefukd t&if;jyKojzif/h aocy#dy'H? ud/k rwu?H tNy;D od/Yk ygaywGm?
aoacg tbd*dZaEm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
a&mufap/ 'awk?H iSm/ ]]aoacg
ww ygaX? / tem0dvouFaygwd? um;/ tm0dvmeH? aemufusu
d ek af om/
umrouFyg'DeH? wdkY\/ tbma0e? r&Sdojzifh/ 0g? r&Sdjcif;udk jyKojzifh/
tem0dvouFayg? raemufusad om tMu&H o
dS nf jzpf/ wawm {0 p? xdo
k Ykd
raemufusdaom tMuH&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhomvQif/ tebd * d Z aE m?
rwyfrufonf jzpf/ 0g,rwd 0D&,
d H y0aww?d 0D&,
d udk jzpfap\/ uxH
0g,rwd? tb,foYkd 0D&,
d udk jzpfapoenf;/ wd? od/Yk apm'emor0awm?
aom tEkyEmee}}Ed tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
aMumif/h ]]aom
ww 0pae? / aom
aomwd? um;/ Ow&0d ad oowm,? txufjzpfaom
w&m;txl;udk &jcif;tusKd;iSm/ y#dyZrmaem? usifhaom/ aoaum?
aouyk*dKvfonf/ tEk y E m eeEd? um;/ tedAwmeH? rjzpfukefao;aom/
ygyume
ygyumeE?d um;/ vmrumeH? ,kwrf mukeaf om/ tukovmeH "rmeeE?d um;/
taumov o r L wmeH ? ynmaMumif h rjzpf u k e f a om/ "r m eH ? wd k Y u d k /
tEkyg'g,m
'g,mwd? um;/ e Oyg'ewm,? rjzpfapjcif;iSm/ (tEkyg 'ewm,vnf;
&S\
d )/ qEH ZaewDw?d um;/ uwKurswmocFgwH? jyKvo
kd nf\ tjzpf[k
qdt
k yfaom/ ukovpE?H ukov
kd q
f Eu/kd Oyga'wd? \/ 0g,rwDw?d um;/
ya,m*y&urH? jyif;pGmaom vkHYvudk/ (ya,m*y&wrH-[k ygXf &Sd\/
ya,m*y&urEd bl oHa,ma*g ya,ma*g? ya,ma*g p y&uarm[k
#DumzGifhonfESifh rwef)/ ua&mwd? \/ 0D & d , H tm&bwD wd? um;/
um,duapwodu0D&d,H? udk,fjzpfaom0D&d, pdwfjzpfaom0D&d,udk/
d Ef iS hf
ua&mwd? \/ pdwH y*PSmwDw?d um;/ awae0 o[Zmw0D&ad ,e? xdpk w

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wuGjzpfaom 0D&,
d jzifo
h mvQi/f pdw?H ud/k Ouyd wd? cs;D ajrm uf\/ y'[wDw?d
um;/ y"me0D&,
d ?H jrwfaom 0D&,
d ud/k ua&mwd? \/
0g,rwd tp&Sdaom av;yk'f\ teuftxl; r&Sd[laom t,ludk
epfapvdk ]0g,rwDwd tm'Ded ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

0g,rwDwt
d m'De?d ukeaf om/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ y'ged ye? wdu
Yk u
kd m;/
tmao0embm0emA[kvDuromwpud&d,m[d? rSD0Jjcif; yGm;apjcif;
tzefwvJvJjyKjcif; tjrJjyKjcif;wdkYESifh/ 0g? jzifh/ a,maZwAmed? ukef\/
(]tmao0rmaem 0g,rwd} tp&So
d nfjzifh ,SOt
f yfuek \
f -[lvakd omf)/ OyEmeH
ygyume
ygyumeE?d um;/ tEkyE m wd? rjzpfuek [
f
l / t0wAw
?H rqdt
k yfonf\
tjzpfodkY/ tmyEmeH? ukefaom/ ygy"rmeH? ,kwfrmaom w&m;wdkYudk/
y[me
m,m
m,mwd? um;/ yZ[ewm,? y,fjcif;iSm/ tEkyEmeH ukovme
vmeE?d
y[mem,m
um;/ tedAw
m eH? ukeaf om/ aumovorLwmeH? ynmaMumifh jzpfuek af om/
"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd Oyg'g,m
'g,mwd? um;/ Oyg'ewm,? iSm/ OyEmeeE?d um;/ edAw
m eH?
ukeaf om/ Xdwd,mmwd? um;/ Xdww?H wnfjcif;tusK;d iSm/ toarmom,m
om,mwd?
um;/ teew?H raysmufjcif;tusK;d iSm/ bda,smbm0g,m
,smbm0g,mwd? um;/ ykeyKe?H
vJ/ bm0g,? jzpfapjcif;iSm/ a0ykvm,m
,mwd? um;/ 0dyv
k bm0g,? jyefaY jympGm
jzpfapjcif;iSm/ bm0em,m
bm0em,mwd? um;/ 0d,m? yGm;apjcif;iSm/ yg&dyl&d,mmwd?
um;/ y&dy&l Pwm,? jynfph jHk cif; tusK;d iSm/ wd t,H? um;/ wm0? pGm/
y'awm? wnf;/ /
uwar tEkyEm}}wd tm'd? ud/k tukov"rm p? wdo
16/ ]]uwar
Yk nf
vnf;aumif;/ ukov"rm p? wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ ,m'dom? tMuifoabm
&Sad om ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf/ tEkyE m ? rjzpfuek af o;/ ,m'dom
p? tMuifoYkd oabm&Sad om ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ OyEm ?
uke\
f / aw? xdOk yE tEkyE j zpfaom ukov
kd f tukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk /kd 'awk?H
iSm/ tm&'H? \/ ww 0pae? / ar tEk y E m wd? um;/ ar
umr0dwum'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/ tork'gpm&0aoe 0g? rjzpfay:ao;onf\
tpG r f ; tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; / |? 76 teEk b l w m&r P 0aoe 0g?
rcHpm;zl;ao;aom tmk\
H tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ tEkyE m emr? rnfuek \
f /

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tvQif ; rjzpf z l ; aomtm;jzif h o m tEk y E r nf a umif ; ygonf

r[kwfwkHavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]tnxm [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ tnxm? tcsi;f cyford ;f rjzpfz;l aomtm;jzif/fh terwa*?

rodEikd af om tp&Sad om/ oHoma&? / tEkyE m ? rjzpfz;l ukeaf om/ tukovm?
ukeaf om/ "rm emr? wdrYk nfonf/ ew?d r&Su
d ek /f {w p? tEkyE j zpfaom
tukov
kd u
f kd jy&mvnf;/ 0dwuw,
*[PH? 0dwufo;Hk ckw\
Ykd taygif;udk
,ljcif;ud/k ed'erw?H ed'erQom [l/ '|A?H \/
avmb tp&Sdonfom tukovrl-[k xif&Sm;&um; xdkavmb
ponfom tukovrl-[k t,l&Sdav&um; ]tukovrlvmeDwd} tp&Sdaom
ygXfudk qdkaomf/

tukovrlvmeDw?d um;/ tEko,m {0? wdu

Yk o
kd mvQi/f oaAo?H
ukefaom/ tukovmeH? wdkY\/ rlvbm0awm? taMumif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h {0H? od/Yk 0kwm ? uke\
f / avmbm'a,m {0? wdu
Yk o
kd mvQi/f
rlvbm0awm? \tjzpfaMumif/h e 0kwm ? onf r[kwu
f ek /f
xd k u d k zG i f h v d k & um; ]tEk o ,m} tp&S d a om ygXf u d k qd k o wnf ; /
0kwdenf;wnf;/

OyEm ? ukeaf om/ ar tEko,m? wdo

Yk nf/ blrv
d 'KyE t
ork*g #d
1
wkyEmwdtm'dOyEy&d,m,oAm0awm? bl r d v E K y E tork*g#dwkyE
tp&SdonfwdkY OyEo'gESifh wuGjzpfaomaMumifh emr0aoe? trnf\
tpGr;f tm;jzifh OyEm emr? OyEw
Ykd rnf\/ 0wrmebma0e? jzpfonf\ tjzpfjzif/h
e OyEm emr? uke/f wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
ar tEk y E m uk o vm "r mwd rdem? jzifh/ aomwmyE?
aomwmywzd v|mefy*k Kd v\
f / ar o'g'a,m? wdo
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opu
d &d ,
d m,? aomwmywzd v
kd u
f kd rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;iSm/ y#dyE? usiahf om
1/ blrdv'KyEm / / blrv
d 'KyE tork*g #dwyk E w
\
Ykd t&udk wmok
wmok blrDok torl[wH tukovH blrdv'KyEH emr? blrDwd 0dyem,
tm&r P wm awbl r uy u E m ? bl r d v ' H emr awok caE o k Oy w m &[H
udavoZmwH-[laom t|omvde?D ]wmok wmok blro
D k tork*g #dwm udavom
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aomwmywrd *|mefy*k Kd vt
f m;/ 0g? twGu/f tEkyE m ? ukeaf om/ ukovm"rm
emr? rnfuek \
f / ykxZk e meH? wdt
Yk m;/ 0g? twGu/f aum ye 0ga'g? tHeh nf;/
wd rH tw?H ud/k 'awd? \/ {w p? ar tEkyE m ukovm "rm[l a om ygXf vnf ; / uk o v oa' g ? ud k / Am[d w d u ok a w 0d , ?
Am[dwu
d okwf uJo
h /Ykd te0Zy&d,ma,m? [l/ '|aAm? \/ ar OyEm
uk o vm "r m wd? um;/ yXrra*? / ar o'g'a,m? wdkYonf/
aomwmywzd v-opu
d &d ,
d m,? iSm/ y#dyE? tm;/ OyEm ? ukeaf om/
ukovm "rm emr? rnfuek \
f / /
owdy|mebm0em,? jzif/h umr0dwaum? ud/k oke*d [
ad wm? aumif;pGm
a,e /v/ owd`Ed,}}E?d
ESyd t
f yfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]a,e
[l/ tm[? \/
orm"djzpfonf&Sdaomf umr0dwufudkuJhodkY Asmyg'0dwufudk ESdyfom
jzpf\[k jyvdk&um; ]te0Zokcy'|maee} ponfudk qdkownf;/

te0Zock y'|maee? tjypfr&Sad om okcvQif eD;pGmaom taMumif;

&Sdaom/ t0dauaye? orm"djzifh/ apawm'kuoEda,m? pdwf\
qif;&Jjcif;udk rS
D jzpfaom/ 0dauyypa,m? O'p\
taMumif;jzpfaom/
Asmyg'0dwaum? ud/k oke*d a [m? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
a,e /v/ orm"d`Ed,}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ ukoavok "aro?k wdYk /
]]a,e
tm&'0D&da,m? tm;xkwftyfaom 0D&d,&Sdaom yk*dKvfonf/ y&my&m"H?
olwpfyg;wd\
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f jzif/h o[wd? onf;cHwwf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h 0D&ad ,e? jzif/h 0d[o
m0dwaum? ud/k oke*d [
ad wm? onf/
a,e /v/ 0D&d,d`Ed,}}E?d [l/ tm[?
a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]a,e
\/ orm"dtm'Derd? wdkY\vnf;/ ,xmouH? rdrdOpmtm;avsmfpGm/
y#dyuy[meH? qefYusifbufw&m;wdkYudk y,fjcif;onf/ yn0Ea0?
tm;omvQi/f Zw?d jynfph \
Hk / wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'aaEm? /
a,e OyEkyaE}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
]]a,e
,xmed'g &dwmeH? tMuiftMuif xkwt
f yfuek af om/ yE?H ukeaf om/
{awoH `E,
d meH? wd\
Yk / o0doa,? rdrt
d &m/ aZ|ubm0H? tBu;D \

294

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o'd`Ed,H uw '|A}}Ed tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ wH 0peH?

tjzpfu/kd 'awk?H iSm/ ]]o'
onf/ ok0ad n,sar0? Ny/D o'g'De?H ukeaf om/ aocgeH? aouy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd
Opmjzpfuek af om/ aro `E,
d meH? wd\
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p {w ya'? / odue oDvwm,? usijhf cif;tavh&o
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k t
d yfaom w&m;udk
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0do,aba'e? tmkt
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\/ "rmeH ovuaP P
PE?d um;/ lygly"rmeH? wd\
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ovuaP? uuV zkoetp&Sad om rdrv
d uPm/ PH? onf/ wH ye
PH? udu
k m;/ (ed'|d o
H Ykd qdu
k )f / ,om? aMumif/h oA?H aom/ ae,s?H odtyfaom
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'k0"d ar0? onfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ]]"r
twy#dord'g pm
pm}}wd? [l/ ed'|d ?H jytyf\/ /
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aMumifu
h m;/ t? tm;/ 0g? xdak ouy*k Kd v\
f / (Zmeem pyf)/ lygly"ar?
wdu
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kd f tp&So
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aw? xdk yk ef mrfw&m;wdu
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onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wom? aMumif/h ]]{{0H /v/ ukov
v}}Ed tm'd? ud/k
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uom? aMumif/h Oyga'E?d ukeo

f enf; [lru
l m;/ t&d,bm0u&med1?
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ukeo
f uJo
h /Ykd edrw
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? tmkt
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ac:a0:tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ Oyga'Ed? ukef\/ awo
awoEd? um;/
meEd? um;/ {0H? odkY/ y0wdwmeH?
O',A,Pm'DeH? wdkY\/ { 0H *[dwme
jzpfaptyfukefaom/ t,H taw m wd? um;/ opmeH? wdkYudk/ t,H
tEkaAm"y#da0a"m? avsmufywfpmG odjcif; xd;k xGi;f odjcif;onf/ tawm?
tusK;d wnf;/
]ww uwrm y&dnm /v/ 'H zvH edAawEDwd t,H y&dnm}-[l
qdku y&dnmudk jyjcif;udp rNyD;aumif;ygoavm/ todkYrl ]awoH {0H
*[d w meH t,H taw m }-[k qd k j yef o enf ; -[k vD e E & apm'em&S d
xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ],xm [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d ,om? aMumifh/ y&dnmynm? ydkif;jcm; odaom ynmonf/

orow
d A"ar p? ok;H oyftyfaom w&m;wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/ oroe"ar p?
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1/ t&d,bm0u&med / / t"dym ,fum; 'ku tp&Sad om opmwdo
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tjzpfukd rjyKwwfuek /f xdo
k pmwdu
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opmwdu
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ok;H oyftyfaom w&m;wdu
Yk kd O',A,Pf tp&Sad om tusK;d udk jzpfapwwfuek \
f [k
uwm;\tjzpfjzifh ac:a0:tyfukef\-[lvdkaomf/

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tb,hfaMumifh ork',opmudk qdkoenf;/ tvkH;pkHaom tukodkvfukd

rqdkaumif;ygoavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]oaA [d}paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a, tukovmwd rdem ya'e? jzif/h ork',op?H ud/k tm[? \/ [d

,om? aMumif/h oaA? ukeaf om/ tukovm? wdo
Yk nf/ ork',yu,
d m?
ork',opm tzd&Yk u
dS ek \
f / 0g? ork',opm\ tzdYk jzpfuek \
f / wd wom?
aMumif h / ork ' ,op H ? ud k / tm[? \/ a, uk o vm
vmwd ? um;/
orm'd|dtm'a,m? ukefaom/ r*"rm? wdkYwnf;/ zv"rmyd? zdkvfw&m;
wdu
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kd nf;/ ,'dyd opdumwAm1? tu,fum; rsuaf rSmufjyKtyf uke\
f &Si/hf
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mukoavm? oifo
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t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ a'oem,kwu
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tyg,mwd? um;/ t0d? tpD;tyGm;
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1/ opdumwAm / / zdkvfw&m;wdkY\ op0drkwfjzpfjcif;aMumifh vnf;
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]opu
d mwAm}-[k qdak vonf-[lvakd omf/

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tpm,dau? taqmwvQif jyKtyfaom/ 0g? a&Smifwcif1 jyKtyfaom/ udap

0g? onfvnf;aumif;/ ba, 0g? onfvnf;aumif;/ OyaE? aomf/ w?
xdu
k pd ab;&efu/kd wdupd e orw?H Ny;D apjcif; y,fazsmufjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik af om/
XmEkyw
u
d m&PH? xdck P jzpfaom taMumif;wnf;/ ww? xdt
k pD;tyGm;
tp&So
d nfwYkd / ukoavm? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
tb,fhaMumifh tpD;tyGm; tp&SdonfwdkY vdrm\-[k qdktyfoenf;
pk'f&Sd&um; ]cDPmoa0g [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ cDPmoa0g? onf/ oAaom? tvk;H pkaH om tjym;tm;jzif/h

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d nfwYkd /
ukoavm? \/ wd? od/Yk 0kpw
?d \/ {0H? od/Yk taoc? \/ aumov?H
vdrm onf\ tjzpfu/kd {ua'aoe? wpfpw
d t
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y&ded|dwodu? NyD;NyD;aom tusifh&Sdaom/ taoc? tm;/
oawmum&dwm,? owdjzifh jyKonf\ tjzpfjzif/h tnH? aom/ ya,mZeH?
'd|"rokc0d[m&w}}E?d [l/
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f tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ykpm 0dp,?
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d kd pdppfjcif;udk jyaom pum;wnf;/
tEk*Dwd twawm p Aseawm p ormaewAmwd? um;/ okwE &
a'oemocFgwm? wpfyg;aom okwf a'oem[k qdt
k yfaom/ tEk*w
D ?d ud/k
twawm p? teuftm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ Aseawm p? o'gtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ oH0P,
d rmaee? zGit
hf yfaom/ okawe? ESi/hf ormem o'do?D
wlonfu/kd umwAm? \/ 0g? ES;D aESmaomtm;jzifh wlonfukd jyKtyf\/ 0g?
um;/ wo okaw? xdzk iG t
hf yfaom okwf / orm? aumif;pGm/ tmaewAm?
\/ twmy*w
y*wE?d um;/ twawm? teufr/S taywH? uif;aom/ 0g? um;/
'o'gVdrm'd0peH 0d,? 'o'gVdrm tp&Sad om o'guJo
h /Ykd torEw
?H tcsi;f csi;f
oryvmyH b0wD}}wd?
rpyfaom yk't
f euf&adS om/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]or
[l/ tm[? \/ {awe? twmy*wH tp&Sad omygXfjzif/h tw? \/
ormaewAwm,? aumif;pGm aqmiftyfonf\ tjzpf\/ um&PH? ud/k tm[?
\/ 'kEdudwmmwd? um;/ torm0kw
? raumif;ojzifh qdt
k yfaom/ 0g?

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301

raumif;pGm qdt
k yfaom/ 'kEa,m
,mwd? um;/ 'kaue? qif;&JNiKd jiifojzif/h
aewaAm? odtyfonf/ 0g? um;/ aewkH?odjcif;iSm/ touKaPa,sm?
rwwf E d k i f o nf / A s E k a y w
wE d ? um;/ obm0ed k w d o rk a ywH ?
rm*"bmomwnf;[laom obm0edw
k Ed iS hf jynfph aHk om/ /
{0H? od/Yk tEk*w
D 0d pd ,H? ud/k 'awGm? / eda'o0ga&? / ]]okw

a,m y0dpa,m}}wd? [l/ oHcad we? tm;jzif/h 0kw?H aom/ tw?H ud/k 0dbZdw?Hk
okw y0dpdedwA}}E?d [l/ 0wGm? / w okw
iSm/ ]]ok
? ud/k 0dped emum&H?
u 'H okwH tm[p
a&G;cs,pf pd pfaom tjcif;t&mud/k 'aaEm? / ]]u
0pe
0pe}}Ed tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / tm[p 0pe
0peE?d um;/
b*0awm? onf/ Xmeu&Pmed? |mefudP
k ;f wdu
Yk /kd tm[p tbd[Em?
xdap/ y0w0peH? jzpfaom pum;awmfavm/ ormorKa'e? onf/ omrH?
ud,
k af wmfwikd /f a'odwokw?H avm/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
tEkoEd0pe
peE?d um;/ om0ubmodw?H om0uwdYk a[mtyfaom okwaf vm/
a&SUaemufpyfaom pum;om tEkoEd rnfaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm
apm'em&Sd&um; ]wH [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ wH? xdo

k m0uwdYk a[mtyfaom okwu
f /kd b*0awm? \/ 0peH?
ud/k tEkoaEwmG ? pyf/ y0weawm? jzpfjcif;aMumif/h ]]tEkoE0d pe}}E?d [l/
0kw?H \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ eDwwE?d um;/ ,xmkw0aoe? wdu
k f u
kd \
f
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h wAw?H ,ltyfaom teuf&adS om okwaf vm/ ae,swE?d
um;/ ed'g a&wGm? xkwaf qmif/ *a[wAw?H odtyfaom teuf&adS om
Yk / tawm?
okwaf vm/ oHudavobm*d,Ed tm'De?H ukeaf om/ y'geH? wd\
onf/ y|me0g&0Pem,H? y|me0g&\ tzGihf / tm0d? pGm/b0dwd? wH/h
y|metpDt&ifonf e,tpDt&ifuJhodkY [m&wdkYESifh
ra&mr,S u f a om tpD t &if w pf y g; r[k w f a vm-[l a om apm'emud k
ESvkH;ydkuf ],om ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ b*0awm? \/ a'oem? onf/ aomVo0da"?
aom/ omoey|mae? / {uH bm*H? wpfcak om tzdo
Yk /Ykd tbZED emr? r0ifaom
a'oem rnfonf/ 0g? rqnf;uyfaom a'oemrnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d wom?

302

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4-y#deda'o

aMumif/h aomyd ea,m? xdo

k moey|meenf;udv
k nf;/ 0dapwA bma0e?
pdppftyfonf\ tjzpfjzif/h 0g? aMumif/h "? aewu
d sr;f / eduad wm?
xm;awmfrt
l yf\/ /
uk [ r ok w mmwd? um;/ r okw? \/ uo?
tb,frnfaom/ ya'ao? t&yf/ tm'drZy&da,momaeok? tp tv,f
tqk;H wdYk / oAmed opmed ydwAmeDw?d um;/ 'kuo
p?H ud/k okw
?
\/ ]]uk [ uo ya'ao? tb,f t &yf / 0g? um;/ uo ya'?
tb,f*gxmyk'f / ed'g a&wGm? / 0dapwk?H a&G;cs,f pdppftahH omiSm/ ydwA?H
Ityfoenf;/ ork',opH? udk/ eda&m"opH? udk/ r*opH? udk/ uk[?
tb,ft&yf/ ed'g a&wGm? / 0dapwk?H iSm/ ydwAH '|A?H Ityf rSwt
f yf
oenf;}}/ wd {0H? od/Yk oAmed? ukeaf om/ opmed? wdu
Yk /kd O'&w
d mG ? /
0dapwAmed? ukeo
f enf;/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ tm'drZy&d
a,momae
a,momaewd {0H okwH y0dapwAEd {w ygaX? / tm'dawm p? tp
vnf;aumif;/ rZawm p? tv,f vnf;aumif;/ |? 80 y&da,momeawm p?
vnf;aumif;/ {0H rdem ykpm 0dp,m'dea,e? odYk ykpm udk pdppfjcif; tp&Sad om
enf;jzif/h okw?H ud/k y0dpw
d A?H \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ {w p?
0dp,[m&0dbif;vnf;/ ykpm0doZeykAmy&mEk*Dwd0dp,m? ykpm0dp,
0doZem0dp, ykAmy&0dp, tEk*Dwd0dp,wdkYudk/ ygVd,H? / olayae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f 'dwm? uke\
f / tm'g'd0pd a,m ye? udu
k m;/ ope'd g &Prkace?
opmudk xkwjf cif;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h e,awm? enf;tm;jzif/h 'dawm? \/
aom tm'g'd0pd a,m? ud/k eda'o0ga&? eda'o0g& tzGihf / 0kwe a,ae0?
jzifyh ifvQi/f a0'dwaAm? \/
y'0dp,udk okyftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? enf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
rjycJh/ vGwfavtHhavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]wAdpa,ae0} paomygXfudk rdefYaomf/

wApd a,ae0 p? xdyk pk m tp&So

d nfukd pdppfjcif; tm' tp&So
d nfukd
pdppfjcif;jzifhyifvQif/ y'0dpa,m? onf/ oda'g? NyD;\/ wd? um;
0dp,[m&0dbif; tzGiw
hf nf;/
0dp,[m&0db*F0Pem? tzGifh onf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/
e e e

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303

3-,kwd[m&0dbif;tzGifh
18/ ww uwarm ,kwd[ma&m
ma&mwd tm'd? [ma&m tp&Sad om
pum;onf/ ,kwd[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww? xdk,kwd[m&0dbif;/ u
a,mZ,wDwd rdem ygaXe? jzif/h ,kw[
d m&? \/ 0do,H? t&mud/k
ykpw
?d \/ {w? ,kw[
d m&\/ 0doa,m ye? onfum;/ aum? enf;/
twxmuma&e? r[kwfrrSefaom tjcif;t&mjzifh/ *,Srmem? ,ltyf
ukeaf om/ okww
m ? okw\
f teufwo
Ykd nf/ 0doa,m? t&mwnf;/
[kwfrSefaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ,ltyfukefaom okwf\ teuf
wd k Y o m [m&\trnf r[k w f a umif ; ygavmapm'em&S d & um; ]aw[d }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ aw? xdrk [kwrf rSeaf om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh ,ltyfuek af om

okwf\ teufwdkYudk/ awe? xdk,kwd[m&jzifh/ omwdo,H? vGefpGm/
,mxm0awm? [kwrf eS af omtm;jzif/h ,kwed 'd g &aPe? ,kwu
d kd xkwaf om
tm;jzif/h a,maZwAm? uke\
f / wa&oky?d rS wpfyg;aom [m&wdYk vnf;/
t,H [ma&m? ud/k pad wm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/
xdkodkY tvdk&Sdtyfaomf wpfyg;aom [m&wdkY xkwfaomtm;jzifhyif
tvdkr&Sdtyfoavm ykpm&Sd&um; ]wH ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wH ye? xdo
k Ykd tvd&k jdS cif;onfom/ blwuxerw?H [kwrf eS af omtm;jzifh
qdjk cif;rQonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/
,kwd[m&udk a0zefvdkonf&Sdaomf ]wmed y'Asemed} ponfudkom
qdkygavm/ todkYrl ]pwma&m r[mya'om} paom ygXfudk qdkbdoenf;-[
-[kk
vDeE&apm'em&Sd&um; ],om ye} paom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ t,H ,kw*d a0oem emr? ,kwu
d kd &Smjcif;
rnfonf/ r[mya'aoe? ESi/hf 0dem? / e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wom? aMumif/h
,kw[
d m&H? ud/k 0dbZaEm? a0zefawmfral om t&Sirf [mupn;f rax&fonf/
w? xd,
k w
k [
d m&\/ vuP?H ud/k wm0? pGm/ Oy'dow
d ?Hk Tejf ytHah omiSm/
pwma&m r[mya'om
]]pw
r[mya'om}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /

304

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4-y#deda'o

ww 0pae? / r[mya'om
r[mya'omwd? um;/ r[mtya'om? Bu;D jrwfaom
olwu
Ykd kd Te
f qdt
k yfaom taMumif;wdo
Yk nf/ Ak'g 'a,m? ukeaf om/ r[aE?
BuD;jrwfukefaom olwdkYudk/ ty'dodwGm? Tef/ 0kwmed? ukefaom/
r[mum&Pmed? Bu;D pGmaom taMumif;wdo
Yk nf/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
r[mya'omwd? um;/ r[mMoumom? Bu;D pGmaom
wnf;/ tx 0g? um;/ r[mya'om
wnf&mudk Ny;D apwwfaom taMumif;wdo
Yk nf/ r[Emed? ukeaf om/ "r?
\/ ywd|memed? wnf&mudk Ny;D apwwfaom taMumif;wdo
Yk nf/ wd? od/Yk
0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (Ak'g'a,m paom ygXfjzifh r[Em
ty'dow
d Am {awoEd r[mya'om-[laom 0pewukd jyonf)/
wMw ygaX? / t,H? um;/ 0peawm? wnf;/ ty'dwd? Tet
f yf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h tya'aom? rnf\/ {w? taMumif;tm;/
tya'aom? Tet
f yfaom/ Aka'g? onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
Ak'gya'aom
ya'aom? rnf\/ aoaooky?d <uif;aom oHCmya'o tp&Sad om
yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ {o {aom ea,m? enf;yifwnf;/ ]]{wH okw?H ud/k ar
r,m? onf/ b*0awm? \/ orKcg? rsuaf rSmuf/ okw?H Mum;emtyf\}}/
wd tm'dem? jzif/h auepd? wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom olonf/ tmbw?
aqmiftyfaom/ *E? usr;f ud/k (0depd ,
ae pyf)/ "armwd 0g? "r[
l
vnf;aumif;/ t"armwd 0g? [lvnf;aumif;/ 0depd ,
ae? qk;H jzwfjcif;/
um&PH? wnf;/ wpfenf;um;-um&PH? ud/k vAw?d \/ wH ye um&PH?
onfum;/ u? enf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h wxm? xdt
k jcif;t&mjzif/h
tmbw? aom/ w *E? \/ okawmw&Pm'd1 {0
{0? okwf
ouf0ifjcif; tp&So
d nfomvQi/f um&PH? wnf;/
xdkudk csJUvdk&um; ]"r [d}paom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
1/ okawmw&Pm'd / / tm'do'gjzifh okwf rouf0ifjcif; tp&So
d nfuv
kd nf;
,l t yf \ / t"d y m ,f u m; ok w f ouf 0 if j cif ; 0d e nf ; ES i f h ES D ; aES m jcif ; wd k Y o nf
wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom olonf aqmiftyfaom usrf;\ "r[l qkH;jzwfjcif;
taMumif;wnf;/ okwf rouf0ifjcif; 0denf;ESifh rESD;aESmjcif;wdkYonf t"r[l
qk;H jzwfjcif; taMumif;wnf; [lvakd omf/ ,if;odYk okwf ouf0ifjcif; rouf0ifjcif;

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305

,xmbw? tMuif t Muif wpf p k H w pf a ,muf a om ol o nf

aqmiftyfaom/ *E? \/ 0g? ud/k okw0 ed a,[d? okw0f ed nf;wdjYk zif/h
oHoEe?H ES;D aESmjcif;onf/ "armwd? [l/ toHoEe?H rES;D aESmjcif;onf/
t"armwd? [l/ 0depd ,
um&PH? qk;H jzwfjcif; taMumif;onf/ ,'d od,m?
tH/h {0H oaE? aomf/ uxH? tb,fov
Ykd Qi/f pwma&m? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d
uket
f ehH nf;/ wd t,H? onfvQi/f ykpm ? wnf;/ ty'dow
d Aab'awm?
Tet
f yfaom tjym;tm;jzif/h pwma&m? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f /
[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h "r? \/ or'g,m? odaMumif;jzpfaom
yk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/ b*0g p? vnf;aumif;/ om0um p? wdv
kY nf;aumif;/ wd?
od/Yk a'G? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / (oHy'D,wd ,wd "arm {aw[Dwd
or'g,m? tumwma&m/ #Dum)/
,if ; od k Y a omf Ak ' g ya'o
ya'o om0umya'otm;jzif h ES p f y g;om
jzpf a umif;ygonf
; ygonf r[k w f w k H a vm apm'em&S d & maomaMumif h ]awok }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYjyefaomf/

awok? xdb
k &k m;om0uwdw
Yk iG /f om0um? wdo
Yk nf/ oHC*Pyk*v

0aoe? oHCm *dP

k ;f yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h wd0"d m? uke\
f / ]]{0H? od/Yk
r,m? onf/ trkrmS ? rnfaom yk*Kdv\
f txHr/S t,H "arm? ud/k y#d*[
ad wm?
emcHtyf\}}/ wd? od/Yk ty'dow
d AmeH? Tet
f yfaom yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd / aba'e?
tjym;tm;jzif/h pwma&m? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / awe? aMumif/h ]]Ak'g ya'aom
/v/ {uaw&mya'aom}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ wmed y'AsemeDwd {w? /
auepd? onf/ tmbwokw
? \/ y'ged? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ Ase med p?
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ twy'ged ap0? wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ Asey'ged p?
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ oH0Paue?
zGiahf om q&monf/ oH0Pem0aoe? tm;jzif/h |? 81 tm[&d,rmemed?
aqmif t yf u k e f a om/ y'As e med ? tw y ' As e y'wd k Y u d k / ok a w
tp&So
d nfonf wpfpHk wpfa,mufaom olonf aqmiftyfaom usr;f \ "r[
l
vnf;aumif;? t"r[
l vnf;aumif; qk;H jzwfjcif; taMumif;jzpfonf&adS omf tb,foYkd
av;yg;tjym; &St
d ehH nf;[k ESv;Hk ydu
k
f ],'d {0H} ponfjzifo
h m apm'emownf;/

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Mowm&,dwAmeDw?d um;/ okaw? / tEkya 0od-wAmed? oGi;f tyfuek \

f /
oE ,d w A m eD w d ? um;/ oH o aE w A m ed ? ES D ; aES m tyf u k e f \ /
OyedudydwAmeDw?d um;/ yuyd w
d Amed? xnfUtyfuek \
f /
okwfudk jyvdkygaomf ]ro Ak'bmodwokaw} tp&Sdonfudkom
rqd k a umif ; ygoavm/ tb,f h a Mumif h pwl o k t&d , oap o k - [k
qd k b d o enf ; / t&d , op m wd k Y o nf ok w f r[k w f u k e f w um;
-[l a om
um;-[l
vDeE&apm'emudk jyvdkaomaMumifh xdkvDeE&apm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm
]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

okwm 'De?d wdu

Yk /kd 'awk?H iSm/ ]]uwro
uwrod}}Ed tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
ww? xdo
k w
k t
f p&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd jy&m/ ,om? aMumif/h b*0awm? \/ 0peH?
onf/ {u*gxmrwrd? wpf*gxmrQvnf;/ op0dedrkwH? opmav;yg;rS
vGwaf om pum;awmfonf/ ew?d r&S/d wom? aMumif/h okawwd y'? \/
pwlok t&d,oapol}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
tw?H ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]pwl
,if;odkY opmav;yg;udk okwf[l odaom t|uxm yd#uokH;ykHudk
ok w f [ k qd k c J h \ / t|uxmpum;ES i f h rqef Y u sif N yD a vm pk ' f & S d & um;
]t|uxm,H ye} ponfudk qdkownf;/

t|uxm,H ye? um;/ wDPd yd#umed? wdo

Yk nf/ okw?H rnf\/ wd?
od/Yk 0kw?H \/ wH 0peH? onf/ rdem aew0d paee? ESi/hf tn'wK? pifppf/
oHoEwd ap0? ES;D vnf;ES;D aESm\/ oarwd p? nDvnf;nD\/ wd? od/Yk
'|A?H \/ b*0awm? \/ a'oem? onf/ ,m0a'0 tEkyg'gy&deAd m ewm?
wPSm'd|dtm;jzifh rpGJvrf;rl y&dedAmefjyKjcif;tusKd;tydkif;tjcm; &Sdonf/
a[mwd? \/ om a'oem? onf/ {uaEe? jzif/h &m*g'duad vo0lyorH?
&m*tp&Sad om udavomwd\
Yk Nird ;f jcif;ud/k 0'wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0dea,
&m*0dea,
a,wd y'? \/ tw?H ud/k 'aaEm? / ]]&m*0d
a,}}wd tm'? ud/k
tm[? \/
0d e ,E d &m*g'a,m {awemwd 0d e a,m-[l a om 0pew j zif h
um&Pudk tvdk&Sd&um; ]0dea,mwd} paom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d ? pG / &m*g'd 0 l y ored r d w H ? &m*tp&S d o nf w d k Y \ Nid r f ; jcif ; \

taMumif;jzpfaom/ um&PH? ud/k 0dea,mwd? [l/ "? / t"dayw?H \/

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307

,xm a,e um&aPe? aMumif/h &m*g'd0yl oredrw

d ?H aom/ um&PH? ud/k
0dea,mwd? [l/ t"dayw/H \/ wxm awe um&aPe? aMumif/h ]]a,
acg wGH /v/ owKomoe
omoe}}E?d [l/ b*0g? onf/ tm[? \/
]]a*gwrd? a*gwrD/ ar "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ o&m*g,? wyfjcif;ESihf
wuGjzpfjcif;iSm/ oH0wE?d jzpfuek \
f / 0d&m*g,? wyfjcif; uif;jcif;iSm/
aem oH0wE?d uke/f oanm*g,? 0#f ,SOjf cif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f /
0doanm*g,? 0#f ,SOfjcif; uif;jcif;iSm/ aem oH0wEd? ukef/
tmp,m,? 0#f\ yGm;jcif;iSm/ 0g? rsm;jcif;iSm/ oH0wEd? ukef\/
typ,m,? 0#fukd zsuq
f ;D jcif;iSm/ aem oH0wE?d uke/f r[dpw
m,?
tvdBk u;D jcif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f / tydp w
m,? tvdek nf;jcif;iSm/ 0g?
tvdrk &Sjd cif;iSm/ aem oH0wE?d uke/f toEK|,
d m? ra&mif&h jJ cif;iSm/
oH0wE?d uke\
f / oEK|,
d m? iSm/ aem oH0wE?d uke/f o*FPu
d m,?
taygif;taz: arGUavsmfjcif;iSm/ oH0wEd? ukef\/ y0da0um,?
taygif;taz:rS qdwfjcif;iSm/ aem oH0wEd? ukef/ aumoZm,?
ysi;f jcif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f / 0D&,
d m&rm,? vkv
YH tm;xkwjf cif;iSm/ aem
oH0wEd? ukef/ 'kA&wm,? arG;jrLcJjcif;iSm/ oH0wEd? ukef\/
okb&wm,? arG;jrLvG,jf cif;iSm/ aem oH0wE?d uke/f wd? od/Yk a,
acg "ar? tMuifw&m;wdu
Yk /kd wG?H onf/ Zmae,smod? od&m\/ a*gwrd?
rD/ {uHaoe? pifppftm;jzif/h ]{aom? w&m;onf/ e "arm? "rr[kw/f
{aom? onf/ e 0dea,m? 0denf;r[kw/f {wH? onf/ e owKomoeH?
jrwfpGmbk&m;tqkH;tr r[kwf/} wd? odkY/ aw "ar? wdkYudk/
"ma&,smod? rSwfavavmh/ (Zmae,smod [lvnf; ygXf&Sd\?
odavavmh ay;/ a&S;ygXfom oifjh rwf\)/ a*gwrd? a*gwrD/ ar
"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ 0d&m*g,? iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f / o&m*g,? iSm/ aem
oH0wE?d ukef /v/ 'kA& wm,? iSm/ aem oH0wE?d uke/f wd? od/Yk
a, p acg "ar? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ wG?H onf/ Zmae,smod? &m\/ a*gwrd?
rD/ {uHaoe? jzif/h ]{aom? onf/ "arm? wnf;/ {aom? onf/ 0dea,m?

308

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wnf;/ {wH? onf/ owKomoeH1? wnf;/} wd? od/Yk aw "ar?

wdu
Yk /kd "ma&,smod? avmh}}/
"rwm,
y#dporkyga'
m,Ed y'? \/ tw?H ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]y#d
a'}}wd?d
[l/ 0kw?H \/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...][w d y gv? od E v Qif ? xG e f ; yxd k a &mf ?
&aohausmfvQif? vlYabmfp&dr? b0? ,k*oEd? wnfrSef;odvsuf} tp
& S d o nf j zif h qd k t yf a om "r w mok H ; q,f tp&S d o nf o m "r w m
rnfaumif;ygo
nf r[kwfwkHavm[k apm'emzG,f &Sd&um; ]y#dporkyga'g
ygon
[d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkawmfrlownf;/

[d? pG/ y#dpo

rkyg a'g? ud/k Xdwm0 /v/ rwmwd? [l/ 0kawm? \/ ]]om
"mwk ? xd k y #d p o rk y g 'f w nf ; [l a om oabmw&m;onf / Xd w m0?
wnfovQiu
f wnf;/ "r|w
d wm? [kwrf eS af om oabmtm;jzifh wnfonf\
tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? \/ "red,mrwm? [kwfrSefaom oabmtm;jzifh
rSwt
f yfonf\tjzpfonf/ 0g? jro
J nf\ tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? \}}/ |? 82
]]"rwm,H OyedudydwAmeD}}wd 'H 0peH? onf/ ygVd ,H? / ewd? r&Sd/
tw'e0aoe ye? teufukd jyonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifu
h m;/ "? /
0kw?H \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
twy' Asey'wdkY\ tb,fodkY okwf ouf0ifonf\ tjzpf?
0d e nf ; ES D ; aES m onf \ tjzpf ? "r w mud k rqef Y u sif a ponf \ tjzpf u d k
rSwf&ygtHhenf;-[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]{w p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qdkavownf;/

{w p? okwf ouf0ifjcif; tp&Sdonf/ Am"um'dbma0?

ESyd pf ufwwfaom oabmw&m; tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tjzpf/ ed,wH? jraJ om/
y0wd ? jzpfaom 'kuo
pmudk vnf;aumif;/ ed0wd ? 'kuo
pm\ rjzpf&maom
1/ owKomoeH / / owKomoeEd "ma&,smodBu,
d m\ tmum&tvdiYk mS
]wd} o'gwpfck? tm[ Bud,m\ tmum&tvYdkiSm ]wd}o'g wpfcktm;jzifh
ow K omoeE d wd - [k wd o ' g ES p f c k v d k t yf v suf tm0k w d e nf ; tm;jzif h
wdo'gwpfcu
k kd acsavownf;/ uJo
h Ykd xdx
k o
kd aYkd om t&mwdYk wdo'gwpfcu
k kd
acsjr[
J k rSwv
f ifu
h ek /f

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309

eda&m"opmudk vnf;aumif;/ w'kyg,? xdk'kuopm eda&m"opmwdkY\

taMumif;jzpfaom ork',opm r*opmudkvnf;aumif;/ y&d'DayaEm?
jyonf&adS omf/ okaw? / Mow&wd emr? ouf0ifonf rnf\/ {uaEe?
ojzif/h &m*g'duad vo0de,H? &m*tp&Sad om udavomwdu
Yk kd azsmufjcif;ud/k
0'aEm? a[monf &Sad omf/ 0dea,? / oEawd emr? ES;D aESmonf rnf\/
0g? aumif;pGm jyonf rnf\/ wxm? xdrk w
S pfyg;/ ow? ow'd|u
d kd
vnf;aumif;/ Oap'? Oap''d|u
d v
kd nf;aumif;/ 0aZwmG ? / {uwe,m
'dy&d'Dyaee? {uwenf; tp&Sdonfudk jyojzifh/ obm0"rmeH? wdkY\/
yp,yp,yk E b
m0H? ypn;f yp,yk e \
f tjzpfu/kd 0dbma0aEm? xifpmG jyonf
&Sad omf/ "rw?H "rwmud/k e 0davmarwd emr? rqefu
Y siaf ponf rnf\/ /
{0H0da"m p? odkY okwf ouf0ifjcif; tp&Sdaom tjym;&Sdaom
twAse y'taygif;onf/ umrmo0g'du?H aom/ tmo0H? ud/k e Oyga'wd?
,'d pwlok t&d,oapo}l }
ap/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'aaEm? / ]],'d
wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
y#dpo
rkyg 'fonf opm 0ifNyD jzpf&um; y#dpo
rkyg 'fukd toD; ,ljcif;u
udd k
rESpfoufaomaMumifh ]eEk p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/
xdkygXfwdkYwGif vdk&if;ygXfum; ]uom " 0dokH *[dawmwd} wnf;/
tb,faMumifh toD;,ltyfoenf;/ r,ltyfNyD[k qdk\/ xdkodkY r,ltyfonf\
tjzpfudk tb,fodkY odygoenf;/
wpf e nf ; um;-toD ; ,l j cif ; onf tenom"m&Pjzpf a om
omoeor w d u d k jyjcif ; tusKd ; r&S d y goavm[k rd r d t m; ol w pf y g;wd k Y
apm'emtHhonfudk jrif&um; ]eEk p aom pwm&d t&d,opmed tEky0da|m}
ygXfudk qdkownf;/ tb,hfaMumifh opmav;yg;odkY 0ifoenf; apm'em&Sd&u
m;
um;
]tEkavmrawm /v/ ed0wDwd}ygXfudk qdkownf;/

eEk p apma'rd? tHh/ tEkavmrawm? tm;jzifh/ y0awm? aom/

y#dpo
rkyg a'g? onf/ y0w?d 0#fw&m;\ jzpfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
y#davmrawm? tm;jzifh/ y0awm? aom/ y#dporkyga'g? onf/ ed0wd?
0#fw&m;\ epfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h aom?

310

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4-y#deda'o

xdyk #dpo
rkyg 'fonf/ pwm&d? ukeaf om/ t&d,opmed? ud/k 0g? od/Yk tEky0da|m
eEk? 0ifNy;D r[kww
f aHk vm/ uom? aMumif/h "? / 0do?Hk oD;/ *[dawm?
enf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f apm'em? wnf;/
xdkapm'emudk y#d0petm;jzifh ajzjcif;iSm ]oparwH}[k qdkownf;/
,if;odkY rSefygaomf toD; r,ltyfaumif;onfom r[kwfwkHavm
apm'emaMumifh ]" ye 0dokH *[PH? wd 'ewH}ygXfudk qdkownf;/
tb,fodkY jyoenf; ykpmaMumifh ]wdvuP /v/ yumodwm} ygXfudk
qdkownf;/
vu P mok H ; yg;[l o nf tb,f e nf ; apm'em&S d & um; ]ted p w m
'kuwm tewmwd} ygXfudk qdkownf;/
ted p paom vu P mok H ; yg;ud k y#d p o rk y g 'f rqd k w um;
apm'emaMumifh ]awoH O',0Ewm wa
w m {0 0,0Ewm w'kba,e
waw
O',A,y#dyDVaee}ygXfudk qdkownf;/
jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;tzdkYudkvnf; y#dporkyg'f rqdkygwum; ykpmaMumifh
]tedpyp,vuPH /v/ 0dbma0wGm}ygXfudk qdkownf;/
ted p y p , vu P m ponf u d k v nf ; rqd k y gwum;/ tb,f o d k Y
]tedpyp,vuPm} ponfudk xif&Sm;jytHhenf; apm'em &SdaomaMumifh
]"rmeH /v/ 'aee}ygXfudk qdkownf;/

{wH 0peH? apm'uykpm qdak om pum;onf/ op?H rSeaf y\/ ye?

xdo
k Ykd rSejf im;aomfvnf;/ "? / 0do?Hk oD;/ *[PH? ,ljcif;onf/ ('ewH
pyf)/ "rmeH? wd\
Yk / yp,m,w0w
k 'd aee? taMumif;ESiphf yf jzpfjcif;udk
jyojzif/h (0dbma0wGm pyf)/ tedpy p,vuP? tedpj zpfaom taMumif;
vuPmudv
k nf;aumif;/ torwyp,vuP? rpGr;f aom taMumif;
vuPmudv
k nf;aumif;/ ed&[
D yp,vuP? tm;xkwjf cif; Asmyg&r&Sad om
taMumif; vuPmudv
k nf;aumif;/ 0dbma0wGm? / (y&d'yD w
d m-[laom
ygXaoo pyf)/ awoH "rmeH? wd\
Yk / O',0Ewm? jzpfjcif;tzdYk &So
d nf\
tjzpfu/kd y&d'yD w
d m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wawm {0 p? xdjk zpfjcif;tzdYk &So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQi/f 0,0Ewm? ysujf cif;tzdYk &So
d nf\ tjzpfu/kd y&d'yD w
d m?
onf/ a[mwd? \/ w'kba,e? xdkESpfyg;aom jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;tzdkY

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311

&So
d nf\tjzpfjzif/h 0g? aMumif/h tedpw
m? ud/k y&d'yD w
d m? onf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ O',A,y#dyVD aee? jzpfjcif; ysujf cif;\ ESyd pf ufjcif;jzif/h 'kuw
m?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ tewm? udv
k nf;aumif;/ y&d'yD w
d m? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wd? od/Yk wdvuPorma,m*y&d'yD eD? vuPma&;ok;H yg;wdEYk iS hf ,SOjf cif;udk
jywwfaom/ oA'd|d*wukrwd0d'HoeD? tvkH;pkHaom rdpm'd|d-[laom
raumif;aom t,lukd zsuq
f ;D wwfaom/ tenom"m&Pm? olwpfyg;wdEYk iS hf
rqufqaH om/ omoeorw?d omoem\ jynfph jHk cif;ud/k yumodwm? onf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? od?Yk 'ew?H jyjcif; tusK;d &So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/
{w p? t&mvnf;/ okwH? vnf;aumif;/ okwmEkavmrH?
vnf;aumif;/ tmp&d,0ga'g? vnf;aumif;/ twaemrwd? vnf;aumif;/
wd? od/Yk 'H pwku?H ud/k a0'dwA?H \/
xdkav;yg;wdkY\ txl;um; tb,fenf;[k tar;&Sd&maomaMu
mif h
maomaMumif
txl;udk jytHhaomiSm ]ww} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdak v;yg;wdw

Yk iG /f okwH emr? rnfonf/ wdam o*wad ,m?
o*Fg,emok;H wefwo
Ykd /Ykd tmkVm ed? wiftyfuek af om/ wDPd yd#umed? wdw
Yk nf;/
ok w m Ek a vmrH emr? rnfonfum;/ r[mya'om? wnf;/ (0denf;
r[mya'oonf tyfonftm;avsmaf omaMumifh tEkavmruy,
d rnf\/
xdEk iS hf wl&um; okwE r [mya'oonfvnf; tEkavmruy,
d [k t|uxm
a0g[m& jzpfaomaMumifh ],H tEkavmruy,
d Ed 0kpw
}d [k qdo
k wnf;)/ ,H?
tMuif r[mya'oud/k ]]tEkavmruy,
d }}E?d [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ tmp&d,0ga'g
emr? rnfonfum;/ t|uxm? wnf;/ twaemrwd emr? rnfonfum;/
e,*ga[e? enf;,lojzif/h tEkA'k ,
d m? q odojzif/h twaem? \/ y#dbmeH?
txifwnf;/
xdkav;yg;udk ,ltyfonfcsnf;avm[k tar;ykpm xGuf&maomaMum
if h
maomaMumif
,ltyfonf r,ltyfonfudk jyjcif;iSm ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
o*F g ,emok H ; wef wif a om ok w f u d k ,l t yf o nf o m jzpf a omf
tb,fjyKoenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]wH} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

312

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4-y#deda'o

ww? xdak v;yg;wdw

Yk iG /f okw?H ud/k ty#Ad m[d,?H rwm;jrpftyf/ wH
okw?H ud/k y#dAm[aEe? wm;jrpfaom olonf/ 0g? wm;jrpfojzif/h owm0?
jrwfpmG bk&m;udo
k mvQi/f y#dAm[dawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ tEkavmr
uyd,
H ye? r[mya'oudu
k m;/ okawe? ESi/hf oarEar0? nDonfuo
kd mvQi/f
*a[wAH? \/ w&H? rnDaom r[mya'oudk/ e *a[wAH? tyf/
tmp&d,0ga'gyd? udv
k nf;/ okawe? ESi/hf oaraEm {0? nDonfuo
kd mvQi/f
*a[waAm? \/ wa&m? rnDaom tmp&d,0g'ud/k e *a[waAm? tyf/
twaemrwd? ud/k wxm? wl/ okawe? ESi/hf oarEmD {0? udo
k mvQi/f
*a[wAm? \/ w&m? rnDaom twaemrwdu/kd e *a[wAm? tyf/
(wxm o'gjzifh iif ay;onf)/ om ye? xdt
k waemrwdonf/ oA'Ak v
m?
tvk;H pkw
H akdY tmuf tm;enf;\/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwAm? \/
'ged? / ,'wH? tMuif,kwd[m&udk ,SOfjcif;tusKd;iSm/ "?
,kw[
d m&0dbif;/ pwma&m? ukeaf om/ r[mya'om? wdu
Yk /kd tmbwm?
pwl [ d
aqmif t yf u k e f \ / wH ? xd k , k w d [ m&ud k / 'awk H ? iS m / ]]pwl
r[mya'ao[D}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / ,H ,
,E?d um;/ ,H
,H twZmw? tMuiftMuif tusKd;oabmonfvnf;aumif;/ ,H ,H
"rZmw? tMuiftMuif taMumif;oabmonfvnf;aumif;/ wpfenf;um;,H ,H twZmw? tMuiftMuif teufoabmonfvnf;aumif;/ ,H ,H
"rZmw? tMuiftMuif ygVdoabmonfvnf;aumif;/ ,kZwDw?d um;/
,xm0kaw[?d ukeaf om/ pwl[?d ukeaf om/ r[mya'ao[d? wdEYk iS /hf ,kZw
?d
oif\
h / 0g? rqefu
Y si/f a,e a,em
a,emwd? um;/ a,e a,e um&aPe?
tMuiftMuifoaYkd om okwf ouf0ifjcif;tp&Sad om taMumif;jzif/h ,xm
,xm
,xmwd? um;/ a,e a,e yuma&e? tMuiftMuifodkYaom okwf
ouf0ifjcif;tp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzif/h wH wH *a[wAEd {w ygaX? /
okwa wm? okww
f pfyg;rS/ O'&w
d mG ? / yoa*Fe? onf/ 0g? aomtm;jzif/h
tmbawe? wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom olonf aqmiftyfaom/ um&aPe
p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ yuma&e p ? tjym;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ oH0P,
d rmae?
aomf/ okaw? / oH0Pem0aoe? zGio
hf nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h |? 83

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313

twZmw?H tusK;d oabm teufoabmud/k *a[wA?H \/ wd t,H? vQi/f

tawm? wnf;/ awe? xdkpwl[d r[mya'ao[d tp&Sdaom ygXfjzifh/
pwkr[mya'om0d'k g ,? av;yg;aom r[mya'owdEYk iS hf rqefu
Y siaf om/
,kw,
d m? toift
Y m;jzif/h okwa wm? rS/ taw? wdu
Yk /kd ed'g a&wGm? /
,kw[
d m&a,mZem? ,kw[
d m&udk ,SOjf cif;ud/k wpfenf;um;-,kw[
d m&a,mZem?
toift
h m;jzifh tvk;H pkaH om [m&udk ,SOjf cif;ud/k umwAm? \/ wd? od/Yk
'awd? \/ /
19/ 'ged? / wH ,kwed &d 'g&PH? xd,
k w
k u
d kd xkwjf cif;ud/k 'awk?H
yH ykpdawem}}
iSm/ ]]y
wem}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / uwd
y'geD w d ? um;/ y'ged ? wd k Y o nf / ud w u med ? tb,f r Qwd k Y e nf ; /
y&da,m*g[dwAEd y'? \/ tw?H ud/k 'awk?H iSm/]]0d
0dapwA}}}E?d [l/
0dapwA}}Ed y'H? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ,wumed? ukeaf om/ y'ged?
wpfenf;um;-]]0d
wdo
Yk nf/ ,xm"dayw?H tMuiftMuif tvd&k t
dS yfaom/ tw?H ud/k tbd0'E?d
a[muke\
f / wwumed? ukeaf om/ y'ged? wdu
Yk /kd 0g? wdo
Yk nf/ {u? aom/
w'w? xdt
k euf\/ wk?H iSm/ pw
d wm? aMumif/h ]]{aum? aom/ yam?
onf}}/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kpw
?d \/ wmed ye y'ged? wdo
Yk nf/
{u*gxm,H? / oAmed? ukefaom/ y'ged? wdkYudk/ ,'d 0g tbd0'Ed?
tu,frlvnf; a[mukeo
f nf jzpft/hH ,m0? avmuf/ {uH? aom/ y'H?
ud/k ,'d 0g tbd0'E?d tu,frlvnf; a[mukeo
f nfjzpft/hH {uH? aom/
twH? udk/ ,'d 0g tbd0'wd? tHh/ aom yam? onf/ {auma,0?
,'d oAmeD}}}wd
onfomvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k ]],'d
tm'dem? jzif/h 'awd? \/ wE?d um;/ wH y?H ud/k tnmwAE?d um;/
tmZmed w A H ? od a tmif jytyf \ / u ar "r m wd tm'd ? onf /
tmZmeemum&'eH? odaomtjcif;t&mudk jyaom pum;onf/ ww
0pae? / "rmwd? um;/ y&d,w"d rm? wdo
Yk nf/ emewmwd? um;/ emem
twm? xl;aom teuf &Su
d ek o
f avm/ /
ykpm *gxm,H? / t,H? um;/ y'awm? wnf;/ auekAm[awm
avmaum
avmaumwd {w? / apma&m? ud/k apm&Cmwaue? cd;k olowfaom olonf/

314

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tbd[awm 0d,? owftyf ouJo

h /Ykd t,H owavmaum? ud/k aue?
tb,fonf/ tbd[awm 0"D,wd? owftyfoenf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f
taw m ? wnf ; / auek y&d 0 g&d a wm
wmwd ? um;/ rmvk 0 vwm,?
rmavmEG,o
f nf/ edw
d kaum? rS&D mjzpfaom opfyifu/kd taZmwa#m 0d,?
vTr;f rd;k tyfouJo
h /Ykd aue? tb,fonf/ avmaum? ud/k taZmwa#m? enf;/
aue oave MowdaPmwd? um;/ 0doyDwck&aye? tqdyv
f ;l aom jrm;jzif/h
0g? jrm;onf/ tEky0da|m 0d,? pl;0ifouJo
h /Ykd o&D&AE& edrak *e? ud,
k w
f iG ;f odYk
pl;0ifaom/ aue oave? tb,fjrm;jzif/h 0g? jrm;onf/ tEky0da|m? enf;/
ud "lyg,dawm
wmwd? um;/ ud aue um&aPe? jzifh/ 0g? onf/
avmaum? ud/k "lyg,dawm oEmydawm? ylyefaptyfoenf;/ o'g
o'gwd y'H?
ud/k oAw? tvk;H pkaH om yk'w
f Ykd / a,maZwA?H \/ aw
awwd? um;/ pwm&d?
ukeaf om/ y'ged? wdo
Yk nf/
,if;odkYaomf ]wmed y'ged}qdkygavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]yOo'gayum,
ykvd*Feda'aom} ygXfudk qdkownf;/

yOo'gayum,? yOm[laom yk'u

f kd iJah omtm;jzif/h ykv*d eF ad 'aom?
ykvdiftm;jzifh jyjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ ]]0doaZwD}}wd {awe? jzifh/
0doZeawm? ewfom;tm; ajzaomtm;jzif/h 0g? ajzaomaMumif/h wa,m?
ukeaf om/ yOm? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd? od/Yk ,wd? \/ wd?
od/Yk 'awd? \/ /
]Z&m p r&P}[k Z&mudk a&S; r&Pudk aemufxdkif&um; 0doZe
*gxm\ yg'tpOftm;jzifhyif qdk\[k t,l&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkt,ludk
epfapjcif;iSm ]'kwd,yga'} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

20/ wwmwd? um;/ 0doZe*gxm,H? / 'kw,

d yga'? / 0kwm ? aom/
Z&m pp? vnf;aumif;/ yXryga'? / 0kw?H aom/ r&P? vnf;aumif;/
wd? od/Yk rmed a'G? ESpyf g;wdo
Yk nf/ ocFw
? taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf
tnDtGwaf ygif; jyKtyfaom/ yuE
? cEmig;yg; taygif;\/ {aw[d?
Z&mr&PwdjYk zif/h ]]ocFawm}}wd? taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf tnDtGwf
aygif; jyKtyfaom ocFww&m;[l/ vu,
D wd? rSwt
f yf\/ wd wom?

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315

aMumif/h ocFwvuPmed? wdo

Yk nf/ a[mE?d jzpfuek \
f / [d? pG/ ]]wDPrd med
bdua 0 /v/ ynm,wD}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k b*0wm? onf/ 0kw?H \/
]]bdua0? wdkY/ ocFw? taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf tnDtGwfaygif;
jyKtyfaom cEmyu\/ ocFwvuPmed? ocFw[l rSwfaMumif;
vuPmwdkYonf/ rmed wDPd? okH;yg;wdkYwnf;/ uwrmed wDPd?
enf;[lru
l m;/ Oyga'g? jzpfjcif;onf/ ynm,wd? xif\/ 0a,m? ysujf cif;onf/
ynm,wd? \/ Xdw? wnfaom cEmig;yg;taygif;\/ 0g? cEmtpOf\/
tnxw?H wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzifh jzpfonf\tjzpfonf/ ynm,wd?
Z&m,H /v/ 0a,m
\}}/ awe? aMumif/h ]]Z&m,H
0a,m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ {w? ygVd/
]]Xdw tnxw}}Ed {awe ygaXe? jzif/h cEyA E? cEmtaygif;\/ 0g?
cEmtpOf\/ ykAm y&0daoaom? a&SUaemuftxl;onf/ "? / Z&m? rnf\/
cP|dw?d cP|dwo
d nf/ e Z&m? Z&mrrnf/ wd? od/Yk 'awd? \/
]]r&PH 0a,m}}wd rdem p? jzifv
h nf;/ ]]wdam? wdonf/ rawm? ao\/
|? 84 zkam? onf/ rawm? \}}/ wd {0H? od/Yk avmau? / 0kw?H aom/
orKwrd &PH? ud/k 'awd? \/ cPdur&PH 0g? cPdur&Pudk vnf;aumif;/
orkap'r&PH 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/ e 'awd? rjy/ (cPdu eda&m"onf
cPdur&P? &[Emwd\
Yk cEy&deAd m efonf orkap'r&P rnf\)/ /
'ged? / ]]aw wa,m yOm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H aom/ tw?H ud/k ,kw0d aoe?
Z&m, pm
tm;jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ ]]Z&m,
pm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
tb,hfaMumifh *A*wmyd [d rD,Ed-[l qdkoenf;/ Z&m, p
r&P p twawm emewH-om qdku NyD;aumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm
apm'em&Sd&um; ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xd,
k w
k \
d tpGr;f tm;jzifh jy&m/ a,bka,se? tm;jzif/h ZdP
?
tdak om ol\/ r&P'eawm? aojcif;udk jrifjcif;aMumif/h Z&mr&PmeH?
wd\
Yk / emew?H xl;onf\ tjzpfu/kd tor#pd r meH? 0efrcHaom olu/kd ywd?
pG
J / (tw[
d k tcsKUd pm&S\
d / qifjcif)/ awoH? xdZk &mr&Pwd\
Yk / emew*A*wmyd [d rD,ED}}wd? [l/
'ew?H xl;onf\tjzpfukd jytHah omiSm/ ]]*A

316

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0kw?H \/ 'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
,xm"daywZ&m0d&[dw? tMuiftMuif tvdk&Sdtyfaom tdkjcif;rS
uif;aom/ r&P? \/ 0g? udk/ 'eawm? xifjcif;aMumifh/ 0g?
jrifjcif;aMumif/h Z&m? onf/ tnm? wpfyg;wnf;/ r&PH? onf/ tnH? wnf;/
wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]ee
p aw ZdPm b0ED}}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ud bda,sm? qdzk ,
G &f adS o;\/
0g? onfrQom r[kwaf o;/ 0g? tb,fwpfyg; vGeo
f enf;/ wpfenf;um;bda,sm? wpfzef qdzk ,
G t
f aMumif;onf/ ud? tb,fenf;[lru
l m;/ a'0geH?
wd\
Yk / au0vH? Z&mESirhf a&m oufoufaom/ r&PH? ud/k 'd|H ,xm? jriftyf
ouJo
h /Ykd (wH um; edygwfrQom)/ au0v? Z&mESirhf a&m oufoufaom/
r&P? \/ 'd|wm? jriftyfonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ 0g? xifonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h Z&m? onf/ tnm0? wpfyg;omwnf;/ r&PH? onf/ tnH0?
omwnf;/ ({0-o'g vdu
k af ponf)/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k ]]twd p
a'0ge}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h 'awd? \/ tEkw& rd Ek"are p? jrwfaom
psmevmbD t&d,myk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd w&m;jzifv
h nf;/ wdupd a ee? ukpm;ojzif/h
Z&m,? ud/k y#dum&H? ukpm;cGiu
hf /kd umwk?H jyKjcif;iSm/ oum? \/ wxm? wl/
r&P? ud/k y#dumwk?H iSm/ e oum? rwwfaumif;/ wd {0r?d odaYk om
taMumif;jzifv
h nf;/ Z&mr&PmeH? wd\
Yk / twawm? tm;jzif/h emew?H ud/k
ouaw0g
or#pd w
d A?H 0efct
H yf\/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ou
w0g}}wd tm'd?
ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / ouaw
wwd? um;/ ousaw? pGr;f Edik \
f /
oum? wwfEikd \
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ y#durE?d um;/
y#du&PH? ukpm;jcif;udk/ 'dyg'bm0em,? 'dyg'fudk yGm;apjcif;/
0odbma0? avhvmonf\ tjzpfonf/ owd? aomf/ r&Pmyd? udv
k nf;/
y#dum&H? ukpm;jcif;udk/ umwkH? iSm/ oum eEk p? wwfEdkifaumif;onf
r[kww
f aHk vm/ wd apm'eH? odaYk om apm'emjcif;ud/k reoduwGm? ESv;Hk
tnaMw0 'drEmeH 'd0do,m}}
jyK/ ]]tnaMw0
,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ [d? pG/
b*0wm? onf/ ]], upd /v/ uym0aooH 0g}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH?
ud/k 0kw?H \/

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317

]]tmeE? Em/ , upd? trSwrf &Sad om yk*Kd vo

f nf/ pwma&m?
av;yg;ukefaom/ 'dyg'g? wdkYudk/ bm0dwm? yGm;aptyfukef\/
A[kvu
D wm? tzefwvJvJ jyKtyfuek \
f / ,meDuwm? utyfaom
,mOfuo
hJ Ykd jyKtyfuek \
f / 0wKuwm? wnf&mudu
k o
hJ Ykd jyKtyfuek \
f /
tEk|w
d m? aumif;pGm xm;tyfuek \
f / y&dpw
d m? xuf0ef;usirf S yGm;ap
tyfuek \
f / okorm&'g? aumif;pGm tm;xkwt
f yfuek \
f / aom yk*a vm?
onf/ tmucFrmaem? aomf/ uyH 0g? tm,kuyfywfv;Hk vnf;/ wda|,s?
wnf&m\/ uyg0aooH 0g? tm,kuyfrS t<uif;umv-ywfv;Hk vnf;/
wda|,s? &m\}}/ /
{w? ygVd/ uayg? uyfonf/ aum ye? enf;/ uym0aoaom 0g?
uyfrS t<uif;onfvnf;/ aum? enf;/ wd t,H? um;/ apm'em? wnf;/
uaygwd? um;/ tm,kuayg? tm,kuyfwnf;/ [d? pG/ ,o wo umav?
/ rEkmeH? wd\
Yk / ,H tm,kyr mPH? tMuiftouftwdik ;f t&Sno
f nf/
tw?d \/ wH tm,kyr mPH? ud/k y&dyP
k ?H jynfph o
Hk nfu/kd 0g? jynfph pHk mG /
ua&maEm? jyKaomolonf/ uy?H tm,kuyfywfv;Hk / wd|wd emr? rnf\/
ye? rSwpfyg;/ ]]tyH 0g bda,sm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H a[mtyfaom/ 0owm'dawm? ESpw
f pf&mtp&So
d nfr/S twda&uH? tvGe/f wd|aEm? wnfaom
olonf/ uyg0aooH? tm,kuyfrS t<uif;umvywfv;Hk / wd|wd emr? rnf\/
aom yk*a vm? xd
k 'yd g'fukd yGm;apaom yk*Kd vo
f nf/ uyH 0g? vnf;aumif;/
uyg0aooH 0g? vnf;aumif;/ ,'d wda|,s? tH/h {0H owd? aomf/ uom?
aMumif/h 'rd aEm? Bu;D aomwefc;kd &Su
d ek af om/ apawm0odyw
m ? pdw\
f
avhvmjcif;odYk a&mufuek af om/ cDPmo0g? wdo
Yk nf/ avmu[dww?H vlw\
Ykd
tpD;tyGm;tvdikY mS / wxm? xdo
k aYkd om tjcif;t&mjzif/h e wd|E?d ukeo
f enf;/
wd? odkY/ ap 0a',s? tHY/ cEocFgw? aom/ 'kubm&?
'kuw
nf;[laom 0efu/kd y&dnmwwm p? ydik ;f jcm; odonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ tEku
k w
m, p? tm;xkwjf cif; r&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ e wd|E?d uke/f

318

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tm;xk w f j cif ; r&S d ? pif p pf rS e f y g\avm apm'emaMumif h ]y#d y

'
'
/v/ yk&domwd ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d op?H \/ aw Owryk&o
d m? xdjk rwfaom &[Emyk*Kd vw
f o
Ykd nf/
y#dy'oAKkum? Nidrf;NyD;aom tvkH;pkHaom tm;xkwfjcif; &Sdukefonf/
a[mE d ? uk e f \ / [d ? pG / "r a oemywd e m? w&m;ppf o l B uD ; jzpf a om
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & monf/ ]]embdeEmrd /v/ ,xm}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k
0kw?H \/
]]t[H? onf/ r&PH? ud/k embdeEmrd? rESpo
f uf/ ZD0w
d ?H toufu/kd
embducFgrd? tvdrk &S/d bwaum? tcpm;aom olonf/ a0weH? tcud/k
0g? &dum ud/k y#ducFgrd ,xm? tvd&k o
dS uJo
h /Ykd wxm? wl/ umv?
y&deAd m efjyKtahH om umvudo
k m/ y#ducFgrd? \}}/
|? 85 Z&mr&PmeH? wd\
Yk / tnrnH? csi;f / twawm? tm;jzif/h emewH
,xm? xl;onf\ tjzpfuo
hJ /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ aw[d? xdZk &mr&PwdrYk /S
wPSm, p? \vnf;/ emeaw? ud/k 'daw? aomf/ ]]wa,m yOm}}wd 'H
0peH? onf/ odZw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH? xdw
k a,m yOm[laom
,H yem
pum;\ Ny;D jcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]],H
yem}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
ww 0pae? / ,om? aMumif/h wPSm,? \/ tbma0? r&Sjd cif;onf/
owdy?d aomfvnf;/ cDPmo0oEmae? &[Emyk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd oEmef/ Z&mr&PH?
ud/k vAw?d \/ wom? aMumif/h Z&mr&PH? onf/ tnH? wnf;/ wPSm?
onf/ tnm? wnf;/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'dEd /v/ rD,EmyDwd
rdem ygaXe? jzif/h tm[? \/ wPSmyd? onfvnf;/ ZD&PbdZe obm0g?
&ifjh cif;oabm ysujf cif;oabm&So
d nf/ a[mwd eEk p? jzpfonfr[kww
f aHk vm/
wd t,H? vQi/f apm'em? wnf;/ (wPSm\ ZD&PbdZe oabm &Sjd cif;aMumifh
wPSm Z&mr&Pwd\
Yk tnwtjzpfonf rjzpf&m-[lvakd omf/)
op?H \/ wxmyd? aomfvnf;/ 'H Z&mr&PH? cPdujzpfaom
Z&mr&Pud/k "? / e t"dayw?H tyf/ wd? od/Yk t,H tawm? ud/k
0kawm0? vQifuwnf;/ ({w p Xdw tnxwEd {awe cE

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ykAm y&0daoaom " Z&meH cPwDwd ponfjzifh qdNk y;D [lvakd omf)/ ]],'d
pm}}wd tm'dem? jzifh/ wPSm,? \/ Z&mr&Pawm? rS/ tenaw?
wpfyg;r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpf/ a'goH? tjypfu/kd 'awd? \/
uif ; aom wPS m &S d u k e f o nf jzpf u k e f & maomf - [k t&S i f u p n f ;
rd e f Y a wmf r l \ / xd k o d k Y j zpf a omf tb,f j yKoenf ; / wPS m uif ; uk e f a omf
uif;ukefygapawmhavm-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]a,mAe|myd /v/ t"dyga,m}
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
wPSmuJhodkY Z&mr&Ponfvnf; 'ku\ taMumif;jzpf&maom
maom-- [k
t&Sifupnf;ax&f tb,fhaMumifh qdkavoenf;/ Z&mr&Ponf 'ku\
taMumif; pifppf rjzpfonfom r[kwfygavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]Z&mr&Prd /v/
t"dyga,m}ygXfudk qdkownf;/

a,mAe|myd? ysKad omt&G,f wnfaom olwo

Ykd nfvnf;/ 0d*wwPSm?
uif;aom wPSm&Su
d ek o
f nf/ od,?Hk uke&f m\/ 'H? odjYk zpfjcif;onf/ e
,kw?H roif/h wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ wPSm,? \/ tenaw?
Z&mr&PrS wpfyg;r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfonf/ owd? aomf/ Z&mr&Pr?d
onfvnf;/ 'ku
? \/ ork'a,m? taMumif;onf/ od,m? &m\/ wd
t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ Z&mr&Pawm? rS/ tenaw? wPSm\
wpfyg;r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfonf/ owd? aomf/ wPSm? onf/ 'ku
? \/
ork'a,m? onf/ e p od,m? &m/ wd t,H? vQi/f bma0g t"dyg a,m?
wnf;/
]e [d Z&mr&PH } paom ygXf t"d y g ,w u d k jyjcif ; iS m ]e [d }
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h Z&mr&PH? onf/ 'ku

? \/ ork'a,m? onf/ e
a[mwd? rjzpf/ wPSm? onf/ 'ku
? \/ ork'a,m? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wom? aMumif/h {awoH? xdZk &mr&Pwd\
Yk / twawm? tm;jzif/h emew?H ud/k
a0'dwA?H \/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ wPSm,? \/ tenaw?
Z&mr&PwdrYk S wpfyg;r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfonf/ owd? aomf/ wPSm? onf/
r*0Zm? r*fjzifh owftyfonf/ a[mwd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ {0H wxm? wl/

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Z&mr&Pr?d onfvnf;/ r*0ZH1? onf/ od,m? &m\/ (wPSm, tenaw

owd [laom ygXfjzifh t"dyg ,fukd jyonf)/ Z&mr&PH? onf/ r*0Z?H onf/ e
a[mwd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ wxm? wl/ wPSmyd? onfvnf;/ r*0Zm?
onf/ e od,m? &m/ wd t,rd ea,m? udv
k nf;/ 0kawm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/
wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
rm, ,kwd,mmwd? um;/ ,xm0kwm ,? aom/ rm, Oyyw,
d m?
toifhjzifh/ tnran[Dw?d um;/ tnm[d tnm[d? wpfyg;wpfyg;
ukeaf om/ um&Plyyw[
D ?d oifah om taMumif;wdjYk zif/h twawm? tm;jzif/h
tnwH? wpfyg;\ tjzpfonf/ 'dwd? tu,f xifonfjzpftHh/
Ase awmyd? o'gtm;jzifv
h nf;/ w'nH? xd/k 0g? wpfyg;\ tjzpfu/kd *a0odwA?H
&Smtyf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ / (teuftm;jzifh wpfyg;\
tjzpf xifaomfvnf; o'gtm;jzifhvnf; wpfyg;\ tjzpfudk &Smtyf\[lvakd omf/) aroH "rmeH twawm {uwE?d [l/ 0kw?H aom/ rar0w?H
udo
k mvQi/f ]]ee [d ,kZwD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0d0&wd? zGiahf wmfr\
l /
]rm, ,k w d , m Z&mr&P p wPS m , p tnw H [ k
t&Sifupnf;q&m qdkawmfrl\/ tb,fodkY ]wPSm, t"dyma, ty&d
yl & rmae}tp&S d o nf j zif h qd k t yf a om ,k w d j zif h p m wPS m wd k Y \
wpf y g;r[k w f o nf \ tjzpf ? Z&mr&PwPS m wd k Y \ wpf y g;\tjzpf o nf
oifhygtHhenf;[laom apm'em&Sd xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]wPSm,
/v/ rm, ,kwd,mwd tm'dem}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wPS m ,2 t"d y g a, ty&d y l & rmae

rmaewd rdem ygaXe? jzifh/
pw
d mvmbH? tvd&k t
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l / awe?
1/ r*0ZH / / ,xm p wPSm r*0Zm {0H Z&mr&Prd od,m r*0Z-H [k
qdo
k jzifh ],xm p Z&mr&PH e r*0Z?H {0H wPSmyd od,m e r*0Zm} [laomenf;
Ny;D \ [lvakd omf/
2/ wPSm, /v/ rm, ,kwd,m / / xdyk gXfww
Ykd iG f wPSm, /v/ 0kwH
a[mwd-[laom ygXfjzifh pmwPSmwd\
Yk tnw r[kwo
f nf\tjzpfu?kd {awe /v/
tnwrd orww
d H a[mwd-[laom ygXfjzifh Z&mr&P wPSmwd\
Yk tnw-[laom

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xdo
k q
Ykd o
kd jzif/h 0g? aMumif/h pmwPSmeH? pmwPSmwd\
Yk / twawm? tm;jzif/h
{uw?H wlonf\ tjzpfu/kd 0kw?H qdt
k yfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h {awe? wPSm, t"dyg a, tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h
({w[k tcsKdUpm &Sd\/ u&Pw q|DMuH)/ wpfenf;um;-{w?
wPSm, t"dyg a, tp&Sad om ygXf\/ 0aoe? tpGr;f tm;jzif/h (odYk
ygXaooESihf wuG ay;)/ e [d /v/ tnwEd 'H 0peH? onf/ orwe?H
Ny;D onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ pm0dy&d,ma,? vdt
k yfaom
0wKudk r&jcif;onf/ owd? aomf/ tmCmw0wLok? &efNidK;zGJUjcif;\
taMumif;wdYk / auma"m p? trsux
f u
G jf cif;onfvnf;aumif;/ Oyema[m
p? &efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ OyZw
?d \/ wd? od/Yk 'rd 0peH?
onfvnf;/ orweH? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wxm? wl/ Z&mr&P0dy&d,ma,? Z&mr&P\ r&Sjd cif;onf/ owd? aomf/ tmCmw0wLok? wdYk /
auma"m p? onfvnf;aumif;/ Oyema[m p? onfvnf;aumif;/ OyZw
?d
\/ wd 'H 0peH? onf/ orwe?H onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ (iif ay;onf)/
wd wom? aMumif/h Z&mr&PwPSmeH? Z&mr&PwPSmwd\
Yk / twawm?
tm;jzif/h tnwr?d wpfyg;\ tjzpfonfvnf;/ orww
d ?H Ny;D aptyfonf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? od/Yk {wH tw?H ud/k ]]rm, ,kw,
d m}}wd tm'dem?
jzif/h 'awd? \/ /
tjzpfudk jyownf;/ ]wPSm, t"dyga, ty&dyl&rmae ygXfjzifh wPSmjzifh
tvdrk jynfjh cif;[lonf tvd&k t
dS yfaom 0wKukd r&jcif;udyk if qdak wmfro
l nf/ ,if;odYk
qdo
k nf&adS omf pmESiw
hf PSm\ teuftm;jzifh {uwtjzpfonf Ny;D \ [lvakd omf/
wPSm, t"dyga, /v/ Oyema[m p OyZwd-[k qdkojzifh wPSmESifh
teuftm;jzifh wlaomaMumifh pm0dy&d,ma, /v/ OyZw
-d [laom pum; Ny;D \/
,if;odkY NyD;ygaomf pmwPSmwdkY\twtm;jzifh {uwtjzpf NyD;\/ xdktwl
Z&mr&P0dy&d,ma, tmCmw0wLok auma"m p OyZwd[laom pum; rNyD;/
tb,fah Mumifeh nf; [lru
l m; Z&mr&Pjzpfaomfvnf; tmCmw0wKwYkd aum"Oyem[
rjzpfonf r[kw/f Z&mr&P r&Sad omf Oyem[\ taMumif;jzpfaom wPSm rjzpfonf
r[kwaf omaMumifw
h nf;/ odYk Asw&d u
d f jyonf\ tjzpfaMumifh Z&mr&PwPSmwd\
Yk
tnwtjzpfonf Ny;D \ [lvakd omf/

322

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p m wPS m eH ? wd k Y \ / tw a wm? tm;jzif h / tenw H ? wpf y g;

r[kwo
f nf\tjzpfonf/ ,'d a[mwd? tH/h tx? xdo
k jYkd zpfvsu/f uom?
aMumif/h b*0wm? onf/ rdm *gxm,? / 'G"d m? ESpyf g;aom tjym;tm;jzif/h
wpfenf;-'G"d m? ESpBf urd /f 0kwm ? enf;/ wd? od/Yk apm'em? onf/ od,m?
&m\/ ww? xdak pm'em/ wpfenf;-ww? xdo
k Ykd apm'em jzpf&maomaMumif/h
,H yed'}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h y&d[m&H? tajzud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / , Ed
]],H
'H y'H? onf/ ud&,
d my&mroeH? Bu,
d mudk pGaJ om yk'w
f nf;/ tbdvydwE?d
wH [lonfum;/ 0kw?H a[mtyf\/ (tbdvydwH udk 0kwH zGio
hf nf)/ ,H 'H
|? 86 tbdvyeH? tMuifa[mjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ 'H? odYk a[mjcif;ud/k
Am[d&meH? ty jzpfuek af om/ lyg'De?H lygkH tp&Su
d ek af om/ 0wLeH? wd\
Yk / 0g?
wd k Y u d k / tm&r P 0aoe 0g? tmk H \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; /
tm&rPu&P0aoe 0g? tmkHjyKonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
tbdvydw?H a[mtyf\/ (odYk ay;)/ wd? od/Yk a,maZwA?H \/ 'GD[d
"ar[Dw?d um;/ 'G[
D ?d ukeaf om/ yuwD[?d oabmwdjYk zif/h (odYk zGio
hf nfukd
axmufaomf ygVd ]'GD[d "ar[d}[kom t&if; jzpf&m\/ ,ckumv
ygVdaywdYk um; ]'G[
D d emar[d}-[k &S\
d /)
um ye wm yuwda,m? xdo
k abmwdu
Yk m; tb,fonfweYkd nf;/ wd?
od/Yk ap 0a',s? th/H tyw
? ra&mufao;aom/ 0g? r&ao;aom/
0do,? tmku
H /kd {oe0aoe? &SmrS;D onf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h pm? rnf\/
yw 0g? a&mufNy;D onfvnf; jzpfaom/ 0g? &Ny;D onfvnf; jzpfaom/
tyw
0g? vnf;jzpfaom/ 0do,? ud/k ygwkumrwm0aoe? aomufvkd
onf\ tjzpf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h wPSm? rnf\/ t,H? onfvQi/f {wmoH?
xd
k pmwPSmwd\
Yk / 0daoaom? wnf;/ 0do,0daoaoe? tmkt
H xl;\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ {0H? odkY/ ,xm0kwt0wm0daoaoe? tMuiftMuif
qdt
k yfNy;D aom tcdu
k t
f wefY txl;tm;jzif/h pmwPSmeH? wd\
Yk / aumpd?
wpfpkHwpfckaom/ 0daoorwm? txl;rQonf/ ,'dyd twd? tu,f
rlvnf;&S\
d &Si/hf (odYk tjynft
h pkaH y;)/ wxmyd? xdo
k &Ykd v
dS Qi;f rlvnf;/ oAm?
aom/ wPSm? onf/ lyg'd0o
d ,H? lygkH tp&Sad om tmku
H /kd *dvw
d mG ? rsKd /

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323

y&de|d aywGm? Ny;D ap/ *[aPe? ,ljcif; pGv

J rf;jcif;jzif/h {uobm0g {0? wlaom
oAmyd /v/ vuPmm}}wd?
oabmom &S\
d / wd? od/Yk 'aaEm? / ]]oA
[l/ tm[? \/ 'ged? / wrw?H ud/k Oyrm,? jzif/h yumaoaEm? &um;/
oaAm t*D}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ wH 0peH? onf/ ok0ad n,sar0?
]]oaA
vQiu
f wnf;/ /
t,H ye wPSm? udkum;/ au0vH? oufouf/ tm&raP? /
y0w0d ad oaoe? jzpfjcif; txl;jzif/h 'G[
D d {0 emar[d? wdjYk zifo
h mvQi/f 0kwm ?
onf/ e? r[kwaf o;/ tx acg? um;/ taeau[dy?d vnf;jzpfuek af om/
pm wdy}D }wd
y&d,ma,[d? wdjYk zif/h 0kwm ? \/ wd? od/Yk 'ew?H iSm/ ]]p
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / wm, wPSm,? jzif/h tm&rPmed? wdu
Yk /kd pE?d
uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h pm? rnf\/ wPSm,ea|e? wyfwwfaom
oabmaMumif h / wPS m ? rnf \ / yD V mZeeawm p? ES d y f p uf j cif ; ud k
jzpfapwwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ 'kk'g&Pawm p? EkwfEdkifcJonf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0doyDw?H tqdyv
f ;l aom/ ovH 0d,? jrm;uJo
h /Ykd
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ ov H ? rnf\/ oEmyea|e?
ylyefapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ "l y g,em
g,em? rnf\/ tmuea|e?
iifwwfaom oabmaMumifh/ 0g? aqmifwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/
oDCaomwm? vsiaf om t,Of&adS om/ o&dwm 0d,? jrpfuo
hJ /Ykd a[mwd?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h o&dwmm? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ tva|e? pdpk w
G af om
oabmaMumif/h o&dwmm? rnf\/
'k w d , 0d u yf u d k ygVd j zif h NyD ; apvd k & um; o&d w med paom ygXf u d k
rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ ]]o&dwmed /v/ ZEKaem}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]o&dwmed p?

&m*\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh pdkonfvnf; jzpfukefaom/ odae[dwmed p?
yDw\
d tpGr;f tm;jzifh ap;uyfonfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ aomremed? wdo
Yk nf/
ZEKaem? ow0gtm;/ b0E?d uke\
f }}/

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t&Sift|uxmq&m...]tva|e 0g o&dwmed}-[laom 0duyf\

om"uyuud k ]o&d w med /v/ ZE K aem}[k q&m aqmif a wm
wmff r l \ /
xdkom"uyuygXf tv|aMumifh o&dw rnfonf-[k rqdkcJh/ om"u
oma"wA yu aywA qef Y c J h \ wum;-[k apm'em&monf u d k
ESvkH;ydkuf ]tvmed ap0 /v/ tawm}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tvmed ap0? &m*\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh pdo

k nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ ode'd g ed
p? yDw\
d tpGr;f tm;jzifh ap;uyfonfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ wd t,H? vQi/f
{w? om"uygXf/ tawm? wnf;/ 0d o w d u mmwd? um;/ 0dowm?
jyefw
Y wf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ 0do#m? jyefw
Y wf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ (0dowm-[laom a&S;pum;udyk if
'EZyXru&m wudk rk'Z yXru&m #jyK qdjk yefonf/ teufum; txl;r&S/d )
0dorm? rnDw
G w
f wf/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/
(um; tcsKUd pm r&S?d t|omvdeD ponfwYkd vnf; rxif)/ 0domvm? us,\
f
Bu;D \/ 0g? jyefaY jym\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ 0douw?d
pGrf;Edkifwwf\/ 0g? onf;cHEdkifwwf\/ (wyfaomolonf &m*[laom
taMumif;aMumifh ajcjzifh ausmufaomfvnf; onf;cHEikd w
f wfonf-[lvakd omf/)
wpfenf;um;-0douw?d okww
f wf\/ 0g? wkev
f yI w
f wf\/ wdwom?
aMumifh/ 0dowdum? rnf\/ (um; #Dum vmaom aupd0g'tvdk)/
0do0H g'dum? cRw,
f iG ;f apwwf\/ wdwom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/
(tedp ponfwu
Ykd kd edp paomtm;jzifh ,lapwwfonf [lvakd omf)/ 0doH[&wd1?
txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mwdjYk zifh pdwu
f kd Iwaf xG;apwwf\/
wpfenf;um;-0do?H qif;&Ju/kd [&wd? aqmifwwf\/ wdwom? aMumif/h
0dowu
d m? rnf\/ (um; 0dow
H pfy'k ?f [&wdwpfy'k f cGo
J nf)/ 0dorlvm?
qif;&J\ taMumif;jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ 0g? 0do[k
qdt
k yfaom 'kut
p&Sad om tjym;&Sad om a0'emvQif rlv&S\
d / wd wom?
1/ 0doH[&wd / / 0dyAk oHyAk - [&"mwfMuo
H nf/ xdx
k o
kd aYkd om tjcif;t&mjzifh
umrwdYk tusK;d udk jy txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mwdjYk zifh aeurodYk a&S;Ijzpfjcif;rS
pdwu
f kd Iwaf xG;apwwfonf-[lvakd omf/

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325

aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ 0dozvm? qif;&Jjcif;vQif tusK;d &S\
d / wd wom?
aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/ 0doy&dabm*g? lygkH tp&Sad om 'kuu
o
kd m
ok;H aqmifwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dowu
d m? rnf\/
vdktyfaom teufudk jyvdk&um; ]0dowm 0g}paom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

0g ye? wpfenf;um;-0dowm? jyefw

Y wfaom/ om wPSm? onf/ lay?
lygkH vnf;aumif;/ oa'? vnf;aumif;/ *aE? aumif;/ &ao? aumif;/
azm|aA? aumif;/ "ar? aumif;/ ukav? trsKd;vnf;aumif;/ *aP?
*dP
k ;f vnf;aumif;/ 0dowm 0dww
m? jyefw
Y wf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0dowu
d m? rnf\/ /
odae[e0aoe? cspjf cif;udk jyKonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h odaea[m
ea[m?
rnf\/ emem*wDo?k wdYk / udvrxkyg 'aee? yifyef;jcif;udk jzpfapwwfonf\
tjzpf a Mumif h / ud v raxm
raxm? rnf \ / yvd a 0Xea|e? &pf y wf f a om
oabmaMumif/h vwm 0d,? EG,u
f o
hJ /Ykd 0ww/d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
vwm
vwm? rnf\/ [d? pG/ ]]vwm OyZ wd|wD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]vwm?
EG,Ef iS w
hf al om wPSmonf/ OyZ? ayguf/ wd|wd? wnf\}}/ rrE?d ig\
Opm[l/ rne0aoe? atmufarh1onf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h rnem
rnem? rnf\/
'l&*wrd? ta0;odkY a&mufaomfvnf;/ 0g? a&mufaomoludkvnf;/
tmud w G m ? / AE e a|e? aES m if z G J U wwf a om oabmaMumif h / 0g?
,SOaf pwwfaom oabmaMumif/h AaEm? rnf\/ tmoDoea|e? tvd&k dS
wwfaom oabmaMumif/h tmom
tmom? rnf\/ tm&rP&oH? tmk\
H t&omud/k
ygwkumrwm0aoe? aomufvjkd cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ydygom
gom? rnf\/
tbdeEea|e? tvGeEf pS o
f ufwwfaom oabmaMumif/h tbdeEemm? rnf\/
wDw?d um;/ wpfenf;-wd
wdyd rdem? wdy[
d al om ygXfjzifv
h nf;/ {0H?
1/ atmufarh / / ]pyfxnDw
G ?f a&Tjym;cyfo?Ykd ur|mem? avhvmjyefacguf?
watmufarharh? nOfah eYBuKd ;pm;? aphaqmfjim;vnf;}-[k a&S;q&mwdYk rde&Yf um; ]atmuf}
[kuo
f wf &Gwt
f yf zwftyf a&;tyf\/

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od/Yk tm&raP? / y0w0d ad oaoe? jzif/h taeau[d? ukeaf om/ emar[d?

wdkYjzifh/ *,Srmemyd? ,ltyfaomfvnf;/ oAm? aom/ wPSm? onf/
taZmomevuaPe? tmku
H kd rsKd Ny;D apjcif;vuPmjzif/h {uvuPm?
wlaomvuPm &S\
d / wd? od/Yk ,xm0kw?H aom/ tw?H ud/k ed*arwd?
ed*;Hk tkyaf wmfr\
l / /
|? 87 yke? wpfzef/ wPSm,? \/ taeau[d? ukeaf om/ emar[d?
,xm pm}}
wdjYk zif/h *[dwbm0ar0? udo
k mvQi/f ]],xm
pm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h Oypa,e?
orkpn
;f teuf&adS om po'gESi/hf o[? wuG/ 'awd? \/ ww 0pae?
/ a00pae
a00paewd? um;/ a00pe[m&0dba*F? /]]tmom p ydwm}}wd *gxm,?
\/ tw?H ud/k waw0? xdak 00pe[m&0dbif;omvQi/f 0P,
d mr? uket
f /hH
t0d*w&m*m
]]t0d
w&m*m}}wd tm'Do?k wdYk / &ea|e? wyfwwfaom oabmaMumif/h
&ma*g
&ma*g? rnf\/ qEea|e? tvd&k w
dS wfaom oabmaMumif/h qaEm? rnf\/
yd,m,ea|e? cspw
f wfaom oabmaMumif/h ayrH? rnf\/ y&d'[ea|e?
ylyefapwwfaom oabmaMumif/h y&d'ga[m
ga[m? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk wPSm0?
wPSma,wH a00pe
udo
k mvQi/f 0kwm ? \/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]wPS
a00pe}}E?d
[l/ tm[? \/ {0H ,kZwDwd y'? \/ {0H? od/Yk pmwPSmeH? wd\
Yk /
twawm? tm;jzif/h tenwm? wpfyg;r[kwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ]]wa,m
yOm}}wd? [l/ ,H 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H \/ wH 0peH? onf/ ,kZw
?d \/
uHteufudk epfapvdk&um; ,kwd,m ponfudk rdefYaomf/

,kw,
d m? jzif/h 0g? tm;jzif/h oH*pw?d aumif;pGm a&muf\/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
21/ {0H? od/Yk ]]auekAm [awm avmaum}}wd *gxm,? / ]]wa,m?
ukeaf om/ yOm? wdu
Yk }kd }/ 0kwm ? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk yOw,
bma0? yOmok;H yg;
taygif;\tjzpf/ ,kw? ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? / tan[d? ukeaf om/
oaAm
yuma&[d? wdjYk zif/h ,kw*d a0oeH? ,kwu
d kd &Smjcif;ud/k 'aaEm? / ]]oaA
'kuLypma&m
ypma&m}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / 'kuLypma&m
ypma&mwd?
um;/ 'kuy 0 w?d 'ku\
jzpfjcif;onf/ umrwPSmocFg&rlvaum
aumwd? um;/

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327

umrwPS m yp , ocF g &a[wk a um? umrwPS m wnf ; [l a om yp ,

taMumif; ocFg&wnf;[laom a[wktaMumif; &S\
d / 0g? umrwPSmwnf;
[laom taxmuftyif&h adS om ocFg&[laomtaMumif; &Sad om/ wd 'H
0peH? onf/ ,kZw
?d \/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ edAd'lypma&m
pma&mwd?
um;/ edA'd gy0w?d edA'd g\ jzpfjcif;onf/
xdkedAd'lypm&\t& tb,fenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]umrmeH}ponfudk
rdefYownf;/

umrmeH ? wd k Y \ / 0d y &d P mrm? rnf o nf u m;/ tnxmbm0g?

azmufjyefonf\tjzpf wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzifh jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h
OyZr mem? aom/ tebd&wd p? rarGUavsmjf cif;onfvnf;aumif;/ PedA'd g
p? edA'd gEkyemwnf;[laom PedA'd gonfvnf;aumif;/ edAd'lypma&m
pma&m?
aumwd? um;/
rnf\/ (odkY a,mZem)? umrwPS m y&d u m &rl v aum
umrwPSm,? \/ y&dum &blw0wKumra[wkaum? tjct
H &Hjzpfjzpfaom
0wKumrvQif taMumif;&S\
d / ww? xdEk pS yf g;aom edA'd gwdw
Yk iG /f tebd&wd
ocFgwm? rarGUavsmjf cif;[k qdt
k yfaom/ edA'd g? onf/ umrwPSmy&dum &
rlvdum? umrwPSm\ tjcHt&Hjzpfaom 0wKumrvQif taMumif;&Sd\/
PedA'd g? onf/ e umrwPSmy&dum &rlvu
d m? r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h
oaAm? aom/ edA'd yl pma&m? edA'd g\ jzpfjcif;onf/ umrwPSmy&dum &
rlvaum? \/ wd 'H 0peH? onf/ e ye ,kZw
?d roif/h wd? od/Yk 0kw?H
rm, ,kwd,mmwd
\/ rm, ,kwd,mmwd rdem? jzif/h wpfenf;um;-rm,
tm'dem? jzif/h (wdum; tm'sww
nf;/ a&S;teufum; ed'ewukd ,l
ay;onf)/ e,H? ,kwu
d kd &Smaom enf;ud/k 'awd? \/ 'H t,H t"dyg a,m?
ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ yOw,
bma0? / ,kw?d ud/k 0kwm
,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ (,xm p ]p}udk ,SO
f ay;onf)/ 'kuL ypm&
edA'd yl pma&ok? 'ku\
jzpfjcif; edA'd g\jzpfjcif;wdYk / ,kw?d ud/k 0kwm ,xm p?
uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ wxm? wl/ rm, ,kw,
d m? odaYk om ,kwjd zif/h rdem
a,ma*e? odaYk om toift
h m;jzif/h rdem ea,e? jzif/h (ESpyf 'k u
f m;

328

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

rm, ,kwd,m\ tzGifh)/ tnran[d? wpfyg; wpfyg; ukefaom/

um&aP[d? wdjYk zif/h
xdkudk zGifhvdk&um; ]wHwH} ponfudk qdkownf;/

wHwyH gVdya 'ao? xdx

k o
kd aYkd om ygVd&yf/ tEkal y[d? ukeaf om/ tnxm?
wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzif/h tan[d? ukeaf om/ a[wl[?d taMumif;wdjYk zif/h
,kw?d ud/k *a0odwAm? \/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
'ged? / wH e,'eH? xdek nf;udk jyjcif;onf/ oHcw
d E ?d usO;f ao;\
[l/ wpfenf;um;-oHcw
d ?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dwm &awm? tm;jzif/h
,xm [d b*0g
0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]],xm
b*0g}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/
ww 0pae? / t,H? um;/ oacFyawm? wnf;/ &m*a'goarm[p&dwmeH?
&m*pdu
k af jymaom yk*Kd vf a'gopdu
k af jymaom yk*Kd vf arm[pdu
k af jymaom
yk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/ ,xmur?H pGm/ tokbarwmyp,mum&uxm? tokbudk
a[mjcif; arwmudk a[mjcif; y#dpo
rkyg 'fukd a[mjcif;onf/ &m*g'd0ed ,eawm?
&m*tp&So
d nfukd azsmufwwfaomaMumif/h oyg,m? avsmufywf\/ wd
wom? aMumifh/ t,H? odkY a[mjcif;onf/ omoe,kwd? qkH;rjcif;
toifo
h nf/ a[mwd? \/ {0H? od/Yk t0|daw? oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom tm;jzifh
wnfvsuf/ 0g? jzpfvsuf/ &m*p&dw? tm;/ arwmapawm0drkw?
arw m apawm0d r k w d u d k / ,'d a'ao,s? tH h / toy g ,bm0awm?
&m*p&dwyk*Kd vt
f m; ravsmufywfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h om a'oem? xdo
k Ykd
a[mjcif;onf/ 0g? xdak 'oemonf/ e ,kZw
?d roif/h okcgy#dy'g'a,m?
wdu
Yk /kd wxm? wl/ &m*p&dw? tm;/ ,'d a'ao,s? tH/h toyg,bm0awm?
aMumif/h om a'oem? onf/ e ,kZw
?d roif/h (odYk wxmo'gjzifh iif ay;)/
wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
okcgy#dy'g tp&SdonfwdkYonf y#dywdom jzpfukef\/ a'oem
rjzpfukef&um; okcH 0g y#dy'H y#dyaZ,s e ,kZwd y#dywd-[lom
qdak umif;\[k ESv;Hk ydu
k u
f m okcH 0g y#dy'H a'ao,s e ,kZw
d e a'oem
a'oem-[k qdkonfudk rESpfouf&um; ]eEk} ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

329

okcgy#dy'g'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/ y#dyw,
d ?H tusihf / 0g? usiahf omtcg/
or0Ed eEk p? jzpfuek o
f nf r[kww
f aHk vm/ a'oem,H? / 0g? a[maomtcg/
e or0Ed eEk p? rjzpfuek o
f nf r[kww
f aHk vm/ wd t,H? vQi/f apm'em?
wnf;/
xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m op a rwH - [k qd k o wnf ; / ,if ; od k Y
rSefaomf okcH 0g y#dy'H a'ao,s e ,kZwd a'oem-[k todkYrl qdkoenf;/
okcH 0g y#dy'H y#dyaZ,s e ,kZwd y#dywd-[lom qdkaumif;onf
r[k w f y gavm apm'emzG , f & S d & um; ]" ye /v/ t"d a y a wm}ygXf u d k
qdkownf;/
wdAudavojzpfaom yk*dKvfudk vdktyfonf rvdktyfonfudk igwdkY
r apm'emwum;/ q&mh p um;onf ]tr H yk a |m vAk Z H Asmua&,s}
ponfuJhodkY vGJvsuf jzpfcJh\-[k apm'em&Sdjyef&maomaMumifh ]w /
v/ ordZwd}ygXfudk qdkjyef&ownf;/
,if;odkY 'kum y#dy'gjzifh bm0em jynfhpkHaomf okcH 0g y#dy'H y#dyaZ,s
,s
e ,kZwd y#dyw-[k qdkoifhonf r[kwfavm apm'em &Sdjyef&maomaMu
mif h
maomaMumif
], p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{wH 0peH? apm'u qdak om pum;onf/ op?H rSeaf y\/ ye? aomfvnf;/
"? / &m*p&dawmwd? um;/ wdAu
ad vaom? xufaom udavom&Sad om/
&m*p&dawm? yk*dKvfudk/ &m*p&dawmwd? [l/ t"dayawm? \/ w?
xd&k m*p&dwyk*Kd vt
f m;/ 'kum ,? qif;&JNiKd jiifaom/ y#dy'g,? jzif/h |? 88
bm0em? onf/ ordZw?d \/ , p? tMuif yk*Kd vf tm;vnf;/ 'kum ,?
aom/ y#dy'g,? jzif/h bm0em? onf/ ordZw?d \/ w? tm;/ *kw&m?
tvGeaf v;aom/ tokba'oem? onf/ oyg,m? \/ ,? tm;/ *kw&m?
aom/ tokba'oem? onf/ oyg,m? \/ w? tm;/ rEuad vo?
EkefYaom udavom&Sdaom yk*dKvftm;/ v[ku-w&m? tvGefaygYaom
a'oemonf/ oyg,m 0d,? avsmufywfouJo
h /Ykd *kw&m? onf/ e oyg,m?
okcH 0g /v/
ravsmufywf/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'aaEm? / ]]ok
a'oem
a'oem}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/

330

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

t&Sift|uxmq&m...ygVd ],'d [d b*0g &m*p&dw arwm

apawm0drkwd a'ao,s /v/ e ,kZwd a'oem}[k &m*p&dwyk*dKvftm;
a[mtyfaom a'oem roifhonfudkom qdkcJh\/ a'gop&dw arm[p&dw
yk*dKvfwdkYtm; a[mtyfaom a'oem roifhonfudk rqdkcJh/ r&oifhoavm?
rqdktyfygoavm apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk ajzvdk&um;
]rdem ea,e} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

rdem ea,e1? &m*p&dwaum|mo t,kwu

d kd qdak om enf;jzif/h
aooya'okyd? <uif;aom a'gop&dwaum|mo tp&SdonfwdkYvnf;/
,xmor0?H pGm/ tawm? ud/k 0waAm? \/
,k w d [ m&tpD t &if tb,f h a Mumif h ],'d [d /v/ e ,k Z wd
a'oem}[k t,kwdudk xkwfjcif;udk jyKbdoenf;[k apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf
]{w p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{w p? ,kw[
d m&vnf;/ t,kwyd &d[ma&e? t,kwu
d kd y,fojzif/h
0g? roifo
h nfukd y,fojzif/h ,kwo
d r"d*arm? toif,
h w
k u
d kd odjcif;onf/
a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ,kw0d pd m&Pm,? ,kwu
d kd pD&if&m/
,'d [d /v/
t,kwyd ?d udv
k nf;/ *a0odwAm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]],'d
e ,kZwd a'oem
a'oem}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ aoaooky?d <uif;aom t,kwu
d kd
&Smjcif;wdYk vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? enf;yifwnf;/ {0H ,H udDwd tm'd?
onf/ ,kw[
d m&a,mZem,? ,kw[
d m&udk ,SOjf cif;/ e,'ear0? enf;udk
jyaom pum;onfomvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ /
ww 0pae? / {0 E?d um;/ rdem ea,e? jzif/h ,H udDw?d um;/
tnr?d wpfyg;vnf; jzpfaom/ ,H ud?d tvk;H pkaH om oabmw&m;onf/
tEkavmry[me
meE?d um;/ y[me? y,fjcif;tm;/ tEkyl ?H avsmufywf\/
y[meorw?H y,fjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik \
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
1/ rd e m ea,e / / ],xm b*0g &m*p&d w } tp&S d o nf j zif h
&m*p&dwaum|mo\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh ygXf ],'d [d b*0g} ponfjzifh a'oem\
t,kwdudk qdkaomenf;jzifh <uif;aom a'gop&dwaum|mo tp&SdonfwdkYvnf;
]a'gop&dw yk*v
? tokbH a'ao,s} ponfjzifh ygVd ra[mtyfaomfvnf;
jzpfoifo
h nftm;avsmpf mG teufukd xkw
f qdt
k yf\-[lvakd omf/

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

331

]oAH wH ,kwd[ma&e a,maZwAH}om qdkygavm/ todkYrl ]0dpa,e

[ma&e 0d p d e d w G m }[l vnf ; qd k b d o enf ; -[l a om apm'emyk p m ud k
ajztHhaomiSm ]okawe te0aoomeH} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

okaw? / te0aoomeH? ukefaom/ y'wmeH? yk'fteufwdkYudk/

tEky'0dpm&Pm? yk'pf Oftwdik ;f pD&ifjcif;onf/ (tEky'H0pd m&Pm [lvnf;
ormof & S d \ )/ 0d p a,m [ma&m? rnf \ / 0d p ,[m&oH 0 P e m,?
0dp,[m&tzGifhjzifh/ ed'g&dawok? xkwftyfukefaom/ tawok? wdkY/
wpfenf;um;-tawo?k wdu
Yk /kd ed'g &dawok? ukeNf y;D onf&adS omf/ ,kw*d a0oeH?
oAH wH /v/ a,maZwA}}E?d
onf/ oku&H? vG,\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ]]oA
[l/ tm[? \/ ,m0wdum P blrDwd? um;/ oH0aPE?
zGiahf om/ tmp&d,? \/ ,H PH? onf/ ,H y#dbmeH? tMuif txifonf/
(,H PH ,H y#dbmeH? tMuifynmonf-vnf;[l)/ twd? \/ w?
xd
k Pfynm\/ ,waum? tMuifrQavmufaom/ 0doa,m? t&monf/
0g? tmko
H nf/ tw?d \/ wwaum? xdrk Qavmufaom/ ,kw[
d m&0dpma&m?
,kw[
d m& tpDt&ifonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
wH? xdo
k Ykd jzpfjcif;onf/ ud a[wk? tb,fah Mumifeh nf;[lru
l m;/ o'arm?
olawmfaumif; w&m;onf/ teEea,m p? tqk;H r&Sad omenf; &So
d nfvnf;/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ orEb'aum p? xuf0ef;usirf S aumif;onfvnf;/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ 0dr'uarm p? apm'emjcif;iSm cHhonfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
0dpw
d a 'oaem p? qef;Mu,faom a'oem&So
d nfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h wwaum? aom/ ,kw[
d m&0dpma&m? onf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ (odYk ore)f / /
{0H? od/Yk e,'e0aoae0? enf;jyonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f
,kw[
d m&a,mZem? ,kw[
d m&udk ,SOjf cif;ud/k 'dwm? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wH? xd,
k w
k [
d m&udk ,SOjf cif;ud/k jA[0[
d m&zvorm ywed 0gEkykAo
rmyw0d odbma0[d? jA[0[
d m& avhvmonf\tjzpf zvormywd
avhvmonf\tjzpf tpOftwdik ;f 0ifpm;tyfaom ud;k yg;aom ormywf
arwm0d[m&d
avhvmonf\tjzpfwjYkd zif/h 0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]arw

332

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oawm
oawm}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / arwm0d[m&dmmwd?
um;/ arwm0d[m&vmbdaem? arwm0d[m&udk &onf/ oawm
oawmwd? um;/
orme? jzpfaom yk*Kd vt
f m;/ wxmblw? xdo
k Ykd arwm0d[m&ESihf
jynfph o
Hk nf jzpf jzpfaom yk*Kd vt
f m;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
Asmyga'g
Asmyga'gwd? um;/ ya'gaom? tjym;tm;jzifh pdwfudk zsufqD;wwfaom
a'goonf/ pdwH y&d,m'g, XwDw?d um;/ pdw?H ud/k tbdb0dwd?
ESyd pf ufvwH/Y
wd|wd-[k qdkygawmhavm? tb,hfaMumifh Xwd-[k qdkbdoenf;
-[laom ykpmudk ajztHhaomiSm ],om ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

,om ye? um;/ ukovmukovmeH? ukeaf om/ "rmeH? wd\

Yk / tykAH
tp&dr?H ra&S;raESmif;/ y0wd emr? jzpfjcif; rnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d wom? aMumif/h
ormywad wm? rS/ 0k|me? xjcif;\/ ty&bma*? aemuftcg/ pdw?H ud/k
y&d,m'g,? xuf0ef;usirf S ,l/ 0g? ukeaf p/ Xwd? wnfvwH/Y wd?
XwD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ e ,kZwd a'oem
od/Yk 'ew?H iSm/ ]]XwD
a'oemwd?
um;/ arw m ,? \/ Asmyg'y#d y u w m ? Asmyg'\ qef Y u sif b uf
jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h wm'do?D xdo
k Ykd oabm&Sad om/ uxm? pum;onf/
e ,kwm ? roif/h wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ Asmyga'g y[meH tAwH
*p w D w d ,k Z w d a'oem
a'oemwd ? um;/ ,xm0k w u m&Pawm {0?
tMuiftjcif;jzifh qdt
k yfNy;D aom taMumif;aMumifo
h mvQi/f t,H uxm? onf/
,kwm ? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ aoo0ga&oky?d wdYk vnf;/
rdem0 ea,e? jzifo
h mvQi/f tawm? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ tEkwm eH {0?
ray:aom yk'u
f o
kd mvQi/f 0P,
d mr? uket
f /hH /
tedrdw0d[m&dmmwd? um;/ tedpm Ekyemrkace? tedpm Ekyemudk
t&if;jyKojzif/h y#dv'zvormyw0d [
d m&? &tyfaom zvormywfjzifh
aejcif;&Sdaom yk*dKvftm;/ edrdwmEkom&Dwd? um;/ ocFg&edrdwmEkom&D?
ocFg&edrw
d o
f Ykd tpOfavQmufaom/ awe awae0g
awae0gwd? um;/ |? 89 edpm 'Do?k
edpe rd w
d f tp&So
d nfww
Ykd iG /f ,H ,H? tMuif tMuif edrw
d u
f /kd y[De?H y,ftyfNy/D
awe awae0 edrad we? jzifo
h mvQi/f toDwd 0d*w
wE?d um;/ yo?k ukeaf om/

0g&

333

Oyg'geuaEo?k wdYk / 'd|rd me0aoe? 'd|rd me\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tow

D ?d igjzpf\
[l/ ,H rndw?H tMuif atmufarh\/ wH rneH? xdak tmufarhjcif;onf/
t,r[roDwd e orEkymrD}}wd
0d*wH? uif;\/ war0w?H udyk ifvQi/f ]]t,r[ro
rdem ygaXe? jzif/h 0d0&wd? \/ 0dpdudpm uxHuxmovEd {w? /
0de,ukuK p
myd? 0de,ukuK p\
vnf;/ uxH uxE?d odaYk vm odaYk vm [l/
0g? tb,foYkd tb,foYkd jzpfoenf; [l/ y0wo
d Am0awm? jzpfjcif;oabm
&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0dpu
d pd m ya'e? 0dpu
d pd m yk'jf zif/h 0daoodw?H \/ e ,kZwd
a'oem
a'oemwd ? um;/ 0d p d u d p m ,? \/ y[maeu|bm0awm? 'd | d E S i f h
y,ftyfaomtm;jzifh yk*Kd v[
f al om wlaom wnf&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
t,Huxm? onf/ e ,kwm ? roif/h /
yXrH psmeH ormyEmmwd? um;/ yXrZmeor*aem? yXrpsmefEiS hf
jynfhpkHaom yk*dKvftm;/ umr&m*Asmyg'g 0d a oom, oH 0 w E D w d e
,k Z w D wd? um;/ ,om? aMumifh/ eD0&aPok? wdkYudk/ ty[Daeok?
ry,ftyfuek o
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?d
rjynfph aHk o;/ psmeH? onf/ ya*0? tb,fqzkd ,
G &f m&St
d ehH nf;/ wom? aMumif/h
umr&m*Asmyg'g? wd k Y o nf / 0d a oom,? xl ; aom/ 'k w d , Zmem,?
'kw,
d psmeftusK;d iSm/ wpfenf;-0daoom, 'kw,
d Zmem,? 'kw,
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('kw,
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f / wd wom?
aMumif/h t,H uxm? onf/ e ,kwm ? roif/h ,xmv'? tMuif tMuif
&tyfaom/ yXrZme ye? \um;/ 0g? rS/ ([mem, pyf)/ y&d,|k meywm ?
y&d,|k mef\tjzpfoYkd a&mufuek af om/ umr&m*Asmyg'g? wdo
Yk nf/ [mem,?
,kwjf cif;iSm/ oH0wE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h t,H a'oem? onf/
,kZw
?d \/ t,H uxm? onf/ ,kwm ? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ {0H? twl/ oAw? tvkH;pkHaom 0g&wdkY/ a,maZwAH? \/
t0dwuo[*wm? jzpfuek af om/ onmreodum&m emr? wdrYk nfonfum;/
Oypma&e? ESi/hf o[? wuG/ 'kw,
d Zme"rm? wdw
Yk nf;/
tjypfudk jrifojzifh 0dwufudk pufqkyfukefaom 'kwd,psmef\ eD;pGmao
aomm
Oypm&psmef w &m;wd k Y o nf 0d w uf t mk H r&S d u k e f a o;\&S i f h / 'k w d , psmef

334

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w&m;ud kaomf
a omfu m; tb,f q d k z G , f & m&S d a wmh t H h e nf ; / 0d w uf t mk H r&S d
uk e f o nf o mwnf ; --[l
[l a om tvd k t m;jzif h tm&r P u&Paw m a[w
o[*woa' g -[l a om ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /
wpf e nf ; um;-t0d w u o [*wjzpf a om onmreod u m&\
t&jzpfaom okyfudk qdkNyD/ xdkygXf o[*wo'gonf tb,fteuf&Sd
oenf ; / wA m 0a0gwd P tp&S d a omteuf &S d o avm apm'em&S d & um;
]tm&rP /v/ oa'g}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/ tEkoaEtm;jzifh
[do'gonf 0gusm&rwnf;/ a&S;tEkoaEtm;jzifhum; 'VDu&Pwnf;/

[d? pG/ {w? t0dwuo[*wm[laom ygVd/ o[*woa'g? onf/

tm&rPu&Pawm? tmkHjyKjcif; teuf&Sd\/ [mem,m
[mem,mwd? um;/
yXrZmeawm? rS/ y&d[mem,? ,kwfjcif;iSm/ 0d a oom,m
oom,mwd? um;/
'kw,
d Zmem,? 'kw,
d psmef tusK;d iSm/ rdem ea,e? jzif/h ww ww?
xdkxdkodkYaom 0g&wdkY/ [meEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ 0daoaomwd p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ 0kw"rm? wdkYudk/ a0'dwAm? ukef\/ 0d w u 0 d p m&
o[*wm
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wdo
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'kw,
d Zme"rm? wdw
Yk nf;/
Oayumq,fyg;wdkYwGif tb,fOayumudk vdktyfoenf; pk'f&Sd&um;
]wMw /v/ t"daywm}ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

([dum; 0gusm&r)/ wMwrZwK ayum? ud/k "? / Oayumwd? [l/

t"daywm? \/ yDwdokco[*wm
o[*wmwd? um;/ Oypma&e? ESi/hf o[? wuG/
wwd,Zme"rm? wdkYwnf;/ Oayu m owd y g&d o k ' d o [*wm
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pwkwZ me"rm? wdw
Yk nf;/ olypm&m
pm&mwd? um;/ y#Konmudp?H xif&mS ;aom
onmudpu
/kd ua&mEm {0? jyKwwfonfom jzpfuek af om/ a, aupd?
tvk;H pku
H ek af om/ pdwK yg 'g? wdo
Yk nf/ ]]tmudn
m,we"rm}}wdy?d [lvnf;/
0'E?d uke\
f / onma0',d w ed a &m"o[*wm
&m"o[*wmwd? um;/ ]]onma0',dweda&m"H?
onma0'emwd\
Yk csKyjf cif;od/Yk 0g? ud/k OyorZ? uyf? 0g? a&muf/ 0g?
jynfph aHk p/ 0d[&dmrd? aetH}h }/ wd? od/Yk w? xdo
k nma0',dw
eda&m"\/ y&dur0aoe? y&du\
H tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0w"rm? jzpfaomw&m;

0g&

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wdw
Yk nf;/ aw ye "rm? wdo
Yk nfum;/ (oH0wEd pyf)/ ,om? aMumif/h
ae0onmemonm,weormyw d , H ? / Xd a wae0? wnf a om
olonfomvQi/f 0g? wnfojzifo
h mvQi/f onma0',dweda&m"H? od/Yk 0g?
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f jzif/h e
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f / wd t,H uxm? onf/ ,kwm ? \/ wd
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f nf\ tjzpfjzif/h y&dpw
d ?H
avhusuftyfaom/ ,xm0kwormywDok? tMuiftMuif qdktyfNyD;aom
ormywfwYkd / 0odbma0e? tavhtvm&So
d nf\ tjzpfjzif/h y&dpw
d ?H aom/
tbdeD[m&H
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]tbd
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f wnf;/ /
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tp&S d a om ygXf u d k qd k o wnf ; /

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a0'dwaAm-odYk qdu
k )f / ty#u
d L vonmrkace? pufqyk &f &HG mS zG,f r&S[
d al om
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&G&H mS zG,&f \
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uxm? onf/ ,kZw
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oE&D Prkace? ESpyf g;aomtzdu
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d pd m ? onf/
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trSwrf jhJyKojzifh arm[ jzpfwwfonf [lvakd omf)/ twnKwmrkace? ig;yg;aom
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0awd? \/ wd t,H uxm? onf/ ,kZwd? \/ tydokP0g'dwm
ywdyl wm,? racsmypfaom pum;udk qdak om t[efjzif/h tewumrwm?
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d nf\tjzpfonf/ 0aw?d \/ wd t,H uxm? onf/
,kZw
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G af om pum;udk qdak vh&adS om
t[efjzif/h pm#Kurswm? vlwt
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wd t,H uxm? onf/ ,kZw
?d \/ rdwbmPdwmywdyl wm,? EdiI ;f ,SOf
qifjcif qdkaom t[efjzifh/ toarm'eoDvwm? 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
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onf/ ,kZw
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\/ wd t,H uxm? onf / ,k Z w d ? \/ tzk o 0g pwm*Pm

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arGUavsmo
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\/ yknumrwmywdlywm,? aumif;rIudk tvdk&Sdaom t[efjzifh/
urm&mrwm? trI arGUavsmo
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uxm? onf/ ,kZwd? \/ oHa0*ywdlaye? xdwfvefYaom t[efjzifh/
pdwo
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dS nf\ tjzpfonf/

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339

0aw?d \/ wd t,H uxm? onf/ ,kZw

?d \/ {0H? od/Yk tm*rywdyl u
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wdkY\vnf;/ 0g? taMumif;\twk tusKd;\twk tp&SdonfwdkY\vnf;/
(obma0g pyf)/ wxm wxm? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om tjcif;t&mjzif/h 0eobma0g?
vSnyhf wfjcif; oabmud/k ,kwad wm? tm;jzif/h a0'dwaAm? \/ {0H? od/Yk
tm*rmEkoma&e? taMumif;udk tpOfr;DS ojzif/h ,kw*d a0oem? ud/k umwAm?
\/ wd? um; tNy;D wnf;/ /
,kwd[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

4-y'|me[m&0dbif;tzGifh
22/ ww uwarm y'|maem [ma&m
[ma&mwd tm'd ? onf /
y'|me[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/
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y'|mefudk xkwfoenf;-[k vDeE&apm'em &Sd&maomaMumifh xdkvDeE&
apm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdyk '|me[m&0dbif;/ ,om? aMumif/h ]]'H? w&m;onf/

r? w&m;\/ y'|meH? eD;pGmaom taMumif;wnf;/ 'H? onf/ r?
\/ y'|meH? wnf;}}/ wd? od/Yk awoH awoH "rmeH? wd\
Yk / y'|meblw
"r0dbm0evuaPm? y'|mefjzpfjzpfaom w&m;wdkYudk xifpGmjyjcif;
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aMumif/h y0w,
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tpjyK/ obm0"rmeH? wdkY\/ y'|meH tmoEum&PH? eD;pGmaom
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oA /v/ t0dZm}}wd ygaXe? jzif/h ed'o
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"r m eH ? wd k Y \ / t0d y &D w obma0g? razmuf r jyef rS e f a omoabmudk/

340

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e or#0d Zd ,
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onf/ oA"r,mxm0tor#da0a"m1? rnf\/ {wdm t0dZm ,? tm;/
aom? xdt
k vk;H pkaH om w&m;wd\
Yk razmufrjyef rSeaf omoabmudk xd;k xGi;f
rodEikd af Mumif;[laom/ vuP?H onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
om t0dZm? udk/ wxm? xdkoA"r,mxm0or#da0"vuPm-[laom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzif/h 0kwm ? \/
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zk;H vTr;f jcif;vuPm&Sad om w&m;onf/ t0dZm ? rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-t0dZm ?
onf/ "robm0y#pd m 'evuPm? w&m;oabmudk zk;H vTr;f jcif; vuPm&S\
d /
wd? od/Yk 0kw?H onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ tx 0g? um;/ orm? aumif;pGm/
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wjcm;? tnyk'\
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tjzpfjzifh vuPvuw
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te0Zock 0dygum? vu,
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Yf wnf;/

0g&

341

w? xdak umif;pGm xd;k xGi;f odjcif;\/ y#dyaum? qefu

Y sib
f ufjzpfaom
w&m;wnf;/ tor#ad 0a"m? rnf\/ uw ye? tb,fum;/ or#da0"1?
\/ aom y#dyaum? xdq
k efu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom w&m;onf/ a[mwd? enf;/
wd? od/Yk apm'emor0awm? aMumif/h ]]oA /v/ vuPm}}wd? [l/
tm[? \/
t0d Z m onf 0d y v m ow&m;wd k Y om awG a 0onf r[k w f /
tvSrf;qkH;ao
aomm w&m;wdkYyif awGa0\/ ,if;odkYvsuf ]w 0dyvmo
y'|meH}-[k 0dyvmowdu
Yk o
kd m t0dZm \ y'|mef-[k upn;f r[max&f qdak wm
wmff
rl a vonf u m; roif h a v-[k apm'em &S d & maomaMumif h xd k a pm'emud k
y,fjcif;iSm ],om ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifhum;/ tokab? / okbH? wnf;/ wd tm'd

0d y v m ao? od k Y tp&S d a om 0d y v m oonf / owd ? aomf / ww ?
xdo
k abmw&m;wdYk / oarma[m? onf/Oyly&d? tqifq
h if/h Zm,wd a,0?
wm 0dyvmom
omwnf;/ e [m,wd? rqkw,
f w
k /f wom? aMumif/h ]]wm
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
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oabm&Sad om w&m;onfvnf;aumif;/ y'|meH? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ [d?
pG/ ]],H avmau /v/ OyZw
}D }wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]avmau? avmu/ ,H
yd,lyH? tMuifcspftyfaom oabmonfvnf;aumif;/ ,H omwly?
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w&m;wd\
Yk razmufrjyef rSeaf omw&m;oabmomwnf;/ xdaYk Mumifh uw ye aom
or#da0" y#dyaumwd tm[ ]]oA"r,mxm0gwd}}-[lom qdktyfvsuf
wpfy'k w
f nf;jzpf ]]oA /v/ vuPmwd}}[k qdyk gavonf/

342

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4-y#deda'o

xd k t 'd E ' gef a pwemonf tb,f h a Mumif h avm

b \ y'|mef
avmb
jzpfoenf;-[
-[llaom apm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]om [d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d ,om? aMumif/h om? xdt

k 'dEm 'gef apwemonf/ {u0g&H? wpfBurd /f
OyEmyd? jzpfaomfvnf;/ tem'De0'dwm,? tjypfudk jrifavh Iavh
r&So
d nf\tjzpfjzif/h 0g? aMumif/h avmb? \/ Oywu
d m&PH? jzpfjcif;\
taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h w? xdak vmb\/
y'|meH? ud[
k
l / 0kw?H \/
t&S if t|uxmq&m...ygVd avmb\ y'|mefu dko m qdkc Jh\ /
a'go arm[wd k Y \ y'|mef u d k rqd k ? r&oif h o avm/ tb,f o d k Y od &
rSwf&ygtHhenf;[
[kk apm'em&Sd&um; a'go /v/ a0'dwaAm-[laom
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ygPmwdygawm? ygPmwdygwapwemonf/ a'go1? \/ y'|meH?

wnf;/ rdpm y#dy'g? arhavsmjh cif;odYk a&mufjcif;onf/ 0g? rSm;aomtm;jzifh
ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;onf/ arm[? \/ y'|meH? wnf;/ wd? od/Yk {wmyd?
a'go arm[wdYk vnf;/ rdem0 ea,e? jzifo
h mvQi/f tawm? ud/k
a0'dwaAm? \/ 0P o P m eAs e * [ Pvu P mmwd? um;/ edrdwmEk
Ase *[PvuPm? wed rd w
d f yk&o
d edrw
d u
f kd ,ljcif; vufajcykpH H jyK;H &,fjcif;
ajyma[mjcif; tp&Sad om tjcif;t&mudk ,ljcif; vuPm&S\
d / z yp,wm0?
z-[laom taMumif;&So
d nf\ tjzpfuo
kd mvQi/f okconm,? \/ z?
jzif/h Oy*revuPwm? uyfa&mufjcif;vuPm&So
d nf\ tjzpf[
l / 0kwm ?
zk a |m o m emwD}}wd? [l/ |? 92 0kwH? \/ ]]zka|m?
\/ [d? pG/ ]]zk
awGUonfjzpf/ omemwd? trSwjf yK od\}}/ tma'g
tma'gwd? um;/ wPSm?
onf/ Oyg'0,nxwmed? jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; azmufjyefjcif; wdkYonf/
ocFwvuPmed? ocFwvuPm rnfuek \
f /
1/ a'go y'|meH / / wpfBurd jf zpfaomfvnf; ygPmwdygwapwemonf
&efudk yGm;rsm;apwwfaomaMumifh a'gojzpfjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ wpfBudrf
jzpfaomfvnf; rdpm y#dy'gonf arm[jzpfjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh ygVd
rqdak omfvnf; enf;tm;jzifh a'goarm[wd\
Yk y'|mefukd xkwt
f yf\-[lvakd omf/

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tb,hfaMumifh edponm\ 0dnmOfvQif y'|mef&Sdonf\ tjzpfudk

qdkoenf;/ tvkH;pkHaom ocFww&m;wdkYonfyif y'|mef jzpfaumif;onf
r[kwfwkHavm-[laom tar;ykpmudk ajzvdky,fvdk ]a,bka,se}paom
ygXf u d k qd k o wnf ; /

a,bka,se? jzif/h edp* [

PH? edp[

l ,ljcif; pGv
J rf;jcif;onf/ 0dnmPm"De?H
0dnmOfESifh pyf\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ edponm,? \/ (wm pyf)/
0dnmPy'|mewm? 0dnmOfvQif eD;pGmaom taMumif; &So
d nf\tjzpfu/kd 0kwm ?
\/ wxm [d wawm {0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f aom bduK ? xd&k [ef;onf/
wHa,0 0dnmPH? udkomvQif/ oEm0wd? wpfb0rSonf wpfb0odkY
oGm;\[l/ oHo&wd? tzefwvJvJ oGm;jcif;vmjcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh
usiv
f nf\[l/ wd? od/Yk 0dnmP0do,ar0? 0dnmOfvQit
f mk&H o
dS nfom
jzpfaom/ twaem? \/ edp* g [H? jr\
J -[k ,ljcif;ud/k ya0a'od? odap\/
yE?H ukeaf om/ cEmeH? wd\
Yk / tedpw
m p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 'kuw
m p?
udkvnf;aumif;/ ,'d ok'd|m? tu,f aumif;pGm jriftyfonfjzpftHh/
twonm? aumif;/ okconm? aumif;/ te0umom? t&mr[kw/f 0g?
tedp /v/ twonm
tcGirhf &S/d wd wom? aMumif/h ]]ted
nm}}wd? [l/ tm[?
,'edpH /v/ w'ewm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]],H "rZmwH? onf/
\/ [d? pG/ ]],'ed
tedp?H tjrrJ &S/d wH "rZmwH/ onf/ 'ku?H 'kuo
nf/ a[mwd? \/ ,H "rZmwH?
onf/ 'ku?H onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wH "rZmwH? onf/ tewm? onf/
a[mwd? jzpf\}}/ /
a,bka,se? jzif/h tly"aro?k emrfw&m;wdYk / twmbdead 0aom?
wm
tw[
l ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]wm
emruma,m y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/ oAH ae,sE?d um;/ pwm&d
opmed? wdkYonf/ uom? um;/ pwkop0dedrkw? aom/ ae,s?
odtyfaom w&m;\/ tbm0awm? r&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ O'p0 u
d r e ?H
O'pu
kd cGmjcif;onf/ pdw0dauyy#doH[&PH? pdw\
f ysUH vGijhf cif;udk aumif;pGm
azsmufjcif; rnf\/ tokbmmwd? um;/ tokbmEkyem? wnf;/ 0g? um;/
y#dbm*edrdwblwm? y#dbm*edrdwfjzpf jzpfukefaom/ tokbm {0?

344

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4-y#deda'o

tokbtmkHwdkYonfomvQifwnf;/ orx? \/ wPSmy#dyuwm?

wPSm\qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tokbm y'|meE?d [l/ 0kw?H
\/ tbdZm,? \/ wEku&Pawm? acgif;yg;jcif;udk jyKwwfaomaMumif/h
t'dEm 'gem a0&rPD? t'dEm 'gefrMS uOfjcif;ud/k tavmb? \/ y'|meE?d
[l/ 0kwm ? \/ wxm? yg;/ Asmyg'? \/ wEku&Pawm? aMumif/h
ygPmwdygwm a0&rPD? ud/k ta'go? \/ y'|meE?d [l/ 0kwm ? \/
0do,obm0y#da0a"m? tmkH\ oabmudk xdk;xGif;odjcif;onf/
0w K t0d y # d y w d ? rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-0w
0w K t0d y # d y w d ? [lonf/
0do,obm0y#da0a"m? tmk\
H oabmudk xd;k xGi;f odjcif;wnf;/
ormy#dywd[lonf tb,fenf;/ tvkH;pkHaom ormy#dywdyifavm
pk'f&Sd&maomaMumifh vdktyfaom ormy#dywdudk jyjcif;iSm orm /
v/ or'geH-[k rdefYaomf/
w edAd'g y'|meH[l qdktyfaom edAd'g[lonf tb,fenf;/
apm'em&Sd&um; ]edAd'g}tp&Sdaom ygXfudkrdefYownf;/
y&d w emwnf ; [l a om tebd & wd o nf ed A d ' grnf o avm/
ykpm&Sd&um; aPe-[k txl;jyKownf;/

oDvorm"dorm'eH? oDvorm"dwu
Ykd kd Ny;D apjcif;onf/ ormy#dywd?
rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-ormy#dyw?d [lonf/ oDvorm"dorm'eH? wnf;/
aPe? jzif/h tebd&wd? raysmaf rGUjcif;onf/ edA'd g? rnf\/ 0g? um;/
wxmy0w?H xdo
k rYkd aysmaf rGUaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfaom/ Par0?
onfyifvQi/f edA'd g? rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-edA'd g? 'g[lonf/ aPe? jzif/h
tebd&wd? wnf;/ 0g? um;/ wxmy0w?H aom/ Par0? omwnf;/
'kua0'emom 'kuonm\ y'|mef jzpfaumif;onf
r[kwfwkHavm/ todkYrl ]wm a0'em y'|meH}-[kom rdefYqdkoenf;[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]oAmyd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

oAmyd? aom/ a0'em? onf/ 'ku' u

k w
m'dbm0awm? 'ku' u
k tjzpf
tp&Sad om tjzpftm;jzif/h 'ku?H rnf\/ wd uwGm? odYk ESv;Hk jyK/ a0'em?

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onf/ ]]'kuo
nm,? \/ y'|meH? wnf;}}/ wd? od/Yk 0kw?H \/ "ronm
nmwd?
um;/ "rrwE?d y&rwoabmrQomwnf;[l/ y0wm? aom/ onm? wnf;/
owmeH? wdkY\/ 0g? wdkYtm;/ uma,? lyum,/ t0Dw&m*wm?
ruif;aom &m*&So
d nf\tjzpfonf/ yE?H ukeaf om/ tZwu
d m,wemeH?
yd`Ed,med /v/
wd\
Yk / 0aoe? jzif/h a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]y
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...ow 0 gwd k Y \ um, &m*ruif ; onf \
tjzpfonf ig;yg;aom tZwdum,wewdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh jzpf\-[k qdk\/
,if ; od k Y j zpf a omf ig;yg;aom k y f a`E w d k Y o nf um,&m*\y'|mef o m
rjzpf a umif ; ygoavm/ t&S i f r [mup n f ; onf v nf ; um,&m*
y'|meH[k rqdk? ly&m* y'|meH-[lom qdkygonf r[kwfukefavm/
q&mhpum; tb,fodkY oifhygtHhenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]uma,m [d}ponfudk
rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ uma,m? ud/k "? / lyE?d [l/ t"dayawm? \/

0daooawm? tm;jzifh/ psmeed,blaw? psmef\rSD&mjzpfjzpfaom/
rem,wae p? vnf;/ eduE?d wyfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
q|m,weH b0&m* y'|me
aMumif/h ]]q|m,weH
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/ {'do?H
odo
Yk abm&Sad om/ ly?H onf/ rm edAw
w
?k rjzpfapownf;/ {'do?D aom/
a0'em? onf/ rm edAwwk? wnf;/ wd {0H? odkY/ y0wm? aom/
l y g'd t bd e E e m? k y f t p&S d o nf w d k Y tvG e f w yf E S p f o uf j cif ; onf /
edAwb0gEkydwmm? rnf\/ 0g? Ny;D Ny;D aom b0udk tzefwvJvJ Iavh&adS om
ol\ tjzpf rnf\/ P'em
P'emwd? um;/ uruwmP'e?
uHomvQif Opm&S\
d [k jzpfaom Pftjrif\/
t&Sift|uxmq&m
...
tvkH;pkHaom olwdkY\ ykaAed0gomEkw
|uxmq&m...
...tvk
wdd
onfyif uruwmPftjrif\ y'|mefcsnf; jzpfoavm-[k apm'em&Sd&m
aomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]a,medaom} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qd k o wnf ; /

346

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4-y#deda'o

([dum; 0gusm&r)/ a,medaom/ toift

h m;jzif/h reodum&0awm?
ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;&Sad om ol\/ 0g? tm;/ ykaAe0d gomEkwd? onf/ uruwm
P? \/ um&PH? taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ ta,medaom?
roifah omtm;jzif/h OrKZE
? ESv;Hk oGi;f aomol\/ 0g? tm;/ ykaAe0d gom
Ekwd? onf/ uruwmP? \/ um&PH? onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
xdktoifhtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;aomol\ ykaAed0gomEkwd\ uruwmPf\ taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpf? toift
h m;jzifh ESv;Hk roGi;f aomo
aomoll\
ykaAed0gomEkwd\ uruwmPf\ taMumif;rjzpfonf\tjzp
tjzpff u d k
tb,foufaotaMumif;jzifh od&ygtHhenf;-[laom ykpmudk ajzvdk y,fvd k
epfapvdk ]r} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

r p tw? udv
k nf;/ 0dbm0ew?H xif&mS ;jyjcif;iSm/ r[mem&'
uyZmwu1 ? r[mem&'uyZmwfudkvnf;aumif;/ jA[Zmav?
jA[Zmvokwf / {upow0ga'g p? {upow0g'udv
k nf;aumif;/
MouyevuPmm}}wd tm'dem?
O'g[&dwaAm? aqmiftyf\/ 0g? xkwt
f yf\/ ]]Mouy
jzif/h o'gyom'geH? o'gyom'wd\
Yk / 0daooH? ud/k 'awd? \/
,if;odkY jyaomf yom'onf o'grS w&m;udk,f toD;tjcm;avm[k
apm'em &Sd&um; ]aom ye}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

aom ye yoma'g? ud/k o'g,a,0? \omvQi/f t0wm0daoaom?

tcdkuftwefYtxl;[l/ '|aAm? \/ ww ygaX? / o'[e0aoe?
,kMH unfjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm&rP? od/Yk 0g? ud/k Mo*g[PH edpa ,m?
ouf0ifjcif; qk;H jzwfjcif;onf/ 0g? ouf0if qk;H jzwfjcif;onf/ Mouye?H rnf\/
|? 93 to'd,my*are? r,kHMunfjcif;rS uif;ojzifh/ pdw? \/
1/ r[mem&'uyZmwu / / toif h t m;jzif h ES v k H ; oG i f ; aom
0da'[rif;\ orD;jzpfaom kZmrif;orD;\ Zmwd&Pfonf uruwmPf\
taMumif; jzpfavownf;/ toift
h m;jzifh ESv;Hk roGi;f aom xd0k ad '[rif;\ ppfoBl u;D
jzpf a om tVmwtrwf \ vnf ; aumif ; ? AD Z urnf a om uRef \ vnf ; aumif ;
Zmwd&Pfonfum; uruwmPf\ taMumif; rjzpfavownf;/

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tumvk,
d wm? raemufuso
d nf\tjzpfonf/ tem0dvwm
wm? rnf\/
o' [ ear0? ,k H M unf j cif ; onf o mvQif / tbd y w d , em
em? rnf \ /
ynmo[dawm? ynmESiw
hf uG jzpfaom/ tm,we*awm? &wemok;H yg;vQif
tmk&H adS om/ tbdyo
ma'g? tvGeMf unfjkd cif;onf/ ta0pyoma'g
oma'g? rnf\/
d mG ? iky
f /
toarmaom? rarhjcif;onf/ tydvmyeH? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ edrZk w
Mo*g[PH 0d,? ouf0ifouJo
h /Ykd tm&rP? od/Yk Mo*g[PH? ouf0ifjcif;
onf/ tydvmyeH? rnf\/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...o'gESifhyom'? yom'ESifho'g/ 0D&d,ESifh
ory"mef? owdESifh owdy|mef/ orm"dESifhpsmefonf w&m;udk,fokyftm;jzi
m;jziff h
txl;tjym; tjcm;r[kwfwum;/ ,if;oYdkvsuf ta0pyom'onf o'g\
y'|mef? o'gonf yom'\ y'|mef? ory"mefonf 0D&d,\ y'|mef?
owdy|mefonf owd\ y'|mef? psmefonf orm"d\ y'|mef[k upnf;
jrwf p G m r[max&f tb,f h a Mumif h rd e f Y a voenf ; / y'|me y'|med u
qeY f c h J \ apm'em yk p m &S d & monf u d k jrif a wmf r l xd k a pm'emyk p m ud k
ajztHhaomiSm ]{w p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

{w p? o'gtp&So
d nfw\
Ykd y'|mefukd qd&k mvnf;/ o'g'De/H wd\
Yk /
(y'|meH pyf)/ yom'o'gory"meowdy|mepsme*Fged? yom' o'g
ory" mef owdy|mef psmeft*Fgwdo
Yk nf/ ,xmur?H pGm/ y'|meH? wnf;/
wd? odkY/ 0'aEe? qdkawmfrlaom t&Sifr[mupnf;rax&fonf/
t0wm0daoo0aoe? tcdu
k t
f weft
Y xl;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y'|mebma0g?
ud/k 0kawm? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
t0wmtxl;ESifh uif; oabmtm;jzifhom NyD;aom y'|mefudk
jyawmfrlvdk&um; owdorm"DeH 0g}ponfudk rdefYaomf/

0g? um;/ owdorm"De?H wd\

Yk / (y'|mefoYkd oGm;)/ um,m'a,m? lyum,
tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd owdy|memwd? [l/ 0dwum'a,m p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ psmemeDw?d
[l/ y'|mebma0e? jzif/h 0kwm ? uke\
f / /
oHa,mZeDa,ok? oHa,mZOf\tmkHjzpfukefaom/ "arok? wdkY/
tm'gEkydwm? om,maomtm;jzifh Ionf\ tjzpfonf/ tm're
oduma&m
ma&m? rnf\/ ykeA00da&m[Pm
&m[Pmwd? um;/ ykeA0g0? b0opfukd

348

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4-y#deda'o

0da&m[Pm? aygufapjcif;wnf;/ ykeA0edAw

e m&[wm? b0opfukd jzpfjcif;iSm
xdkufonf\tjzpfwnf;/ 0dygu"rwm? tusKd;ay;jcif; oabm &So
d nf\
tjzpfwnf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ Moyyp,duedAwdvuPE?d
um;/ Oyywdb0bma0e? Oyywdb0\ tjzpfjzifh/ edAweobm0H?
jzpfjcif;oabm &S\
d /
emrum,l y um,oCF m wvu P Ed? um;/ tlylyum,meH?
emrum,lyum,wdkYudk/ orl[dwbm0H? aygif;pyffjcif;oabm &Sd\/
pum'De?H ukeaf om/ qEH `E,
d meH? wd\
Yk / 00ww
d bma0g? ydik ;f jcm;tyfonf\
tjzpfonf/ `Ed,00wmeH1? rnf\/
Moyyp,du2E?d um;/ Oyywu
d E e Ad w
u
?H Oyywcd Emudk jzpfapwwf\/
Oy"Dw?d um;/ twbma0g? twabmwnf;/ twaem? \/ 0g? onf/ yd,?
cspftyfaomol\/ r&PH? udk/ pdaEE? MuHaom/ Amv? tm;/
a,bka,se? jzif/h aomaum? onf/ OyZw
?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
r&PH? ud/k aomu? \/ y'|meE?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ apwaom? pdw\
f /
Mo'[eE?d um;/ t0'[eH? jyif;pGm
oEmayg? ylyefjcif;onf/ Oku?H rnf\/ Mo'[e
ylavmifjcif;wnf;/
xdkt0'[eudk zGifhvdk&um; ]twaem ed, oEyear0}udk
qdkownf;/

twaem? \/ ed,? rSD&mudk/ oEmyear0? ylavmifapjcif;

vQiw
f nf;/
rmed b0*F g ed t p&S d a om pum;onf tEk o aE r &S d b J qd k a om
pum;om jzpfavoavm[k tar;ykpm&Sd&um; ]b0mwd} paom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /
1/ `Ed,00wme / / puKa`E\
lygku
H kd jrifjcif;? aomwda`E\
o'gku
H kd
Mum;jcif; tp&So
d nfjzifh toD;toD; jraJ om tmku
H pd & o
dS nf\tjzpfonf `E,
d 00wme
rnf\[lvakd omf/
2/ Moyyp,duH / / ]Oyywd {0 Moyyp,?H w bma0g Moyyp,u
d }H
[laom teufukd ]Oyywb
d ma0e}ygXfjzifh jyonf/

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349

b0mwd? [l/ 0kw?H aom/ b0H? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]rmeD

rmeD}}wd
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / b0? \/ t*Fged p? taMumif;wdo
Yk nf
vnf;aumif;/ b0ocFgwmed? b0-[k qdt
k yfuek af om/ t*Fged p? tpdwf
wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ b0*Fged? rnfuek \
f /
tb,f u m; b0\taMumif ; ? tb,f u m; b0
b0-- [k qd k t yf a o
omm
tpdwfrnfygoenf;/ txl;r&SdbJvnf; ESpfcsufrqdkwef-[k apm'em&Sd&um;
]awok}ponfudk rdefYaomf/

awok? xdb
k 0\taMumif; b0[kqt
kd yfaom tpdww
f w
Ykd iG /f udavom?
wdo
Yk nf/ b0? \/ t*Fged? taMumif;wdw
Yk nf;/ ur0yd gu0H? ur0#f
0dygu0#fonf/ b0ocFgwmed? ukeaf om/ t*Fged? tpdww
f w
Ykd nf;/ or*geDw?d
um;/ oAmed? tvk;H pkw
H o
Ykd nf/ cEm,wem'De?H wd\
Yk / ty&mykyw
o
d o
H &PH?
tqifq
h ifjh zpfaomtm;jzifh usiv
f nfjcif;onf/ wpfenf;um;-ty&mykyw
?
tqif h q if h j zpf j cif ; wnf ; [l a om/ oH o &PH ? usif v nf j cif ; onf / 0g?
jzpfjcif;onf/ oHoma&m? rnf\/ w? xdo
k o
H &m\/ yk&rd yk&rd Zmwdeyd E ?H
a&S;a&S;aomb0 jzpfaom/ udavom'd0H? udavom tp&Sad om 0#fonf/
ba0g oHom&
um&PH? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]ba0g
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/
ed a &m"onf wpf p k H w pf c k a om taMumif ; aMumif h rjzpf o nf
r[kwfwkHavm/ xdkodkYvsuf ]ra*g eda&m" y'|meH}[k upnf;r[max&f
qdkawmfrlavonfum; roifhavwum;-[k t,l&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkt,ludk
epfapvdk ]ormyua[wkbm0H} ponfudk qdkownf;/

ormyua[wkbm0H? ormyutaMumif;\tjzpfu/kd oEm,? &nf/

]]ra*g eda&m" y'|me1}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
ur|maem*g[u? ur|mef;odYk oufa&mufaom a,m*Dy*k Kd v\
f /
Mow&P|mewm,? ouf0if&m\ tjzpfaMumif/h A[kak wm? rsm;aom
1/ eda&m" y'|meH / / edAm efwnf;[laom eda&m"udk tmkjH yKaom tm;jzifh
a&mufuek af om zdv
k f ypa0uPmPftp&So
d nf wd\
Yk ormyutaMumif;tm;jzifh
r*fonf eda&m"\ y'|mef[lygavonf-[lvdkaomf/

350

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tMum;tjrif&adS om yk*Kd vo
f nf/ wdwH emr? rnf\/ (]w&wd Mow&wd {wmwd
wdw}H [laom 0pewjzifh A[kw
k yk*Kd vo
f nf wdwr nf\-[lvakd omf)/ w?
xdrk sm;aom tMum;tjrif&adS om yk*Kd vu
f /kd ormy,dyk goem? aumif;pGm
qnf;uyfjcif;onf/ wdwkwmm? rnf\/ "rLyow
d ?H w&m;ESihf pyfaom/
ygarmZH? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf/ yDwH emr? rnf\/ oyg,"r0aee?
avsmufywfaom w&m;udk Mum;emjcif;jzif/h wH? xdyk garmZu/kd Oyga'wGm?
/ ur|me? ud/k 0g? bm0emud/k jAL[em? yGm;apjcif;onf/ yDwkwmm?
rnf\/ bm0em,? \/ axmur?d twefi,frQvnf;/ v,myw,
d m p?
wGefYwdkjcif;odkY a&mufjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ O'Hywd,m p? O'ptm;jzifh
ysUH vGijhf cif;odYk a&mufjcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ Zmeem? odjcif;onf/ ywkwmm?
rnf\/ y[?d ukeaf om/ y"med,a*F[?d y"med,t*FgwdEYk iS /hf ormEm*w?
aom/ twaem? udk/ Zmeem? onf/ tw k w mm? rnf\/ awok?
xdkwdwkwmtp&SdonfwdkY/ yk&drmeH yk&drmeH? a&S;a&S;aom w&m;wdkY\/
ypdr ypdr? aemufaemufaom w&m;\/ y'|mebma0g? onf/
ok0ad na,sm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/ uwykna0? jyKtyfNy;D aom aumif;rI
&Sad om oltm;omvQi/f ywdyl a'o0gaom? avsmufywfoifw
h ifah om t&yf
aejcif;onf/ |? 94 or0wd? jzpfoif\
h / w&? jyKtyfaom aumif;rI
ykaA /v/
r&Sad om oltm;/ e or0wd? rjzpfoif/h wd wom? aMumif/h ]]yk
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ t"d|maee? wD&Py&dnm\wnf&m jzpfaom
wy&dnmESifh/ o[? wuG/ wkP0dyem? Ekaom0dyemonf/
,xmblwP'eH? rnf\/ 0g? razmufrjyef [kwfrSefpGm jzpfaom
Pf t jrif r nf \ / ed A d ' ggwd ? um;/ Av00d y em? tm;BuD ; aom
0dyemwnf;/ 0d&ma*g
ma*gwd? um;/ ra*g? wnf;/ 0drkwDw?d um;/ zvH? wnf;/
{0 E?d um;/ ]]wm 0dyvmom y'|me}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h t0dZm 'De?H wd\
Yk /
,'d'H ,H 'H y'|meH? ud/k 'dw?H Ny/D rdem ea,e? jytyfNy;D aom
enf;jzif/h txmyd? xdrk w
S pfyg;vnf;/ a,m aumpd? tvk;H pkaH om/ Oyeda,m
Av0ypa,m? tm;Bu;D aom taMumif;onfvnf;aumif;/ a,m aumpd? aom/
t0aooypa,m? Oyed,rS <uif;aom taMumif;onfvnf;aumif;/ tw?d

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\/ aom oaAm? xdt

k vk;H pkaH om taMumif;onf/ y'|meH um&PH? wnf;/
wd? od/Yk a0'dwA?H \/ ]]{0H ,m umpd Oyedom a,m*awm p yp,awm
pm}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ yXE?d uke\
f / ww? xdo
k &Ykd w
G af om ygXf/ Oyedommwd?
um;/ um&PH? wnf;/ a,m*awm
a,m*awmwd? um;/ ,kwad wm? toift
h m;jzif/h
yp,awm
awmwd? um;/ yp,bm0rwawm? ypn;f \ tjzpfrQtm;jzif/h wd?
od/Yk tawm? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ {w? y'|me[m&0dbif;/ ,H ye
0peH? ud/k twawm? tm;jzif/h e 0dbw?H ra0zeftyf/ wH 0peH? onf/
ok0ad n,sar0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
y'|me[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ edXdwm? NyD;NyD/
e e e

5-vuP[m&0dbif;tzGifh
23/ wwuwarm vuaPm [ma&m
[ma&mwdtm'd? onf/ vuP
[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww? xdv
k uP[m&0dbif;/ u vu,wDwd rdem?
a, "rm}}wd tm'dem?
jzif/h vuP[m&? \/ 0do,H? t&mud/k ykpw
?d \/ ]]a,
jzifh/ vuP[m&H? udk/ oacFyawm? tm;jzifh/ 'awGm? / wH?
puK}}Ed
xdv
k uP[m&ud/k O'g[&aP[d? O'g[kPw
f jYkd zif/h 0dbZdw?Hk iSm/ ]]pu
0"ua|e {uvuPmm}}wd rdem?
tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / ]]0"ua|e
jzif/h te0|dwbm0g'demyd? tjrJ rwnfonf\ tjzpf tp&Sad omtm;jzifv
h nf;/
{uvuPwm? wlaomvuPm &So
d nf\tjzpfu/kd 0kwm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/
wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
{0H? od/Yk tm,we0aoe? jzif/h {uvuPwH? wlaom vuPm
&So
d nf\tjzpfu/kd 'awGm? / 'ged? / cEm'd0aoe? jzif/h 'awk?H
twDaw /v/ a[m[D}}wd tm'd okw?H ud/k tmbwH? aqmiftyf\/
iSm/ ]]twD
,raum0g'okaw 0"ua|e {uvuPm 0kwmwd 'H 0peH? ud/k wo
okaw? xd,
k raum0g'okwf / ]]0"uH? olowfEiS w
hf al om/ ly?H kyw
f nf;/ 0"uH?
aom/ ly?H wnf;/ wd? od/Yk ,xmblw?H [kwaf omtwdik ;f / eyZmemwd?

352

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4-y#deda'o

rod}}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h tm*wwm? aMumif/h 0kw?H \/ wDw?d um;/ {0H?

od/Yk rdH *gxm,H? a,o okorm&'g[laom *gxm/ um,*wm,?
um,tpkvQif tmk&H adS om/ owd,m? ud/k 0kwm ,? aomf/ a0'em*wm?
a0'emvQif tmk&H adS om/ owd p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ pdw* wm? aom/ owd p?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ "r*wm? aom/ owd p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ owdy|mebma0e?
owdy|mef\tjzpfjzifh/ {uvuPwm? wlaomvuPm &Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h 0kwm ? onf/ b0wd? \/ (b0Ed [lvnf; &S\
d / t*Fgodwwnf;)/
wd t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ 'd|Ed tm'De?H 'd|H tp&Sad om yk'w
f \
Ykd /
tw?H ud/k y&awm? rS/ (pwkAsL[[m&udk ,l)/ 0P,
d mr? uket
f /hH /
|? 95 uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&m[Dwd {w ygaX? / uma,
uma,wd?
um;/ lyuma,? /
tb,h f a Mumif h l y um,onf um,rnf o enf ; yk p m &S d & um;
]lyuma,m [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ lyuma,m? udk/ "? / t*Fyp*Fge? t*FgBuD;i,fwdkY\

vnf;aumif;/ auom'De? qHtp&SdonfwdkY\vnf;aumif;/ orl[a|e?
taygif;jzpfaom teufaMumifh/ 0g? oabmaMumifh/ uma,mwd? [l/
t"dayawm? \/ orl[a|e? aMumif/h uma,mwd? [l/ t"dayawm ,xm
p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;/ {0H wxm? wl/ ukpw
d meH? pufqw
k t
f yfaom qHtp&So
d nfw\
Ykd /
tm,a|e? jzpf&mjzpfaom teufaMumif/h uma,mwd? [l/ t"dayawm?
\/ [d opH? \/ ukpdwmeH? pufqkwftyfukefaom/ y&raZ*kpmeH?
tvGepf ufqw
k zf ,
G &f u
dS ek af om qHtp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / aom? xdk yl um,onf/
tma,m? jzpf&monf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wdyd wom? aMumifv
h nf;/ uma,m
uma,m?
rnf\/ tma,m
tma,mwd? um;/ Oywda'aom? jzpf&mt&yfwnf;/ wMw?
xdu
k m,o'g/ t,H? um;/ 0peawm? wnf;/ wawm? xdk yl um,rS/
tm,Ed? jzpfukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ tma,m? rnf\/ au?
tb,fonfwdkYonf/ tm,Ed? ukefoenf;[lrlum;/ ukpdwm? ukefaom/
auom'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/ tm,E?d uke\
f / wd? od/Yk ukpw
d meH? ukeaf om/

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auom'De?H wd\
Yk / tma,m? jzpf&mwnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h uma,m?
rnf\/ /
um,mEk y Dwd? um;/ um,H? lyum,udk/ tEkyeoDavm?
tzefwvJvJ Iavh&o
dS nfjzpf/ 0g? um;/ um,H? ud/k tEkyrmaem?
tzefwvJvJ Ionfjzpf/ (a&S;ESifh wDvr[kwfonfom txl;)/
]]uma,}}wd p? [lvnf;/ 0wGm? qdNk y;D / yke? wpfzef/ ]]um,mEkyD}}wd?
[l/ 'kw,
d ?H aom/ um,*[PH? um,o'gudk qdjk cif;onf/ tor
d awm?
ra&m,Sufaomtm;jzifh/ 00wmeCe0dedaAm*g'd'ewH? ydkif;jcm;jcif;
wpfceJ ufukd toD; a0zefjcif; tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd jyjcif;tusK;d &So
d nf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ awe? xYakd Mumif/h ('dwH pyf)/ uma,? lyum,/ a0'emEkyD
0g? a0'emudk tzefwvJvJ Ionfvnf;/ e? r[kw/f pdw" rmEkyD 0g?
pdw"f rukd tzefwvJvJ Ionfvnf;/ e? r[kw/f tx acg? pifppfum;/
um,mEkyD {0? lyum,udk tzefwvJvJ IonfomvQiw
f nf;/ wd?
odkY/ um,ocFgaw? lyum,[k qdktyfaom/ 0wKo? / um,m
Ekyemum&a0? lyum,udk tzefwvJvJ Iaomtjcif;t&m udo
k mvQi/f
'aee? jyojzif/h tor
d awm? tm;jzif/h 00wmeH? ydik ;f jcif;ud/k 'dw?H
onf/ a[mwd? \/
ra&m,S u f a omtm;jzif h yd k i f ; jcm;jcif ; ud k jyNyD / Ce0d e d a A m *ud k
tb,f o d k Y jytyf o enf ; apm'em&S d & um; ]wxm}tp&S d a om ygXf u d k
rdefYownf;/

wxm? yg;/ uma,? / t*Fyp*0F ed rd w

k { u"rmEkyD? t*FgBu;D i,frS
vGwaf om wpfcak om w&m;udrk Q tzefwvJvJ Ionf/ e? r[kw/f auo
avmrm'd0dedrkwwdyk&domEkyDyd? qHtarG;tp&SdonfwdkYrS vGwfaom
rde;f ra,musmf ;wdu
Yk kd tzefwvJvJ Ionfvnf;/ e? r[kw/f (emyd tydukd
EkyDrmS ,SOo
f nf)/ /
{w uma,? / auoavmrm'dawm? aom/ blwkyg'g,orl[
ocFgawm? blwkyOf yg'gkyw
f \
Ykd taygif;[k qdt
k yfaom/ a,myd uma,m?
onfvnf;/ twd? \/ wwyd? xdklyum,vnf;/ blwkyg'g,0dedrkw

354

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4-y#deda'o

{u"rmEkyD? blwkyfOyg'gkyfrS vGwfaom wpfckaom w&m;udkrQ

tzefwvJvJ Ionf/ e? r[kw/f tx acg? um;/ &xorm&mEkyaum
0d,? &xm;\ taqmuftODudk IaomoluJhodkY/ t*Fyp*Forl[mEkyD?
t*FgBu;D i,fw\
Ykd taygif;udk tzefwvJvJ I\/ e*&m0,0gEkyaum 0d,?
jymom'ftp&Sad om NrKd U\tpdwu
f kd Iaom oluo
hJ /Ykd auoavmrm'dorl[m
EkyD? qHtarG;tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd taygif;udk tzefwvJvJ I\/ u'vduE y w
0d0ed Ad K Za um 0d, p? iSuaf ysmwH;k iSuaf ysmzwf iSuaf ysmtlukd toD;toD;
a0zefaom oluo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ &dwr |k 0d ed ad 0Xaum 0d, p? tcsn;f ES;D aom
vufqyk u
f kd ajzaom oluo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ blwyk g'g,orl[mEkyD {0?
blwkyOf yg'gkyw
f \
Ykd taygif;udk tzefwvJvJ Ionfomwnf;/ wd? od/Yk
emeyum&awm? tm;jzif/h orl[0aoae0? taygif;\tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f
um,ocFgw? aom/ 0wKaem? ud/k 'aee? jyojzif/h Ce0dead Ama*g?
wpfceJ ufukd toD;toD; a0zefjcif;ud/k 'dawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ [d
wa'0 op?H \/ {w uma,? / ,xm0kwo
rl[0derd ak wm? tMuiftMuif
qdt
k yfNy;D aom taygif;rS vGwaf om/ uma,m 0g? onfvnf;aumif;/ tanm?
aom/ aumpd? wpfpw
Hk pfcak om/ "arm 0g? onfvnf;aumif;/ e 'dwd?
rxif/ ,xm0kw"rorl[raw {0 ye? tMuiftMuif qdktyfNyD;aom
w&m;taygif;rQomvQi/f wxm wxm? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzif/h
owm? wdo
Yk nf/ rdpm bdead 0oH? rSm;aomtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;ud/k ua&mE?d
uke\
f / awe? aMumif/h ayg&mPm? a&S;t|uxmq&mwdo
Yk nf/ ]],H ywd /
v/ e rkpw
}D }wd? [l/ tm[k? qdu
k ek Nf y/D
]],H? tMuifred ;f ra,musmf ;ud/k 'd|,
d m? rdpm 'd|t
d m;jzif/h ywd?
jrif\/ wH? xdrk ed ;f ra,musmf ;onf/ 'd|?H jriftyfaom lyg,weonf/
e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wpfenf;um;-'d|?H jriftyfaom lyg,weonf/ wH?
xdrk ed ;f ra,musmf ;onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wpfenf;um;-wH? xdrk ed ;f r
a,musmf ;onf/ 'd|?H qHtp&Sad om blwkyOf yg'gkyw
f \
Ykd taygif;[k
qdt
k yfaom jriftyfaom w&m;onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wpfenf;um;'d|?H qHtp&Sad om blwkyOf yg'gkyw
f \
Y k d taygif;-[k qdt
k yfaom jriftyfaom

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355

w&m;onf/ wH? xdkrdef;ra,musfm;onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ ,H?

tMuiflyg,weudk/ 0g? tMuifqHtp&Sdaom blwkyfOyg'gkyf
wd\
Yk taygif;ud/k 'd|?H jriftyf\/ wH? xdk yl g,weud/k 0g? qHtp&Sad om
blwkyyf g'gkyw
f \
Ykd taygif;ud/k ynmpuKem? jzif/h e ywd? rjrif/
rlaVm? awGa0onf jzpf/ tyH tyaEm? rjrifaomolu/kd AZaw?
udavomjzifh aESmifzUJG tyf\/ AZrmaem? udavomjzifh aESmifzUJG tyfaom
olonf/ e rkpw
?d oHo&mrS rvGw}f }/
Ce0dead Am*g'd'ewEd {w 0pae? / tm'doa'e? jzif/h t,H tawm?
ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ [d uxH a0'dwaAm? tb,foYkd odtyf oenf;[lru
l m;/
t,H bduK ? onf/ {wo uma,? lyum,/ um,mEkyD a,0?
lyum,udk tzefwvJvJ Ionfomwnf;/ tn"rm-EkyD? lyum,rS
wpfyg;aom oabmudk tzefwvJvJ Ionf/ e? r[kw/f
'H t,H t"dyga,m? udk/ 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
tEk'ublwm,yd? a&r[kwaf omfvnf;/ 0g? vsuv
f nf;/r&Dp,
d m? wHvQyf /
O'umEkydaem? a&[k Iuek o
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm? ukeo
f uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm?
wl/ tedp' u
k m ewtokbblaw {0? tedp' u
k t
ewtokbom jzpfaom/
ro uma,? / |? 96 edpo
ck twob
k bm0gEkyD? edpo
ck twob
k
[l Ionf/ e? r[kwf/ tx acg? um;/ um,mEkyD? lyum,udk
tzefwvJvJ I\/ tedp' u
k t
ew tokbmum&orl[mEkyD? tedp' u
k -
tewtokb[laom tjcif;t&mtaygif;udk tzefwvJvJ I\/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ tx 0g? um;/ r[mowdy|mae? r[mowdy|meok w f / tmoymom'd p k P d u Zmwt|d u y&d a ,momaem?
xGuo
f uf0ifouftp&Sad om rIerYf eI n
Yf ufnufjzpf zdzk &Jjzpfaom td;k tqk;H
&Sdaom/ ,Gm,H a,m t,H uma,m p? udkvnf;/ 0kawm? \/ ]]"?
omoemawmf/ {uapm? tcsKUd aom yk*Kd vo
f nf/ yx0Dum,H? yx0D"mwf
taygif;ud/k tedpa wm? tm;jzif/h tEkywd? tzefwvJvJ I\/ tmaygum,H?
tmayg"mwftaygif;ud/k awaZmum,H? ud/k 0ga,mum,H? ud/k auoum,H?
qHtaygif;ud/k v/ t|drd u
m,H? jcifqt
D aygif;ud/k tedpa wm? tm;jzif/h

356

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4-y#deda'o

tEkywd? \}}/ wd? od/Yk y#dor'd g,H? / a,m p uma,m? udv

k nf;/
0kawm? \/ oA? aom/ w um,? xdklyum, taygif;\/
roa ,0 uma,? lyum,omvQi/f tEkyeawm? tzefwvJvJ
IaomaMumif/h 0g? Iaomtm;jzif/h uma,? lyum,/ um,mEkyD? lyum,udk
tzefwvJvJ I\/ wd {0r?d odv
Yk nf;/ {w? uma, um,mEkyD[laom ygVd/ tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ /
tx 0g? um;/ uma,? / t[Ed 0g? [lvnf;aumif;/ rrEd 0g?
[lvnf;aumif;/ *a[wA? tyfaom/ upd? ud/k teEkyeawm?
tm;/ 0g? aMumif/h auoavmrm'du? aom/ w ye emem"rorl[?
ud/k tEkyeawm? oltm;/ 0g? jcif;aMumif/h auom'd"rorl[ocFgaw?
aom/ uma,? / um,mEkyD? rnf\/ wd t,H tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/
,ck t cg ck e pf y g;aom tEk y emwd k Y \ ok y f t m;jzif h v nf ;
um,mEkyemudk jytHhaomiSm ]tyd p}tp&Sdonfudk rdefYownf;/

tydp tya&m ea,m? enf;wpfyg;ud/k r,m? onf/ 0kpa w? tyf\/

]]ro uma,? / tedpa wm? tm;jzif/h tEkywd? \/ edpa wm? tm;jzif/h
aem tEkywd? rI}}/ wd tm'dem? jzif/h tEkua re? tpOftm;jzif/h
y#dord'g,H? / tm*we,? vmaom enf;&Sdaom/ wpfenf;um;tm*we,? vmaomenf ; \/ 0aoe? jzif h / oA a 0? aom/
tedpv
uPm'du? tedpt
p&Sad om vuPm&Sad om/ tmum&orl[
ocFgw? tjcif;t&mtaygif;-[k qdktyfaom/ 0g? tedptp&Sdaom
tjcif ; t&mtaygif ; \ y&d , m,f j zpf a om/ um,? l y um,ud k /
tEkyeawm? IaomaMumif/h 0g? Iaomtm;jzif/h uma,? / um,mEkyD?
\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
0d[&m[Dw?d um;/ 0wm[d? aeavmh/ tmwmyDw?d um;/ wDo?k
ukeaf om/ ba0ok? wdYk / udavao? wdu
Yk /kd tmwmaywd? ylavmifapwwf\/
wd wom? aMumifh/ tmwmayg? rnf\/ t? xdk&[ef;tm;/ aom
tmwmayg? xdu
k ad vomwdu
Yk kd ylavmifapwwfaom vkv
YH onf/ tw?d \/
wd wom? aMumif/h tmwmyD? rnf\/ orZmaem
maemwd? um;/ orZnocFgawe?

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357

orZn[k qdt
k yfaom/ aPe? ESi/hf orEm*awm? jynfph o
Hk nfjzpf/
owdrmmwd? um;/ um,y&d*g [dum,? lyum,udk odr;f qnf;wwfaom/
owd,m? ESi/hf orEm*awm? /
]uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&m}[l qdku rNyD;aumif;ygoavm/
tb,hfaMumifh ]tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm}[lvnf; qdkjyefoenf;[k
apm'emyk p m &S d & maomaMumif h xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m ]t,H
ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
owd j zif h tmk H u d k rod r f ; qnf ; bJ v nf ; I j cif ; ud p rNyD ; aumif ;
ygoavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]e [d}ponfudk qdkaomf/

t,H ye? &[ef;onfum;/ ,om? aMumif/h owd,m? jzif/h tm&rP?H

ud/k y&d*a [wGm? / ynm,? jzif/h tEkywd? \/ [d? pG/ owd0&d [dwm?
owdrS uif;aom/ tEkyem? Ijcif;onf/ e tw?d r&S/d awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f
]]ow p /v/ 0'grD}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ]]bdua 0? wd/Yk acg? pifppf/ ow p?
owdudk/ oAwduH? tvkH;pkHaom wGefYwdkaom pdwf ysHUvGifhaom pdwf
tvdk&Sdtyf\[l/ 0g? wGefYjcif; jyefYvGifhjcif; jzpfaom tcg tvkH;pkH
yGm;aptyfaom aAmZiw
f u
Ykd kd tvd&k adS Mumif;jzpfaom w&m;[l/ t[H? onf/
0'grd/ a[mawmfrl\}}/ temwmydaem p? vkHYv r&Sdaomoltm;vnf;/
taEmoauFmapm? twGi;f wGew
Yf jkd cif;onf/ tE&m,ua&m? ur|mef;\
tE&m,fukd jyKwwfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
tb,f o d k Y tE & m,f j yKoenf ; apm'emaMumif h ]ur | meH e
or Z w d } [k qd k j yef a omf/

ur|meH? onf/ e orZw

?d rjynfph /Hk wom? aMumif/h a,oH "rmeH?
tMuif0&D ,
d ynmowdw&m;wd\
Yk / tmEkbma0e? jzif/h 0g? aMumif/h wH ur|meH?
onf/ orZw
?d \/ wH 'ew?H xd0k &D ,
d ynmowdw&m;udk jytHah omiSm/
]]tmwmyD}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / 0dae,sm
e,smwd? um;/ w'*F0ed a,e 0g? w'*Ftm;jzifh
azsmuf j cif ; jzif h v nf ; aumif ; / 0d u r e 0d e a,e 0g? 0d u r e tm;jzif h
azsmufjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0de,dwmG ? azsmuf/ avmau
avmauwd? um;/ woa ,0
uma,? xdk yl um,yifvQi/f

358

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ow a vmuponf o m avmurnf a umif ; onf r[k w f a vm

pk'f&Sd&maomaMumifh ]uma,m [d}ponfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ uma,m? ud/k "? / vkZe yvkZe a|e? ysuw

f wf tjym;tm;jzifh
ysuw
f wfaom oabmaMumif/h avmaumwd? [l/ t"dayawm? \/ {w?
ygVd/ tbdZm*[aPe? tbdZmudk ,lojzifh/ 0g? tbdZmo'gjzifh/
umrpaEm? ud/k *[dawm? \/ a'gre*[aPe? jzif/h Asmyga'g? ud/k
*[dawm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h eD0&aPok? wdw
Yk iG /f Av0"r',
G y[me
'aee? tm;Bu;D aom w&m;ESpyf g;wd\
Yk taygif;udk y,fjcif;udk jyojzif/h
eD0&Py[meH? eD0&Pudk y,fjcif;udk/ 0kwH? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/
um,mEkyemowdy|me? \/ |? 97 y[me*? y,ftyfaom t*Fgud/k
'd w H ? \/ ]]tmwmyD } }wd tm'd e m ye? jzif h u m;/ or a ,m** ?
ora,m*t*Fgud/k 'dw?H \/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'awk?H iSm/
]]tmwmyD}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
0d a e,s avmau tbd Z ma'greH - [l a om ygXf j zif h tbd Z ma'greudk azsmufjcif;udkom a[monf r[kwfwkHavm/ ,if;odkYvsuf
0dae,s /v/ orm"d`Ed,H-[k qdkawmfrlavonfum; roifhavonf-[k
apm'em&Sd&maomaMu
mifh ]ww} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
maomaMumif

ww? xdkygVd/ tbdZma'gremeH? wdkY\/ oraxm? onf/

OZky#dyaum? ajzmifah jzmifq
h efu
Y sib
f ufonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumifh/ tbdZma'gre0dea,m? tbdZma'greudk azsmufjcif;udk/
0kpr maem? a[mtyfonf&aSd omf/ wpfenf;um;-0kpr maem? aom/ tbdZm
a'gre0dea,m? onf/ orm"d`E,
d ?H ud/k 'Daywd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0d a e,s /v/ orm"d ` E d ,}}Ed? [l/ tm[? a[mawmfrlavownf;/
]]0d
{ uvu P w m pwk E H `E d , me
meE d {w ? / (taw m od k Y pyf ) /
0D&,
d ynmorm"d`Ead ,[d? 0D&,
d ad `E ynda`E orm"da`Ew
jYkdzif/h um,mEkyem
owdy|meH? onf/ Zwd ,xm? jynfhpkHouJhodkY/ {0H wxm? wl/
a0'empdw"rmEkyemowdy|memedyd? a0'emEkyemowdy|mef
pdwmEkyemowdy|mef "rmEkyemowdy|mefwdkYonfvnf;/ aw[d?

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xd0k &D ,
d ad `E ynda`E orm"da`Ew
jYkd zif/h ZE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
pwkowdy|meom"ae? av;yg;aom owdy|mefwu
Ykd kd Ny;D apjcif;/ aroH
`Ed,meH? 0D&d,tp&Sdaom a`EwdkY\/ obm0ab'gbm0awm?
oabmuGJjym;jcif; r&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ ormevuPwm? wlaom
vuPm &So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h w&med owdy|memedy?d um,mEkyem
owdy|mefrw
S pfyg;aom owdy|mefwu
Ykd v
kd nf;/ 0kwm ed {0? ukeo
f nfomvQi/f
a[mE?d uke\
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
24/ 'ged? / owdy|maeok? wdu
Yk /kd *[dawok? ukeo
f nf&adS omf/
oaAo?H ukeaf om/ aAm"dyu,
d "rmeH? wd\
Yk / *[dwbm0H? ud/k 'awk?H
iSm/ pwl o k owd y |maeolwd tm'd? udk/ 0kwH? \/ ww 0pae? /
aAm"*Frmmwd? um;/ aAm"H t&d,r*PH? od/Yk *pE?d a&mufuek \
f / wd
wom? aMumif/h aAm"*Frm? rnfuek \
f / ,xm0kw
? aom/ aAm"?
t&d,r*f\/ yau? tzdkY/ b0g? jzpfukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/
aAm"dyud,mm? rnfuek \
f / ae,smeduvuaPem
Pemwd {w? / edrw
d a wm
p? edpt
p&Sad om edrw
d rf v
S nf;aumif;/ y0wawm p? 0#fw&m;rSvnf;aumif;/
0k|meH? xajrmufjcif;onf/ ed,smeH? rnf\/ ed,smae? xGuaf jrmufjcif;/
ed,w
k m ? ,SOu
f ek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ae,smedum? rnfuek \
f / udr0d ?
tb,fuJhodkYenf;-[lrlum;/ a'g0g&daumwd ,xm? a'g0g&daum-[louJh
odw
Yk nf;/ 0g? um;/ ed,smeocFgwH? xGuaf jrmufjcif;[k qdt
k yfaom/ zvH?
tusKd;udk/ t&[Ed? xdkufukef\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ ae,smedum?
rnfukef\/ 0g? um;/ {awoH "rmeH? wdkY\/ 0g? wdkYtm;/ ed,smeH?
xGuaf jrmufjcif;wnf;[laom/ ya,mZeH? tusK;d onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h ae,smedum? rnfuek \
f / ]]ed,smedum}}wdy?d [lvnf;/ ygaXm? onf/
tw?d \/ ww? xdek ,
d smedum[l &Sad omygXf/ {awoH "rmeH? wdt
Yk m;/
ed,smeH? xGuaf jrmufjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ed,smedum?
rnfuek \
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ]]ed,smed,m}}wdy?d vnf;/
ygaXm? onf/ tw?d &Sad o;\/ w? xdek ,
d smed,m[laom ygXf\/ ed,sE?d
xGuaf jrmufuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h ed,smed,m? rnfuek \
f / wd? od/Yk

360

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4-y#deda'o

tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ ed,smeduvuaPemwd? um;/ ed,smedu obma0e?

xGuaf jrmufjcif; ,SOaf om oabmtm;jzif/h /
{0H tukovmyd "rmwd? um;/ ukovm "rm? wdu
Yk /kd {uvuP
bma0e? wlaomvuPm &So
d nf\tjzpfjzif/h ed'g &dwm ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H
wxm? wl/ tukovmyd "rm? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ {uvuPa|e? wlaomvuPm
&So
d nf\ tjzpfjzif/h 0g? aMumif/h ed'g a&wAm? uke\
f / uxH ed'g a&wAm?
tb,foYkd xkwt
f yfuek o
f enf;/ y[maeu|wm0aoe? y,faomtm;jzifh
wlaom wnf&m&So
d nf\tjzpf\tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ed'g a&wAm? uke\
f / wd?
y[meH tAwH *pED}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ 'ged?
od/Yk 'aaEm? / ]]y[meH
pwlok owdy|maeol}}wd
/ wH y[meH? xdyk ,fjcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]pwl
tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / um,mEkyem'Do?k ukeaf om/ pwlok
owdy|maeok? wdu
Yk /kd bm0d,rmaeok? ukeo
f nf&adS omf/ tokab okbEd
tm'a,m? ukeaf om/ pwma&m? ukeaf om/ 0dyvmom? wdu
Yk /kd y[D,E?d
y,ftyfuek \
f / uAVDum&m[m&m'a,m? ukeaf om/ pwma&m? ukeaf om/
tm[m&m p? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ t? xdyk *k Kd vt
f m;/ y&dn?H ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;od/Yk
*pE?d uke\
f / awoH? xdt
k m[m&wdu
Yk /kd y&dZmee? ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\/
y&dAEdaem? ab;&efjzpfukefaom/ umr&m*g'a,m? wdkYonf/ AsEDuwm?
uif;jcif;udk jyKuek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
uom? um;/ aw[d? xd0k yd vmowdEYk iS /hf y[mwAbma0e? y,ftyfonf\
tjzpfjzif/h {uvuPwm? aMumifw
h nf;/ wd {0H? od/Yk oAw? tvk;H pkaH om
]Oyg'gae[d tEkyg'gaem}tp&Sad om yk'w
f Ykd / tawm? ud/k a,maZwaAm?
\/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]{0H /v/ *pE}D }wd? [l/ tm[? \/ /
|? 98 'ged? / tane? aom/ y&d,ma,e? y&d,m,fjzifh/
,w
vuP[m&? \/ O'g[&Pmed? O'g[kPw
f u
Ykd /kd 'awk?H iSm/ ]],w
0g yem
yem}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / ,wmwd? um;/ ,H
a'oem,H? / 0g
0g-oa'g? onf/ 0duyeawm? txl;MujH cif;teuf&\
dS / yem
yemwd
oa'g? onf/ y'yl&aPm? aom/ edygawm? wnf;/ lyd`Ed,E?d um;/ kye obm0H?
azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Sad om/ t|0d"?H aom/ `E,
d ?H ud/k wwmwd? um;/

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wH a'oem,H? / ly"mwlw?d um;/ kye obm0g? ukeaf om/ 'o"mwka,m?

wdu
Yk /kd lyg,we
g,weE?d um;/ kye obm0H? aom/ 'om,weH? ud/k
0Pm,weudkom ,lav&maomaMumifh ]lyDed}ponfudk rdefYaomf/
kyfa`Eudk a[maom a'oem tb,faMumifh ly"mwf lyg,we[k
qdktyfaom q,fyg;aom tm,wewdkYudk a[mtyfavukefoenf; tar;
&Sd&um; ]kyevuaPe}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

lyeD ?d azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Su
d ek af om/ 'om,wemed? wdu
Yk /kd wd t,H?
vQif/ tawm? wnf;/ kyevuaPe? azmufjyefjcif;vuPmtm;jzifh/
{uvuPwm? aMumif/h rmed? q,fyg;aom tm,wewdu
Yk /kd a'odwmed?
ukef\/ wd t,H? um;/ t"dyga,m? wnf;/ ww? / okcd`Ed,?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ aomred`E,
d ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ okca0'embma0e?
okca0'em\ tjzpf tm;jzif/h {uvuPwm? aMumif/h a'odw?H \/ wd
t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ /
'kuork'a,m p t&d,opEd 'H 0peH? ud/k tukov? aom/
aomre? \/ 0aoe? jzif/h 0kw?H \/ (tvk;H pkaH om aomre\
tpGr;f tm;jzifh qdo
k nf r[kw[
f v
l akd omf)/ omo0ukov? tmoa0g\
tmkHukodkvf jzpfaom/ aomremyd? \vnf;/ (aomreudk
vdu
k af ponf)/ 0aoe? jzif/h ,kZw
d {0? oifo
h vQiu
f wnf;/ oaAm? aom/
y#dpo
rkyg a'g p? udv
k nf;/ a'odawm? \/ wd? od/Yk oraEm? pyfjcif;ud/k
umwaAm? \/ uom? aMumif/h a'odawm? enf;[lru
l m;/ t'kur okcg,?
t'ku rokcjzpfaom/ a0'em,? / t0dZm Eko,dwwm? t0dZm ude;f 0yfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h oaAm? aom/ y#dpo
rkyg a'g p? udv
k nf;/ a'odawm? \/
t'kur /v/ tEkaowD}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH?
(odYk ore)f / [d op?H \/ ]]t'k
ud/k 0kw?H \/ ]]t'kur okcg,? aom/ a0'em,? / t0dZm Ekoa,m? onf/
tEkaowd? ude;f 0yf\/}}
rd r d p um;ud k wpf y g;aom ygVd j zif h NyD ; apNyD ; aew d y gVd j zif h
NyD;apvdkjyef&um; ]wxm p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

362

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,if;odkY t'kurokcg, [d a0'em, t0dZm tEkaowd-[laom

{om t'kurokca0'emudk a[maoma'oem t0dZm\ udef;jcif;udkom
ra[mtyf a umif ; ygoavm/ tb,f o d k Y tvk H ; pk H a om y#d p o rk y g 'f u d k
a[mtyfoenf; tar;ykpm&Sd&um; ]{awe} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

t'kur /v/ tEkaowD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H

wxm p? xdrk w
S pfyg;vnf;/ ]]t'k
\/ {awe? ]t'kur okcg, [d}tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h t'kum rokca0'em*[aPe? t'kur okca0'emud,
k o
l jzif/h t0dZm ? ud/k *[dwm? \/ wd?
od/Yk 'awd? \/
,if;odkY t0dZmudk ,ltyfygaomf t0dZmudk a[m\[kom rqdkaumif;
ygoavm/ tod k Y r l tvk H ; pk H a om y#d p o rk y g 'f u d k a[mtyf \ [k
qdkoenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ]owd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
wpfenf;um;-t'kurokcg, [d a0'em, t0dZm tEkaowd-om
qdku rNyD;aumif;ygoavm/ todkYrl ]t0dZmyp,m} ponfudk qdkoenf;
pk'f&Sd&um; ]owd p} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

t0dZm *[aP? t0dZm udk ,ljcif;onf/ owd p?&Sad omfvnf;/ oaAm?

aom/ y#dpo
rkyg a'g? ud/k a'odawm? \/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/
t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m
]]t0d
&m}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ aom pm
pmwd {w? / p oa'g?
onf/ Aswad &uawm? Aswad &uteuf&\
dS / 0g? tEkavmry#dpo
rkyg 'f\
qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom y#davmry#dpo
rkyg 'f[al om teufukd qnf;jcif;teuf
&S\
d / awe? xdpk o'gjzif/h aom y#dpo
rkyg a'g? onf/ tEkavmry#davmr0aoe?
tm;jzif/h 'k0ad "m? \/ wd? od/Yk rH 0urme0daooH? qdak vtHah om
txl;ud/k aZmawwd? jy\/
xdkESpfyg;wdkYwGif tb,fonf tEkavmry#dporkyg'f? tb,fonf
y#davmry#dporkyg'fygenf;[k tar;ykpm&Sd&um; ]awok}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rdefYaomf/

awok? xdEk pS yf g;aom y#dpo

rkyg 'fww
Ykd iG /f ,xm'dawm? tMuifoaYkd om
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jytyfNy;D aom/ (t0dZm yp,m ponfjzifh qdNk y;D onfukd ,l)/
]o&m* /v/ [mwaAm}wd? [l/ 0kawm? qdt
k yfaom y#dpo
rkyg 'fonf/
tEkavmrawm? tm;jzif/h y0awm? aom/ y#dpo
rkyg a'g? rnf\/ t0dZm ,

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363

awG0 /v/ tm'dem? jzif/h ygVd,?H / a,m y#dpo

rkyg a'g? ud/k 0kawm? \/
aom ye y#dporkyga'g? onfum;/ (y#davmrawm ye yeo'gudk
]aom}[laom ygXaooed,wfEiS hf ,SOaf y;onf)/ y#davmrawm? tm;jzif/h
y0awm? aom/ y#dpo
rkyg a'g? rnf\/
]t0d Z m ,awG 0 } tp&S d o nf j zif h a[mtyf a om y#d p o rk y g 'f o nf
y#d a vmry#d p o rk y g 'f rnf a om[l \ / ]t0d Z m ,awG 0 } ponf j zif h
[m&0d b if ; ra[mcJ h / ,if ; od k Y ra[maomf ]awe /v/ 0d a ooH
aZmawwd}-[k qdkaom q&mhpum; roifhcJh apm'em&Sd&um; ]wH oEm,
0k w H } ponf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

wH? xdky#davmry#dporkyg'fudk/ oEm,? / ]]0D

0D w &m* /v/
[mwaAm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ wpfenf;um;-awok? wdw
Yk iG /f tEkavmrawm?
tm;jzif/h y0awm? aom/ y#dpo
rkyg a'g? ud/k ]]o&m* /v/ [mwaAm}}wd?
[l/ 0kawm? \/ ]]t0dZm ,awG0 /v/ eda&m"m}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h ygVd,?H
/ 0kawm? aom/ y#davmrawm? tm;jzifh/ y0awm? aom/ a,m ye
y#dpo
rkyg a'g? onfum;/ tw?d \/ wH? xdyk #davmry#dpo
rkyg 'fu/kd oEm,?
0Dw&m* /v/ [mwaAm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
/ ]]0D
'ged? / {uvuPwm0dbm0aee? wlaomvuPm&So
d nf\ tjzpfukd
jyojzif/h vuP[m&a,mZem,? vuP[m&udk ,SOjf cif;/ e,H? ud/k
'awk?H iSm/ ]]{{0H a, "rm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? /
udpawm
wmwd? um;/ yx0Dtm'De? yx0D"mwftp&So
d nfvnf;jzpfuek af om/
zm'De? ukeaf om/ lygly"rmeH? wd\
Yk / oEm&PoCFem'dupd a wm?
cdik cf efaY pjcif; axmufyifjh cif; xdyg;jcif; tp&Sad om udpt
m;jzif/h 0g? um;/
awoH awoH yp,"rmeH? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om ypn;f w&m;wd\
Yk / wH wH yp,yk E
"r? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om yp,yk e w
f &m;tm;/ yp,bm0ocFgwudpa wm? aus;Zl;
jyKonf\tjzpf[k qdt
k yfaom udpt
m;jzif/h vuPawm
awmwd? um;/ uuV
zkoem'dobm0awm? uuVtp&Sad om oabm zkoetp&Sad om oabm
tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ omrnawm
omrnawmwd? um;/ kye erem'dawm p? kye ere
tp&Sad omtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ tedpw
m'dawm p? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/

364

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4-y#deda'o

cEm,wem'dawm p? tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pk w l y ygwawm

ygwawmwd? um;/
ocFw"rmeH? wd\
Yk / b*Fawm p? ajymif;a&GUysupf ;D aomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
Oyg'awm p? jzpfaomtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
xdkESpfyk'fudk zGifhvdk&um; ]orme}ponfudk qdkownf;/

ormeeda&m"awm p? wlaomcsKyjfcif;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ormEkyg 'awm
p? wlaom jzpfjcif;tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ |? 99 wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ {w p? ]udpa wm p} tp&Sad om ygXfvnf;/ o[p&PH? wuG
jzpfjcif;vnf;aumif;/ ormea[wkwm? wlaomtaMumif; &So
d nf\tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ ormezvwm? wlaom tusK;d &So
d nf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/
ormeblrw
d m? wlaombkH &So
d nf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ orme0do,wm?
wlaomt&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ ormem&rPwm? wlaomtmkH
&So
d nf\ tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wd {0rm'a,m? odt
Yk p&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd p
oa'e? jzif/h o*F[w
d m? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ aooH? onf/
Owmewar0? ay:aom teuf&o
dS vQiu
f wnf;/ /
vuP[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

6-pwkAsL[[m&0dbif;tzGifh
[ma&mwd? [laom pum;onf/ 0g?
25/ ww uwarm pwkAsLa[m [ma&m
tp&Sad om pum;onf/ (a&S;um; ed'e? aemufum; tm'sw
wd o'gudk
,l)/ pwkAsL[[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww? xdpk wkAsL[[m&0dbif;/ Asaee
/v/ *a0odwaAmwd rdem ygaXe? jzif/h oacFaye? jzif/h wm0? pGm/ pwkAsL[H?
As a eem
pwkAsL[[m&udk/ 'awd? \/ ]]As
eem}}wd rdem? jzifh/ [m&meH?
[m&wdw
Yk iG /f r pwkAsL[[m&? \/ 0daooawm? tm;jzif/h okw
?
\/ Ase 0dp,bm0awm? o'gudk a&G;cs,pf pD pfwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
Ase rkacae0? o'gudk t&if;jyKojzifo
h mvQi/f {aw pwkAsL[[m&y'wm?
pwkAsL[[m&\ y'wwu
Ykd /kd ed'g a&wAm? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk 'awd?
\/ aek w Ed? um;/ edkwH? 0dN*dK[frnf\/ (um&E tmum&Eom

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365

aekwE ?d um;/ edw

uGo
J nf[v
l akd omf)/ edAp eH? 0dN*Kd [w
f nf;/ wpfenf;-aek
k H edAp eH?
wnf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ edw
k a r0? onfyifvQi/f aekw?H
rnf\/ (uypn;f um; oGw[
v
l akd omf)/
xdkodkY uypnf;onf oGwjzpf edkwonfyif aekwrnfonf\
tjzpfudk NyD;apvdk&um; ]awae0g[}ponfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkYqdkapumrl xdkygVd qdktyfaom edkwdonf aekwrSwpfyg;
jzpfcJhaomf om"u oma"wAqefY\-[k apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ]wawm
/v/ aekwH}ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

awae0? xdx
k ekd d w
k o
nfyif aekwr nfonf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQi/f
,m edkwdy'oH[dwmm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ w? xdyk gVd\/ tawm?
]],m
um;/ ,m edw
k ?d onf/ tw?d \/ 'H? edw
k o
d nf/ aekw?H rnf\/ om
ye edw
k ?d onfum;/ um? tb,fenf;/ y'oH[w
d m? yk'w
f Ykd ,SOaf om/
obm0edkwd? wnf;/ (odkYay;OD;/ uJhodkYaom t&m o'gwl&um;
tm0kwed nf;tm;jzifh ajzavownf;)/ y'oH[w
d mwd? um;/ ya'ok? wdYk /
oH[dwm ,kwm? ,SOfaom obm0edkwdwnf;/ vd*F0peumvom"e
yk&o
d m'd0ad ooa,ma*e? vdi0f pk u
f mvom"eyk&o
d f tp&Sad om txl;ESihf ,SOf
ojzif/h a,m a,m tawm? ud/k ,xm ,xm? tMuiftMuifoaYkd om tjcif;
t&mjzifh/ 0waAm? qdktyf\/ wxm wxm? xdkxdkodkYaom teufudk
qdx
k u
kd af om tjcif;t&mtm;jzif/h y0wobm0edw
k ?d jzpfaom obmedw
k d
wnf;/ wd t,H? vQif/ tawm? wnf;/ wxm [d wawm {0?
,H /v/ P
aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]],H
P}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
ww 0pae? / ,Ed t,H oa'g? ,H-[laom o'gonf/ a[wktaw?
/ y0awm? aom/ edygawm? wnf;/
yk'fav;yg;wGif emrfyk'fxifzG,f&Sd odkY zGifhonf/

um&Pblwm,? aom/ ,m, edw

k ,
d m? jzif/h 0g? aMumif/h wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ "rmeeE?d um;/ a,s"rmeH? wdu
Yk /kd emraom
emraomwd? um;/
yx0D? yx0D"mwf/ zam? z/ cEm? wd/Yk "mwk? "mwf/ wdam? wd/
zkam? zk/ wd{0rm'demr0daoaoe? odt
Y k p&Sad om trnftxl;tm;jzif/h

366

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PH? odaom Pfonf/ y0ww?d \/ t,H edw

k ?d onf/ obm0edw
k d
emr? rnf\/
yx0D z tp&Sdaom trnf0daooESifh uif;vnf; a,s"rwdkYud k
od a umif ; ygonf r[k w f w k H a vm apm'em&S d & um; ]yx0D w d [d } paom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

[d ,om? aMumif/h yx0Dwd {0rm'du?H yx0DodYk tp&Sad om/ o'?H

o'gud/k *a[wGm? / wawm y&H? xdak emifr/S oauFw'Gga&e? oauFwudk
taMumif;jyKojzifh/ w'wy#dywd? xdko'g\ teufudk odjcif;onf/
wHwHted,wemrynwd*[P0aoae0? xdkxdkodkYaom trSwfr&Sdaom
emrynwfukd ,ljcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h emr0daoaoe? jzif/h PH? onf/ y0ww?d \/ (odYk ay;)? tx
0g? um;/ y'oH[dwmmwd? um;/ ya'e? ESi/hf oH[w
d m? ,SOo
f nfwnf;/
tb,h f a Mumif h yk ' f E S i f h , S O f \ [k qd k o enf ; apm'em&S d & um; ]om
emrynwdya'e oH[dwm y'wH aAma"wDwd y'oH[dwmwd 0kwm}ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/
]om emrynwd}[k todkYrl qdkoenf;/ ygVd edkwd-[lom qdkonf
r[kwfwkHavmapm'emaMumifh ]edkwdocFgwm}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
emrynwf u d k ed k w d [ k qd k t yf y gonf [ k qd k v d k a omf ed k w d [ k
qdktyfaom emrynwfonf tb,fhaMumifh yk'fESifh,SOfonfjzpf y'wudk
odapoenf;/ r,SOfbJvnf; odapaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavmpk'f&Sd&um;
]y'awm [d y'wm0aAma"m}ygXfudk qdkaomf/
,if;odkY yk'fjzifh y'wudk odygaomf y'wudk odjcif;onf yk'fESifh
,SOf\[lom qdkaumif;\/ emrynwfonf yk'fESifh,SOf\[k rqdkaumif;
wum;apm'emykpm &SdaomaMumifh ]aom ye /v/ a[mwDwd}ygXfudk
qdkownf;/

[d ,o m ? aMumif h / y'awm? yk ' f t m;jzif h / y'w m 0aAma"m?

yk'f\teufudk odjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ aom ye? xdkyk'f\teufudk
odjcif;onfum;/ t? xdyk 'k \
f / taw? / y0wed rd w
d b
w
l m,? jzpfjcif;\
taMumif; jzpfjzpfaom/ ynwd,m? emrynwfudk/ *[dwm, {0?

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367

,ltyfaomfomvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h om ye ynw?d

onf/ edw
k o
d cFgwya'e? ESi/hf oH[w
d m? ,SOo
f nfjzpf/ y'w?H ud/k aAma"wd?
,'g [d
odap\/ wd wom? aMumif/h y'oH[w
d mwd? [l/ 0kwm ? \/ ]],'g
bduL}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h ]]"rmeH emraom P}}Ed y'? \/ tw?H ud/k
0d0&wd? zGi\
hf / /
ww 0pae? / tw mmwd? um;/ o'gbda",s? o'gonf
a[mtyfaom/ tw? \/ emrH ZmemwDw?d um;/ emrynw0d aoe?
jzif/h t,H? teufonf/ t,H emr? trnf&\
dS / wd? od/Yk emrH? ud/k
Zmemwd? \/ "rmmwd? um;/ obm0"r? oabmw&m;\/ |? 100
wxm wxm eH tbd e d a &maywD wd? um;/ a,m a,m tawm p?
tMuiftMuif teufuv
kd nf;aumif;/ a,m a,m "arm p? tMuiftMuif
oabmw&m;udv
k nf;aumif;/ ,xm ,xm? tMuiftMuifoaYkd om tjcif;
t&mjzifh/ a0g[&dwaAm? ac:a0:tyf\/ wxm wxm? xdkxdkteuf
xdx
k o
kd abmw&m; xdx
k o
kd aYkd om tjcif;t&mjzif/h eH emrH a0g[m&H? ud/k
tbdead &maywd? wif\/ a'aowd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
{wm0wm p? teufukd odjcif; tp&Sad om rQtwdik ;f t&Snjf zifv
h nf;/ t,H
bduK ? ud/k twuo
k avm? teuf vdrm \/ ,m0 taeum"d0peukoavm?
rsm;pGmaom ynwfwikd af tmif vdrm \/ wd? od/Yk 0kpw
?d \/ wd? od/Yk
orEw
d A?H pyftyf\/ /
ww ygaX? / twukoavm
avmwd? um;/ ygVdtaw? ygVd\teuf/
ukoavm? vdrm \/ "rukoavm
avmwd? um;/ ygVd,?H / ukoavm? \/
Aseukoavm
avmwd? um;/ tua&ok p? wdYk vnf;aumif;/ 0gausok p?
wdYk vnf;aumif;/ ukoavm? \/ edkwdukoavm
avmwd? um;/ edAp ae? 0dN*Kd [f /
ukoavm? vdrm \/ ykAmy&ukoavm
avmwd? um;/ a'oem,? a'oem\/
ykAm y&ukoavm? a&SUaemuf vdrm \/ a'oemukoavm
avmwd? um;/ "r?
ud/k a'oem,? a[mjcif;/ ukoavm? \/ twDwm"d0peukoavm
avmwd?
um;/ twDwynwdukoavm? twdwfynwf vdrfrm\/ aoaookyd?
<uif;aom tem*wm"d0peukoavmtp&Sad om yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ {o ea,m?

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enf;yifwnf;/ {0H /v/ edkwmeDw?d um;/ ,wumed? tMuifrQavmuf

ukeaf om/ owa0g[m&y'ged? ow0gwd\
Yk a0g[m&jzpfaom yk'w
f o
Ykd nf/ oE?d
ukef\/ oAmed? tvkH;pkHaom/ wmed? xdkow0gwdkY\ a0g[m&jzpfaom
yk'fwdkYudkvnf;/ ,xmor0H? pGm/ okaw? / edApe0aoe? 0dN*dK[f\
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h umwAmed? uke\
f / 0wAm ed? uke\
f / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ oAm p Zey'edkwda,m
,mwd? um;/ oAm p? vnf;jzpfuek af om/
avmuornma,m? vlw\
Ykd trnfa0g[m&wdu
Yk /kd ,xm&[H? pGm/ umwAm?
uke\
f / [d? pG/ ]]ornH emwd"ma0,sm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]ornH? vlw\
Ykd
trnf a0g[m&ud/k emwd"ma0,s? vGe
f rajy;&m}}/
xdkxdkodkYaom avmu\ trnfa0g[m&ESifh rqefYusifojzifhomvQif
ykAbm*y#dy'gudk NyD;ap aemufrS opmudk odjcif;odkY a&muf&um; ]wxm
[d /v/ a[mwDwd}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/ wpfenf;um;-vlwdkY\
trnfa0g[m&udk jyKygojzifh tb,ftusKd; &Sdygoenf;tar;ykpm&Sd&um;
]wxm [d}ponfudk rdefYaomf/

wxm [d wawm {0? xdo

k Ykd vlw\
Ykd trnfa0g[m&udk jyKaomaMumifh
omvQif/ orKwdoprkacae0? orKwdopmudk t&if;jyKojzifhomvQif/
y&rwopm"d*arm? y&rwopmudk odjcif;onf/ 0g? a&mufjcif;onf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ wd? um; t"dyg ,fwnf;/
t"d y g ,u@ tw o H 0 P e mud k rjyKjcif ; \ taMumif ; ud k
jytHhaomiSm ]t"dyg,ua@ tEkwmeH emr ewd}[k qdkownf;/

26/ t"dyg ,ua@? t"dyg ,u@/ 0g? a'ouwd\

Yk tvdu
k kd qdak om
tydik ;f tjcm;/ tEkwm eH emr? ray:aomyk'f rnfonf/ ew?d r&S/d /
27/ ed'geua@? / rdem 0wKem
emwd? um;/ ykw* 0g'duw
d e ocFgawe?
om; EGm;tp&So
d nfukd Mum;jcif;[k qdt
k yfaom/ rdem um&aPe? jzif/h
[d? pG/ um&PH? udk/ {w? / 0wKEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ ed'geEd p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ 0kw?H \/ rdem ea,e? jzif/h oAw? tvk;H pkaH om ed'gef;/
ed'geed'g &PH? xkwjf cif;ud/k a0'dwA?H \/

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369

umrE m wd? um;/ udavoumare? jzifh/ tEm? uef;ukefaom/

Zmvo E m wd? um;/ wPSmZmvyvd*kPdwm? wPSmwnf;-[laom
uGe&f ufjzifh ajr;S ,Suzf ;Hk vTr;f tyfuek af om/ wPSmq'eqm'dwmmwd? um;/
wPS m ocF g awe? aom/ tE u ma&e? trd k u f w d k u f j zif h / yd [ d w m?
ydwt
f yfuek af om/ AEemA'gwd? um;/ umr*kPocFgawe? aom/ AEaee?
taESmiftzGUJ jzif/h A'g? aESmifzUJG tyfuek af om/ ]]yrwAEKem}}wdy?d [lvnf;/
ygaXm? onf/ twd? \/ yrma'e? arhavsmhjcif;onf/ A'g? aESmifzGJU
tyfukefaom/ wd t,H? vQif/ tawm? wnf;/ (yrwAEKum; rm&
y&d,m,f)/ ykAmya&em
ya&emwd? um;/ ykaAe 0g? a&S;vnf;jzpfaom/ tya&e 0g?
aemufvnf;jzpfaom/ a'oeEa&e? a'oemwpfyg;ESi/hf wd t,H? vQi/f
t"dyga,m? wnf;/ ,k Z w D wd? um;/ a,m*H? ,SOfjcif;odkY/ Oaywd?
a&mufoenf;/ oarwd? nDoenf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
y&d,k|mae[d\t&udk y&d,k|me"r,lacsaomf ]ar[d ya'[d}
[laom 0daoosESifh rwef&um; ]ar[d /v/ 'Dyau[d}-[k zGifhaomf/

ar[d ya'[d y&d,k|mae[Dw?d um;/ wPSmy&d,|k me'Dyau[d?

wPSmy&d,|k mefukd jywwfuek af om/ ,xm0kaw[?d ukeaf om/ ar[d
*gxmya'[d? wdjYk zif/h oma,0 wPSmwd? um;/ ,m wPSm? ud/k yk&rd *gxm,?
,m[m
/ 0kwm ? \/ oma,0 wPSm? udo
k mvQi/f ]],
[m}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h
'GEd ?H ukeaf om/ *gxmer?d wd\
Yk vnf;/ twoo
H Eaee? teufukd ES;D aESmojzif/h
ykAm y&H? a&SUaemufjzpfaom a'oemtxl;ud/k 0dbma0wd? \/ ya,ma*em
ya,ma*emwd?
um;/ ork'gpma&e? jzpfay:jcif;jzifh/ wo mwd? um;/ ,w oEmae?
tMuifoEmef/ o,H? wPSm-[k qdt
k yfaom rdro
d nf/ OyEm ? jzpf\/ wH
oEmeH? ud/k ed&dw?Hk xGuaf jrmuftahH omiSm/ ta'E?D ray;rl/ |? 101
emem&raP[d? txl;xl;aomtmkw
H jYkd zif/h yavmb,rmem? jzm;a,mif;onf
jzpf/ udavao[d? wdjYk zif/h pdw?H ud/k y&d,m'g,? xuf0ef;usirf S ,l/ wd|wd?
wnf\/ wom? aMumif/h udavo0aoe p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ y&d,|k me0aoe
p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ wPSm? ud/k AEe?H taESmiftzGUJ [l/ 0kwm ? \/ /

370

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oHoma&? / pd&?H jrif&h n

S pf mG / yyaEd XayE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
yym? rnfuek \
f / {wm[d? tEkoo,wdjYk zif/h wd|E?d 0#f wnfuek \
f /
wd wom? aMumif/h Xdw?D rnf\/ AEea|e? aESmifzUJG wwfaom oabmaMumif/h
oEmeH 0d,? yifu
h cl snu
f o
hJ /Ykd 0ww?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h oEmeH? rnf\/
edAm ee*&ya0o? edAm efwnf; [laom NrKd UodYk 0ifjcif;ud/k y#dao"eawm?
wm;jrpfwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h yvdCH 0d,? wHcg;usnu
f o
hJ /Ykd 0ww?d \/
wd wom? aMumifh/ yvd C H ? rnf\/ te0aoowPSmy[maee?
t<uif;r&Sad om wPSmudk y,fonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h edwaPSm? rnf\/
tw[dwy&[dwme? wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ "avmuy&avmume?
yp K y e f a vmu wrvG e f a vmuwd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; / rk e eawm?
odwwfaomaMumif/h rke?d rnf\/ wd {0H? od/Yk *gxm,? \/ y'awm? ud/k
a0'dwaAm? \/ yym'dtawm ye? yytp&SdonfwdkY\ t&jzpfaom
teufuu
kd m;/ ygVd,?H / 0dbwm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h
tarS[?d wdo
Yk nf/ e 0kawm? rqdt
k yfyg ownf;/ (odYk ay;)/
ygVd a,m {wH oAH orwduaEm t,H 0kpwd edwaPSm[lom
qdkcJh\/ edyyam wd ed|dwd wd edEmaem wd edyvdaCm wd}
[lvnf; qdkaumif;ygonf r[kwfwkHavm-[k apm'em&Sd&monfudk jrif
xdkapm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm ]ww}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww 0pae? / wpfenf;um;-ww? xdyk ytp&Sad om w&m;wdw

Yk iG /f
, rkead em? tMuiftaocrket
d m;/ {aw yym'a,m? xdyk ytp&Sad om
w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ tAw?H csKyjf cif; uif;jcif;od/Yk *wm? a&mufuek \
f / w
rkead em? tm;/ wPSm,? \/ avaomyd? t>rufrQonfvnf;/ e b0wd?
a,m /v/ edwaPSm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
rjzpf/ awe? aMumif/h ]]a,m
28/ y&d,k|me
meE?d um;/ ]]wPSm, y&d,|k me}}E?d [l/ 0kwm ed? ukeaf om/
wPSm0dp&dwmed? wPSm0dpdu
k w
f w
Ykd nf;/ ocFg&m
&mwd? um;/ ]]w'bdocFwm
ocFg&m}}wd? [l/ 0kwm ? ukeaf om/ wPSm'd|rd mea[wkum? wPSm'd|rd mevQif
taMumif;&Su
d ek af om/ ocFg&m? wdw
Yk nf;/ aw ye? xdw
k PSm0dpdu
k o
f cFg&

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371

wdkYonfum;/ ,om? aMumifh/ owok Z0eapwemok? ckepfcsufaom

aZmapwemwdw
Yk iG /f yXrapwem? yXraZmapwemonf/ yp,or0ga,?
taMumif;\ nDw
G jf cif;onf/ owd? aomf/ roa ,0 twbma0?
ud,
k \
f tjzpfomvQi/f zvH? ud/k a'wd? \/ yprd apwem? tqk;H jzpfaom
owraZmapwemonf/ teEa&? tjcm;rJjh zpfaom/ twbma0? / zvH?
ud/k a'wd? \/ ObdE?H ESpyf g;aom yXraZmapwem owraZmapwemwd\
Yk /
a0rZapwem? tv,faZmapwemonf/ ,w uwpd? trSwfr&Sdaom
tjzpf/ zvH? udk/ a'wd? \/ wom? aMumifh/ 0dypaemumo0aoe?
tusK;d ay;&m\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]'d'd|"ra0'eD,m
0g
0g}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
,if ; od k Y q d k a omf apwemud k o m 'd | "r a 0'eD , tp&S d o nf j zif h
qdkwefap/ wPSmudk todkYrl ]{0H wPSm wd0d"H zvH a'wd}-[k qdkbdoenf;
apm'em&Sdav&um; ],om ye}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ wHwaH pwemor,w
k m ? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om apwemESihf
,SOaf om/ wPSmyd? onfvnf;/ apwem 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd 'd|"ra0'eD,m'd0aoe?
'd|"ra0'eD,tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;/ wd"m? onf/ a[mwd? \/
wom? aMumif/h ]]{{0H /v/ a'wD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ykAmya&e ,kZwDw?d
um;/ ykAH yk&rd ?H a&S;jzpfaom/ ocFg&meH? wd\
Yk / ,H 'd|"ra0'eD,wm'd 0peH?
tMuif'|d "ra0'eD,tjzpf tp&So
d nfukd qdak om pum;ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D wH 0peH?
onf / tya&e? aemuf j zpf a om/ ur ? \/ rd e m
'd | "r a 0'eD , wm'd 0 paee? 'd | "r a 0'eD , tjzpf t p&S d o nf u d k
qdak ompum;ESi/hf ,kZw
?d oif\
h / *a*Fg'uH? **Fga&onf/ ,rkaem'aue?
,rkema&ESifh/ oHoEwd 0d,? ESD;aESmouJhodkY/ oarwd 0d,? nDouJhodkY/
oHoEw?d \/ oarwd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
ocFg&m 'eAavem
'eAavemwd? um;/ pwlo?k ukeaf om/ 'd|*d wor-,kawok
p? 'd|d*wor,kwfpdwKyg'fwdkYvnf;aumif;/ 0dpdudpmor,kawok p?
wdYk vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk yo?k ukeaf om/ pdwK yg a'ok? wdYk / ocFg&m?

372

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wdu
Yk /kd yXrr*ynmAave? yXrr*fynm\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h qwo /v/
Aavem
Aavemwd 'H 0peH? ud/k yXrra*e? jzif/h y[Dem0aoo0aoe? y,ftyfNy;D
onfrS <uif;aom wPSm0dpdu
k w
f \
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0kw?H \/ oaAo?H
tvk;H pkaH om wPSm0dpdu
k w
f \
Ykd / 0aoe? jzif/h e 0kw?H tyf/ /
tEk A aE mwd? um;/ wPSm'DeH? wdkY\/ tEkyAaEe? tpOfrjywf
vdu
k o
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0w?d jzpfjcif;ud/k a,m pmyd yyamwd tm'dem?
jzif/h (oHoaEwd pyf)/ ]]yyaw}D }wd tm'dem? jzif/h (0kww
H iG f pyf)/ (ygXfum;
tcsKUd pm r&S/d &So
d nfom aumif;\)/ 0kw?H aom/ okw ? udv
k nf;aumif;/
&m"okw? &m"okwfudkvnf;aumif;/ oHoaEwd? ESD;aESm\/ awae0?
'H {uw}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/ twawm? tm;jzif/h
aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]'H
,'dyd {uH? tu,fum; wl\&Si/hf ye wxmyd? aomfvnf;/ a'oem,?
\/ |? 102 0daoaom? onf/ 0dZw
?d \/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/
tyd p mm}}wdtm'd? udk/ 0kwH? \/ {0
]]tyd
{0Ed? um;/ rdem 0kwyuma&e?
qdktyfNyD;aom tjym;tm;jzifh/ ok a w e mmwd? um;/ oH0Pd,rmaee?
zGifhtyfaom/ okawe? ESifh/ ok w Ed? um;/ okwE&H? okwfwpfyg;udk/
oH o E , d w G m wd? um;/ 0drddwGm? / twawm? tm;jzifh/ tbdEH?
rjym;onfu/kd uwGm? / ykAmya&e o' a,mZ,dwGmwd? um;/ ykaAe?
aom/ okawe 0g? ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tya&e? aom/ okawe 0g?
ESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ o'? wuG/ twawm? tm;jzif/h orE?H wpfpyfwnf;/
a,maZwGm? / 0kwa r0? aom/ tw?H ud/k ygu#H? pGm/ ua&mwd? \/
awe? xdo
k jYkd yKojzif/h okw
? \/ tawm? ud/k ed'ad |m? onf/ a[mwd? \/
okwE & 'aee? okww
f pfyg;udk jyojzif/h 0dwm &dawm? csUJ tyfonf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ /
au0vH? oufouf/ okwE & oHoEear0? okww
f pfyg;ESihf ES;D aESmjcif;onf
omvQi/f ykAm y&oE?d rnfonf/ e? r[kwaf o;/ tx acg? um;/ tanmyd?
wpfyg;aom ykAm y&oEo
d nfvnf;/ tw?d &Sad o;\/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H
aom pm,
iSm/ ]]aom
pm,}}Ed tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww ygaX? / twoEDw?d um;/
ud&d,mum&um'd0aoe? ud&d,mum&utp&SdonfwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/
tw? \/ oraEm? pyfjcif;wnf;/

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ud&d,mum&utp&SdonfwdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh teufwdkY\ tcsif;csif;

iJhjcif;onfom twoEdrnfonf r[kwfwkHavm/ tb,hfaMumifh ]twoEd
qy'ged} tp&Sdonfudk qdkbdoenf; apm'em &Sd&um; ]aom ye} ponfudk
qd k o wnf ; /
tb,hfaMumifh twy'ajcmufyg;wdkY\om orEjzpfaumif;tHhenf;/
yd # uwf teuf o nf teE t y&d r mP r[k w f w k H a vmapm'em&S d & um;
]oAmyd y'w w'0a&m"awm}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odYk ajcmufyg;aom twy'wd\
Yk orE jzpfygaomf ]twoEqy
d y'ge
gedd
q
oraEm ouFmoem,} ponfjzifhom qdkaumif;ygonf r[kwfwkHavm/
todkYrl ]qy'ged ouFmoem}ponfjzifh qdkbdoenf; tar;ykpm&Sd&um;
]oraEm p emr}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

aom ye? xdt

k euf\ pyfjcif;onfum;/ ,om? aMumif/h oAmyd?
vnf;jzpfaom/ y'w? \/ w'0a&m"awm? xdak jcmufyg;aom twy'wdYk
0ifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ouFmoem'DeH? ukefaom/ qEH? ukefaom/
twy'geHa,0? wd\
Yk omvQi/f oraEm? pyfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ /
oraEm p emr? pyfjcif;rnfonfvnf;/ aumpd? aom/ tawm?
twoEd qy'geD}}wd tm'd?
teufonf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ wom? aMumif/h ]]tw
ud/k 0kw?H \/ AseoEDw?d um;/ y'? \/ y'Ea&e? yk'w
f pfyg;ESi/hf oraEm?
wnf;/ ,om ye? aMumifu
h m;/ oAr?d aom/ q[d Ase ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h
to*F[w
d ?H aom/ emrm'dy'H emr? emrftp&Sad om yk'rf nfonf/ ew?d r&S/d
AseoEd qy'geD}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
wom? aMumif/h ]]As
a'oemoE D w d ? um;/ ,xm0k w a 'oeE a &e? tMuif t Muif
qdt
k yfNy;D aom a'oemwpfyg;ESi/hf a'oem,? ud/k oHoEe?H wnf;/ ww?
xdak 'oemoEd / e p yx0 edm,m
m,mwd? um;/ 0do,ocFgwH? tmk[
H k
qdt
k yfaom/ yx0? yx0D"mwfu/kd ed,H? rS&D mud/k uwGm? / yx0? ud/k
tmvrw
d mG ? tmkjH yK/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ psm,Dw?d um;/
zvormywpd smaee? jzif/h psm,D? psmef0ifpm;jcif;&Sad om yk*Kd vo
f nf/ [d? pG/

374

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4-y#deda'o

aom yk*a vm? onf/ 0g? ud/k oAocFg&ed#H? tvk;H pkaH om ocFg&w&m;wdrYk S
xGuaf jrmufaom/ edAm eH? ud/k tmvrw
d mG ? / ormyZe0aoe? zvormywfukd
0ifpm;onf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h psm,wd? psmef0ifpm;\/ yx0? ud/k edm,?
/ e psm,wd? psmefr0ifpm;/ wd? od/Yk 0kawm? \/ aooya'oky?d
wdYk vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? yifwnf;/ {w? / pwl[?d ukeaf om/ r[mblaw[d?
wkjYd zif/h lyy#Ad '0w
k w
d m,? kyEf iS phf yf jzpfjcif; &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h oaAm?
aom/ umrba0g p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ lyba0g p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ *[dwm?
\/ /
tlyb0um; vGwfavawmhrnfavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]tlyba0g ye}
ponfudk rdefYaomf/ e p tmumomem,weH ponfjzifh okyftm;jzifhyif
,ltyfNyD-[lvdkaomf/

tlyba0g ye? udu

k m;/ olayae0? jzifo
h mvQi/f *[dawm? \/ wd?
od/Yk '|A?H \/ oAH avmuH? ud/k y&d,m'd,w
d mG ? ukeaf p/ taneyd? aom/
y&d,ma,e? jzif/h wH? xdak vmuud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ee p rH avmu
avmu}}Ed
tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
avmuonf trsm; jzpfvsuf tb,fodkY ]e p rH avmuH} paom
ygXfjzifh tvkH;pkH tukef jyKEdkiftHhenf;pk'f&Sd&um; ]oaAm [d} tp&Sdonfudk
rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ oaAm? aom/ avmaum? onf/ "avmaum p? vnf;aumif;/

y&avmaum p? vnf ; aumif ; / wd ? od k Y / a'G 0 aum|mom?
ESppf w
k o
Ykd nfomvQi/f a[mE?d uke\
f /
,if;odkY "avmu y&avmutm;jzifh ESpfyg;om jzpfonf&Sdaomf
],rd'H Ob,Ea&e}tp&Sdonfjzifh qdkp&&mavmu
mavmu r&SdNyDwum;/ ,if;odkY
r&SdbJvsuf todkYrl ],rd'H Ob,rEa&e}[k qdkbdoenf; apm'em&Sd&um;
],om ye} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ ]]" avmaum}}wd rdem? jzif/h 0daooawm?
tm;jzif/h 'd|"rbal wm? rsuaf rSmufjzpfjzpfaom/ owoEmaem? ow0gwd\
Yk

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oEmefu/kd 0kpw
?d \/ ]]y&avmaum}}wd rdem? jzif/h b0E&oacFy*awm?
b0wpfyg;[laom ta&twGuo
f Ykd a&mufaom/ owoEmaem? ow0gwd\
Yk
oEmefu/kd 0kpw
?d \/ w'kb,0derd ak wm? xdEk pS yf g;aom ow0gwd\
Yk oEmefrS
vGwaf om/ ted`E,
d Aa'g? a`EE iS hf rpyfaom/ lyoEmaem? kyt
f pOfonf/
,rd ' H
twd? \/ wom? aMumifh/ wH lyoEmeH? udk/ oEm,? / ]],rd
Ob,rEa&em
&em}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
a, ye? tMuifow
l o
Ykd nfum;/ ]]Ob,rEa&em}}wd 0peH? Ob,rEa&e
[laom pum;ud/k *a[wGm? / tE&mb0H? tMum;jzpfaom b0ud/k pE?d
uke\
f / awoH? xdo
k w
l \
Ykd / wH? xdo
k Ykd tvd&k jdS cif;onf/ rdpm ? rSm;\/ [d ,om?
aMumif/h tE&mba0g? tMum;jzpfaom b0ud/k tbd"ar? / y#duad wm?
y,ftyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h rdpm ? \/ 'd|E?d um;/ |? 103 lyg,weH?
wnf;/ okwE?d um;/ o'g,weH? wnf;/ rkwE?d um;/ ywGm? a&muf/
*a[wAawm? aMumifh/ *Em,we? onfvnf;aumif;/ &om,we?
onfvnf;aumif;/ azm|Am,we? onfvnf;aumif;/ rkwH? rnf\/
0dnmw
mwE?d um;/ t0od|?H <uif;aom/ "rm&rPy&d,myEyl ?H "rm,we
tusK;H 0ifaom kyw
f nf;/ (tmayg"mwf tmumo"mwf vuPkyf q|uudk
,l)/ ywE?d um;/ y&da,odwmG 0g? &Smvnf;aumif;/ ty&da,odwmG 0g?
vnf;aumif;/ yw?H a&muftyfaom kyw
f nf;/ y&da,odwE?d um;/ ywH
0g? &tyfonfvnf;jzpfaom/ 0g? a&muftyfonfvnf;jzpfaom/ tywH 0g?
aom/ y&da,odw?H &SmrS;D tyfaom kyw
f nf;/ 0dwudwH 0dpm&dwE?d um;/
0dwue0aoe p? MujH cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ tEkrZe0aoe p?
ok;H oyfjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ tmvrw
d ?H tmkjH yKtyfonf/
reomEkpdEdwE?d um;/ pdawe? jzif/h tEk tEk pdEw
d ?H tzefwvJvJ Mut
H yfaom
kyfwnf;/ t,H /v/ psm,aE mwd? um;/ zvormywdpsmaee? jzifh/
psm,aEm? psmef0ifpm;aom/ t,H cDPmoa0g? onf/ ykaA0? a&S;omvQi/f
wPSm'd|ed
d ,meH? wPSm'd|w
d nf;[laom rS&D mwd\
Yk / ok|K? pGm/ y[Dewm?
y,ftyfNy;D onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h oa'0au? ewfEiS w
hf uGaom/ avmau? /
v/ oa'0rEkm,? ewfvlESifhwuGaom/ yZm,? / ,w uwpdyd?

376

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4-y#deda'o

wpfpw
Hk pfcak om avmuvnf;/ tedad we? rrSaD om/ pdawe? jzif/h psm,wd
emr? psmef0ifpm;onf rnf\/ wawm {0? xdaYk Mumifo
h mvQi/f avmau? /
auepdy?d wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom olrQvnf;/ ]]t,H? olonf/ 'H emr?
rnfaom avmuud/k edm,? / psm,wd? \}}/ wd? od/Yk e ,wd?
rodtyf/ [d? pG/ ]]earm aw /v/ psm,oD}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D
]]yk&o
d mZn? a,musmf ;tmZmenf/ aw? tm;/ earm? &Scd ;kd \/
yk&dokwr? a,musfm;jrwf/ aw? tm;/ earm? \/ , aw?
tMuifoif\/ pdw?H ud/k embdZmemrd? ig rod/ wG?H onf/ u? tb,fu/kd
edm,? / psm,od? psmef0ifpm;oenf;}}/ /
'ged? / cDPmo0pdw
? &[Empdw\
f / uwpyd ?d wpfpw
Hk pfcak om
avmuvnf;/ tedw
d bm0H? rrSo
D nf\tjzpfu/kd a*g"duokawe pp?
a*g"duokwjf zifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0uvdokawe pp? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0dbma0wk?H
,xm rma&m
xif&mS ;jytHah omiSm/ ]],xm
rma&m}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ 0dnmPH
oraEGoaEmwd? um;/ y&deAd m eawm? y&deAd m efjyKonfr/S O'?H txuf
yymwDawm
jzpfaom/ 0dnmPH? ud/k y&da,oaEm? &Smonf&adS omf/ ]]yy
wm}}wd
tm'dem? jzif/h t'e? rjrifjcif;\/ um&PH? taMumif;ud/k tm[? \/
teddwpdwm e ,Ed psm,rmem
psm,rmemwd {w ygaX? / au0vH? ouf/
tEkyg'daoom,? 0dygufemruEmu#wmkyfwdkY\ t<uif;r&Sdaom/
edAm e"mwk,m? Nird ;f jcif;oabmaMumif/h cDPmo0? \/ pdw* w? pdw\
f
jzpfjcif;ud/k rm&m'a,m? rm&f tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/ e ZmeE?d ukeo
f nfum;/
e? r[kwaf o;/ tyd p acg? pifppfaomfum;/ oOyg'daoom,yd? 0dyguf
emruEm u#wmkyw
f \
Ykd t<uif;&Sad om/ edAm e"mwk,myd? Nird ;f jcif;oabm
aMumifv
h nf; jzpfojzifv
h nf;/ w? xd&k [Em\/ wH? xdpk w
d \
f jzpfjcif;ud/k
e ZmeE?d uke/f wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ t,H a'oemoEDw?d
um;/ a*g"duokw0uvdokwmeH? wdkY\/ tnrntwoHoEem 0d,?
tcsif;csif; teuf\ ESD;aESmjcif;uJhodkY/ okwEmeH? okwfwdkY\/ tnrn
twoo
H Eem? onf/ a'oemoEd emr? rnf\/ /

0g&

6-pwkAsL[[m&0dbif;tzGifh

377

eda'ooEDwd? um;/ eda'o? aemufjzpfaom eda'o\/ oEd?

a&S;eda'oESihf pyfjcif;onf/ eda'ooE?d rnf\/ 0g? um;/ eda'aoe? a&S;eda'oESi/hf
oE?d aemufead 'o\ pyfjcif;onf/ eda'ooE?d rnf\/
xdkudk zGifhtHhaomiSm ]yk&dare} ponfudk rdefYaomf/ ]eddwpdwm}
ponfu dk tb,f tvd k Y iS m qd k avoenf; -[la om ykp mudk ajzvdk ]wH
'awk H ed d w pd w m wd tm'd 0k w H } ud k rd e f Y o wnf ; / ,if ; od k Y q d k a omf
]teddwpdwm} ponfudk a&S;OD;pGm qdkygavm/ todkYrl ]eddwpdwm}
ponfudk qdkbdoenf;[k ykpm &SdjyefaomaMumifh ],om /v/ wom} ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

okw
? \/ yk&ad re? aom/ eda'aoe? ESi/hf wa0? xdo
k w
k \
f
omvQi/f yprd ? aom/ eda'o? \/ orEe ?H pyfjcif;wnf;/ 0g? um;/
ypad re? aom/ eda'aoe? ESi/hf (vdu
k af ponf)/ yk&rd ? aom/ eda'o?
\/ (vnf; tvdu
k /f orEe H xnf)h / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
wH? xdek ad 'ooEu
d /kd 'awk?H iSm/ (0kwH pyf)/ ,om? aMumif/h b*0g?
onf/ a,bka,se? jzif/h yXrH? pGm/ 0H? ud/k 'awGm? / ypm? rS/ 0d0H?
edwpdwm}}wd tm'd? ud/k
0#fuif;jcif;ud/k 'awd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ]]ed
0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / {awoH yk*v
meH? wdt
Yk m;/ edw
d ?H rSaD om/ pdw?H
onf/ twd? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/ ed d w pd w m ? rnfukef\/
yk*v
m"d|mem,? yk*Kd vv
f Qif wnf&m&Sad om/ a'oem,? a'oemjzif/h yk*v
m?
wdu
Yk /kd ed'o
d w
d Am? jytyfuek \
f / wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/
"rm"d|mem,? "rvQiw
f nf&m&Sad om/ a'oem, ye? a'oemjzifu
h m;/ {w?
okwt
f &yfwYkd / edw
d ?H aom/ pdw?H onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
ed d w pd w m ? rnfukef\/ eddwpdw0aEm? rSDaom pdwf&Sdukefaom/
wPSm'd|ded,0aoe? wPSm'd|dwnf;[laom rSD&m\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/
y0wm? ukeaf om/ okwy -a'om? okwt
f &yfwu
Ykd /kd ed'o
d w
d Am? uke\
f / (odYk
ore)f / {w? pwk-AsL[[m&0dbif;/ oA?H aom/ aooH? onf/ ygu#ar0?
vQiu
f wnf;/
pwkAsL[[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

378

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4-y#deda'o

7-tm0[m&0dbif; tzGifh
|? 104 29/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? tp&Sad om pum;onf/
tm0[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ (um; ork'g,wwnf;)/
ork'g,wudk qdkNyD/ t0,0wudkum; rqdkNyDavmpk'f&Sdum; ]ww}
ponfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdt
k m0[m&0dbif;/ t0,0awm? tpdwjf zpfaom teufu/kd
{0H? odkY/ a0'dwaAm? \/ tm&r x mmwd? um;/ tm&r"mwkocFgwH?
tm&r"mwf[k qdt
k yfaom/ 0D&,
d ?H ud/k ua&mx? ukeaf vmh/ edurxm
xmwd?
um;/ aumoZyuawm? ysif;jcif;tzdkYrS/ eduEwm? xGufajrmufonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h edur "mwkocFgwH? aom/ w'kw& 0d &D ,
d ?H xdak &S;0D&,
d xuf
vGeaf om 0D&,
d ud/k ua&mx? ukeaf vmh/ ,kx Ak'omoae
moaewd? um;/ ,om?
aMumif/h oDvoH0a&m? oDvudk apmifjh cif;vnf;aumif;/ `Ead ,ok? puK
tp&Sad om a`Ew
Ykd / *kw' gG &wm? vkaH om'Gg& &So
d nf\tjzpfvnf;aumif;/
abmZae? / rww
k m? twdik ;f t&Snu
f kd odonf\tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ owd?
vnf;aumif;/ orZnH? vnf;aumif;/ wd arok "aro?k wdYk / ywd|w
d meH?
wnfuek af om olwt
Ykd m;/ Zm*&d,mEka,m*0aoe? Ed;k Mum;jcif;ESihf ,SOo
f nf\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ tm&redur"mwka,m? tm&r"mwf edur"mwfwdkYonf/
orZE ?d jynfph u
Hk ek \
f / wom? aMumif/h wxmblworx0dyemocFgaw?
xdo
k Ykd oDv tp&So
d nfwEYkd iS hf jynfph o
Hk nfjzpfjzpfaom orx0dyem-[k
qdt
k yfaom/ b*0awm? \/ omoae? / ,kwy ,
w
k m ? tvGet
f m;xkwf
ukeo
f nf/ a[mx? jzpfuek af vmh/ "kemx /v/ uka&m
&mwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk
y#dyZEm p? usiu
hf ek o
f nfjzpfvnf;/ aw"mwk&? ok;H yg;aom "mw
tpd;k &aom/ rpK&mZ? aorif;\/ 0oH? tvdo
k /Ykd oaw? wdu
Yk /kd aewd?
aqmifwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h w? xdak orif;\/ aoemocFgwH?
ppfonf-[k qdt
k yfaom/ tAvH1? tm;r&Sad om/ 'kAv
?H enf;aom tm;&Sad om/
1/ tAvH 'kAvH / / udavomtaygif;onf tb,fah Mumifh tAv'kAv

jzpftehH nf;-[lru
l m; tprxifaom oHo&mumvywfv;Hk &tyfaom wnf&m &Sad omfvnf;

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,xm emr? Oyrmrnfonfum;/ AvlyyaEm? tm;ESihf jynfph aHk om/ uka &m?
qifonf/ eaV[d? usLwdkYjzifh/ uwH? aom/ t*g&H? tdrfudk/ caPae0?
wpfcPcsi;f vQi/f 0d'aH owd ,xm? zsuq
f ;D ouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0 {0H wxm? wl/
udavo*PH? udavomtaygif;ud/k "kemx 0d"rx 0d'aH ox? zsuq
f ;D ukeaf vmh/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
udavomtaygif;onf tprxifaom oHo&mumvywfvkH;
&tyfaom wnf&m&Sdonfjzpf jrJjrHcdkifcHhvsuf tm;r&Sdaom xdkudavom
taygif ; ud k qif o nf usLjzif h jyKtyf a om td r f u d k zsuf q D ; ouJ h o d k Y
zsufEdkiftHhenf; tar;ykpm&Sd&m aomaMumifh tAvH 'kAvH-[laom ygXfudk
qd k a wmf r l o wnf ; /

'ged? / ,'w?H tMuif y'|mefukd ,SOjf cif;tusK;d iSm/ t,H *gxm? ud/k
tm&rx /
eduw
d m ? \/ wH? xdyk '|mefu/kd a,maZwGm? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]tm&r
v/ y'|me
y'|me}}Ed tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / tm&rx edurxm
xmwd
'H 0peH? onf/ 0D&,
d m&ar? 0D&,
d udk tm;xkwjf cif;/ eda,mZeawm?
d a,m*? 0D&,
d udk
wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif;aMumif/h 0D&d,
? \/ y'|meH? wnf;/ 0D&,
,SOjf cif;\/ um&PH? wnf;/
],kx Ak'omoaewd orm"d y'|meH}[k t&Sifupnf; qdkcJh\/
],kx}[laom ygXfESifh avsmfpGm ]a,m* y'|meH}-}-[k
} -[k qdkygavmapm'em
&Sd&um; ]a,m*g a0 /v/ bm0emwd 0kwH? ,kx Ak'omoaewd orm"d
y'|meEd}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkY bm0emonf a,m*rnfygaomf ]bm0em, y'|meH} [laom
aomff
vnf ; aumif ; ? ]orm"d 0 d y em, y'|meH} [l vnf ; aumif ; qd k y gavm
tod k Y r l ]orm"d y'|meH} [k qd k a voenf ; apm'em&S d & um; ]ww
orm"dbm0em "m"daywmm}} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
tb,haf Mumifh orm"dbm0emudo
k m vdt
k yfoenf;/ 0dyembm0emv
nf;
embm0emvnf
bm0emyif r[kwfygavmapm'em&Sd&um; ]0dyem bm0em, 0urmewm}
ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
r&S n f r jrif h a om umvywf v k H ; yG m ;aptyf a om uk o d k v f " r w d k Y o nf t<uif ; rJ h
jzwftyfaomaMumifh tAv'kAv
jzpfownf;/ yuum; ]]tAvmeH Avd,E}d }wnf;/

380

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4-y#deda'o

]]a,m*g a0 Zm,wD bl&}D }wd? [l/ 0peawm? aMumif/h bm0em? onf/

a,ma*g? rnf\/ ww? xdkbm0emwdkYwGif/ 0dyembm0em,? \/
0urmewm? qdt
k yfvwHo
Y nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h orm"dbm0em? ud/k "? /
,kx /v/ y'|me
t"daywm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]],k
y'|me}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/
r&P y'|meH-[k qdkygavm/ tb,hfaMumifh ynm, y'|meH[k qdkoenf;-[laom apm'emudk ajzthHaomiSm ]rpKaem} paom ygXfudk
rdefYaomf/

]]rp K aem aoe}}E d ? [l / 0k w m ,? aom/ ud a voaoem,?

udavomwnf;[laom ppfonfu/kd orm "keeH? aumif;pGm zsuq
f ;D jcif;onf/
"kemx /v/
aPae0? jzifo
h mvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]"k
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/
]tm&rx edurxmwd 0D&d,d`Ed, y'|meH}ponfjzifh qdk&NyD;vsuf
tb,fhaMumifh ]tm&rx edurxmwd 0D&d,d`Ed, y'|meH} ponf u d k
wpf z ef qd k j yef o enf ; / yk e k w d o m jzpf t H h o nf w um; apm'em&S d & m
aomaMumifh xdkapm'emudk jytHhaomiSm ]yke}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,xm0kw0 &D ,
d orm"dynm? tMuifqt
kd yfuek Nf y;D aom 0D&,
d orm"dynm
wdo
Yk nf/ or,ak wo?k or,w
k w
f &m;wdYk / tm"dypupd w
m,? tBu;D \ tjzpf[laom udp&Sdonf\ tjzpfjzifh/ yyy[meorwm? &m* tp&Sdaom
yyw&m;wdu
Yk kd y,fjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik u
f ek o
f nfjzpf/ 0rlv?H 0#f\ rlvud/k
qdEw
d mG ? / 0d0H? 0#f\ uif;jcif;od/Yk ygayEd p? a&mufvnf; a&mufapuke\
f /
tm&rx /v/ y'|me
wd? od/Yk 'ew?H iSm/ yke? wpfzef/ ]]tm&r
y'|me}}Ed tm'd?
ud/k 0kw?H \/ rmed y'|memed a'oem
a'oemwd {w? / (tawmodYk qdu
k )f /
]]0D&,
d y'|me}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h 0D&,
d m'De?H wd\
Yk / ,medrmed y'|memed?
tMuify'|mefwu
Ykd /kd 0kwm ed? uke\
f / om? xdyk '|mefonf/ (a'oemudk iJ
h
wv
d id o
f Ykd vdu
k af vonf)/ tm&rx edur xmwd tm'd a'oem? tm&rx
edur x tp&Sad om a'oemwnf;/ 0D&,
d m&r0wKtm'De?d 0D&,
d m&r0wK
tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/ e? r[kwu
f ek /f ( 0kwm edaemif om-[k tcsKUd ygXf r&S/d

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381

tm&rx edur xmwd tm'Ded a'oemed-[kvnf; &S\

d / qifjcif ,l)/ wd?
um;/ tawm? wnf;/
0D&d,m&r0wK tp&SdonfwdkYonfvnf; y'|mef jzpfaumif;ygo
nf
ygonf
r[kwfwkHavm apm'em&Sd&um; ]wxm ap0 oH0Pdw}H ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wxm ap0? xdka'oem\y'|mef tjzpfjzifhomvQif/ oH0PdwH?

zGit
hf yf\/ 0g? teuftzGiu
hf kd jyKtyf\/ (0D&,
d m&r0wK ponfw\
Ykd y'|mef\
tjzpfjzifh rzGit
hf yf-[lvakd omf)/ /
{0H? od/Yk ,xmeduw
d m ,? aom/ a'oem,? \/ y'|me0aoe? jzif/h
tw?H ud/k ed'g a&wGm? Ny;D / 'ged? / wH a'oeH? ud/k obm*0dobm*"r0aoe? obm*w&m; 0dobm*w&m;wd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm0awkumarm?
vnfapvdo
k nf jzpf/ w? xdo
k bm* tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzifh
t,kEmeH 0g /v/
vnfapjcif;\/ blr? t&mud/k |? 105 'awk?H iSm/ ]]t,k
tm&arm}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ w? xdyk gVd\/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk
a0'dwaAm? \/ a,ma* bm0em,H? bm0em/ wH? xdb
k m0emud/k t,kE m eH?
tm;rxkwu
f ek af om/ ty&dyuPmeH? r&ifah o;aom Pf&u
dS ek af om/
owmeH? wd\
Yk / 0goembma*e? 0goemtzdjYk zif/h tm,w? aemiftcg/
0dZmeew 0g? odjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/ ,kE m eH? ukeaf om/ y&dyuPmeH?
uk e f a om/ ow m eH wd k Y \ / 0d a oom"d * rm,? 0g? w&m;txl ; ud k
&jcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/ t,H a'oem&arm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd
t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
aom yrma'g 'k0da"m
"mwd? um;/ a,e yrma'e? jzif/h bm0eH? ud/k
emEk,k E ?d tm;rxkwu
f ek /f aom yrma'g? onf/ twaem? \/ um&P
aba'e? taMumif;\ tjym;tm;jzif/h 'k0ad "m? \/ tnmaPem
tnmaPemwd? um;/ yEH
cEmeH? wd\
Yk / ovuPomrnvuPy#dpm 'aue? toD;aom rdrv
d uPm
omrnvuPmudk zk;H vTr;f wwfaom/ oarma[e? jzif/h ed0kawm
wmwd? um;/
qm'dawm? zk;H vTr;f tyfonf jzpf/ a,s|me
a,s|meE?d um;/ wH "rZmwH? onf/
aO,s? odtyfonfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ ]]wd 'H? onfum;/ ly?H

382

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4-y#deda'o

kyw
f nf;/ wd {0H? od/Yk ly? \/ ork'a,m? jzpfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \}}/
wd tm'dem? jzif/h P? \/ y0we|me? jzpf&monfvnf;/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h a,s|meH? rnf\/ ygy"rmeH? ,kwrf maom
tukov
kd w
f &m;wd\
Yk / taeuab'wm? rsm;aom tjym;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
wAaoe? xdktukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzif h / yrma'g? onf /
taeuaba'gyd? rsm;aomtjym;&Sad omfvnf;/ rlvblwm,? taMumif;&if;
jzpf jzpfaom/ t0dZm ,? \/ 0aoe? jzif/h {aum {0? wpfyg;wnf;omwnf;/
wd wom? aMumif/h ]]{{u0da"m t0dZm,m
,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
]e0 bd u a 0 wPS m rl v au "ar a'aomrd} tp&S d o nf j zif h
a[m&um; wPSmrlvuw&m;onf rsm;onf r[kwfwkHavm/ xdkodkYvsuf
tb,f h a Mumif h wd 0 d a "m wPS m ,
,-- [k qd k a voenf ; apm'em&S d & um;
]vmb0dedp,} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

vmb0dedp,y&d*[rp&d,med1? &jcif; qk;H jzwfjcif; odr;f qnf;jcif;

0ef w d k j cif ; wd k Y o nf / y&d a ,oemtm&u m y&d a bma*ok ? &S m rS D ; jcif ;
apmifah &Smufjcif; ok;H aqmifjcif;wdYk / taEm*"med? 0ifuek \
f / qE&m*aZm
omem? tm;enf;aom &m* wPSm\tpGr;f tm;jzifh tm;Bu;D pGm qk;H jzwfjcif;
wdo
Yk nf/ wPSm {0? wPSmomwnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h wPSmrlvauyd?
wPSmvQif taMumif;&Sdonfvnf; jzpfukefaom/ "ar? wdkYudk/ {aw0?
wd0da"m wPSm,m
ok;H yg;wdYk omvQi/f yuyd w
d mG ? xnf
h / ]]wd
,m}}wd? [l/
0kw?H \/ /
1/ vmb0dedp,y&d*[rp&d,med / / t"dym,fum; lygkH tp&Sdonfudk
&jcif;onf vmbrnf\/ xdkvmbonf &SmrSD;jcif; &Sdaomfom jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh
y&da,oemudk ,lojzifh vmbudk ,ltyf\/ rQonf lygkH tusK;d iSm rQonf
o'gkH tp&Sad om tusK;d iSm rQonf olwpfyg;zdYk jzpfvwH/Y rQukd ok;H aqmift?hH
rQukd odrk ;DS tH[
h k jzpfaom tMuo
H nf 0depd ,
rnf\/ xd0k ed pd ,
udv
k nf; vmbtaMumif;
&Sad omaMumifh xdv
k mb\vnf; y&da,oemvQif rlv&Sad omaMumifh y&da,oemudk
,lojzifo
h m ,ltyf\/ xdt
Yk wl y&d*[
rp&,
d wdu
Yk v
kd nf; y&da,oemudk ,lojzifo
h m
,ltyfuek \
f [lvakd omf/

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lyDok ba0olw?d um;/ ly"aro?k kyw

f &m;wdYk / taZmome
taZmomeE?d um;/
wPSmbdead 0aom? wPSmjzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;wnf;/ {awe? lyo
D k ba0ok
wPSm, lyuma,m y'|me
taZmomeH-[laom ygXfjzif/h ]]wPS
y'|me}}Ed y'? \/
tw?H ud/k 0d0&wd? zGi\
hf /
tb,fhaMumifh lyum,onf wPSm\y'|mef jzpfoenf;-[laom
apm'emudk ajzvdk ]tem'drwd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h tem'drwd? rodEikd af om tp&Sad om/ oHoma&? /

wyd &k o
d m? wdo
Yk nf/ tnrnlygbd&mrm? tcsi;f csi;f \ kyw
f Ykd tvGef
arGUavsmu
f ek \
f / wom? aMumif/h lyuma,m? onf/ wPSm,? \/ y'|meH?
onf/ a[mwd? \/ (odYk ore)f ? t, tawm? udv
k nf;/ pdwy &d,m'ge
okawe? jzif/h 'DaywaAm? \/ tlyDok oarma[m
a[mwd? um;/ zm'De?H wd\
Yk /
twdock rk obm0wm p? tvGeo
f rd af rGUaom oabm &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ oEwdorl[udpm&rPCe0dedaAm*? tpOfwpfcJeuf
taygif;wpfceJ uf udpw
pfceJ uf tmHw
k pfceJ ufwu
Ykd kd toD;toD; a0zefjcif;\/
'ku& wm p? cJonf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ tly"aro?k emrfw&m;wdYk /
oarma[m? jyif;pGm awGa0jcif;onf/ owmeH? wdt
Yk m;/ ywd|ad wm? wnf\/
wd? od/Yk 0peaoaom? ud/k tm[&dwaAm? aqmiftyf\/ {0H? od/Yk
ed'g &daw? xkwt
f yfaom/ lyum,emrum,ocFgaw? aom/ Oyg'geuE
yau? Oyg'gef\ tmkjH zpfaom cEmig;yg;taygif;/ tm&rPu&P0aoe?
tmkjH yKjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0w?H aom/ t0daoaoe1? omrntm;jzif/h
0kw?H aom/ wPS? udv
k nf;aumif;/ t0dZ ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ ('d|d [lvnf;
&S\
d / qifjcif)/
pwkyg'gemeH? umrOyg'gef tp&Sad om av;yg;aom Oyg'gefw\
Ykd / 0aoe?
jzif/h (pwkyl g'geuEm eH[k ygXftcsKUd &So
d nfum; ygXfysu)f / 0dbZdwmG ? / awoH
cEme? xdOk yg'gef\ tmkjH zpfaom cEmwd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ awoH Oyg'geme?
1/ t0daoaoe / / uware Oyg'gaee-onf Oyg'gem-[k 0dbm*tm;jzifh
ar;Ny;D vnf; t0dZm , p wPSm, p-[k rcGjJ cm;rl omrnqdt
k yfonf-[lvakd omf/

384

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4-y#deda'o

wdkY\vnf;aumif;/ (awoHum; vdkufaponf)/ 'k u 1 ork',bma0e?

'kuo
pm\tjzpf ork',opm\tjzpfEiS /hf o[? wuG/ y&dan,sy[mwAww lyuma,m
bm0H? y&dan,stjzpf y[mwAtjzpfu/kd ]]ww
uma,m}}wd tm'dem?
jzif/h 'awd? \/
30/ {0H? odkY/ yrm'rkace? yrm'udk t&if;jyKojzifh/ yk&drop'G,H?
a&S;jzpfaom opmESpyf g;wd\
Yk taygif;ud/k ed'g a&wGm? / yrm'rkacae0?
ww
ojzifo
h mvQi/f ty&r?d vnf;jzpfaom/ op',
G ?H ud/k ed'g a&wk?H iSm/ ]]ww
a,m
a,m}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww ygaX? / wm
wmwd? um;/ w
yrm'? ud/k or#da0a"em
0a"emwd? um;/ orm? pGm/ y&dZmeaee? odojzif/h
tm'g'De?H wdu
Yk /kd Zmeaee? jzif/h &uPm y#doH[&Pm
&Pmwd? um;/ twaem?
\/ pdw
? ud/k &uPocFgwm? apmifah &Smufjcif;[k qdt
k yfaom/ yrm'?
ud/k y#do[
H &Pm? azsmufjcif;onf/ wy#yd aue? xdyk rm'\ qefu
Y sib
f uf
jzpfaom tyrm'jzif/h oauFmpem? wGeaYf pjcif;onf/ (wy#yd aue [laom
yk'u
f kd zGiv
hf &kd um; tyrm'gEka,ma*e[k qdo
k wnf;)/ tyrm'gEka,ma*e?
tyrm'ESihf ,SOjf cif;jzif/h |? 106 ,m acyem? tMuifuek af pjcif;onf/ tw?d
\/ t,H oraxm
oraxmwd rdem? jzif/h udape? jzif/h orm"? ud/k 'awd? \/
(pdwfudk apmifha&Smufjcif; yrm'udk azsmufjcif;udpjzifh orm"dudk jyonf
[lvakd omf)/ t,H? odYk vnfapjcif;onf/ a0g'geyu0o
d bm*"r0aoe?
a0g'geyujzpfaom yrm'\ 0dobm*jzpfaom orxw&m;\tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
,'g /v/ tmed o H o }}Ed rdem? jzifh/
tm0em? vnfapjcif;wnf;/ ]],'g
orxm"d*r? orxudk &jcif;\/ Oyg,H? taMumif;ud/k 'awd? \/
ww 0pae? / umrme
umrmeE?d um;/ 0wKumrme? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/
udavoumrme? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ tm' tm'awm
tm'awmwd? um;/
umar? wdu
Yk /kd y#dp? / OyZr meH? aom/ okcaomreocFgwH? aom/
tm'H ? ud k / tm'wm,? om,mtyf o nf \ tjzpf t m;jzif h /
1/ 'kuy&dan,sponf / / cEmwd\
Yk 'kuo
pm\ tjzpfEiS w
hf uG y&dan,s
tjzpf Oyg'gefw\
Ykd ork',opm\ tjzpfEiS w
hf uG y[mwAtjzpfwu
Ykd kd jy\/ odYk
,SOf,l/

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tm'rwawm? om,mtyfonf\ tjzpfrQtm;jzif/h (tm'wawmvnf;

&S\
d / om,mtyfonf\ tjzpftm;jzif)h / tm'De00E?d um;/ ]]tym'g umrm
A[k'u
k m }}wd tm'dem? jzif/h 0kw?H aom/ tm'De0H a'goH? tjypfu/kd ed&P
&PE?d
um;/ yXrZmeH? ud/k
t&d,r*f edAmefonf ed&P rnfaumif;ygonf r[kwfwkHavm/
yXrpsmef \ ed &P rnf o nf \ tjzpf u d k tb,f o d k Y od y goenf ; /
apm'em&Sd&um; ]0kwaOw}H ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d op?H \/ ]]umrmearwH ed&PH ,'d'H aeur} }E?d [l/ {wH 0peH?

udk/ 0kwH? \/ ]],'d'H ,H 'H aeurH? tMuifumrrS xGufajrmufaom
yXrpsmefonf/ tw?d \/ {wH? yXrpsmefonf/ umrmeH? wd\
Yk / ed&PH?
xGufajrmuf&mwnf;}}/ Moum&
Moum&Ed? um;/ vmrubm0H? ,kwfrmonf\
voE?d um;/ oHuv
d
d eH? npf;l jcif;ud/k [d? pG/ umra[wk?
tjzpfu/kd oHudavo
umr[laom taMumif;aMumif/h owm? wdo
Yk nf/ oHuv
d
d E?d npf;l uke\
f /
a0g'ge
a0g'geE?d um;/ 0doZk e?H jzLpifjcif;ud/k aeuar p tmedoHoE?d um;/
eD0&Py[mem'd*kP0daooa,m*H? eD0&Pudk y,fjcif; tp&Sdaom
*kPt
f xl;ESihf ,SOjf cif;ud/k wwmwd? um;/ ,xm0kaw? aom/ wo orax?
onf/ owd? aomf/ ,m 0DrHommwd? um;/ ,m ynm? onf/
orx jzpfonf&Sdaomf ynmjzpfonfudk yujzifh NyD;apvdk&um;
]orm[dawm
wm}} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d? pG/ ]]orm[dawm /v/ yZmemwD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]bdua 0?

wd/Yk orm[dawm? wnfMunfaom/ bduK ? onf/ ,xmblw?H [kwaf omtwdik ;f /
yZmemwd? od\}}/
arok 'GDok y[Daeok-[laom pum;udk tb,ftvdkYiSm qdkawmf
rlav oenf;apm'emudk ajzvdk wPSmt0dZm /v/ y [Daeolwd tm[
tm[-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
wPSmt0dZmudk y,fojzifh wPSmt0dZmom csKyfaumif;\wum;/
tb,hfaMumifh tvkH;pkHaom 0'ku csKyfygtHhenf;-[k apm'em &Sdjyefav&um;
]wmok /v/ {0gwd} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

386

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4-y#deda'o

t0dZmeda&m"m ocFga&ma"m-[k a[maomaMumifh t0dZm csKyfonf

&Sdaomf ocFg&wdkYom rcsKyfaumif;yg/ wPSmeda&m"m Oyg'geeda&ma"m-[k
a[maomaMumif h wPSmcsKyfonf&Sdaomf Oyg'gefwdkYom rcsKyfaumif;yg
oavm/ tb,f o d k Y wPS m t0d Z m csKyf o jzif h Oyg'gef tp&S d o nf w d k Y \
rjzpfjcif;onf jzpfaumif;tHh enf; apm'em &Sdjyef&maomaMumifh ],xm
p /v/ ypa,m
,m}} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wPSmo[dwm0? wPSmESihf wuGjzpfaom/ t0dZm ? onf/ ocFg&meH?

wd\
Yk / ypa,m? taMumif;onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/
t0dZm o[dwm0? aom/ wPSm? onf/ Oyg'gemeH? wd\
Yk / ypa,m? onf/
a[mwd? \/ wmok? xdw
k PSm t0dZm wdo
Yk nf/ ed'k g ok? onf&adS omf/ Oyg'gem'De?H
wd\
Yk / tbma0g {0? rjzpfjcif;onfomvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wPSmt0dZm y[maee? ojzif/h ouv0'kue ad &m"H? tvk;H pkaH om
arok 'GDok "arok y[Daeol}}wd?
0#fqif;&J\ csKyjf cif;ud/k 'aaEm? / ]]arok
[l/ tm[? \/ rmed pwm&d opmed? wdu
Yk /kd 0dobm*obm*"rm0e0aoe?
0dobm*w&m; obm*w&m;wdu
Yk kd vnfapjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ed'g &dwmed?
tyfuek \
f / wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ /
{0H? od/Yk a0g'geyu?H jzLpifjcif; tzd&Yk adS om w&m;ud/k eduyd w
d mG ? xm;/
w? xdak 0g'geyujzpfaom w&m;\/ 0dobm*"r0aoe p? 0dobm*
jzpfaom yrm'w&m;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ obm*"r0aoe p?
obm*jzpfaom orxtp&Sdaom w&m;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/
tm0eH? vnfjcif;udk/ 'awGm? jyNyD;/ 'ged? / oHudavoyuH?
npf;l jcif;tzd&Yk adS om w&m;ud/k eduyd w
d mG ? / w? xdo
k u
H ad voyu
w&m;\/ 0dobm*"r0aoe? 0dobm*w&m;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm0eH? ud/k
,xmyd rlav
'awk?H iSm/ ]],xmyd
v}}wd *gxH? ud/k tm[? \/ wm? xd*k gxm\/
tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ ,xm emr? um;/ ywd|ma[wkbma0e?
wnfjcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h rlvE?d [l/ v'a0g[ma&?
&tyfaom ac:a0:jcif;&Sdaom/ blrd*aw? ajr wnfaom/ 0g? ajrodkY
avQmufaom/ ku
? \/ t0,a0? tpdwjf zpfaom tjzpfonf/ z&okaq'g'd
tE&m,mbma0e? ykqed jf zifh jzwfjcif; tp&Sad om tE&m,f r&So
d jzif/h tEky'a0?

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Oy'a0g r&So
d nf&adS omf/ wawm {0? xdOk y'a0g r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh
omvQi/f 'aV xda&? jrjJ rcH ikd cf o
Hh nf/ owd? aomf/ caE? yifpnfu/kd qdaEy?d
jzwftyfaomfvnf;/ wpfenf;um;-caE? onf/ qdaEy?d jywfaomfvnf;/
twm'dak um? anmifA'k a [ tp&Sad om opfyifonf/ k[wd ,xm?
aygufa&mufjyefouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0 {0H wxm? wl/ wPSmEko, ocFgaw?
wPSmtEko,[k qdt
k yfaom/ twbm0ku
? twabmwnf; [laom
opfyif\/ rlav? tjrpfu/kd r*Pz&okem? r*fPfwnf;[laom ykqed jf zif/h
tEkypad E? rjzwftyfonf&adS omf/ w,d'H wH 'H 'ku?H onf/ ykeyKe?H vJv/J
ty&my&bma0e? tqifq
h if\
h tjzpfjzif/h edAw
w
?d jzpf\/ e edZk w?d rcsKy/f
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ umr wPSm'de0d wew?H umrwPSm
b0wPSm,m
tp&So
d nfukd epfapjcif;iSm/ ]]b0wPS
,m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ {w "r
ypa,m
,mwd? um;/ b0wPSmocFgw? aom/ {w "r? \/ ba0ok?
wd k Y / tm'D e 0y # d p m 'em'd 0 aoe? tjypf u d k zk H ; vT r f ; jcif ;
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tm'*[P? tm'udk ,ljcif;\/ 0g?
tm'tm;jzifh ,ljcif;\/ ypa,m? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ [d? pG/
]]oHa,mZeDa,ok /v/ y0wD}}wd? [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ]]bdua 0?
wd/Yk oHa,mZeDa,ok? oHa,mZOf\ tmkjH zpfuek af om/ "aro?k wdYk / |? 107
tm'gEk y d a em? tm'ud k tzef w vJ v J I a omol t m;/ 0g?
tm'tm;jzifh tzefwvJvJ Iaom oltm;/ wPSm? onf/ y0wd?
t0dZm /v/ wPSm}}wd? [l/ tm[?
yGm;rsm;\}}/ awae0? aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]t0d
\/ "? / oraxm p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0dyem p? udv
k nf;aumif;/
r*orm"dr*ynm p? r*form"d r*fynmudv
k nf;aumif;/ t"daywm? \/ wd
a,e /v/ orl[ewD}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ rmed
wom? aMumif/h ]]a,e
pwm&d opmed? wdu
Yk /kd 0dobm*obm*"rm0e0aoe? jzif/h ed'g &dwmed? uke\
f /
wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ (odYk ay;)/ aooH? onf/ 0kwe ,ar0?
vQiw
f nf;/
'ged? / au0vH? oufouf/ ed'g &dawa[0? xkwt
f yfonfom
jzpfuek af om/ 0dobm*obm*"ar[?d wdjYk zif/h tm0eH? vnfapjcif;onf/

388

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tm0[ma&m? tm0[m&rnfonf/ e? r[kwfao;/ tx acg? um;/

ygVdtm*aw[dy?d ygVd vmonfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ aw[d? xd0k o
d bm*w&m;
obm*w&m;wdjYk zif/h tm0eH? onf/ tm0[ma&m? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk
oAygy tu&P
'ewH? iSm/ ]]oA
tu&P}}Ed *gxH? udk/ tm[? \/ ww?
gymwd? um;/ oAmukov? ud/k tu&P
tu&PE?d um;/
xd*k gxm/ oAygym
vmwd? um;/ pwkblruukov?
tEkyg'eH? rjzpfapjcif;/ uk o vm
av;yg;aom bkH jzpfaom ukov
kd u
f /kd Oyor'ggwd? um;/ y#dvmabm? &jcif;/
opdwy&da,m'ye
,m'yeE?d um;/ twaem? \/ pdwa 0g'geH? pdwu
f kd jzLpifapjcif;/
(jzLpifjcif;omrefvsO;f yg;&um; wH ye t&[awe a[mwd-[k rdeaYf omf)/ wH
ye? xdjk zLpifapjcif;onfum;/ t&[awe? t&[wzv
kd jf zif/h a[mwd? jzpf\/
(odcgywjzpfaom jzLpifjcif;udk vdt
k yf\-[lvakd omf)/ wd? od/Yk
oDvoH0a&e? jzif/h oAygyH? ud/k y[m,? / orx0dyem[d? wdjYkzif/h ukovH?
ud/k orma'wGm? jynfph aHk p/ t&[wzave? jzif/h pdw?H ud/k y&da,m'aywA?H
jzLpifaptyf\/ wd {wH? onfum;/ Ak'geH? wd\
Yk / omoeH Mo0ga'g
tEkod|d? tqkH;trawmfwnf;/ wd t,H? um;/ oacFyawm? wnf;/
0dwm &awm ye? tm;jzifu
h m;/ tawm? ud/k ygVdawm {0? jzifyh ifvQi/f 0dnm,wd?
odtyf\/ /
oAygyH emrm
ww 0pae? / ]]oA
emrm}}wd tm'Do?k wdYk / a'goork|me
meE?d
um;/ {w? xdyk gPmwdygw tp&Sad om 'kpdu
k o
f ;Hk yg;tm;/ a'gaom?
a'go[k qdt
k yfaom/ ork|meH {0? jzpfaMumif;onfomvQi/f tw?d \/
wd wom? aMumif/h a'goork|meH? rnf\/ a'gaom {0? onfomvQi/f
ork|meH? onf/ tw?d \/ wd? od/Yk e '|aAm? tyf/ (odYk ay;)/ uom?
um;/ avmbork|mem,yd? avmbvQif jzpfaMumif; &So
d nfvnf; jzpfaom/
ydoP
k 0gpm,? \/ or0awm? jzpfoifah omaMumifw
h nf;/
ygPmwdygwodkY vdkuf a'goork|maem? ydokP0gpmzko0gpmodkY
vdkuf a'goork|mem-[k rqdkaumif;ygoavm/ todkYrl a'goork|meH[k qdkbdoenf;-[laom apm'emudk ajzvdk ]um, /v/ eda'aom}[lao
omm ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

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um,'kp&dwEd y'H? ud/k tayuw

d mG ? / ]]a'goork|me}}E?d [l/
eyHo
k ueda'aom? eykvid jf zifh jyjcif;onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ avmbork|meH
arm[ork|me
meEd {wmyd? vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? wnf;/ oryv
mayg?
onf/ O'ppdawe? jzifh/ y0w,wd? \/ wd t"dyga,e? odkYaom
tvdt
k m;jzif/h w? xdo
k ryv
my\/ arm[ork|mewm? arm[-[laom
jzpfaMumif;&So
d nf\tjzpfu/kd 0kwm ? \/ /
k u
f kd a0zefjcif;
{0H? od/Yk 'kp&dwtukovuryxur0dbma*e1? 'kpdu
tukov
kd f uryxwdu
Yk kd a0zefjcif; uHukd a0zefjcif;jzif/h ]]oAygy}}Ed {w ya'?
/ 0kwygyH? udk/ 0dbZdwGm? / 'ged? / t? xdktukodkvf\/ 0g?
udktukovrlv0aoe? jzifh/ t*wd*re0dbm*rd? t*wd*retm;jzifh
tukovrlv}}Ed tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
a0zefjcif;udv
k nf;/ 'awk?H iSm/ ]]tuk
ww? / tukovrlvH ya,m*H *pEE ?d um;/ avmbm'dtukovmed?
wdo
Yk nf/ um,0pDya,m*H? um,ya,m*0pDya,m*od/Yk *pEm ed? a&mufuek f
onf&adS omf/
a&mufukef\-[lonfum; tb,fodkY a&mufukefoenf;pk'f&Sd&um;
]um, /v/ tawm}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

um,0pDya,m*H? ud/k ork|mayEmed? jzpfapukeo

f nf&adS omf/ wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ qEmwd? um;/ qEa[wk? cspjf rwfE;kd jcif;aMumif/h ,H /
v/ |me
|meE?d um;/ qEm? cspjf rwfE;kd jcif;aMumif/h t*w? rvm;tyfaom t&mod/Yk
*pw?d \/ wd? od/Yk ,a'wH ,H {wH t*wd*reH? tMuifrvm; tyfaom
t&modkY a&mufjcif;onf/ twd? \/ 'H? odkY cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;aMumifh
rvm;tyfaom t&modYk a&mufjcif;onf/ avmbork|meH? avmb-[laom
taMumif;&S\
d / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ {0H? wl/ aoaooky?d
wdYk vnf;/ tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ {wm0wm? rQtwdik ;f t&Sn&f adS om
1/ 'kp&dwtukovuryx / / wD[d 'kp& w
d med-pojzifh 'kp u
kd u
f ?kd aw
'otukovuryxm-ponfjzifh uryxudk? wmed a'G urmed-ponfjzifh uHudk
a0zefonf-[lvdkaomf/

390

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pum;tpOfjzif/h ]]oAygy tu&P}}Ed {w ygaX? / 0kw?H aom/ ygyH? ud/k

'awGm? / 'ged? / w? xdrk aumif;rIu/kd tu&PH? rjyKjcif;ud/k
avmabm /v/ynm,m
'aaEm? / ]]avmabm
/v/ynm,m}}wd? [l/ wD[d ukeaf om/ |?
108 ukovrlav[d? wdjYk zif/h wdP?H ukeaf om/ tukovrlvmeH? wdu
Yk /kd
y[me0aoe? y,fjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h oAygy? ud/k tu&PH tEkyg 'eH?
rjzpfapjcif;ud/k tm[? \/ wxm? wl/ avmabm Oayum,m
,mwd tm'dem?
jzif/h jA[0[
d ma&[d? wdjYk zif/h wdP?H ukeaf om/ tukovrlvmeH? wdu
Yk /kd
y[me0aoe? jzif/h oAygy? ud/k tu&PH tEkyg 'eH? ud/k tm[? \/
(odYk iif ore)f /
rk'dwmjzifh t&wdom y,fjcif;csKyfjcif;odkY a&mufaumif;\wum;/
tb,fodkYvQif arm[onf rk'dwmjzifh y,fjcif;csKyfjcif;odkY a&muftHhenf;-[
-[kk
apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ]ww}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ww 0pae? / wpfenf;um;-ww? xdak v;yg;aom jA[0[

d m&wdw
Yk iG /f
t&w? rarGUavsmjf cif;ud/k 0g? t&wdu/kd 0lyoarE?D Nird ;f aponf jzpf/ rk'w
d m?
onf/ wm? xdt
k &wd\/ rlvblw?H taMumif;jzpf jzpfaom/ arm[H? ud/k
yZ[wd? y,f\/ wd uwGm? odYk ESv;Hk jyK/ wpfenf;-wd uwGm rdem
um&aPe? aMumif/h arma[m /v/*pwDw?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
31/ 'ged? / taneyd? vnf;jzpfaom/ y&d,ma,e? jzif/h ygy?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ w ygy? ud/k tu&P? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 'awGm?
/ aooy'ge? ukov Oyor'gtp&Sad om <uif;aom yk'w
f \
Ykd vnf;/
tw0b
d m0erkace? teufukd xif&mS ;jyjcif;udk t&if;jyKojzif/h obm*0dobm*
oAygyH /v/rdpwmeD}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
"rm0eH? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]oA
,m tud&d,m tu&PH teZ
teZmm pma&m-[k qdkonfESifhtnD 'H
0k p wd oA y gy tud & d , m tu&PH teZmpma&m-[k qd k y gavm/
tb,hfaMumi
Mumiffh 'H 0kpwd oAygy tu&PHom qdkavoenf;-[k
vD e E & apm'em jzpf & maomaMumif h xd k v D e E &apm'emudk ajztHhaomiSm
]tud&d,m}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tud & d , m tu&PH teZmpma&m

teZmpma&mwd? [l/ wD[dyd ya'[d?
wdjYk zifv
h nf;/ rdpw
m eH? rdpw
w
&m;wdu
Yk /kd tEkyg 'ear0? rjzpfapjcif;udo
k mvQi/f

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391

0'wd? \/ wxm? wl/ ud&d,m u&PH tZmpma&m

tZmpma&mwd? [l/ wD[yd d ya'[d?
wdjYk zifv
h nf;/ Oyg'ear0? udo
k mvQi/f 0'wd? \/ tZmpma&m
tZmpma&mwd? um;/
t"d|[dwmG ? aqmufwnf/ tmp&PH? usijhf cif;/ (tmp&PH tmpma&m?
t"d|[dwmG tmpma&m tZmpma&m-[k jyKapvdo
k nf)/ twDwm
mwd? um;/
pd&umvy0w0d aoe? &Snjf rifah om umv jzpfjcif;\tpGr;f tm;jzif/h yk&mP?
yk&mPr*H /v/
a&S;jzpfaom/ r*mmwd? um;/ t&d,r*? ud/k [d? pG/ ]]yk
t"d0pe
pe}}E?d [l/ {wH 0peH? ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D ]]yk&mPH toEd {wH 0peH? onf/
acg? pifppf/ t&d,? jrwfaom/ 0g? jzLpifaom/ t|*u? &Spyf g;aom
t*Fg&Sad om/ t&d,r*? \/ t"d0peH emrH? trnfwnf;}}/ 0g? um;/
twDawe? vGeaf vNy;D aom/ 0dydem? 0dyD trnf&adS wmfral om/ b*0wm?
onf/ ,xm"d*wH? &awmfrt
l yfaom tjym;tm;avsmpf mG / a'odwbm0H?
a[mawmfrt
l yfonf\tjzpfu/kd oEm,? / ]]twDw r*m}}wd? [l/
0kw?H \/
,if ; od k Y 0d y D b k & m;&S i f a[mawmf r l t yf o nf \ tjzpf u d k &nf
odonf\tjzpfudk tb,fodkY od&ygtHhenf;apm'em&Sd&um; ]0dydaem
[d}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ t,H *gxm? *gxmonf/ 0dydaem? aom/ b*0awm?

bke;f ajcmufyg;ESihf jynfph aHk wmfral om/ ormorK'
? \/ ygwdarmuKa'o*gxm? ygwdarmuKa'o*gxmwnf;/ wd? od/Yk '|Am? \/ /
,H y#d a 0a"em
0a"emwd? um;/ ,? tMuifcEmig;yg;taygif;udk/
y&dnmbdora,e? ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;wnf;[laom odjcif;jzif/h
tocFw"mwfonf wpfpkHwpfckaom oHudavojzifh rnpfl;bJvsuf
,H y&da,m'gydwH t,H eda&ma"m-[k qdkawmfrlonfum; roifhav-[k
t,l&Sd&maomaMumifh xdkt,ludk epfapjcif;iSm ],H y&da,m'gydwH}paom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

,H /v/eda&ma"m
&ma"mwd 'H 0peH? ud/k tocFwm "mwk? onf/ auepd?
aom/ oHuad vaoe? npf;l apwwfaom w&m;jzif/h ,'dyd e oHuv
d
d wd?

392

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tu,fum; rnpfl;\&Sifh/ ye wxmyd? xdkodkYrnpfl;vQif;rlvnf;/

t"d*pE
? &aom/ yk*v
? \/ 0aoe? jzif/h {0H? od/Yk 0kw?H \/
tocF w "mwf o nf yuwd o abmtm;jzif h jzLpif y gvsuf &aom
yk*dKvf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh qdktyf\-[laom pum;onf tb,fodkY oifhyg
tHhenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]w [d} ponfudk qdkown
wnff ; /
xdkpum;udk Oyrmjzifh NyD;apvdk&um; ],xm} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

[d wa'0 op?H \/ w? xdyk *k Kd vt

f m;/ ,m0? avmuf/ oHuad vom?
npf;l apwwfaom udavomwdo
Yk nf/ e 0d*pE?d ruif;ukeaf o;/ wm0?
avmuf/ tocFwm "mwk? ud/k ty&da,m'ydwmwd? rjzLpifaptyfao; [l/
0kpw
?d \/
udr0d ? enf;[lru
l m;/ edAm em"d*are? edAm efukd &ojzif/h a, cEm? wdu
Yk /kd
0lyoarwAm? uke\
f / awoH? xdck Emwd\
Yk / aoobma0e p? <uif;onf\
tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ taoobma0e p? t<uif;r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/ ]]oOyg'daoom}}wd p? oOyg'daooedAm ef[
l vnf;aumif;/
]]tEkyg'daoom}}wd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ 0kpw
d ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm?
wl/ 'H or'?H Oyrm\ jynfph jHk cif;ud/k wpfenf;um;-y&da,m'gydwH
[laom pum;\ Ny;D jcif;ud/k '|A?H \/ /
pwm&d? ukeaf om/ rmed opmed? wdu
Yk /kd ygVdtm*w"rmeH? wd\
Yk /
obm*0dobm*"rm0e0aoe? jzif/h ed'g &dwmed? uke\
f / ykeyd? vnf;/
ygVdtm*w"rmeH? wd\
Yk / obm*0dobm*"rm0aee? jzif/h tm0[m&H? ud/k
"arm [a0 &uwD}}wd *gxH? ud/k tm[? \/ wm?
'awk?H iSm/ ]]"ar
xd*k gxm\/ y'awm? ud/k ykaA? / 0kawm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/
"romref vsOf;yg;zG,f&Sd&um; ]"armwd} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
`Ed,oH0a&mygXfjzifh `Ed,oH0&oDvudkom rSwftyfoavm/ ,if;odkY
rSwftyfonf&Sdaomf ]ww ,m oH0&oDav}-[k qdkvwHYaom pum;ESifh
yk A m y& qef Y c J h \ pk'f&Sd&um; ]`Ed, /v/ '|AH} ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /
po'gum; 0gusm&r/

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393

"armwd? um;/ "? / ykn"arm? ud/k t"dayawm? \/ wH ykn"r?H ud/k

"arm /v/ ra*g pm
0dbZdwmG ? / 'aaEm? &um;/ ]]"ar
pm}}wd? [l/ tm[?
\/ {w? ESpyf g;aom w&m;wdw
Yk iG /f `E,
d oH0&oDaoe? jzif/h oAr?d aom/
oDv?H ud/k *[dw?H \/ wd? od/Yk |? 109 '|A?H \/ 'ku' u
k w
m'd a,ma*e?
'ku'kuwm tp&SdonfwdkYESifh ,SOfjcif;aMumifh/ 'ku*wda,m? 'ku\
jzpf&mwdo
Yk nf/ a[mEd? uke\
f / wd uwGm rdem um&aPe? aMumif/h
('ku* wduwm[lvnf; ygXf&\
dS / 'ku* wduwm? 'ku\
jzpf&mjzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h odYk ay;)/ oAm? ukeaf om/ Oyywad ,m? Oyywb
d 0wdo
Yk nf/
'k*wd? rnf\/ ,xm0kaw? aom/ 'k0ad "? aom/ "ar? / yXarm? aom/
"arm? onf/ 0g? udk/ ,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzifh/ okpdaPm? aumif;pGm
avhusut
f yfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (,m oH0&oDav tc@um&dwmudk
&nfonf)/ ,awm p? tMuift*wdrv
S nf;/ aom "arm? onf/ &uw?d \/
(tyga,[d &uwu
d kd &nfonf)/ ,w p? tMuif *wdvnf;/ ywd|maywd?
wnfap\/ (a'Grm bdua 0ponfukd &nfonf)/ wH oA?H ud/k 'awk?H iSm/
ww /v/ um&dwmm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ 'ged? / w "r? \/
]]ww
tyg,awm? rS/ &uaP? / {uEu
d bm0H? pifppfreS af om tzd&Yk o
dS nf\tjzpfu/kd
0dbma0wk?H iSm/ *grPdo,
H ak w? *grPdo,
H w
k f / todAEuykwo
w
k ?H ud/k
tmbwH? \/ /
ww? xdt
k odAEuykwo
w
k f / {0Ed oa'g? onf/ yuma& tjym;[laom
teuf/ 0ww?d \/ p-oa'g? onf/ or@
d ae? taygif;teuf/ 0ww?d
\/ rdemyd yuma&e? jzifv
h nf;/ t,H tawm? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ wd
t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ todAEu-ykawmwd? um;/ todAEu
emr? todAEu trnf&adS om ol\/ ykawm? aom/ *gar? / aZ|uwm,?
&GmolBu;D jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h *grPD? rnf\/ ypmblrum
umwd? um;/
ypmblr0d godaem? ypmblrt
d &yf aeukeaf om/ umr@vkummwd? um;/
our@vkaem? a&u&m;ESiw
hf uG jzpfuek \
f / ao0gvrmvdummwd? um;/
ygawm0? apmapmomvQif/ O'uawm? rS/ ao0gva0? arSmfyef;udk
vnf;aumif;/ Oyvm'Ded p? Mumdt
k p&So
d nfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif;/ *a[wGm?

394

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4-y#deda'o

/ O'uok'b
d m0Zmeew?H a&jzifh pifMu,f onf\ tjzpfukd odapjcif;iSm/
rmvH uwGm? yef;jyK/ ydVEeum? yefqifuek \
f / O'auma&m[um
O'auma&m[umwd? um;/
om,H ygwH? neHeuf/ O'uH? odkY/ Moa&m[Pum? qif;oufukef\/
O,smayEDw?d um;/ Oy&d? txuf ewfjynfo/Ykd ,mayE?d a&mufapuke\
f /
onmayEDw?d um;/ orm? pGm/ ,mayE?d uke\
f / o*H emr MoumarEDw?d
um;/ y&d0ga&wGm? jc&H
H / Xdwm0? wnfuek v
f suo
f mvQi/f ]]abm? t&Si.f ../
jA[avmuH? jA[jynfo/Ykd *p? oGm;avavmh/ abm? &Si/f jA[avmuH? od/Yk *p?
avmh}}/ wd? od/Yk 0'Em? uke
f / o*?H od/Yk ya0aoE?d oGi;f uke\
f / /
tEky&doau,smsmwd? um;/ tEky&d*ap,s? aemufoYkd tpOfvu
kd &f m\/
OrKZmwd? um;/ O|[? ay:avmh/ 0g? xavmh/ Oy0ggwd? um;/ Zv?
a&\/ Oy&d? txuf/ y0? ay:avmh/ 0g? arsmavmh/ xvrky0ggwd? um;/
xvH? Munf;odkY/ tbdk[? wufavmh/ wMw ,m
,mwd? um;/ wMw?
xdak &tdik f / 0g? xdo
k Ykd cG&J m/ ,m? tMuifausmufp&pf td;k jcrf;onf/ t?
jzpf&m\/ ,m? tMuifausmufp&pf td;k jcrf;onf/ ba0,s? &m\/ (um;
a&S;\ tzGifh)/ ou & uXvmwd? um;/ ou&m 0g? ausmufp&pfonf
vnf;aumif;/ uXvm 0g? tdk;jcrf;onfvnf;aumif;/ om ta"m*grD
tm
tmwd? um;/ om? xdak usmufp&pf td;k jcrf;onf/ ta"m? atmufo/Ykd
*ap,s? &m\/ a[|m*grD? atmufoYkd oGm;onf/ ba0,s? &m\/ ta"m
*ap , smsmwd? um;/ a[|m? odkY/ *ap,s? &mtHhavm/ r* mmwd? um;/
t&d,r*? \/ wduwmmwd? um;/ wdcP
d wm? xufonf\ tjzpfonf/
om p acg? xdx
k ufonf\tjzpfonfvnf;/ owu? "m;vufeuf\/
edow
d "m&wm 0d,? xufaom toGm; &So
d nf\ tjzpfuo
hJ ?Ykd e? r[kw/f tx
acg? um;/ `E,
d meH? wd\
Yk / y#Kbma0g? xifonf\tjzpfonf/ wd? od/Yk
t"drwwmm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ t&d,ra*g? onf/ twem?
'awk?H iSm/ ]]t"d
onf/ y[mwAuad vao? wdu
Yk /kd te0aooH? t<uif;rJ/h orkpEd w
?d jzwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h twdcad Pm emr? rxufaom t&d,r*frnfonf/
ewd eEk p? avm/ wd t,H? vQi/f ykpm ? wnf;/ {wH 0peH? onf/ op?H \/

0g&

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395

wxmyd? vnf;/ ]]aem p acg ,xm 'd|yd w

m}}wd? [l/ 0peawm? aMumif/h
o'g0drw
k ' |d yd w
m eH? o'g 0drw
k y *k Kd vf 'd|yd w
y *k Kd vw
f \
Ykd / udavoy[meH? ud/k
ywd? pG
J / umpd? wpfpw
Hk pfcak om/ 0daoorwm? txl;rQonf/ (0daooywm [lvnf; &S\
d / txl;odYk a&mufaom xufjcif;onf ay;)/ tw?d \/ wd?
od/Yk 0wK?H qdjk cif;iSm/ oum? \/ t,H ye 0daoaom? ud/k "? / oAKyywd
orwdur e? tvk;H pkaH om Oyywb
d 0rS vGeaf jrmufjcif;\/ t"daywwm?
aMumif/h e t"dayawm? tyf/
,if;odkY rvdktyfaomf tb,fudk vdktyfoenf;/ vdktyfaom
wdutjzpfyif r&SdNyDavmapm'em&Sd&um; ]a,m 0Zdlyr /v/ t"daywm}udk
rdefYownf;/
tb,fhaMumifh t&[wr*fwdkY\ y#Kwrtjzpfudkom vdktyfoenf;/
qdktyfNyD;aom 0daooudkvnf; vdktyfaumif;ygonf r[kwfwkHavm-[k
apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ],om /v/ a[mwDwd}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ t&d,ra*e? onf/ Mo"daom? tydik ;f tjcm;
tm;jzif/h udavom/ wdu
Yk /kd y[D,E?d uke\
f / aeoH? xdu
k ad vomwdu
Yk /kd wxm?
xdkodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ w y[meH? onfvnf;/ r*"arok?
r*fw&m;wdYk / |? 110 `E,
d meH? wd\
Yk / tyg#0yg#0yg#0w&yg#0wr
bma0e? rxif&mS ;onf\tjzpf xif&mS ;onf\ tjzpf tvGex
f if&mS ;onf\
tjzpf twdik ;f xuftvGef xif&mS ;onf\ tjzpfjzif/h a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h 0Zdyl r"aro?k 0&ZdeOf yrm &Sad om w&m;wdw
Yk iG /f rwuywm eH?
tqkH;odkY a&mufukefaom/ t*r*"rmeH? t&[wr*fw&m;wdkY\/ a,m
y#Kwrbma0g? tMuif twdik ;f xuftvGef xif&mS ;onf\ tjzpfonf/ tw?d
\/ t,H? twdik ;f xuftvGef xif&mS ;onf\tjzpfonf/ "? / r*?
\/ wduw
m? xufonf\tjzpf rnf\/ wd? od/Yk t"daywm? \/ awae0?
t,H /v/ &u w D}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ]]wo
wo m
aMumifhomvQif/ ]]t,H
&u d w pd w mm}}wd tm'd e m? jzif h / ok w E a &e? ok w f w pf y g;jzif h /
ok*wdondwmer?d ok*wd[k orkwt
f yfonfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ OyyweD ?H
wd\
Yk / 'k*w
b
d m0H? ud/k oma"wd? Ny;D ap\/ /

396

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? aom/ "r? \/ (oDvr*fukd ,l)/
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0dyem'De?H ukeaf om/ obm*"rme? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ed'g &P0aoe?
ww /v/ t0dZm
jzif/h tm0[m&H? ud/k a,maZwGm? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ww
pm
pm}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ wH 0peH? onf/ ykaA? / 0kwe ,wm? aMumif/h
ok0dan,sar0? vQifuwnf;/ 'H 0k p w d jA[ p &d ,Ed? um;/ t&d,H?
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r*f[al om jrwfaom tusi[
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apmifhwwfaom uwm;\ tjzpfjzifh qdkavoenf; apm'em&Sd&um; ],H
/v/ 0kawm} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkY qdkaomfvnf; edAmefonf uwKAsmyg& r&Sdonf r[kwfwkHavm/
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/v/ Oyp&dwwm} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,H &uwDw?d [l/ (0kawmodYk qdu

k )f / oAm[d? ukeaf om/ 'k*w
[
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wdrYk /S &uE
? aom/ t&d,r*? \/ tm&rPblawm? aom/ eda&ma"m?
ud/k &uaEm 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd 0kawm? \/ uom? um;/ edrw
d
? tmkt
H aMumif;
jzpfaom eda&m"\/ uwKbma0e? jzif/h Oyp&dwwm? wifpm; ac:a0:
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f / wd t,H? vQi/f
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8-0dbwd[m&0dbif;tzGifh
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vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk 0dbw?d a0zefjcif;onf/ wd0"d m? \/ wmok?
xdo
k ;Hk yg;wdw
Yk iG /f ,om? aMumif/h "aro?k oabmw&m;wdu
Yk /kd 0dbm*awm?
a0zefaomtm;jzif/h ed'ad |ok? ukeo
f nf&adS omf/ ww? xdo
k abmw&m;wdYk /
vArmaem? aom/ blr0d b
d ma*g p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ y'|me0dbma*g p?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ ed'o
d ,
d rmaem? aomf/ ok0ad na,sm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/
wom? aMumifh/ "r0dbw? udk/ wm0? pGm/ ed'doaEm? jyawmfrlvdkaom
t&Siu
f pn;f rax&fonf/ aomVo0da"? aom/ y|mae? omoey|me/
a,oH okwm eH? wd\
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a'G /v/ bm*d,m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H
wmed okwm ed? wdu
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\/ ww 0pae? / yknbm0em? aumif;rI\ yGm;jcif;onf/ 0goem? rnf\/
wm? xd k a umif ; rI y G m ;jcif ; \/ bma0g aum|maom? tzd k Y w nf ; /
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Yk m;/
[dw?H avsmo
f nfwnf;/ (]okw[
w
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d }H ponfwYkd uJo
h Ykd [dwo'gonf
tEkuv
l teufa[mwnf;)/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0goembm*d,H? rnf\/
okw?H ud/k vAw?d \/ avmbuEm 'De?H avmbtpk tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd edAZd eH
y'gveH? azmufcGJjcif;onf/ edaAa"m? rnf\/ w? xdkavmbtpk
tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd azmufcjJG cif;\/ bma*g? tzdw
Yk nf;/ wd tm'd? aom/
(wdum; tm'sw) / aooH? onf/ yk&rd o'doar0? a&S;ESiw
hf o
l vQiu
f wnf;/
xdkESpfokwfwdkY\ txl;udk jytHhaomiSm ],o} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

,o okaw? / wDP?d ukeaf om/ yknBu,

d 0wLed? wdu
Yk /kd a'odwmed?
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f / wH okw?H onf/ 0goembm*d,?H rnf\/ ,o ye okaw? um;/
aoumaoum? aoutaouw&m;wdu
Yk /kd a'odwm? uke\
f / wH okw?H

398

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

onf/ edaA"bm*d,?H rnf\/ t, tawm? onfvnf;/ ygVd,aH ,0?

omvQi/f tm*rdwd? vwh/H /
|? 111 yknbm*d,mmwd? um;/ yknbma*? aumif;rItzdYk / b0g?
jzpfaom tusiw
hf nf;/ wxm? wl/ zvbm*d,mm? zvbm*d,tusiu
hf /kd
a0'dwAm? \/
wxm zvbm*d,m a0'dwAm-[k qdkonfudk pGJ yknESifh zvvnf;
twlwl-[k t,l&Sdav&um; zvEd ye omrnzvH-[k rdefYownf;/

zv
zvEd ye? zv[lonfum;/ omrnzvH? omrnzdv
k w
f nf;/ oH0&oDvE?d
um;/ ygwdarmuoH0a&m? vnf;aumif;/ owdoH0a&m? vnf;aumif;/
PoH0a&m? vnf;aumif;/ cEdoH0a&m? vnf;aumif;/ 0D&d,oH0a&m?
vnf;aumif;/ wd? odkY/ yoH0&m? wdkYonf/ oH0&oDvH? rnf\/
y[meoD vEd? um;/ w'*Fy[meH? vnf;aumif; /v/ ed&Py[meH?
vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk yy[
memed? wdw
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y[mefww
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y[memeH? wd\
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aomwd? um;/
a,m yk*a vm? onf/ 0goembm*d,okwo
r#*d g [aum? 0goembm*d,
okwfudk emcH\/ aom yk*avm? onf/ awe jA[p&da,em
,emwd? um;/
oH0&oDvocFgawe? aom/ um&Pblawe? aom/ awe ao|p&da,e?
xdjk rwfaom tusiahf Mumih/f jA[pm&D? jrwfaom tusiu
hf kd usiahf vh&o
dS nf/
b0wd? \/ {w p? awe jA[p&da,e-[laom ygXf/ t|ormywjd A[p&d,? &Spyf g;aom ormywfwnf;[laom jrwfaomtusiu
hf /kd y#dauayg?
y,fjcif;onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ (awae0[k ed,rudk rjyKaomaMumifh
[lvakd omf)/ aupd ye? wdo
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yXE?d uke\
f / awoH? xdq
k &mwd\
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ormywfwnf;[laom jrwfaomtusiu
hf /kd y#dauayg? onf/ od,m? &m\/
y[meoD a v Xd a wm
wmwd ? um;/ ork a p ' y#d y ' d y [ memeH ?
ork a p ' y[mef y #d y ' d y [ mef w d k Y \ / 0aoe? jzif h / y[meoD a v?
y[meoDv/ Xdawm? wnfonfjzpf/ awe jA[p&da,em
,emwd? um;/

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y[meoDave? y[meoDv[k qdt

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f / (a&S;jA[p&da,eudk &nf qdo
k nf)/
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t,H ygaXm? ygVdonf/ or0wd? jzpfoifh\/ a, ye tmp&d,m?
wdo
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f / awoH? wd\
Yk /
rawe? jzif/h ]]0goem /v/ tmedoaH om}}wd? [l/ t,H ygaXm? onf/
or0wd? \/ ww? xdkESpfyg;aom ygVdwdkYwGif/ uwarm ygaXm? onf/
,kww
a&m? oifjh rwfoenf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h ypad rm ygaXm?
aemufygVdonf/ ,kww
a&m? oifjh rwf\[l/ ed|?H qk;H jzpfjcif;od/Yk *EA?H
a&muftyf\/
tb,fhaMumifh aemufygVdom oifhoenf;[k tar;&Sd&maomaMum
ifh
maomaMumif
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rd e f Y o wnf ; /
,if;odkY qdkumrQjzifh aemufygVdom oifhjrwfonf\tjzpfudk tb,fodkY
rSwf&tHhenf;apm'em&Sd&um; ]e [d}tp&SdaomygXf xGufownf;/

uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h ]]edaA" /v/yumoem}}wd? [l/ 0uw?d

vwh/H [d? pG/ r[maxa&m? onf/ om0aooH? t<uif;&So
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/ "r?H ud/k e a'aowd? rrl/ wd wom? aMumif/h ypdarm ygaXm1? onf/
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xdaYk Mumifh xdrk [*Kwu
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r&Sjd cif;aMumifh edaA"bm*d,okwjf zifv
h nf; roN*K [t
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vGwaf v&m\/ ,if;odYk vGwo
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'awd? \/ ww ygaX? / yZmeem
yZmeemwd? um;/ t&d,r*? \/
y'|meblwm? aom/ 0k|me*grdeD 0dyemynm? onf/
atmuf ]a'G okwmed 0goembm*d, edaA"bm*d,}-[k qdktyf
aomaMumifh ESpfokwfom jzpf&m\/ tb,fodkYaomokwf jzpfygtHhenf;
apm'em&Sd&um; ]rmed}tp&SdaomygXfudk rdefYownf;/

rmed pwm&d okwmeDw?d um;/ 0goembm*d,edaA"bm*d,meH?

jzpfuek af om/ aroH okwm e? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ 0urmemeH1? qdt
k yf
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vnf;aumif;/ 0aoe? jzif/h pwm&d? ukeaf om/ okwm ed? wdo
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k nf/

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om"m&Ptjzpf tom"m&PtjzpfwdkYjzifhvnf;aumif;/ wpfenf;-oHudavo

bm*d,taoubm*d,bma0[d? wdEYk iS /hf o[? wuG/ om"m&Pmom"m&P
ww /v/om"m&Pm
bma0[d? wdjYk zif/h 0dbZdw?Hk iSm/ ]]ww
/v/om"m&Pm}}wd tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H
\/ ww 0pae? / uwar "r m wd? um;/ uwar obm0"rm?
tb,foabmwlaom w&m;wdkYonf/ om"m&Pm
om"m&Pmwd? um;/ t0dod|m?
rxl;ukeo
f enf;/ ormem? wluek o
f enf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
a'G "rmwd? um;/ 'ka0? ESpyf g;ukeaf om/ yuwda,m? oabmwdo
Yk nf/ [d? pG/
t,H "roa'g? onf/ ]]Zmwd"rmeH owme}}Ed tm'Dok 0d,? wdYk uJo
h /Ykd
yuwdtawm? yuwdteuf &Sd\/ emrom"m&Pm
emrom"m&Pmwd? um;/ emare?
trnftm;jzif/h om"m&Pm? qufqH uke\
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tukovm? wdv
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f ? xdrk &DS m0wKtm;jzifh
qufqu
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f -[lvakd omf/

402

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tnrd {0HZmwd,Ed rdem? jzif/h udpy p,y#dyum'D[?d udpt

aMumif;
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\/ rdpwed,wmeH ted,wme
wmeEd 'H 0peH? onf/ ykxZk e meH? wdu
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OyvuPH? rSwfaMumif;rQomjzpfaom pum;wnf;/ wom? aMumifh/
ow0g'g? owt,l&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkYvnf;aumif;/ Oap'0g'g?
Oap't,l&adS om yk*Kd vw
f v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ wd tm'daum? aom/ oaAm?
aom/ ykxkZeaba'g? ykxkZOftjym;udk/ tm[&dwGm? / 0waAm? \/
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0g&

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om"m&Pm? ukef\/ oAowmeH? wdkYtm;/ om"m&Pwm,? jzifh/ e
om"m&Pm? uke/f uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h tnrnH? tcsi;f csi;f / y&H
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uke/f (odYk ore)f /
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wom? um;/ w&? toD;aomyk*Kd v\

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aom p acg? xdt
k oD;aomyk*Kd v\
f Opmjzpfaom w&m;udv
k nf;/ om"m&P
0d"&k wm,? om"m&P\ qefu
Y sib
f uf\ tjzpfjzif/h wH wH "r?H ud/k Oyg'g,?
pGJ/ wxm0kwa'oemEkoma&e? jzpfaom a'oemudk tpOfrSD;ojzifh/
uwar /v/ bAmbAm}}}}wd
*a[waAm? \/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k ]]uwar
rdem? jzif/h 'awd? \/
y#d y w d t a&twG u f t m;jzif h t&[w z v|mef y k * d K vf \ t|ru
jzpf j cif ; aMumif h xd k u d k 0ef c H a pjcif ; iS m ]t|rumwd } tp&S d o nf u d k
rdefYownf;/ 'udaP,sta&twGuftm;jzifh y#davmrtm;jzifh a&wGufonf
&Sdaomf aomwmywdr*|mefyk*dKvfonf t|ru jzpfonf-[lvdkaomf/

t|rum
t|rumwd? um;/ aomwmywzd vopu
d &d ,
d m,? aomwmywd
zdkvfudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;iSm/ y#dyE? usifhaom aomwmywdr*|mef
yk*Kd vt
f m;/ "rwmmwd? um;/ "robma0g? w&m;oabmonf/
"r o abm-[l o nf tb,f e nf ; tar;&S d a omaMumif h ]yXr}
ponfudk rdefYownf;/

yXr? aomwmywrd *|mefy*k Kd v\

f / r*|wm? r*|mef\ tjzpfonf/
'kw,
d ? aomwmywzd v|mefy*k Kd v\
f / zv|wm? zv|mef\tjzpfonf/
0g? um;/ yXr? \/ y[D,rmeudavowm? y,ftyfqJjzpfaom
ud a vom&S d o nf \ tjzpf o nf / 'k w d , ? \/ y[D e ud a vowm?
y,ftyfNy;D aom udavom&So
d nf\tjzpfonf/ tom"m&Pm? rqufq/H
(odYk ay;)/ yke? wpfzef/ t|rum1wd? um;/ tem*grdr*|? tm;/
1/ t|ru / / r*|mef\tjzpf y,fqaJ om udavom&So
d nf\ tjzpfjzifh
cyfodrf;aom r*|mefyk*dKvfwdkYonf t|rujzpfaom aomwmywdr*|mefyk*dKvfESifh
wl&um; t|rrnfuek o
f nf/

406

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

emr
emrE?d um;/ aoumwd emrH? aou-[laom trnfonf/ om"m&PH?
\/ "rwmmwd? um;/ wH wH r*|wm p? xdx
k rkd *|mef\tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/
a[|drzv|wm p? atmufjzpfaom zv|mef\tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/ 0g?
atmufjzpfaom zdv
k f wnfonf\ tjzpfonfvnf;aumif;/ tom"m&PH?
emrE?d
qH/ y#dyEume
meE?d um;/ r*or*e?H r*fEiS hf jynfph aHk omyk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m;/ emr
um;/ y#dyEumwd emrH? onf/ om"m&PH? \/ {0H? od/Yk ]]t|rum}}wd
tm'dem? jzif/h t&d,yk*a vok? wdYk / tom"m&P"r?H ud/k 'awGm? /
wa&ok? bAtbA[
l qdt
k yfuek af om ykxZk Ofy*k Kd vw
f Ykd / e,'ew?H
enf;jytHah omiSm/ ]]{{0H 0daoomEkydemm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
tb,f h a Mumif h yk x k Z Of y k * d K vf w d k Y om [D e Ou | rZd r ud k pG J
tom"m&P"r u d k &S m tyf o enf ; -[l a om tar;ud k ajztH h a omiS m
]avmud,-"arok} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d ,om? aMumif/h avmud,"arok {0? wdYk omvQi/f [Dem'dbma0g?

[Detp&Sad om tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wom? aMumif/h [DEu
k | rZrd ?H
t,kwt
f jrwftvwfu/kd Oyg'g,? pG
J / tom"m&P"r?H tom"m&P
jzpfaom oabmw&m;ud/k *a0odwA?H \/ (odYk ore)f / ww ygaX? /
0d a oomEk y d e mmwd? um;/ tom"m&P"rmEkydem? rqufqHaom
w&m;udk Iojzif/h
tb,fodkY Ityfoenf;-[laom tar;udk ajzvdk&um; ]rdpwed,wmeH}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

rdpw
e ,
d wmeH? yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd / ted,wm? jzpfuek af om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/
om"m&Pm? ted,wyk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m; qufqu
H ek \
f / rdpw
e ,
d wm? ukeaf om/
"rm? wdkYonf/ tom"m&Pm? ted,wyk*dKvfwdkYtm; rqufqHukef/
rdpw
e ,
d awoky?d yk*Kd vw
f w
Ykd iG v
f nf;/ ed,wrdpm 'd|u
d meH? ed,wrdpm t,l
&Su
d ek af om yk*Kd vw
f \
Ykd / ted,wm? ukeaf om/ "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ om"m&Pm?
ted,wyk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m; qufqu
H ek \
f / ed,wrdpm 'd|?d ed,wrdpm t,lonf/
tom"m&Pm? ted,wyk*Kd vw
f t
Ykd m; rqufq/H wd rdem ea,e? jzif/h
0daoomEkydem? xl;aom oabmw&m;udk Iojzif/h a0'dwAm? uke\
f / /

0g&

8-0dbw[
d m&0dbif;tzGihf

407

{0H? od/Yk ememea,[d? wdjYk zif/h "r0b

d w? ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? /
blr0d b
d wd ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ y'|me0dbwd ? udv
k nf;aumif;/ 0dbZdwmG ? /
'eblrD}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? /
'awk?H iSm/ ]]'ebl
'eblrDw?d um;/ yXrra*g? wnf;/
tb,f h a Mumif h 'ebk H o nf ]ed , mrm0u E d } \ y'|mef - [k
qdkoenf;-[laom tar;udk ajztHhaomiSm ],om ye}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifhum;/ yXrr*uaP? aomwmywdr*fcP/

t&d,om0aum? onf/ orwe ,
d mrH? orwe ,
d mrod/Yk 0g? razmufrjyefaom
oabmtm;jzifh jraJ omr*fo/Ykd MouraEm emr? oufqrJ nfonf/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ wawm? xdak omwmywrd *fcPrS/ y&H? / MouaEm? oufNy;D onf
'e /v/y'|me
rnfonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wom? aMumif/h ]]'e
/v/y'|me}}E?d [l/
0kw?H \/
atmufatmufaom r*fonf txuftxufaomr*fudk &jcif;\
taMumif; jzpfygaomaMumifh bm0emblrd Oy&dr*geH y'|meH-[k qdak umif;ygo
nf
ygon
r[kwfwkHavm/ todkYrl bm0emblrd Ow&dumeH zvmeH ywd,m y'|meH[k qdkoenf;-[laom apm'emudk ESvkH;ydkuf ]udmyd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk
qd k o wnf ; /

oum,'d|t
d m'De?d oum,'d|d tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd ty[m,? ry,fr
l /
umr&m*Asmyg'g'dy[me? umr&m*Asmyg'tp&Sdonfudk y,fjcif;\/
touKaP,swm ? aMumif/h a[|darm a[|darm? atmufatmufjzpfaom/
ra*g? onf/ Oy&d Oy&d r*g"d*r? txuftxufjzpfaom r*fukd &jcif;\/
um&PH? onf/ udm yd a[mwd? &Si/hf wxmyd? vnf;/ t&d,ra*g? onf/
twaem? \/ zv? \/ 0daooum&P? xl;aomtaMumif;onf
vnf;aumif;/ tmoEum&P? eD;pGmaom taMumif;onfvnf;aumif;/
bm0em /v/y'|me
a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk 'awk?H iSm/ |? 114 ]]bm0em
/v/y'|me}}E?d
[l/ 0kw?H \/ okcg y#dy'g cdyg bdnm? onf/ Pkw& ? vGeaf om
0Pf&adS om yk*Kd vt
f m;/ wxm0d"yp,orma,ma* p? xdo
k o
Ykd abm&Sad om
Pftxl;\ taMumif;nDw
G o
f nf&adS omfomvQi/f a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd

408

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wom? aMumif/h om? xdo

k ck g y#dy'g cdyg bdnmud/k 0dyem,? \/ y'|meE?d
[l/ 0kwm ? \/
'k u m y#d y 'g 'E m bd n mud k orx\ y'|mef [ k qd k a wmf r l \ /
<uif ; aom y#d y 'gok H ; yg;wd k Y u m; orxwd k Y \ taMumif ; r[k w f u k e f - [k
teuf a &muf c h J [ k apm'em&S d & um; ]w&m ye} tp&S d a om ygXf u d k
rd e f Y a omf /

w&m? ukefaom/ wdamyd? vnf;jzpfukefaom/ y#dy'g ye?

wdo
Yk nfum;/ orxH? ud/k tm0[Ed {0? ukeo
f vQiu
f wnf;/ wxmyd? vnf;/
wmok? xdyk #dy'gav;yg;wdw
Yk iG /f oAr'k w
k m,? tvk;H pkaH om y#dy'gwdaYk tmuf
El;nHhaom y#dy'gudk/ 'dwm,? aomf/ aoomyd? <uif;aom y#dy'g
'kum /v/
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ 'dwm {0? vQiu
f wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]'k
y'|me
y'|me}}E?d [l/ tm[? \/ /
'ger,H yknud&d,0wLwd {w? / 'gear0? onfyifvQi/f 'ger,H?
rnf\/ (r,ypn;f um; oGw- [lvakd omf)/ ykZz vedAw
e a|e? ylaZmftyfaom
tusKd;udk jzpfapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0g? jzLpifaom tusKd;udk
jzpfapwwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ykn?H rnf\/ wa'0? xdyk n
k onfyifvQi/f
uwAa wm? jyKtyfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h ud&,
d m p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd?
jzpf\/ ya,m*orwd,m'DeH? ya,m*orwd tp&SdonfwdkY\/ t"d|me
bm0awm? wnf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 0wK p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd?
\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ 'ger,yknud&d,0wK? rnf\/ y&awm
aCmom
aCmomwd? um;/ "r0e? \/ om"m&P
om"m&PEd {w? / ADZ?H rsK;d aphonf/
tuF&k ? tGe\
Yf / tma0Pdu?H toD;aom taMumif;onf/ a[mwd 0d,
p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ 'eblrt
d m'a,m? wdo
Yk nf/ ed,mrm0uEt
d m'De?H
orwe ,
d mrodYk oufNy;D onf\ tjzpf tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / tma0Pdum? wdo
Yk nf/
a[mEd ,xm p? uJo
h v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ tma0Pdu?H onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
tx acg? um;/ w'num&aP[dy?d xd'k ger, jzpfaom yknBu,
d 0wKrS
wpfyg;aom taMumif;wdaYk Mumifv
h nf;/ y&awm aCmo? w&m;emjcif;\/
y0weawm? aMumif/h om"m&PH? aom/ y'|meH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd

0g&

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

409

t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ ww? xd'k ger, yknud&,

d 0wK y&awm
aCmo\ y'|mef\tjzpfukd qd&k m/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ 'g,u? tm;/
'gemEkarm'eH? tvSL\ tEkarm'emudk jyKjcif;onf/ tmpdP?H tavhtusuw
f nf;/
wd wom? aMumif/h 'geH? onf/ y&awmaCmo? \/ um&PH? wnf;/
wd? od/Yk 0'E?d uke\
f /
xdkaupdwdkY\ pum;udk rESpfoufvGef;&um; ]'g,aum ye} ponfudk
qd k o wnf ; /

ye? xdkodkYqdkukefaomfvnf;/ 'g,aum? onf/ 'udPm0dok'?

tvSLtusK;d \ pifjcif;ud/k tmucFaEm? / 'geoDvm'd*k*P
k 0daoomeH1?
'geoDvtp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tusK;d txl;wdu
Yk /kd o0ae? emjcif;/ ,kwy ,
ak wm?
tvGeftm;xkwfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/ 'geH? udk/
"r0e? \/ um&PH? taMumif;[l/ 0kw?H \/ /
oDvoraEm? oDvESifh jynfhpkHaomolonf/ 0dy#dom&mbma0e?
ESv;Hk rom r&So
d nf\tjzpfjzif/h 0g? aMumif/h orm[dawm? wnfMunfonf
jzpf/ "rpEd m orawm? w&m;rS ruif;aom tMuu
H kd MujH cif;iSm pGr;f Edik o
f nf/
a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h oDv?H onf/ pdEm r,P? \/ um&PH?
oDvr,
onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]oD
r,}}Ed tm'? ud/k tm[?
\/ bm0emr,
bm0emr,Ed? um;/ orxocFgwH? aom/ bm0emr,H? onf/
bm0emr,d , mmwd ? um;/ Oy&d p smeocF g wm, p? txuf p smef [ k
qdktyfonfvnf; jzpfaom/ 0dyemocFgwm, p? vnf;jzpfaom/
bm0emr,d,m? aom/
t&S i f t |uxmq&m...orx-[k q d k t yf a om bm0emr,onf
psmefyif jzpfcJh/ psmef-[kqdktyfaom bm0emr,Dynmonfvnf; orxyif
jzpfc/hJ ,if;odYk jzpfcahJ omf orx[k qdt
k yfaom bm0emr,on
bm0emr,onff 0dyem-[k
qd k t yf a om bm0emr,D y nm\ y'|mef u m; jzpf w ef a pp?? orxvnf ;
1/ *kP0daoomeH / / *kPo'gonf ]*kaPm y#v&moDo?k tmedoaH om
p AEae} ponfjzifh qdt
k yfaom teufww
Ykd iG f tmedoo
H teufa[mwnf;/

410

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4-y#deda'o

jzpfao
omm psmef[k qdktyfaom bm0emr,Dynm\
ynm\ y'|mefum; tb,fodkY
jzpftHhenf;/ rdrdonfyif rdrd\ y'|me
y'|meff jzpf&mcJh[k Oy&d-[laom pum;udk
riJ h r l psmeocF g wm,-[l a om pum;ud k o m ,l ol w pf x l ; wd k Y
apm'emtHhonfudk jrif&um; ]yk&drH} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ yk&rd H yk&rd ?H a&S;a&S;jzpfaom psmefonf/ yprd yprd ?

aemufaemufjzpfaom psmef\/ y'|meH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 'ged? /
,om? aMumifh/ 'ge? onfvnf;aumif;/ oDv? onfvnf;aumif;/
avmud,bm0em p? onfvnf;aumif;/ au0vH? oufouf/ ,xm0kw-
y&awmaCmom'DeH a,0? tMuiftMuif qdktyfNyD;aom w&m;emjcif;
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd omvQi/f yp,m? wdo
Yk nf/ e? ukeaf o;/ tx acg? um;/
r*orm'd|Der1d ? y&d,wf
,xmur?H pGm/ y&d,wAd m[kopur|memEka,m*r*
rsm;aom tMum;tjrif&o
dS nf\tjzpf ur|mef;udk tm;xkwjf cif; r*fjzpfaom
orm'd|w
d \
Ykd vnf;/ yp,m? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d ukeaf o;\/ wom? aMumif/h
'ger,
wrd e,H? udv
k nf;/ 'awk?H iSm/ yke? wpfzef/ ]]'ger,
'ger,}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h
a'oeH? ud/k 0awd? yGm;apawmfr\
l /
wxm? yg;/ ywdlya'o0gom'a,m? wdkYonf/ um,0da0updw0da0um'De?H wd\
Yk / um&PH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h rH
ywdlya'o0gaom
e,H? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ywd
a'o0gaom}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
ww? / ukov0DrHom,m
m,mwd? um;/ y#docFgEkyem,? tzefwvJvJ
qifjcifaom tEkyem\/

1/ r*orm'd|Derd / / ygVd okwr,Pfjzifh ]a, aw "rm tm'duvsmPm}

tp&Sad om okwyf 'k jf zifh oN*K [t
f yfaom teufukd odr;f qnf;aomaMumifh ]y&d,w-d
Am[kop}[k? a,medaomreodum&jzpfaom ]tedpEd a,medaom reodua&mwd}
tp&So
d nfjzifh a[mtyfaom Oyg,reodum&udk odr;f qnf;aomaMumifh ur|memEka,m*[k? orm'd|jd zifh ]orm'd| bma0wd 0da0uedw
d }H tp&So
d nfjzifh a[mtyfaom
orm'd|u
d kd odr;f qnf;aomaMumifh r*orm'd|eD }H -[k t|uxmq&m rdeaYf wmfro
l wnf;/

0g&

9-y&d0we[m&0dbif;tzGihf

411

ukov0DrHo\ t&onf ukodkvfynm omref jzpfaumif;ygonf

r[kwfwkHavm/ tb,fhaMumifh y#docFgEkyem,-[k qdkoenf;-[laom
apm'emudk ESvkH;xm; ]tukovy&dpma*gwd} paom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

tukovy&dpma*g
a*gwd rdem 0paee? jzif/h y[mey&dnm? ud/k 0kwm ?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h y#docFgEkyemwd? [l/ r,m? onf/ 0kw?H \/
(odYk ore)f /
tukovy&dpma*g[laom ygXfjzifh y[mey&dnmudk qdkaomaMumifh
orm"d a `E o mref jzpf o if h & um; orm"d ` E d , mwd r* o rm"d ` E d , [k zGifhaomf/

orm"d`Ed,m
mwd? um;/ r*orm"d`E,
d ? r*fjzpfaom orm"da`E\
/
aooH? onf/ ok0ad n,sar0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
0dbwd[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

9-y&d0we[m&0dbif;tzGifh
|? 115 35/ ww /v/[ma&m
/v/[ma&mwd? onf/ y&d0we[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/
y&d0we[m&udk a0zef jyawmfrlaom t&Sifupnf;rax&fonf
]orm'd|d rdpm'd|dy#d yaum} pojzifhvnf;aumif;? ]orm'd|d,m rdpm'd|d
y#dyum} ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; qdkygavm/ tb,fhaMumifh ]orm'd|d
rdpm'd|d edZdPm a[mwd} ponfudk qdkbdoenf;-[k apm'emzG,f &Sd
xdkapm'emudk jytHhaomiSm ]ww ,om} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? / ,om? aMumif/h oH0P,

d rmae? aom/ okaw? / ,xmed'|d meH?
uk e f a om/ uk o vmuk o v"r m eH ? wd k Y \ / y#d y u b l a w? uk e f a om/
tukovukov"ar? wdkYudk/ y[mwAbm0g'd0aoe? y[mwA tjzpf
tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ed'g &PH? xkwjf cif;onf/ y#dyuawm? tm;jzif/h
orm /v/ b0wD}}wd
y&d0we?H vnfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ]]or
tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / t0,0wm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm?
\/ {w yk*v
? tm;/ orm yo|m? cs;D rGr;f tyfaom/ okE& m? aom/ 'd|?d

412

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

t,lonf/ 0g? tjrifonf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h orm'd|?d rnf\/

w orm'd|
d ? xdck s;D rGr;f tyfaom aumif;aom t,l&adS om yk*Kd vt
f m;/
t? xdyk *k Kd v\
f / om ye orm'd|w
d m? xdck s;D rGr;f tyfaom aumif;aom
tjrif&o
dS nf\tjzpfu/kd ykAb
m*orm'd|,
d m 0g? r*f\a&S;tzdYk jzpfaom
orm'd|djzifhvnf;aumif;/ avmukw&orm'd|d,m 0g? jzifhvnf;aumif;/
a0'd w A m ? \/ rd p m 'd | d ed Z d P m b0wD w d ? um;/ yk & d r ea,? /
(ykAb
m*orm'd|,
d mudk &nfonf)/ 0dyemorm'd|,
d m? jzif/h y[Dem? onf/
a[mwd/ \/ 0dur w
d m? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ yprd ea,? / yXrr*orm'd|,
d m? jzif/h (orm'd|,
d mvnf; &S\
d /
oifjh rwf\)/ y[Dem? onf/ a[mwd? \/ orkpEd m ? t<uif;rJh jzwftyfonf/
a[mwd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
a, p rdpm'd|dyp,mmwd? um;/ rdpm bdead 0oa[wk? rSm;aom
tm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;jcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh/ t&d,meH? wdkYudk/
t'eumrwm'a,m p? zl;jrifjcif;iSm tvdrk &So
d nf\ tjzpf tp&So
d nfvnf;
jzpfuek af om/ avmbm'a,m p? vnf;jzpfuek af om/ ygPmwdygwm'a,m
p? vnf;jzpfuek af om/ taeau
taeau? ukeaf om/ vmrua|e? ,kwfrmaom
oabmaMumifh/ ygyum
ygyum? ukefaom/ taumovorLwa|e? aMumifh/
tukovm
vm? ukeaf om/ a, "rm? wdo
Yk nf/ r tm&'0yd u p?
tm;xkwt
f yfaom 0dyem&Sad om yk*Kd vt
f m; vnf;aumif;/ r
t&d, p? tm;vnf;aumif;/ OyaZ,sKH? ukef&m\/ "r m wd? um;/
orx0dyem"rm? wdo
Yk nf/ 0g? um;/ owwo
aAm"dyu,
d "rm? wdo
Yk nf/
or0Ed-[lvnf;aumif;? yg&dyl& *pEd-[lvnf;aumif; ESpfcsuf
qdkawmfrl\/ tb,fw&m;wdkYonf jzpfukefoenf;? tb,fw&m;wdkYonf
bm0em\ jynfhpkHjcif;odkY a&mufukefoenf;/ txl;tjcm; tjym;r&Sdaomf
ESpfcsufrqdkwefwum;-[k apm'em &Sd&um; ]tEkyEm /v/ *pEd}ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

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413

tEkyE m ? rjzpfuek af o;aom ukov

kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk nf/ (tEkyE m 0g-[k
tcsKUd pm &S\
d ? qifjcif)/ or0E?d uke\
f / OyEm ? wdo
Yk nf/ bm0eHyg&dy&l ? wd;k yGm;jcif;
jynfph jHk cif;od/Yk *pE?d uke\
f / ormouFymmwd tm'Der?d wd\
Yk vnf;/ tawm?
ud/k rdem0 ea,e? jzifyh ifvQi/f a0'dwaAm? \/ t,H ye? qdt
k yf
vwHo
Y nfum;/ orm0drw
k t
d m'De?H wd\
Yk / 0daoaom? wnf;/ ]]t0drw
k m 0?
rvGufukefonfomvQif/ ormem? jzpfukefvsuf/ r,H? wdkYonf/ 0drkwm?
vGwu
f ek Nf y}D }/ wd? od/Yk {0HonmPH? odYk rSwjf cif;onf/ 0g? um;/ t0drw
k ,
d ?H
rvGwo
f nf/ 0drw
k o
d nmPH-vGw\
f [l rSwjf cif;onf/ orm0drw
k t
d m'De?H
wd\
Yk / rdpm 0drw
k ?d rnf\/ wMw? xdrk pd m 0drw
k [
d al om ygXf/ t,H? um;/
0peawm? wnf;/ {w? xdrk w
S jf cif;tm;/ rdpm ygydum? ,kwrf maom/ 0drw
k d
0darmaum? vGw\
f [l rSwjf cif;onf/ tw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
rdpm0drkwd? rnf\/ (rdpm ygydum 0drw
k d 0darmaumwd rdpm 0drw
k [
d k tcsKUd ygXf
&S\
d / rdpm ygydum? aom/ 0drw
k d 0darmum? vGw\
f [lrSwjf cif;wnf;/ wd
wom? aMumif/h rdpm 0drw
k ?d rnf\-[ ak y;)/ rdpm 0drw
k ?d onf/ t|*Fg? &Spyf g;aom
t*Fg&S\
d / (p o'gum; 0gusm&r OyEsmownf;)/ ,xm0kawe? aom/
tmuma&e p? jzifh vnf;aumif;/ (t0drw
k m 0 ormem ponfjzifh qdt
k yfNy;D aom
tjcif;t&mudk ,l)/ rdpmbdeda0o0aoe p? rSm;aom ESvkH;oGif;jcif;\
tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ (ormorK'r[kwfonfudk ormorK'wnf;tp&So
d nfjzifh azmufjyefaom ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;-[lvakd omf)/ y0wm? \/ tE',
G
vuPm? t,kww
f &m; ESpyf g;vQif vuPm&S\
d / zv"rm ye? zdv
k w
f &m;
wdo
Yk nfum;/ orm0drkwd? rnf\/ rdpm 'd|ad u? rdpm t,l&u
dS ek af om olwu
Ykd /kd
ormao0awm? aumif;pGm rSD0Jaomol\/ rdpm0darmaum? azmufjyef
rSm;,Gi;f aom Munfjkd cif;onf/ rdpm 0drw
k ?d rnf\/ rdpm 0darmau p? azmufjyef
rSm;,Gi;f aom Munfjkdcif; vnf;aumif;/ rdpm 'd|,
d m p? vnf;aumif;/ om&E?d
jrwf\[l/ *[P0aoe? tm;jzif/h y0awm? aom/ tukovpdwK yg a'g p?
onfvnf;aumif;/ tEraom? tm;jzif/h ygyH? ud/k uwGm? jyKNy;D / ]]r,m?
onf/ okuwH? aumif;pGm jyKtyfayNyD}}/ wd? odkY/ ypa0uawm?

414

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

qifjcifaomoltm;/ OyEa rma[m p? jzpfaom arm[onfvnf;aumif;/

rdpm0drkwdP'eH? rnf\/ (yeum; yuE& )/
]taeau ukovm "rm or0Ed} a[monfum; aem yg&dyl& *pEd[laom o'E&oEd|mefaMumifh taouyk*dKvfwdkY\ ypa0uPPfonf
rjzpfoifh&um; ]orm /v/ 'emwd {w} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
taouyk*dKvf\ ypa0uPPfudkvnf; vdktyfaumif;ygonf
r[kwfwkHavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]wd} ponfudk qdkaomf/

orm /v/ 'em

'emwd {w ygaX? / aoumeH1? wd\
Yk / ypa0uP
PH? ypa0uPPfu/kd orm0drw
k
d P'eE?d [l/ t"daywH? \/
[d? pG/ wH? xdktaouyk*dKvfwdkY\ ypa0uPPfonf/ Ow&dbm0em
yg&dy&l ,
d m? txufjzpfaom bm0em\ jynfph jHk cif;iSm/ oH0ww?d \/
36/ {0H? od/Yk orm'd|t
d m'drak ce? orm'd|t
d p&So
d nfukd t&if;jyKojzif/h
rdpm'd|dtm'? udk/ 'awGm? / ygPmwdygwt'dEm'geumarokrdpm
pm&m'dawm? wdrYk /S a0&rPd,m'D[?d MuOfjcif; tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h ygPmwd
,m
ygwm'De?H wd\
Yk / y&d0we?H vnfjcif;ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]],m
,m}}wd tm'd? ud/k
tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / |? 116 umv0g'dmmwd 'H 0peH? onf/
vuP0peH? rSwaf Mumif;jzpfaom pum;wnf;/ 0g? OyvuP rQomjzpfaom
pum;wnf;/ umave /v/ow
d Ed p? [lvnf;aumif;/ aom oryv
my
/v/a[mwDwd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ 0kw?H \/ (odYk po'gESiw
hf uG ay;)/
umave? oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom umv/ omya'oH? taMumif;OyrmESihf
wuG jzpfaom/ y&d,E0w? tydik ;f tjcm;&Sad om/ twow
d ?H tusK;d ESihf
,SOaf om/ 0gpH? pum;ud/k bmodwm? \/ aom? onf/ oryv
my? ud/k
y[mem,? iSm/ y#dyaEm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
1/ aoumeH ypa0uPPH t"daywH / / taouy*k Kd v\
f ypa0uP
Pfonf txufjzpfaom bm0em\ jynfph jHk cif;iSm rjzpfaomaMumifh taouy*k Kd vw
f \
Ykd
ypa0uPPfudk rvdktyf? aouyk*dKvfwdkY\ ypa0uPPfudkom vdktyf\[lvakd omf/

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415

a, p acg aupD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h orm'd|t

yke? wpfzef/ ]]a,
d m'drak cae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f rdpm 'd|t
d m'D[d {0? wdjYk zifyh ifvQi/f y&d0we?H ud/k yum&Ea&e?
tjym;wpfyg;jzif/h 'awd? \/ ww 0pae? / oEd|dummwd? um;/ ypum ?
rsuaf rSmufjzpfuek af om/ o["rdummwd? um;/ oum&Pm? taMumif;ESihf
wuGjzpfukefaom/ *g&,S mwd? um;/ *&[dwA,kwm? uJh&JUtyfonfESifh
,SOu
f ek af om/ 0g'gEk0g'g
g'gwd? um;/ 0g'g ap0? uJ&h UJ jcif;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/
tEk0g'g p? pGypf jJG cif;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ ]]0g'gEkygwm}}wdy?d vnf;/ ygaXm?
onf/ tw?d \/ 0g'gEky0wad ,m? tjypfwt
Ykd m; avsmpf mG jzpfjcif;wdo
Yk nf/
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ykZmwd? um;/ ylZeD,m? ylaZmftyfuek o
f nf/
ygoHommwd? um;/ yoHow
d Am? cs;D rGr;f tyfuek o
f nf/ /
a, p acg aupD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h rZrd m,? tv,f
yke? wpfzef/ ]]a,
f &m;ESpyf g;
jzpfaom/ y#dyw,
d m? tusijhf zif/h tE'G,y&d0we1H ? t,kww
taygif;\ vnfjcif;ud/k 'awd? \/
ww 0pae? / bkdwAmwd tm'De?d ukeaf om/ pwm&d y'ged? wdu
Yk /kd
0wKumr0aoe? jzif/h a,maZwAmed? uke\
f / bm0,dwAm A[kvDumwAmwd y''G,?H ud/k udavoumr0aoe? jzif/h a,maZwA?H \/
umrwd k Y r S MuOf j cif ; onf "r p if p pf jzpf y gonf r[k w f u k e f a vm/
,if;odkYvsuf tb,hfaMumifh t"r jzpftHhenf;[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]awoH
t"armwd bma0waAm emr od,m wd om awoH t"arm tmyZwDwd
t"dyga,m}-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if;odkY bma0wA "rrnfonf &Sdygaomf umrwdkYrS MuOfjcif;on
onff
bma0wA j zpf a omaMumif h "r y if jzpf a umif ; \wum; apm'em &S d & m
aomaMumifh ]umrm p awoH bma0wAm pdwm} ygXfudk qdkownf;/
1/ tE'G,y&d0weH / / rZrd y#dyw[
d o
l nfum; r*fwnf;/ umrokcv-d
umEk a ,m*wnf ; [l a om t,k w f w &m;? tw u d v rxmEk a ,m*wnf ; [l a om
t,kwfw&m; tp&SdonfwdkYrS vGwfaomaMumifhum; rZdr[lygownf;/ tE'G,
[lonfum; umrokcvu
d mEka,m* twuv
d rxmEka,m* ESpyf g;wnf;/

416

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

,if;odkY umrwdkYudk bma0wA[k tvdk&Sdapumrl tb,hfaMumifh

umrwdkYrS MuOfjcif;onf t"rjzpf&tHh enf;apm'em&Sd&um; ]umar[d p
a0&rPD umrmeH y#dyaum}ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

awoH t"armwd {w? / bma0waAm? yGm;aptyfaom/ "arm emr?

rnfonf/ od,m? &m\/ umrm p? wdkYudkvnf;/ awoH? xdkolwdkYonf/
bma0wAm? yGm;aptyfuek \
f [l/ pw
d m? tvd&k t
dS yfuek \
f / umar[d?
wdrYk /S a0&rPD p? MuOfjcif;onfvnf;/ umrmeH? wd\
Yk / y#dyaum? onf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h om? xdu
k mrwdrYk S MuOfjcif;onf/ awoH?
xdo
k w
l t
Ykd m;/ t"arm? t"r[
l / tmyZw?d a&muf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f
t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ /
ed,smedaum "armwd? um;/ 0dyem,? ESi/hf o[? wuG/ t&d,ra*g?
wnf;/ 'kaumwd rdem? jzif/h ygyH? ud/k edZ& maymr? uG,af ysmufaptH/h
wd? od/Yk y0ww
d ?H jzpfaptyfaom/ o&D&wmyeH? ud,
k u
f kd ylavmifapjcif;ud/k
0'wd? \/ okacg
cgwd? um;/ te0Zyp,y&dabm*okc?H tjypfr&Sad om ypn;f udk
ok;H aqmifjcif;aMumifjh zpfaom csr;f omwnf;/ {awokyd 0ga&ok? xdEk pS 0f g&
wd k Y vnf ; / 0k w e a,ae0? vQif / t"r b m0gyw d 1 ? t"r t jzpf o d k Y
a&mufjcif;ud/k 0wAm ? qdt
k yf\/
'ged? / tokbonm'drak ce? tokbonmtp&So
d nfukd t&if;jyK
ojzifh/ okbonm'dy&d0weH? okbonm tp&SdonfwdkY\ vnfjcif;udk/
,xm 0g yem
'awk?H iSm/ ]],xm
yem}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ tm&'0yd u?
tm;xkwt
f yfaom 0dyem&Sad om yk*Kd vt
f m;/ udavomokpyd *&P0aoe?
udavomwnf;[laom rpifukd ,dak pjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h awblruocFg&m?
1/ t"rbm0gywd / / tu,f twuv
d rxmEka,m*onf "rjzpft?hH
xd"k r\ qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom 0dyemr*fwnf;[laom ed,smeduonf t"rtjzpfoYkd
a&muf&m\/ 'kuo
nf "rjzpft?hH xd"k r\ qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpfaom psmefr*fzv
kd cf sr;f omonf
vnf;aumif;? tjypfr&Sdaom ypnf;udk okH;aqmifjcif;csrf;omonfvnf;aumif;
t"rtjzpfoYkd a&muf&m\-[lvakd omf/

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417

oA
wdo
Yk nf/ tokbawm? tm;jzif/h Oy|[E?d xifuek \
f / wd uwGm? / ]]oA
/v/ 0d[&awm
,H ,H 0g yem
&awm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]],H
yem}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h
y#dyu? qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom w&m;\/ vuP?H ud/k 0dbma0wd? \/
ww 0pae? / tZmyaEmwd? um;/ t"dtmyaEm? a&SUIa&mufonf/
tbdOy*awm? a&SUIa&mufonf/ y&dnmawm? ydkif;jcm; odtyfonf/
(y#dnmawmvnf; &S\
d / 0efct
H yfonf)/ b0wd? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ /
y&d0we[m&0db*F0Pem? onf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

10-a00pe[m&0dbif;tzGifh
|? 117 37/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? onf/ a00pe[m&0dba*Fg?
wnf;/ ww? / ,xm? tMuiftjcif;jzifh/ a00peeda'aom? a00kpfudk
jyjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wH tmum&H? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]{{uH /v/
ed'dowD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ a00pae[Dw?d um;/ y&d,m,oa'[?d wdjYk zif/h
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ y'awm? ud/k ykaA? a&S;eda'o0g&/ 0kawm
{0? vQifuwnf;/ uom ye? um;/ b*0g? onf/ {uH "rH? udk/
taeuy&d,ma,[d? wdjYk zif/h ed'o
d wd? enf;/ wd t,H? um;/ apm'em?
wnf;/ y&d[ma&m? udk/ r,m? onf/ 0kpaw? tHh/ a'oemumav p?
a[maomumvvnf;aumif;/ tm,wd? aemifqifjcifaomumv
vnf;aumif;/ upd? wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaom oltm;/ ux?d wpfpHk wpfcak om
tjym;tm;jzifh/ w'wy#daAma"m? xdkw&m;\ teufudk odapjcif;onf/
(aemufwpfyg;aom y&d,m,fo'gjzif)h / od,m? &m\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
y&d,m,0peH1? y&d,m,fo'gud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/
1/ y&d,m,0peH / / a&S;OD;pGm a[mtyfaom y&d,m,fo'gjzifh rodaom
olonf aemufwpfyg;aom y&d,m,fo'gjzifh od&m\[k &nf&,
G af wmfr
l y&d,m,fo'gudk
jyawmfro
l nf-[lvakd omf/

418

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wo caP? xdky&d,m,fo'gudk a[maomcP/ 0dudwpdwmeH?

tmkw
H pfyg;wdjYk zifh txl;xl;tjym;jym; ysUH vGiahf om pdw&f u
dS ek af om olwt
Ykd m;
vnf;aumif;/ tn0d[w
d meH? wpfyg;udk Muu
H ek af om olwt
Ykd m;vnf;aumif;/
(0dy&d,m,meH? azmufjyefuek af om olwt
Ykd m;vnf;aumif;/ ygXfum; tcsKUd pm
r&S)d / tane? aom/ y&d,ma,e? jzif/h w'wm0aAm"ew?H xdw
k &m;\teufukd
odapjcif;iSm/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/
tb,h f a Mumif h wpf y g;aom y&d , m,f j zif h xd k w &m;\teuf u d k
od t H h e nf ; / od k Y y&d , m,f o ' g jzif h a[monf & S d a omf 'V D u &Pom
jzpfaumif;onf r[kwfwkHavm
vm--[laom apm'emudk &nf ]awae0} paom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

uom? um;/ awae0 ya'e? xdyk &d,m,fy'k jf zifo

h mvQi/f yke? wpfzef/
0pae? a[monf&Sdaomf/ w'anoH? xdkysHYvGifhaom pdwf&Sdaomol tp
&So
d nfwrYkd S wpfyg;aom olwt
Ykd m;/ ww? xdo
k Ykd a[mjcif;/ t"d*wwm?
vGepf mG odonf\tjzpfonf/ od,m? &m\/ wd wom? aMumif/h w'wm0
aAm"ew?H iSm/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/ (odYk jyef
ore)f / rEA'k eD ?H EkeaYf om ynm&Sad om olwt
Ykd m;/ ykeyKe?H zef/ w'wovua P?
xdkw&m;\ teufudk rSwfjcif;/ toarmoewH? rarhavsmh apjcif;iSm/
y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/ taeauyd? vnf;jzpfuek af om/
twm? wdo
Yk nf/ ormeAse m? wlaomo'g &Su
d ek o
f nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd
wom? aMumif/h ,m twE& y&duyem? tMuifteuf txl;udk MujH cif;onf/
od , m? &m\/ wm? xd k t euf t xl ; ud k MuH j cif ; ud k / y&d 0 Z e w r d ?
MuOfjcif;iSmvnf;/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/ edC@Koaw
ao,sxmyd ? ed C @Kusrf ; uJ h o d k Y / ten? wpf y g; r[k w f a om
y&d,m,fo'gud/k 0pae? a[monf&adS omf/ taeum[d? ukeaf om/ wm[d wm[d
onm[d? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om odapjcif;wdjYkzif/h awoH awoH twmeH? wdu
Yk /kd yewr?d
iSmvnf;/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd? \/ "ruxdumeH? wdt
Yk m;/
wEt
d wKyedAEey&m0aAm"emeH? ygVd\teufukd pdwf xm;jcif; vGepf mG
odjcif;wk\
Yd / (um; ygXf&w
dS ikd ;f ay;onf/ wEH twKyedAEe y&m0aAm"eH

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419

&Sv
d rkd nf xif\/ xdx
k o
kd aYkd om teufukd pdwf xm;jcif; vGepf mG odjcif;wd\
Yk )/
okcod',
d myd? Ny;D vG,af pjcif;iSmvnf;/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/ ed'o
d wd?
\/ twaem? ud,
k af wmf\/ 0g? tm;/ "red w
k yd #dor'd gyw,
d m? "ry#dor'd g
edw
k yd #dor'd gESihf jynfph jHkcif;ud/k 0dbm0ewH 0g? xif&mS ;jytHah omiSmvnf;aumif;/
a0ae,smeH? wdt
Yk m;/ ww? xd"k ry#dor'd g edw
k yd #dor'd g/ ADZm0yewH 0g?
taMumif;\ jynfph aHk pjcif;iSm vnf;aumif;/ y&d,m,0peH? ud/k b*0g? onf/
ed'o
d wd? \/ /
odkY jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&d,m,jzpfaom a'oemawmf\ rsm;pGmaom
tusKd ; wd k Y u d k qd k N yD ; ,ck t cg ud k , f a wmf \ or m or K ' jzpf o nf \
tjzpfaMumi
hy ifvQif
Mumiff yif
,ffjcif;jzifh rsm;pGmaom
vQif bk&m;&SifwdkYonf bk&m;\ wifhw,
y&d,m,fo'gwd k Y j zif h w&m;a[mawmf r l u k e f o wnf ; -[k jyvd k & um; ]u
A[kem} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

A[kem p? rsm;pGmqdo
k jzifv
h nf;/ u? tb,ftusK;d &St
d ehH nf;/ ,m
"r"mwk,m? tMuifoAnKwPf\/ oky# 0d 'd w
m ? aumif;pGm xd;k xGi;f
odtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ormorK'g ? wdo
Yk nf/ oAo? aom/ taw?
/ ty#d[wPmpm&m? tydwftyifr&Sdaom Pfawmf\jzpfjcif;
&Su
d ek o
f nf/ a[mEd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd wxm? wl/ oAo? aom/ o'a0g[ma&?
/ ty#[
d wPmpm&m? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
{urd tw?H udv
k nf;/ taeau[d? ukeaf om/ y&d,ma,[d? wdjYk zif/h aAma"wd?
odapawmfr\
l / ww? xdo
k aYkd [mjcif;/ 0g? xdo
k 'a0g[m&/ 'Em,dww?H
EkeYfonf\ tjzpfonf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ tw? \/ 0dwm,dwwH?
jyefo
Y nf\tjzpfonf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ "ra'oem[medy?d \,kwjf cif;
onfvnf;/ e a[mwd? jzpf/ t,H Ak'"arm? onf/ tma0Pdaum0?
toD;aom bk&m;wd\
Yk OpmonfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
tmom
y&d,m,a'oeH? y&d,m,fjzpfaom a'oemud/k 'aaEm? / ]]tmom
tmom}}wd
tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww? xdt
k mom tp&Sad om a'oem/ tw?H ud/k
tmom /v/ twmm}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww
'aaEm? / ]]tmom
0pae? / b0d twmmwd? um;/ tem*w? aom/ pw
d A?

420

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

t0H tm*rdwD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h wm?

aom/ tw? tusK;d ud/k ]]t0H
xdkawmifhwjcif;\/ y0wd,m? jzpfjcif;\/ tmum&H? udk/ 'awd? \/
tem*ww0o
d ,m? tem*wftusK;d vQif tmk&H adS om/ wPSm? onf/ tmom
tmom?
rnf\/ tem*wypKyEw0do,m? tem*wftusKd; ypKyeftusKd;vQif
tmk&H adS om/ wPSm? onf/ yd[mm? rnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f {wmoH?
xdt
k mom yd[mwd\
Yk / 0daoaom? wnf;/ /
twedywdy#dygvem
gvemwd? um;/ ,m,? tMuifwPSmjzif/h pw
d ?
aom/ tw? tusK;d \/ edyw
? Ny;D jcif;ud/k y#dygavwd tm*arwd? ihv
H if\
h /
0g? um;/ ,m,? jzif/h edyE ?H Ny;D Ny;D aom/ tw?H tusK;d ud/k y#dygavwd &uw?d
|? 118 tbdeEem emr? rnf\/ ,xmv'?
\/ t,H? wPSmonf/ |?
tMuiftMuif &tyfNyD;aom/ tw? tusKd;udk/ auvm,em emr?
r&ufrpuf ESpo
f ufjrwfE;kd jcif; rnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
wH tweyd w
? xdt
k usK;d \Ny;D jcif;ud/k owocFg&0aoe? ow0gocFg&wd\
Yk
yd,H 0g wd}}Ed tm'?
tpGr;f tm;jzif/h 0dbZdwmG ? / 'aaEm? &um;/ ]]yd
ud k / tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / "r E d ? um;/ twd |m&r P H ?
twd|mkHjzpfaom/ lyg'dtm&rP"rH? lygkHtp&Sdaom tmkHw&m;udk/
tbdeEwd? tvGefESpfouf\/ ted|m&raP[dyd? ted|mkHwdkYjzifhvnf;/
(puK'gG &m&raP[d-[k pmtrsm; &S\
d / qifjcifyg)/ wH? xdo
k w0gocFg&ud/k
ty#duLvawm 0g tbdeEwD}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/
'awk?H iSm/ ]]ty
ted | mk H j zpf v suf tb,f o d k Y tbd e E e jzpf & mtH h e nf ; -[l a om
apm'emudk ESvkH;xm; ]y#duLavyd [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ y#duL avyd? pufqyk &f &HG mS zG,f &Sad omfvnf;/ 0dyvmo0aoe? jzif/h
owH 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/ ocFg&H 0g? udv
k nf;aumif;/ ty#u
d L vawm?
pufqyk &f &HG mS zG,f r&Sad omtm;jzif/h tbdeEw?d \/ /
,mok taeu"mwlok? tMuifrsm;pGmaom "mwfwdkY/ y0wd,m?
jzpfjcif;aMumif/h wPSm? ud/k ]]taeu"mwlok o&m}}wd? [l/ 0kwm ? \/ wm
puK"mwl}}wd tm'd? ud/k
"mwka,m? wdu
Yk /kd 0dbma*e? jzif/h 'awk?H iSm/ ]]pu
0kw?H \/ "mwk0b
d *Fg'Do?k wdYk / umr"mwktm'a,m? ukeaf om/ tnmyd?

0g&

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421

ukeaf om/ taeu"mwka,m? wdo

Yk nf/ udm yd tm*wm? uke\
f &Si/hf wxmyd?
vnf;/ wmor?d xdu
k mr"mwf tp&Sad om rsm;pGmaom "mwfw\
Ykd vnf;/ {aw0?
wpfq,f&h pS yf g;aom "mwfwYkd omvQi/f or0a&ma"m? 0ifjcif;onf/ a[mwd?
\/ wd? od/Yk 'ew?H iSm/ t|m&ao0? wpfq,f&h pS yf g;aom "mwfwu
Ykd kd
omvQi/f {w? "mwfwu
Ykd kd a0zef jy&m/ 0g? aewu
d sr;f / 'dwm?
uke\
f / aupd lyg"drkwmwd tm'd? onf/ wmok "mwlo?k wdYk / wPSm,?
\/ y0w'd eH? jzpf&mudk jyaom pum;wnf;/
,if;odkY wPSm\ jzpf&mudk jyygaomf wpfq,fh&Spfyg;aom "mwfwdkY\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh jyygavm/ todkYrl tmkHajcmufyg;wdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhom
jyavoenf;-[laom apm'emykpmudk &nf ]ww} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

ww? xdw
k PSm\jzpf&mudk jy&m/ ,om? aMumif/h y? ukeaf om/
tZwu
d m? ukeaf om/ "mwka,m p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ ow? ukeaf om/
0dnmP"mwka,m p? wdkYudkvnf;aumif;/ "r"mwk p? udkvnf;aumif;/
"rm&raPae0? jzifo
h mvQi/f o*F[w
d m? \/ wom? aMumif/h t|m&o
"mwka,m? wdu
Yk /kd O'o
d w
d mG ? / qaV0? ajcmufyg;om jzpfuek af om/ wPSm,?
\/ y0w|d memed? jzpf&mwdu
Yk /kd 0dbwmed? uke\
f / wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/
aomre
aomre--om wPSmyu jzpf&m\/ a'gre
a'gre--um; wPSmyu
rjzpf&mm// xdkYaMumifh a*[dwaomrequ? aeurdwaomre
qu \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h rmed 'G g 'o y'ged wPS m yau m -[l om
qd k y gavm/ tb,h f a Mumif h a*[d w a'grequ ? aeu r d w
a'grequ\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhvnf; rmed pwk0Dowd y'ged wPSmyaum[k qd k b d o enf ;- [ k apm'emzG , f & S d xd k a pm'emud k ajztH h a omiS m
]wPSmyum} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tEkwa &ok? jrwfuek af om/ 0darmauo?k 0darmuw&m;wdYk / yd[?H

awmifw
h jcif;ud/k Oy|my,awm? jzpfapaom/ w? xdo
k t
l m;/ ]]yd[yp,m?
awmifw
h jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumif/h a'greH? onf/ OyZw
?d \}}/ wd?
od/Yk 0peawm? aMumif/h aeur
w
d myd? tEkw& 0darmujzpfaom aeuru
kd
rSo
D nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ a'greky0dpm&m? a'gre\ jzpfjcif;wdo
Yk nf/

422

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4-y#deda'o

wPSmyum? wPSmtzd&Yk u
dS ek af o;\/ a*[dawok? umr*kPu
f kd rSu
D ek af om/
a'greky0dpma&ok ye? a'gre\ jzpfjcif;wdkYum;/ aum 0ga'g?
rmed /v/yaum}}wd?
tb,fqzkd ,
G &f m &St
d ehH nf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]rmed
[l/ 0kw?H \/
a*[dwjzpfaom Oayumonfvnf; wPSmyujzpfaumif;onf
r[kwfwkHavm/ ,if;odkYvsuf tb,hfaMumifh ,m q Oayum a*[dwm
t,H 'd | d y au m -[k qd k b d o enf ; -[l a om apm'emud k ES v k H ; yd k u f
]a*[dwm ye} paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a*[dwm? umr*kPu
f kd rSaD om/ Oayum ye? onfum;/ tnmPkayuwm,? tnmPkayumjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ,xmbdead 0o?
tMuiftMuifoaYkd om rSm;aomESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;\/ ypa,m? onf/ a[mwd? \/
,m /v/ yaum}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
wd wom? aMumif/h ]],m
38/ 'ged? / awoH Oy0dpm&meH? xdka'gre tp&SdonfwdkY\
jzpfjcif;wdkY\/ wPSmy&d,m,H? wPSm\ y&d,m,fa00kpf\ tjzpfudk/
oma,0 /v/ "reED}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ yke? zef/
'aaEm? / ]]oma,0
(0dbZdwmG 'awkH tm[odYk oGm;)/ pdw?H vnf;aumif;/ ynm? vnf;aumif;/
b*0g? vnf;aumif;/ "arm? vnf;aumif;/ oHaCm? vnf;aumif;/ oDv?H
vnf;aumif;/ pma*g? vnf;aumif;/ wd? odkY/ aroH? pdwfynm
tp&SdonfwdkY\/ y&d,m,0peed'g&aPe? y&d,m,fo'gudk xkwfojzifh/
pdwH raem 0dnmP
a00pe[m&H? ud/k 0dbZdwmG ? / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]pd
mP}}Ed
tnrd {0HZmwd,}}Ed rdem? jzifh/
tm'd? ud/k tm&'?H \/ ww? / ]]tnr
(o*Fa[modYk oGm;)/ ynm? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om teufukd xif&mS ;pGm jyKwwfaom
ynm/ 0g? tjym;tm;jzifh odwwfaom ynm/ yZmeem? tjym;tm;jzifh
odaomtjcif;t&m/ 0dpa,m? pkpH rf;wwfaom ynm/ y0dpa,m? txl;xl;
pkpH rf;wwfaom ynm/ "r0pd a,m? opmav;yg;w&m;wdu
Yk kd pkpH rf;wwfaom
ynm/ ovuP
m? tedpt
p&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd rSww
f wfaom ynm/ OyvuPm?
tedptp&SdonfwdkYudk uyfrSwfwwfaom ynm/ ypKyvuPm? tedp
tp&SdonfwdkYudk tzefwvJvJ uyf rSwfwwfaom ynm/ y@dpH?

0g&

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423

ynm&Sdaomol\ tjzpf/ aumovH? vdrmaomol\ tjzpf/ aeyknH?

odraf rGaY omol\ tjzpf/ a0bAsm? tedpt
p&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd xif&mS ;jywwfonf\
tjzpf/ pdEm? tedptp&SdonfwdkYudk MuHwwfaom ynm/ Oyy&dum?
tedpt
p&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd pl;prf;qifjcifwwfaom ynm/ bl&?D ajrBu;D ESiw
hf al om
ynm/ wpfenf;um;-[kwrf eS af om teufoabm arGUavsmaf om ynm/
ar"m? udavomwdkYudk zsufqD;nOf;qJwwfaom ynm/ y&dPm,dum?
razmufrjyefaom vuPmudk xd;k xGi;f odjcif; Gwaf pwwfaom ynm/
0dyem? tedpt
p&Sad om txl;xl;aom tjcif;t&mjzifh Iwwfaom ynm/
orZnH? aumif;pGmtjym;tm;jzifh odwwfaom ynm/ yawma'g? vSu
H efEiS hf
wlaom ynm/ ynm? ynm-[k qdt
k yfaom/ ynd`E,
d ?H ynda`E/ ynmAvH?
ynmAdkvf/ ynmowH? ynmwnf;[laom vufeuf/ ynmygoma'g?
ynmwnf;[laom jymom'f/ ynmtmavmaum? ynmwnf;[laom tvif;/
ynmMobmaom? ynmwnf;[laom ta&mif/ ynmyaZmawm? xGe;f awmuf
yaom ynm/ 0g? ynmwnf;[laom xGef;awmufyjcif;/ ynm&weH?
ynmwnf;[laom &wem/ tarma[m? rawGa0aom ynm/ wd {0rm'Der?d
odt
Yk p&So
d nfvnf; jzpfuek af om/ ynm,? \/ y&d,m,o'geH? wdu
Yk /kd
o*Fa[m? a&wGuo
f N*K [jf cif;ud/k '|aAm? \/ /
|? 119 yd`Ed,med avmukw&meDw?d um;/ ca, PEd tm'De?d
ca,Pf tp&Su
d ek af om/ y`d E,
d med? wdo
Yk nf/ avmukw& med? wdw
Yk nf;/
avmukw& ynm,? \/ a00pemed? wdw
Yk nf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ oAm ynm
ynmwd? um;/ wa&[d? ca, PH tp&So
d nfwrYkd S
wpfyg;ukeaf om/ a00pae[d? wdjYk zif/h 0kwm ? aom/ oAm ynm? onf/
avmud,avmukw& rdu
d m? avmuDavmukw& ma&maom ynmwnf;/
tyd pm
wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ ]]tyd
pm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h rdemyd
y&d,ma,e? jzifv
h nf;/ a00peH? ud/k 0wA?H \/ wd? od/Yk 'awd? \/
tm"d y aw,sa|em
aw,sa|emwd? um;/ t"darmuvuaP? tmkHodkY Gwfjcif;
vuPm/ 0g? ,kMH unfjcif;vuPm/ tm"dyaw,sa|e? tpd;k &onf\
tjzpfwnf;[laom oabmaMumif/h 0g? tBu;D \tjzpf[al om oabmaMumif/h

424

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4-y#deda'o

,xm p Ak'gEkwd,H 0kwE?d um;/ Ak'g Ekwdead 'ao? / wdyd aom

b*0gwd tm'dem ygVd,m? jzif/h 0g? / aom b*0g? onf/ wdyd rdem
um&aPe? od k Y ud a vomwd k Y r S tvG e f a 0;awmf r l j cif ; tp&S d a om
taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/ t&[H? rnf\ /v/ wdyd rdem um&aPe? odYk
aumif;rIwnf;[laom bke;f ESihf jynfph aHk wmfrjl cif; tp&Sad om taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;/
b*0g? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk taeau[d? ukeaf om/ a00pae[d? wdjYk zif/h b*0g?
ud/k tEk&dwaAm? tzefwvJvJ atmufarhtyf\/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH ,xm?
uJo
h /Ykd rdem0 ea,e? jzifyh ifvQi/f Avedyw
*d awm? Avedyw
*d awm[laom
y&d,m,fo'gvnf;aumif;/ a0om&Zyawm? o'gvnf;aumif;/ ,m0
"ar m bmoyaZ m wua&m? "ar m bmoyaZ m wu&wd k i f a tmif a om
y&d,m,fo'gvnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk {aw[d y&d,ma,[d? wdjYk zif/h Ak'
?
tvkH;pkHaomw&m;udk odawmfrlaom/ b*0awm? \/ a00peH? udk/
Ak'g Ekwd,?H / 0wA?H \/ wd? od/Yk y'H? ud/k tm[&dwmG ? / oraEm?
pyfjcif;ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ {wmedy?d a00kpw
f o
Ykd nfvnf;/ uwdy,med
{0? pd;k pOf;rQom jzpfuek af om/ b*0awm? \/ a00pemed? wdw
Yk nf;/ [d? pG/
Ak'* P
k m? wdu
Yk /kd toacs,
F sm? ra&wGuEf ikd u
f ek /f
bk & m;aus;Zl ; toacsF , sjzpf a v&m tod k Y r l a00k p f r sm;tH h e nf ; [k pk'f&Sd&um; ]*kPaerdwumed p b*0awm emrmed}-[k rdefYownf;/

b*0awm? \/ emrmed p? wdo

Yk nfvnf;/ *kPaerdwu
med? *kPv
f Qif
taMumif;&Su
d ek \
f / [d op?H \/ "raoemywdem? w&m;ppfoBl u;D jzpfaom
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & monf/ ]]toacs,
F smed /v/ o[awm}}wd? [l/ {wH
0peH? ud/k 0kw?H Ny/D
ra[odaem? jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ o*kaPe? rdr*d P
k af Mumif/h 0g? jzif/h
y0wmed? ukeaf om/ emrmed? wdo
Yk nf/ toacs,
F smed? ra&wGuEf ikd u
f ek /f
emro[awmtyd? rsm;pGmaom trnfwjYkdzifv
h nf;/ *kaPe? tm;jzif/h
emrH? ud/k Oa',s?H xkwt
f yf\/ /
tocFw}}Ed tm'Do?k
"rmEkwd,?H / ({0H tawm '|aAm pyf)/ ]]tocF
wdYk / auepd? aom/ ypa,e? taMumif;w&m;onf/ e ocFw?H rjyKjyiftyf/

0g&

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425

wd wom? aMumif/h tocFwH? rnf\/ {w? xdek Ad m eftm;/ taEm

0demaom? ysupf ;D jcif;onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h teEH? rnf\/
tmo0geH? wdkY\/ tem&rPawm? tmkHr[kwfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/
temo0H ? rnf\/ t0dy&Dwobm0wm? razmufrjyefaom oabm
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h opH? rnf\/ oHom&? \/ y&wD&bm0awm?
xdrk mS bufurf;jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h yg&H? rnf\/ edyP
k P0do,wm
p? odrfarGYaomPf\ tmkHjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
okcrk obm0wm p? odraf rGaY om oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
ed y k P H? rnf\/ tEkypdwPorma&[d? qnf;yl;tyfaom Pfwnf;
[laom taqmuftOD r&Su
d ek af om olwo
Ykd nf/ '|K?H jrifjcif;iSm/ e oum?
aumif;/ wd wom? aMumif/h ok'k'oH? rnf\/ Oyg'Z&m[d? jzpfjcif;
&ifjh cif;wdjYk zif/h teAm[wwm? rxdcu
kd f rnSO;f qJtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
tZZ&H? rnf\/ xd&bma0e? aMumif/h "k0H? rnf\/ Z&mr&aP[d? wdjYk zif/h
tyvkZe awm? rysupf ;D wwfaomaMumif/h tyavmudw?H rnf\/ rHopuKem
p? jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 'dApuKem p? jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tydwAwm?
rjriftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ted'eH? rnf\/ &m*g'dyymbma0e?
&m*tp&Sdaom yyw&m; r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ed y y H ? rnf\/
udavombdocFg&meH? wdkY\/ 0lyora[wkwm,? Nidrf;jcif;\taMumif;
jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h oEH? rnf\/ /
trwa[wkwm, p? raojcif;\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/
b*Fgbm0awm p? ysupf ;D jcif; r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ trwH?
rnf\/ Owra|e p? jrwfaom oabmaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ twyua|e
p? ra&mif&h jJ cif;udk jzpfapwwfaom oabmaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ yPDwH?
rnf\/ tod0geH? rcsrf;ajrhukefaom/ urudavo0dygu0meH? ur0#f
udavo0#f 0dygu0#fw\
Ykd / tbma0e? r&Sad omaMumif/h od0H? rnf\/ pwl[?d
ukefaom/ a,ma*[d? wdkYjzifh/ 0g? wdkYonf/ tEky'0bma0e? rESdyfpuf
wwfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h acr
acrH? rnf\/ {w? edAm ef/ wPSm? onf/
cD,wd? uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h wPSua,m
,m? rnf\/ uwykan[dy?d

426

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jyKtyfaom aumif;rI&adS om olwo

Ykd nfvnf;/ u'gpda'0? &HcgvQi/f ydwAwm ?
jriftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tp&d,H? rnf\/ tblwykAw
m ? rjzpfz;l onf\
tjzpfaMumif/h |? 120 tAKwH? rnf\/ teE&m,wm? tE&m,fr&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumif/h teDwduH? rnf\/ teE&m,bm0-a[wkawm? tE&m,f
r&Sjd cif;\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumif/h teDwdu"rH? rnf\/ /
tedAw
o
d bm0wm? rjzpfjcif;oabm &So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h tZmwH?
rnf\/ wawm {0? xdo
k jYkd zpfjcif; oabm r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQi/f
tblwH? rnf\/ Oba,emyd? ESpyf g;aom yk'jf zifv
h nf;/ Oyg'&[dw?H jzpfjcif;rS
uif;\/ wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ auepd? wpfpw
Hk pfcak om
ab;&efonf/ tEky'Kwwm? rESyd pf uftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tEky'0H?
rnf\/ auepd? aom/ ypa,e? onf/ e uwH? tyf/ wd wom? aMumif/h
tuwH? rnf\/ {w? edAm ef/ aomaum? onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom?
aMumif/h taomuH? rnf\/ aomua[wk0*d are? pd;k &drjf cif;\ taMumif;
uif;jcif;aMumif/h 0daomuH? rnf\/ auepd? wpfpw
Hk pfcak om pD&ifjcif;jzif/h
0g? wpfpw
Hk pfa,mufaomolonf/ tEkyoZw
d Awm ? rpD&if tyfonf\
tjzpfaMumifh/ tEk y o* H? rnf\/ tEkyo*bm0a[wkawm? pD&ifjcif;
r&So
d nf\ tjzpf\ taMumif;jzpfaomaMumif/h tEkyo*"rH? rnf\/
*r&D Pa*gp&awm? eufeaJ om Pf\ tmkjH zpfaomaMumif/h *rD&H?
rnf\/ ormy#dyw? aumif;aomtusiu
hf /kd 0dem? / ydw?Hk jrifjcif;iSm/
ywK?H a&mufjcif;iSm/ touKaP,swm ? aMumif/h 'kyH? \/ oAavmuH/
ud/k Ow&w
d mG ? vGeaf jrmuf/ Xdw?H \/ wd wom? aMumif/h Ow&H? rnf\/
{w? edAm eftm;/ 0g? xuf/ Ow&?H vGeu
f aJ om w&m;onf/ ew?d r&S/d
wd wom? aMumif/h tEkw&H? rnf\/ or o'do? wlaomw&m;\/
tbma0e? aMumifh/ torH? rnf\/ y#dbm*gbma0e? bufr&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h ty#dorH? rnf\/ Owra|e? aMumif/h aZ|H? rnf\/ 0g?
um;/ ygoHowrwm? txl;ojzifh cs;D rGr;f tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h aZ|H?
rnf\/ oHom&'kudaw[d? oHo&mqif;&Jjzifh ESdyfpufjcif;cH&ukefaom

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olwo
Ykd nf/ avwAawm? yke;f atmif;&m jzpfonf\tjzpfaMumif/h avPH?
rnf\/ wawm? xdo
k o
H &mqif;&Jr/S &uPawm? aMumif/h wmPH? rnf\/
&Pmbma0e? udavomwnf;[laom jrLr&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h 0g? &m*
tp&Sad om idak <u;aMumif;w&m; r&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h t&PH? rnf\/
t*FPmbma0e? udavom r&Sdonf\tjzpfaMumifh/ te*F P H? rnf\/
eda'gowm,? tjypf r&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif/h tumpH? rnf\/ &m*g'drvm
y*are? &m* tp&Sad om tnpftaMu;rS uif;jcif;aMumif/h 0drvH? rnf\/
pwl[?d ukeaf om/ MoaC[d? wdo
Yk nf/ teaZmw&PD,awm? rvTr;f rd;k
tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h 'Dayg
yg? rnf\/ oHom&0lyorokcwm,? oHo&mrS
Nidrf;onfjzpf csrf;omonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ok cH? rnf\/ yrmPu&
"rmbm0awm? yrmPudk jyKwwfaom &m*tp&Sad om w&m; r&So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumif/h tyrmPH? rnf\/ p? wpfenf;um;-{w? xdek Ad m ef\/ yrmPH?
ud/k *aPwk?H iSm/ e oum? aumif;/ wd wom? aMumif/h tyrmPH? rnf\/
oHom&orka'? oHo&mwnf;[laom ork'& m/ taemoD'e|m ewm,?
repf&mt&yf jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ywd|mm? rnf\/ &m*g'd ude mbma0e
p? &m* tp&Sdaom aMumifhMu r&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
y&d*[
mbma0e p? odr;f qnf;jcif; r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
tudeH? rnf\/ wd {0H? od/Yk tawm? ud/k '|aAm? \/ /
oHCmEkwd,H? / ow m eH oma&m
oma&mwd? um;/ oDvom&m'd
om&*kPa,m*awm? oDvtESpf tp&Sdaom tESpfjzpfaom aus;Zl;ESifh
,SOo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h oawo?k wdYk / 0g? wdw
Yk iG /f om&blawm? tESpjf zpf
jzpf\/ owmeH ra@m
ra@mwd? um;/ a*g&aook? EGm;Edt
Yk &omwdw
Yk iG /f oyrd a@m
0d,? axmywfMunfuJhodkY/ oawok? wdkY/ 0g? wdkYwGif/ r@blawm?
Munfaomol jzpfawmfr\
l / om&*kP0aoae0? tESpjf zpfaom aus;Zl;\
tpGrf;tm;jzifhomvQif/ oawok? wdkY/ 0g? wdkYwGif/ O'&dwAawm?
xkwftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ow m eH ? wdkY/ 0g? wdkYwGif/ O' g a&m
a&m?
xkwftyfaomol jzpfawmfrl\/ edpv*kPwm,? rwkefvIyfaom aus;Zl;
&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h owmeH? wdYk / 0g? wdw
Yk iG /f {odumm? wHcg;wdik Ef iS hf

428

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wlawmfr\
l / 0g? ausmufwikd Ef iS hf wlawmfr\
l / *kPaombmok&bdbma0e?
*kPfaus;Zl;wdkYjzifh wifhw,fonf\tjzpf arT;BudKifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/
owmeH? yole?H wd\
Yk / 0g? wdw
Yk iG /f ok&bd? arT;BuKd iaf om yef;ozG,f jzpfawmfr\
l /
ukork ?H arT;BuKd iaf om yef;ozG,f jzpfawmfr\
l / wd t,H? vQi/f tawm?
wnf;/ /
*kaPok? wdw
Yk iG /f ynm? onf/ Owr*? jrwfaom OD;acgif;t*Fg rnf\/
wm? xdyk nm\/ Oyaombma[wkwm,? wifw
h ,fjcif;\ taMumif;
jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ oDvH? udk/ Ow r a*F g yaombeH ? jrwfaom
OD;acgif;t*FgESihf wlaom ynmudk wifw
h ,fapwwf\[l/ 0kw?H \/ oDavok?
wdkY/ y&dyl&um&daem? jznfhjcif;udk jyKavh&Sdaom oltm;/ tedZEm?
rjynfph u
Hk ek af om/ *kPm emr? wdrYk nfonf/ ew?d r&Su
d ek /f wd wom? aMumif/h
oA a 'gb* o rwd u r ea|e
]]oA
ea|e? tvkH;pkHaom qif;&Jjcif; ysufpD;jcif;udk
vGeaf jrmufaom oabmtm;jzif/h oDvH? onf/ ed"meH? jrK yx
f m;tyfaom
OpmESifh wl\}}/ wd? odkY/ 0kwH? \/ t, tawm? udkvnf;/
tmuacF,soak we? jzif/h 'DaywaAm? \/ ]]Zwd /v/ 0do'k w
m }}wd? [l/
ty&r?d wpfyg;aom pum;udv
k nf;/ 0kw?H \/ ]]bdua 0? wd/Yk oDv0awm?
oDv&Sad om oltm;/ 0do'k w
m ? aMumif/h apawmyPd"?d pdw\
f awmifw
h jcif;
onf/ Zw?d jynfph \
Hk / odyE?d um;/ "Ekoyd ?H tuPa0"D av;orm;\
av;twwfEiS hf wl\/ "n
"nE?d um;/ "em,dwA?H awmifw
h tyfaom pyg;ESihf
wl \ / "r a 0gavmuewm,m
0gavmuewm,mwd ? um;/ orx0d y em'd " r ?
orx0dyem tp&Sdaom w&m;udk/ |? 121 a0gavmuebma0e?
Munf&h mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h a0gavmuea|em
a0gavmuea|emwd 'H 0peH? ud/k ow
blrum'dygoma'? bkHckepfqifh&Sdaom jymom'f tp&Sdonf/ XwGm? /
a0gavmauwk?H iSm/ oum 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd oDav? / XwGm? / tbdnmpuKem?
tbdnmOfwnf;[laom rsufpdjzifh/ avmuH? udk/ (#Dumudk axmufaomf
avmudw-H &Sv
d rkd nf xif\/ avmudw?H avmuw&m;udk ay;)/ a0gavmauwk?H
Munfjh cif;iSm/ oum? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0kw?H \/ pwkbrl uukovmyd?
av;yg;aom bkH jzpfaom ukov
kd \
f vnf;/ w'Ek0weawm? xdk oDvodYk

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

429

tpOfvdkufonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ oDvH? onf/ oA b l r mEk y &d 0 w d p?

tvk;H pkaH om bkH jzpfaom ukov
kd w
f &m;wdo
Yk Ykd tpOfvu
kd af pwwfonfvnf;/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ aooH? onf/ Owmear0? vQiu
f wnf;/ wd? um;
tNy;D wnf;/ /
a00pe[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

11-ynwd[m&0dbif;tzGifh
39/ ww /v/a&m
/v/a&mwd? onf/ ynw[
d m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww? /
t,H ynw?d onf/ um ye? enf;/ wd? od/Yk apm'emor0awm? aMumif/h
,m /v/a'oem
]],m
/v/a'oem}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ 'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH
0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ a'oem[m&m'a,m 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd tm'g'd
y'w0daooed'g&PH? tm' tp&Sdaom y'wtxl;udk xkwfjcif;udk/
tuwGm? / b*0awm? \/ ombm0du"ruxm,1? rdr\
d oabmtm;jzifh
jzpfaom w&m;pum;jzif/h ,m a'oem
a'oem? onf/ y0wm? jzpf\/ wm
a'oem,? ud/k ,m ynmyem? tMuif tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;onf/ tw?d
\/ t,H ynmyem? onf/ ynwd[ma&m
ma&m? rnf\/
tb,fhaMumifh tb,fonf edauy? tb,fonf tb,fhaMum
if h
Mumif
edauyynwfrnfoenf;[laom ESpfcsufaom apm'emudk ,xmurtm;jzifh
ajztHhaomiSm ],om ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

h m;/ b*0awm? \/ om a'oem? onf/ wxm
wxm? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om y&dan,s tp&Sad om tjym;tm;jzif/h a0ae,soEmae?
a0ae,sow 0 gwd k Y \ oE m ef / ,xm"d a y w H ? a0ae,sow 0 gwd k Y \
tvdt
k m;avsmaf om/ tw?H a'aowA jzpfaom teufu/kd 0g? 'kuo
pm
tp&Sad om teufu/kd eduyd wd? xm;wwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h edauayg
yg?
1/ "ruxm, a'oem / / uxmESihf a'oemonf t&rjym;aomfvnf;
tab 'ab'lypm&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? taygif;tpdwfudk a0zefaomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; "ruxm, a'oem-[k qdyk gownf;/

430

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4-y#deda'o

rnf\/ w p? xdek ad uy[k qdt

k yfaom a'oem\vnf;/ (t,H [ma&mESihf
oH0aPwA oref oH0PemorEpD yf)/ t,H [ma&m? ud/k (0kawmodYk pyf)/
'kum'docFgaw? ukefaom/ bma*? tzdkYwdkYudk/ (obma*vnf; &Sd\/
oabmwdu
Yk kd ay;)/ yuma&[d? wdjYk zif/h aywd? odapwwf\/ 0g? um;/
edauyynwd}}? [l/
touF&awm? tm;jzif/h Xaywd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ]]ed
0kawm? \/ wd? od/Yk yuwduxm,? \/ a'oemwd? [l/ oacFaye?
um p /v/
jzif/h 0kw?H aom/ tw?H ud/k 0dwm a&e? jzif/h 0dbZdw?Hk iSm/ ]]um
a'oem
pwm&d opmeD}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/
a'oem}}wd? [l/ ykpw
d mG ? / ]]pw
ww? xdkedauyynwda'oem/ 'H 'kuEd t,H ynwDwd? um;/
twDwm'd0aoe? jzifh/ taeuab'bdaE? rsm;aom tjym;tm;jzifh
jym;ukefaom/ uuVzkoem'dobma0? uuVoabm zkoeoabm
tp&Sdaom/ lygly"ar? kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk/ tbdEdwGm? rcGJjcrf;rl/
yDVeocFwoEmy 0dy&dPmr|wmomrane? ESdyfpufwwfaomoabm
taMumif;w&m;wdo
Yk nf jyKjyiftyfaomoabm ylyefapwwfaomoabm
azmufjyefwwfaomoabm &So
d nf\tjzpf-[laomtm;jzif/h ukpw
d bm0g'd
rkace? pufqkyftyfonf\tjzpf tp&Sdonfudk t&if;jyKojzifh/ {uZH?
wpfaygif;wnf;/ *[P? ,ljcif;\/ um&Pblwm? aom/ ,m ynw?d
onf/ tw?d \/ t,H ynw?d onf/ edauyynw?d rnf\/ (odYk ay;)/ om
ye ynw?d onfum;/ um? enf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h emrynwed Ad Eem?
emrynwfESifh pyfaom/ wZmynwd? wZmynwfwnf;/ ]]0dnwd0dum&
o[dawm? 0dnwf0u
d m&ESihf wuGjzpfaom/ oa'g {0? o'omwnf;}}/ wd?
od/Yk tya&? wdo
Yk nf/ 0'E?d uke\
f / rdem ea,e? jzif/h ww ww? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om
yEH cEmee}}Ed
t&mwdYk / ynwt
d awm? ynwf\ teufu/kd a0'dwaAm? \/ ]]y
tm'dem? jzif/h wm ynw,
d m? \/ Oyg'geH? pGv
J rf;&mud/k 'awd? \/
'oEH `Ed,me
meE?d um;/ t|? ukeaf om/ ly`d E,
d med? ky
f a`Ew
v
Ykd nf;aumif;/
red`E,
d ?H vnf;aumif;/ a0'ed`E,
d ?H a0'eda`E vnf;aumif;/ wd {0H? od/Yk
'oE?H ukeaf om/

0g&

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

431

t&Sift|uxmq&m...a0'eda`Eig;yg;jzpf a`Eonf Am0Dowd

jzpfygonf r[kwfwkHavm
vm--[k apm'em&Sd&um; tEk /v/ {urd`Ed,H-[laom
ygXf u d k rd e f Y a omf /
,if;odkYqdkaomf o'da`E paom &Spfyg;ESifhwuG t|m&o jzpfaumif;on
onff
r[kwfwkHavm-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]wxm o'g'a,m p r*yud,m} ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ;/

[d? pG/ tEkb0eomrane? cHpm;jcif;vuPmwlaom tm;jzif/h a0'em?

onf/ {uH? aom/ `E,
d ?H onf/ a[mwd? \/ o'g'a,m p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/
r*yu,
d m? r*ftzdYk &So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd uwm? uke\
f / wpfenf;um;-r*yu,
d m?
ukeaf om/ o'g'a,m p? wdu
Yk v
kd nf;/ 'kuo
pawm? rS/ A[d? ud/k uwm?
uke\
f / wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
uAVH? tvkyt
f avG;ud/k u&D,wd? jyKtyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
uAVD u ma&m
ma&m? rnf\/ (ed*[dwm*rtm;jzifh uAVum& NyD;onf[k
t|omvdeaD ,mZem qd\
k /) wd? od/Yk 0wK0aoe? 0wK\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
t,H eda'aom? odYk jyjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/
tvkyftavG; jyKtyfaom cZeD,abmZeD,0wKyif &ygaomf 0wK\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh jyonf-[k qdkaumif;rnfavm pk'f&Sd&um; ],m,} ponfudk
wufownf;/

{wH? uAVDum&-[laom trnfonf/ ,m, MoZm,? jzif/h owm?

wdo
Yk nf/ ,mayE?d rQuek \
f / wm MoZm,? \/ t"d0peH? trnfwnf;/
cZed,paom 0wKom MoZ|rukyfudk aqmifwwfaomf MoZm\
trnf-[kqdkaom pum;vnf; roifhao;pk'f&Sd&um; ]om [d} ponfudk
rdefYaomf/ tEkoaEtm;jzifh ][d} o'gudk 'VD ,l/
wpf e nf ; um;-uAVD u m&\ 0pew u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? t&ok y f u d k
vnf;aumif; q&mqdNk y/D tb,fah Mumifh xdMk oZmonf tm[m&rnf oenf;-[k
pk'f&Sd&um; ]om [d} ponfudk rdefYaomf/ tvdkum; [do'gudk 0gusm&ryuE& ,l/

[d? pG/ om? xdkMoZmonf/ |? 122 MoZ|ru? MoZmvQif

&Spcf ak jrmuf&adS om/ ly? ud/k tm[&Pawm? aqmifwwfaomaMumif/h

432

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4-y#deda'o

tm[ma&m
tm[ma&m? rnf\/ twDw?d um;/ ra*e? jzif/h torkpEd w
m,? t<uif;rJh
rjzwftyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0dZwd? \/ &ma*g
&ma*gwd? um;/ &ea|e?
wyfwwfaom oabmaMumif/h &ma*g? rnf\/ eEa|e? ESpo
f ufwwfaom
oabmaMumif/h eE?D rnf\/ wPSm,ea|e? awmifw
h wfaom oabmaMumif/h
wPSm? rnf\/ oAmed? ukeaf om/ {wmed? &m* tp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf/
avmba0? \omvQi/f emrmed? wdw
Yk nf;/ ywd|dwH ww 0dnmPH 0dkVE?d
um;/ ur?H ud/k Z0gaywGm? jzpfap/ y#doEt
d mueorwwm,? y#doaEukd
iifjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ 0dnmPH? onf/ ywd|dwa0?
wnfvnf;wnf\/ 0dVk ? wufvnf; wuf\/ ,wmwd? um;/ awblru0a?
/ bkrH? owrD0dbwfwnf;/ (]wGm'a,m 0dbwdonma,m} okwfjzifh
0dbwfrnf&um; wypn;f udyk if bkr- [lygonf/) oAw 0g? tvk;H pkaH om
t&mvnf;/ yk&rd yk&rd ya'? / {wH bkr?H owr0D b
d wfonf/ a[mwd?
\/ twd ww ocFg&meH 0k'Dwd 'H 0peH? ud/k ro 0dygu0a? /
Xdw? wnfaom oltm;/ tm,w? aemiftcg/ 0ea[wkum? yGm;jcif;\
taMumif;jzpfuek af om/ a, ocFg&m? wdo
Yk nf/ oE?d uke\
f / aw ocFga&?
,w twd tm,w ykeA0gbdedAwD}}wd?
wdu
Yk /kd oEm,? / 0kw?H \/ ]],w
um;/ ,o Xmae? tMuifb0 &So
d nf[k qdt
k yfaom t&yf/ tm,w? /
ykeA0gbdeAd w
?d b0opf\ jzpfjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ twd ww tm,w
Z&mr&P
Z&mr&PE?d um;/ ,w? tMuift&yf/ y#doE*d [
PH? y#doaE,jl cif;onf/
a[mwd? \/ ww? xdt
k &yf/ cEmeH? wd\
Yk / tbdeAd w
v
d uPm? xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;
vuPm&Sad om/ Zmwd p? onf vnf;aumif;/ y&dyguvuPm? &ifjh cif;
vuPm&Sdaom/ Z&m p? onf vnf;aumif;/ ab'evuPH? ysufjcif;
vuPm&Sad om/ r&P? onf vnf;aumif;/ tw?d \/ t,H /v/ pm
pmwd
{w? / ,xm0kwm? aom/ t,H a'oem? onf/ 0dygu0 p?
\vnf;aumif;/ ocFg&me? wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ wPSmyp,eda'oawm?
wPSm[laomtaMumif;udk jyjcif;aMumif/h 'kuo
p p? \vnf;aumif;/
ork',op p? \vnf;aumif;/ ork|meynw?d jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;udk
odapwwfaom ynwfrnf\/ wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ /

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d m&0dbif;tzGihf

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ewd &ma*g1wd? um;/ t*r*bm0em,? t&[wr*fukd yGm;apojzif/h

orkpEd w
m ? aMumif/h &ma*g? onf/ ap ew?d tH/h tywd|dwH ww 0dnmPH
t0dlVEd {w? / ur?H ud/k Z0gaywGm? / y#doEt
d mueorwwm,?
y#doaEukd iifjcif;iSm pGr;f Edik o
f nf\ tjzpf\/ tbma0e? r&So
d jzif/h 0g?
r&Sjd cif;aMumif/h tyw|d w
d a0? vnf;rwnf/ t0dVk ? a&mufvnf; ra&muf/
wd? od/Yk 0kwy #dyuea,e? qdt
k yfNy;D onfrS qefu
Y siaf om enf;jzif/h tawm?
ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
t,H y&d n mynw D}}wd tm'dem? jzifh/ {umbdor,0aoae0?
]]t,H
wpfNydKifeufodjcif;\ tpGrf;tm;jzifhomvQif/ r*orm'd|d? onf/ pwlok?
ukeaf om/ t&d,oapo?k wdYk / y0ww?d \/ wd? od/Yk 'awd? \/ t,H
bm0emynw D wd? um;/ 'Gg&m&raP[d? 'Gg& tmkHwdkYESifh/ o[? uG/
q'Gg&y0w"rmeH? ajcmufyg;aom 'Gg&wdYk jzpfuek af om w&m;wd\
Yk / t,H
tedpm Ekyem? tedpt
m;jzifh Ijcif;udk jyaom a'oemonf/ r*?
\/ 0g? ud/k bm0emynw?d yGm;apjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapwwfaom
ynwfwnf;/ eda&m"ynwd eda&m"m
&m"mwd? um;/ a&m"ocFgwm,? a&m"[k
qdktyfaom/ wPSm,? \/ ra*e? jzifh/ te0aooeda&m"ynwd?
t<uif;rJch sKyjf cif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapaom ynwfwnf;/ Oyg'ynwDw?d
um;/ Oyg'? jzpfjcif;udk/ ynmyem? tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;wnf;/
Moumoynw D wd? um;/ Xme? wnfjcif;udk/ ynmyem? wnf;/
tm[#emynw Dwd? um;/ eD[&Pynwd? xkwfjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh
odapaom ynwfwnf;/ tmom#dume
meE?d um;/ *kE?H EGm;wd\
Yk / 0aPok?
trmwdYk / eDvruu
d m[d? ,ifrJ ikd ;f wdo
Yk nf/ Xydwt@um? xm;tyfaom
tOwdkYonf/ tmom#dum emr? rnfukef\/ {w? t&m/ ,?
tMuifow0gtm;/ (um; {w ,-[k &Sad om ygXftwdik ;f ay;onf/
1/ ewd &ma*g / / ]uAVDuma& ap} ap o'gudk ]ew}d yk'Ef iS hf ,SO
f
a,mZem tyfaomaMumifh ]ewd ap &ma*g}-[k yk'u
f kd wnfxw
k t
f yfownf;/

434

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

,w t
,H-[lvnf; &S\
d / qifjcifyg)/ OyEm ? uke\
f / w ow? \/
te,Asoea[wkwm,? tusKd;rJhysufpD;jcif;\ taMumif;jzpfonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h tmom#dum 0d,? ,ifOwdu
Yk o
hJ /Ykd a[mE?d uke\
f / wd wom?
aMumif/h tmom#dum? rnfuek \
f / udavom? wdu
Yk /kd vAE?d uke\
f / awoH
tmom#dumeH? xd,
k ifOESiw
hf al om udavomwdu
Yk /kd ork*g wynw?d t<uif;rJh
jzwfjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;onf/ tbdedCmwynwDw?d rnf\/
41/ {0H? od/Yk 00d0rkace p? 00d0udk t&if;jyKojzifv
h nf;aumif;/
oroeOyg'geuErkace p? w&m;udk okH;oyfjcif; Oyg'geuEmwdkYudk
t&if;jyKojzifv
h nf;aumif;/ oapo?k wdYk / ynw0d b
d m*H? ynwfukd a0zefjcif;ud/k
'awGm? / 'ged? / oapo?k wdYk / (vdu
k af ponf)/ awy&d00aoe?
ok;H yg;aom tjyef\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h (opPf udp
Pf uwPfo;Hk yg;udk
'H /v/ |?
|? 123 bdua00}}wd tm'd? ud/k
awy&d0 ,l)/ 'awk?H iSm/ ]]'H
tm&'?H \/ ww 0pae? / 'ea|e? jrifwwfaom oabmaMumif/h puK?
rnf\/ ,xmobm0awm Zmeea|e? oabmtm; avsmpf mG odwwfaom
oabmaMumifh/ 0g? tMuif t Muif o d k Y a om oabmud k od w wf a om
oabmaMumifh/ PH? rnf\/ y#d0dZea|e? aMumifh/ ynm
ynm? rnf\/
0d'dwu&Pa|e? xif&Sm;jyKwwfaom oabmaMumifh/ 0d Z m ? rnf\/
Mobmoea|e? xGe;f vif;wwfaom oabmaMumif/h tmavmaum
tmavmaum? rnf\/
oA?H tvk;H pko
H nf/ ynma00pear0? ynm\ a00kpo
f mwnf;/ t,H? puKH
O'yg'd tp&Sad om a'oemonf/ a00peynw?d a00kpu
f kd tjym;tm;jzifh
odapaom ynwfwnf;/ opdud&d,mynwDw?d um;/ ypuu
&Pynw?d
rsuaf rSmufjyKjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapaom ynwfwnf;/ /
wkvrwkvmwd *gxm,H? / ypk&ZemeH? tNyed t
f zsi;f jzpfaom vlw\
Ykd /
0g? wdo
Yk nf/ ypub
m0awm? rsuaf rSmufjyKtyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h wkvw
d H
y&dpEd ?H ydik ;f jcm;tyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wkvH? rnf\/ umrm0p&H?
umrm0p&uH wnf;/ 0g? ud/k vAw?d \/ wkv?H ydik ;f jcm;tyfonf/ e? r[kw/f
wd wom? aMumif/h twkvH? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ t? xdrk [*Kwu
f t
H m;/

0g&

435

wkvH o'do?H aom/ tnH? aom/ avmud,ur?H onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd

wom? aMumif/h twkvH? rnf\/ r[*wur?H wnf;/ 0g? um;/ umrm0p&
lyg0p&ur?H onf/ wkvH? rnf\/ tlyg0p&H? tlyg0p&uHonf/ twkvH?
rnf\/ 0g? um;/ ty0yd guH? enf;aom tusK;d &Sad om uHonf/ wkvH? rnf\/
A[k0yd guH? onf/ twkvH? rnf\/ {awe uare? jzif/h or0wd? jzpfwwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h or0?H rnf\/ or0a[wkbw
l ?H b0\ taMumif;jzpf
jzpfaom/ b0ocF g &H ykeA0ocF&PuH? b0opfudk jyKjyifwwfaom/
t0ZDw?d um;/ 0daZo?d pGe\
D ?d um;/ Ak'r ek ?d bk&m;wnf;[laom
Yf / rkew
rkedonf/ tZw & awm
awmwd? um;/ ed,uZw&awm? rdrdoEmefjzpfaom
w&m;wdkY arGYavsmfonfjzpf/ (0dyem\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;?
a*gp&mao0e\ tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; arGaY vsmo
f nf-[lvakd omf/)
orm[dawm
wmwd? um;/ Oypm&yemorm"d0aoe? Oypm&orm"dtyem
orm"d\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h orm[dawm? / tbdEd u0prd0ggwd? um;/ u0pH
0d,? csyu
f u
kd o
hJ /Ykd bdE?d zsuq
f ;D Ny/D twor0E?d um;/ twe?d / omwH?
aom/ udavoH? ud/k 'H t,H t"dyg a,m? ud/k 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd?
\/ o0dygua|e? tusKd;ay;wwfaom oabmaMumifh/ or0Ed p?
[lvnf;aumif;/ b0gbdocF&Pa|e? b0opfudk jyKjyifwwfaom
oabmaMumif/h b0ocFg&Ed p? [lvnf;aumif;/ v'emrH? &tyfaom
trnf&adS om/ wkvmwkvocFgwH? wkv twkv[k qdt
k yfaom/ avmud,
ur? udv
k nf;/ MoZd? pGeNYf y/D o*FgroDao? ppfajrt0/ r[ma,ma"m?
ol&JBuD;onf/ u0pH? csyfudk/ bdEwd 0d,? zsufqD;ouJhodkY/ twor0H?
rdrd jzpfaom/ udavo? udv
k nf;/ tZw& awm? rdro
d Emef jzpfaom
w&m;wdYk arGaY vsmo
f nf/ orm[dawm? onf/ [kwmG ? / tbdE?d zsuq
f ;D Ny/D
wd? od/Yk 0kwH 0kawm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
tx 0g? um;/ wkvE?d um;/ wkv,aEm wDa&aEm? pl;prf;onfjzpf/
twk v or 0Ed? um;/ edAmea0? udkvnf;aumif;/ or0? b0udk
vnf;aumif;/ 0g? jzpfjcif;udv
k nf;aumif;/ b0ocFg&&E?d um;/ b0*grdur?H

436

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

b0odYk vm;apwwfaom uHu/kd t0Zd rkeDw?d um;/ ]]yuE m ? wdo

Yk nf/
tedpm ? uke/f awoH? xdck Emig;yg;wd\
Yk / eda&ma"m? csKy&f mjzpfaom/ edAm eH?
onf/ edp?H \}}/ wd tm'dem? aom/ ea,e? jzif/h wkv,aEm? pl;prf;onfjzpf/
Ak'r ek ?d onf/ ba0? / tm'De0? tjypfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ edAm ae? / tmedoo
H ?
udv
k nf;aumif;/ 'domG ? / cEmeH? wd\
Yk / rlvblw?H aom/ wH b0ocFg&H?
xdb
k 0udk jyKjyifwwfaom uHu/kd uru,
ua&e? uH\ukejf cif;udk jyKwwfaom/
t&d,ra*e? jzif/h t0Zd? pGeNYfy/D uxH t0Zd? enf;[lru
l m;/ tZw& awm?
/ t0Zd? Ny/D [d? pG/ aom? xdb
k &k m;wnf;[laom rkeo
d nf/ 0dyem0aoe?
jzif/h tZw&awm
awm? / orx0aoe? jzif/h orm[dawm
wm? / u0prd0?
udu
k o
hJ /Ykd twbm0H? ud/k y&da,meEw
d mG ? ajr; ,Su
f / Xdw?H aom/ twe?d /
twor0}}E?d [l/ v'emrH? aom/
or0wm? jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h ]]tw
oAH? aom/ udavoZmwH? udavom taygif;udk/ tbdEd? zsufqD;NyD/
udavombma0 p? udavom r&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifv
h nf;/ ur?H onf/ 0g?
ud/k ty#o
d Eu
d wm? y#doaEukd rjzpfaponf\ tjzpfaMumif/h t0|H emr?
pGet
Yf yfonf rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ udavombma0e? udavom r&So
d jzif/h
ur?H ud/k Z[d? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
ocFwmocFw"mwk0dedrkw? ocFwtocFw"mwfrS vGwfaom/
tbdan,s? xl;aom Pfjzifh odtyfaom w&m;\/ tbm0awm? aMumif/h
wkv /v/ "rmee}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ awe? xdw
]]wk
k v
k rwkvor0H [laom
ygXfjzif/h "ry#dor'd g? ud/k 0kwm ? onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
]]ededauyynwd "ry#dord'g,m
g,m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ b0ocFga&ok? b0udk
jyKjyifwwfaom uHww
Ykd iG /f ork',yu,
d ?H ork',opm\ tzdYk jzpfaom uHu/kd
y&dpm*ynwD}}wd? / tm[? \/ 'kuo
oEm,? / ]]y&d
pyu,
d 0aoe?
y&dnmynwD}}wd? [l/ tm[?
'kuo
pm\ tzdYk jzpfaom uH\tpGr;f jzif/h ]]y&d
\/
]bm0emynwd um,*wm, owd,m}qdu
k Xdwyd nw-d pdawu*wmu
mudd k
rqdkraeaumif;yg/ ]Xdwdynwd pdawu*wm,} qdkuvnf;

0g&

11-ynw[
d m&0dbif;tzGihf

437

]bm0emynwd um,*wm, owd,m}udk rqdkraeaumif;ygoavm-[k

apm'em&Sd&um; ]orm"me0dod|} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

|? 124 orm"me0do|d ? wnfMunfjcif;jzifh txl;jyKtyfaom/

tZw& wbm0? rdro
d Emef jzpfaom w&m;wdYk arGaY vsmo
f nf\ tjzpf\/
bm0em /v/ owd,mm}}wd? / 0kw?H \/ tZw& wwm?
0aoe? jzif/h ]]bm0em
0dod|? rdrdoEmefjzpfaom w&m;wdkY arGYavsmfonf\ tjzpfjzifh
txl;jyKtyfaom/ orm"me? wnfMunfjcif;\/ 0aoe ye? jzifu
h m;/
Xd w d y nw d p d a w u * w m,m
]]Xd
m,m}}wd? / 0kwH? \/ wd? odkY/ '|AH? \/
tbd e d A d ' gynw d p d w mmwd ? um;/ tm,k o cF g a&mZ e 0aoe?
tm,kocFg&udk vTwjf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h pdw
? ud/k tbde[
D &Pynw?d
y&dedAmefjyKjcif;odkY a&S;Iaqmifjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapwwfaom
ynwfwnf;/ Oyg'geynwDw?d um;/ *[Pynw?d ,ljcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh
odapaom ynwfwnf;/ oA n Kwm,m
Kwm,mwd? um;/ ormorK'bm0?
tvk;H pkaH om w&m;udk razmufrjyef ud,
k af wmfwikd f odonf\ tjzpfu/kd
{awe? oAnKwm,[laom ygXfjzifh/ tormorK'? ormorK'
r[kwaf om oltm;/ 0g? \/ tm,kocFga&mZe?H onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd?
od/Yk 'awd? \/ udavombma0e? udavom r&So
d jzif/h b*0g? onf/
y'gveynw d
urH? udk/ Z[wd? \/ wd? odkY/ 'aaEm? / ]]y'gveynw
t0dZ@aumome
aumome}}E?d / tm[? \/ /
a,m 'kur'ud ,awmed'ge
geE?d um;/ tm&'0yd aum? aom/ a,m
ZEK? tMuify*k Kd vo
f nf/ oA?H aom/ awblruH? bko
H ;Hk yg; jzpfaom/ 'ku?H ud/k
t'ud yd? jrifNyD/ w? xdkawblru'kuonfvnf;/ ,awm ed'geH
,Ha[wku?H tMuifwPSmvQif taMumif;&S\
d / wrd wPS?H udv
k nf;/ t?
xdak wblru'ku\
/ um&Pbma0e? jzif/h yd? Ny/D umarok aom ZEK
uxH ear,sm
ear,smwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk y#dyaEm? usiahf om/ aom yk&ad om?
xdyk *k Kd vo
f nf/ o0wKumarok? 0wKumrESiw
hf uG jzpfuek af om/ udavo
umarok? wdYk / a,e yuma&e? jzif/h ear,s tbdear,s? a&S;Iw
G &f m\/
aom yuma&m? onf/ ew?d r&S/d uom? um;/ [d ,om? aMumif/h avmau
avmau?

438

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4-y#deda'o

/ umrm
umrm? wdo
Yk nf/ oa*Fg? Niu
d yfwwfaom t&mwnf;/ wd? od/Yk wGm?
/ 0g? aMumif/h aom yuma&m? onf/ ew?d r&S/d
umrm [d avmau oa*F g wd wG m ud k zG i f h v d k & um; ],o m }
ponf u d k rd e f Y o wnf ; /

,om? aMumif/h ro avmau? / umro'do?H aom/ AEe?H onf/

ew?d r&S/d [d? pG/ b*0wm? onf/ ]]e wH 'VH AEerm[k "D&m}}wdtm'd {wH 0peH?
ud/k 0kw?H \/ wom? aMumif/h ocFga&? wdu
Yk /kd tmoZea|e? uyfNiw
d wfaom
oabmaMumif/h oa*Fgwd? uyfNiw
d wfaom t&m-[l/ 0d'w
d mG ? od/ 0g?
aMumif/h awoH /v/ odauwd {w ygaX? / um,*wmowda,ma*e?
um,*wmowdEiS hf ,SOo
f jzif/h owdrm? owd&o
dS nfjzpf/ awoH umrmeH?
wd\
Yk / 0lyorm,? iSm/ wDoyk d odum ok? wdYk vnf;/ tyrawm? rarhavsmh
onfjzpf/ odau,s? usifh&m\/ wd t,H? vQif/ tawm? wnf;/
a00peynwDw?d um;/ cEm'De?H wd\
Yk / a00peynw?d wnf;/
a00peynwdom qdkygavm/ tb,hfaMumifh ]'ku y&dnm ynwd
p}[lvnf; qdkoenf;-[laom tar;udk ajzvdk&um; ]t'uDwd ye ya'e}
ponfudk rdefYaomf/

t'uw
D d ye ya'e? ESiu
hf m;/ orEw
m ? pyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
1
D ?d
]]'k'ku y&dnm ynwd pm
pm}}wd? / 0kw?H \/ ypwduawm 'eynww
um;/ tewZeeawm? tusK;d rJu
h kd jzpfapwwfaomaMumif/h ypwu
d awm?
qefu
Y sib
f uf&efot
l m;jzif/h 'eynw?d jrifjcif;udk tjym;tm;jzifh odapaom
ynwfwnf;/ yg0uuy gwd? um;/ Zvdwt*duEo'dom? ajymifajymif
awmufaom rD;ykEH iS hf wluek \
f / yygwO&a*gyrm
yygwO&a*gyrmwd? um;/ yygwlyrm p?
urf;yg;jywf Oyrmvnf; &Su
d ek \
f / O&a*gyrm p? a>rOyrmvnf; &Su
d ek \
f / /
arm[orEaem avmaum
avmaumwd? um;/ t,H avmaum? owavmu
onf/ t0dZm a[wkau[d? t0dZm vQif taMumif;&Su
d ek af om/ oHa,mZae[d?
1/ 'ku y&dnm ynwd / / 'ku-H [laom yk'o
f nf t'u-d [laom Bu,
d m
yk'fESifh pyfaomaMumifh ydkif;jcm; od\-[laom teufudk jy&um; y&dnmynwf
jzpfygownf;/

0g&

11-ynw[
d m&0dbif;tzGihf

439

wdkYonf/ AaEm? aESmifzGJUtyfonfjzpf/ bA l a yg0 'd wDwd? um;/

0dyEZmoa,myd? ysupf ;D azmufjyefaom tZmo,&Sad omfvnf;/ rm,m, p?
vSnyhf wfjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ omaXa,se p? pOf;vJjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
y#dpm 'dwobma0g? zk;H vTr;f tyfaom oabm&So
d nfjzpf/ bAZmwduH 0d,?
uRwx
f u
kd af om oabm&So
d uJo
h /Ykd twmeH? ud/k 'awd? \/ Oy"d /v/
y&d 0 g&d a wm
wmwd? um;/ w ye Amv? xdkrdkufaom ol\um;/
wxm'ae? xdo
k Ykd uRwx
f u
kd af om oabm&So
d uJo
h Ykd rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd jyjcif;/
oarm[wrom? tvGeaf wGa0aom arm[wnf;[laom trdu
k jf zif/h 0g?
onf/ y&d0g&dwwm? jcH&Htyfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ umr*kaPok? wdkY/
tem'De0'dwm,? tjypfukd rjrifonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h (AEwm pyf)/
udavombdocFga&[d? wdo
Yk nf/ AEwm ? aESmifzUJG tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
wxm blawm |? 125 p? xdo
k aYkd om tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfonfvnf;
jzpfaom/ t,H Amavm? onf/ y@dwmeH? wdt
Yk m;/ td&D 0d,? toa&
r&So
d uJo
h /Ykd cg,wd? xif\/ tvuad um {0? toa& r&So
d nfomvQi/f
[kwmG ? / Oy|mwd? xif\/ w,d'H wH 'H oA?H xdak rm[vQif taMumif;
&Sad om oHa,mZOfwjYkd zifh aESmifzUJG jcif; tp&Sad om tvk;H pko
H nf/ Amv?
rdkufonf/ oawm? jzpfaomoltm;/ &m*g'dudeawm? &m*tp&Sdaom
aMumifMh u&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tw?d \/ wH oA?H ud/k ynmpuKem? jzif/h
yawm? aom/ y@dw ye? tm;um;/ udeH? &m*tp&Sdaom
aMumifMh uonf/ ew?d r&S/d wd t,H? vQi/f oacFyawm? wnf;/
]arm[orEaem avmaumwd a'oemynwd arm[}[lom
qdkygavm/ todkYrl ]0dyvmomeH}-[k qdkavoenf;-[k apm'em&Sd&mon
monffudk
ESvkH;ydkuf ]arm[oDaoe} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

arm[oDaoe? arm[udk y"mejyKojzif/h 0dyvmom? wdu

Yk /kd *[dwm?
uke\
f / wd wom? aMumif/h a'oemynwd 0dyvmome
omeE?d / tm[?
D ?d um;/ 0dy&Dwmuma&e? azmufjyefaom tjcif;t&mjzif/h
\/ 0dy&Dwynww
Oy|[rme? xifjcif;ud/k ynmyem? tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;wnf;/ /
edAm eH? onf/ tw?d \/ wd? od/Yk 0peH? qdjk cif;onf/ orPjAm[PmeH?
wd\
Yk / 0gpm0wKrwar0? pum;wnf;[laom taMumif;rQonfomvQi/f a[mwd?

440

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

\/ wpfenf;um;-edAm eH? onf/ tw?d \/ wd? od/Yk 0'EmeH? ukeaf om/

orPjAm[PmeH? &[ef;ykPm ;wd\
Yk / 0peH? onf/ 0gpm0wKrwar0? omvQi/f
a[mwd? \/ y&rwawm? tm;jzif/h tvArmeobm0wm? r&tyfaom
oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h edAm eH? onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd? od/Yk 0dy# yd EmeH?
azmufjyefaom tusi&hf u
dS ek af om olw\
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d ?Hk
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aem
\/ ww? xdek Ad m ef&\
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apwH bdua00}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ w? \/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk
a0'dwaAm? \/ bdua 0? wd/Yk tocFwm "mwk? onf/ ,'d e tb0d?
tu,f r&So
d nfjzpft/hH "? avmu/ oA? aom/ ocFw?
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d m'a,m?
ukefaom/ r*"rm? wdkYonf/ te0aooudavao? t<uif;r&Sdaom
udavomwdu
Yk /kd orkpEd E ?d uke\
f / wawm? xdo
k jYkd zwfaomaMumif/h wd0"d yd?
vnf;jzpfaom/ 0? \/ ty0w?d rjzpfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd
t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ /
ww 0pae? / t,H? um;/ t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ y&dan,swm,?
ydkif;jcm; odtyfonf\ tjzpfjzifh/ oOw&meH? vGefuJaom w&m;ESifh
wuGjzpfuek af om/ umrme1? umrm0p&w&m;wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ lyge?
lyg0p&w&m;wd\
Yk vnf;aumif;/ y#dyubw
l ?H qefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfjzpfaom/
wAd"k&obm0H? xdkumrm0p&w&m;wdkYESifh qefYusifjcif;oabm &Sdaom/
ed&PH? xGuaf jrmuf&monf/ ynm,wd ,xm? xifouJo
h /Ykd
{0H wxm? wl/ wHobm0geH? xdv
k eG u
f aJ om w&m;wdEYk iS w
hf uG jzpfjcif;
oabm &Su
d ek af om/ ocFw"rmeH? wd\
Yk / y#dyubal we? aom/ wA"d &k wmobma0e? xdo
k cFww&m;wdEYk iS hf qefu
Y sijf cif;oabm &Sad om/ ed&aPe?
1/ umrmeH lyge ed&PH / / umrm0p&w&m;wd\
Yk xGuaf jrmuf&mum;
lyg0p&w&m;wnf;/ lyg0p&w&m;wd\
Yk xGuaf jrmuf&mum; tlyg0p&w&m;wnf;/

0g&

11-ynw[
d m&0dbif;tzGihf

441

xGuaf jrmuf&monf/ b0dwA?H jzpf&m\/ wH ed&PH? xdo

k cFww&m;wd\
Yk
xGuaf jrmuf&mjzpfaom/ , "rZmwH? tMuifoabmw&m;onfvnf;/ tw?d
&S\
d / om? ocFw&m;wd\
Yk xGuaf jrmuf&mjzpfaom oabmw&m;onf/
tocFwm "mwk? wnf;/ ud bda,sm? qdzk ,
G w
f pfyg;&Sad o;\/ ocFw"rm&rP?H ocFww&m;vQif tmk&H adS om/ 0dyemPH? onf/ tEkavmrPH
tyd? tEkavmrPfjzpfaomfvnf;/ udavao? wdkYudk/ orkap'0aoe?
t<uif;rJjh zwfonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h yZ[dw?Hk y,fjcif;iSm/ e oaumwd?
rpGr;f Edik /f orKwo
d pm&rPr?d orKwo
d pmvQif tmk&H o
dS nfvnf; jzpfaom/
yXrZmem'Dok? wdkY/ y0wH? aom/ PH? onf/ udavomeH? wdkYudk/
0dur e rwar0? cGgjcif;rQuo
kd mvQi/f ua&mwd? jyKEikd \
f / orkap'?H t<uif;rJh
jzwfjcif;ud/k e ua&mwd? Edik /f t&d,r*P? onfum;/ orkap'y[meu&H?
t<uif;rJjh zwfaomtm;jzifh y,fjcif;udk jyKwwf\/ w? xdt
k &d,r*f\/
ocFw"rorKwdop0dy&Dawe? ocFww&m; orKwdopmwdkYrS jyefaom/
tm&raPe? onf/ b0dwA?H &m\/ om? xdt
k mko
H nf/ tocFwm "mwk?
wnf;/ wxm? xdNk rKd U/ uwpd 0doa,? tcsKUd aomt&m/ (tocFw"mwfukd
&nfonf)/ ]]oD[oa'g}}wd ,xm? oD[o'guJhodkY/ (wHum; teufr&Sd?
edygwfrQom)/ Oypm&0kwdoAm0awm? wifpm;aomtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;
oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h t0dy&Dwawm? razmufrjyef[w
k rf eS af om
1
teuf&adS om/ edAmeoa'g ? edAm eo'gud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ /
tx 0g? um;/ ]]twd /v/ tocFw}}Ed 'H 0peH? onf/ b*0wm?
onf/ bmodwwm? aMumifh/ t0dy&DwwH? razmufrjyef [kwfrSefaom
1/ edAmeoa'g / / oDa[m rmP0aum ponfjzifh vkviftp&So
d nfwYkd
Oypm&tm;jzifh jzpfaom oD[o'gonf jcaoFhrif; [kwfrSefaom teufvQif
t&m&So
d uJo
h Ykd xdt
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or*bal wm y&dpma&wd? {wm0wm acg abm t,H twm y&r'd|"reAd m eyawm
a[mwd} tp&So
d nfwYkd umr*kPEf iS hf jynfph o
Hk nf\tjzpf lypsmefEiS hf jynfph o
Hk nf\
tjzpfwdkY Oypm&tm;jzifh jzpfaom edAmeo'gonf tcsKdUaomt&m t0dy&Dw
teuf&\
dS / tMuift&m t0dy&Dwteuf &S\
d / xdt
k &monfum; tocFw"mwfjzpf\[lvakd omf/

442

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4-y#deda'o

teuf&\
dS / [d? pG/ ,H 0peH? ud/k b*0wm? onf/ bmodw?H \/ wH 0peH?
onf/ t0dy&Dww?H \/ ,xm wH 0peH 0d,? tb,fpum;uJo
h Ykd enf;[lru
l m;/
(vnf; wHo'gum; edygwfrQom)/ ]]oaA/ v/ tewm}}wd 'H 0peH ,xm?
uJo
h w
Ykd nf;/ {0r?d odv
Yk nf;/ ,kw0d aoe? toif\
h tpGr;f tm;jzif/h tocFwm,
"mwk,m? \/ y&rwawm? tm;jzif/h oAma0g? xif&mS ;jzpfonf\ tjzpfu/kd
a0'dwaAm? \/
vuf0g;jyif0,f wif xm;aom ywjrm;uJhodkY a,s"Hw&m;u
&m;udd k
yputm;jzifh jrifawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;pum;awmfom yrmP
jzpfownf;-[k jyvdk&um; ]u 0g {wm, ,kwdpdEm,} tp&SdaomygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

0g? um;/ {wm, ,k w d p d E m ,? od k Y , k w d u d k MuH o jzif h / u ?

tb,frpl tHeh nf;/ uom? um;/ ,om? aMumif/h |? 126 b*0wm? onf/
]]twd /v/tocFw}}Ed tm'dem p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]typ,
m "rm tocFwm
"rm}}wd tm'dem p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ]]tocFw a0g /v/y#dy'}}Ed tm'dem
p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ taeau[d? ukeaf om/ okwy a'[d? okwyf 'k w
f jYkd zif/h
edAm e"mwk,m? \/ y&rwawm? tm;jzif/h oAma0g? ud/k a'odawm? \/
wd wom? aMumif/h {wm, ,kwpd Ed m ,? jzif/h u? enf;/ ww 0pae? /
Oye,eynw Dwd? um;/ y#dyuawm? tm;jzifh/ a[wk Oye,e?
edAm ef&adS omtjzpf\ taMumif;udk aqmifjcif;ud/k ynmyem? tjym;tm;jzifh
odapjcif;wnf;/ aZmwemynwDw?d um;/ y#dnmw? 0efct
H yfaom/
tw? \/ od',
d m? Ny;D jcif;ud/k yumoemynw?d jyaom ynwfwnf;/
aooH? aom/ oA?H onf/ ok0ad n,sar0? vQiu
f wnf;/
ynwd[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

12-Mow&P[m&0dbif;tzGihf
42/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? onf/ Mow&P[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww?
/ taoum 0drkwDwd? um;/ aw"mwkau? okH;yg;aom"mwf/ t,H
0Dw&m*wm? &m*uif;onf\ tjzpfonf/ taoum? aom/ zv0drw
k ?d

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12-Mow&P[m&0dbif;tzGihf

443

zdv
k w
f nf;[laom 0drw
k d rnf\/ wmeda,0g
,0gwd? um;/ taoum,H? aom/
0drw
k ,
d ?H / wmed o'g'De?d wdo
Yk nf/ t,H `Eda,[d Mow&Pm
Mow&Pmwd? um;/
taoum,? aom/ 0drw
k ,
d m? / ed'g &daw[d? ukeaf om/ o'g'D[?d ukeaf om/
`Ead ,[d? wdjYk zif/h (tcsKUd pmum; ]ed'g &daw[d} r&S/d ]aw[d}[k &S\
d / aw[d
`Eda,[d? wdkYjzifh ay;)/ oH0Pem,? zGifhaomtm;jzifh/ Mow&Pm?
oGi;f jcif;wnf;/ /
ynda`Eom 0dZm rnfonf r[kwfwkHavm/ ,if;odkYvsuf todkYrl
]yd`Ed,med 0dZm}}--[k qdkoenf;-[k vDeE&apm'em&Sd&maomaMumifh ]yd`Ed,med
0dZmwd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

yd`Ed,med 0dZmwd {w? / orm'd|,

d m? tm;/ Oyum&wm? aus;Zl;
jyKonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ ynmuaE? ynmuEm/ o*FPSe0aoe?
oN*K [o
f nf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ormouFayg? ud/k 0kawm 0d,? uJo
h /Ykd o'g'De?d
ukeaf om/ pwm&d `E,
d med? wdu
Yk /kd 0dZm ,? tm;/ Oyum&wm? aMumif/h
o*FPeS 0aoe? jzif/h 0kwm ed? uke\
f / ocFg&y&d,myEmeDw?d um;/ yok
caEo?k wdw
Yk iG /f ocFg&uaE? / taEm*wmed? tusKH ;0ifuek \
f / a, ocFg&m
temo0g
temo0gwd rdem? jzif/h wH ocFg&uE?H ud/k 0daoaowd? txl;jyK\/ uom?
um;/ t*zv? t&[wzv
kd \
f / t"daywwm? aMumifw
h nf;/ wawm
{0 p? xdo
k Ykd tmoa0g\ tmkrH [kwo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumifo
h mvQi/f aem p
b0*Fg? b0\taMumif; r[kwu
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Yk iG /f "r"mwko*F[w
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taoum 0drw
k ?d ud/k ,'dyd 'dwm? &Si/fh ye wxmyd? vnf;/ wm?
xdt
k aou0rd w
k \
d / y#dyw'd ew?H tusiu
hf kd jytHah omiSm/ (0kawm pyf)/
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aomwmywrd *fu/kd "? / 0kawm? \/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'awk?H
t,H t[roDwd temEkyD}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ oA?H onf/
iSm/ ]]t,H
0kwe ,ar0? vQiu
f wnf;/

444

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4-y#deda'o

43/ ed d w pvd wEd? um;/ wPSm'd|d0aoe? jzifh/ ureH?

wkev
f yI jf cif;onf/ te0|meH? r&yfwnfjcif;onf/ tw?d \/ pkwlyygawm
ygawmwd?
um;/ ty&my&H? tqifq
h if/h p0e? pkawjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ Oyywe?
y#doaEaejcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ edw
d ya'? edw
d yk'f /
eda,m
vArmeH? aom/ ed,eH? rS&D mud/k O'&aEm? xkwv
f &kd um;/ ]]ed
emrm
emrm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ wPSmeda,m
a,mwd? um;/ wPSmbdead 0aom?
wPSmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;wnf;/
wPS m bd e d a 0aom[k qd k b d \ / wPS m ed a,m[k oH 0 aP w A
&Sdonf r[kwfwHkavm pk'f&Sd&um; ]aom [d}ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ aom? xdw

k PSmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;ud/k wPSmp&dw? yk*Kdv\
f /
ywd|mbma0e? wnf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumifh/ wxm? xdkodkYaom
tjcif;t&mjzif/h 0kawm? \/ (eda,m[k qdo
k nf-[lvakd omf)/ |? 127
{0H? wl/ 'd|deda,myd? udv
k nf;/ '|aAm? \/
apwemvnf ; wPS m r[k w f / wPS m vnf ; apwemr[k w f c J h /
,if;odkYvsuf ],m &w apwem t,H wPSmeda,m}[k t&Sifupnf;
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]&w}paom ygXfudk rdefYaomf/

&w apwem
apwemwd rd e m? jzif h / ocF g &u E " r m eH ? wd k Y \ /
apwemy"mewm? apwemjy|mef;jcif;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h apwemoDaoe?
apwemudk y"mejyKojzifh/ wPSH {0? udkomvQif/ 0'wd? \/ awae0?
t,H wPSmeda,m
aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]t,H
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um;/ 0dy&Dwmbdeda0aom? azmufjyefaomtm;jzifh ESvkH;oGif;jcif;onf/
arm[? \/ Av0bma0? tm;BuD;onf\ tjzpfonf/ owd {0?
,m /v/eda,m
&Sad omfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/ wom? aMumif/h ]],m
a,m}}wd? [l/
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Yk /kd 0wGm? Ny;D / 'ged?
/ ww? xdw
k PSm'd|w
d Ykd / edy& ,
d ma,e? rkcstm;jzif/h apweH a,0? udo
k mvQi/f
apwem ye ocFg&m
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&m}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ ,m /v/a0'em
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0g&

12-Mow&P[m&0dbif;tzGihf

445

wd uwGm rdem um&aPe? aMumifh/ 0kwH? \/ wxm? xdkNrdKU/

t'kur okcg,? aom/ a0'em,? / t0dZm ? onf/ tEkaowd? \/ wd
,m /v/ a0'em
wom? aMumif/h ]],m
a0'em}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ "? ,m
&w tp&Sad om ygVd/ a0'emoDaoe? a0'emudk y"mejyKojzif/h apwem?
ud/k 0kwm ? \/
wPSm, 'd|d,m Oya,m*w udkPf;0dbwfwnf;-[k jyvdk&um;
]wPSm,mwd wPSH} ponfudk rdefYownf;/
,cktcg Oya,m*\ tpGrf;jzifhyifvQif ]wPSm,}tp&Sdaom ygXfwdkY\
teufudk jytHhaomiSm ],xm 0g} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

wPSm,m
,mwd? um;/ wPS?H ud/k 'd|d,mmwd? um;/ 'd|? ud/k 0g? um;/
aoo"rmeH? wPSmrS <uif;aom w&m;wd\
Yk / (ed, pyf)/ wPSm,? \/
(bm0 pyf)/ ed,bma0? rS&D m\ tjzpfonf/ oaE? aomf/ yk*a vm? ud/k
wPSm,? \/ edad wmwd? rS&D m[l/ 0kpw
d ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd /
{0H wxm? wl/ wPSm,? \/ (bm0 pyf)/ aoo"rmeH? wd\
Yk / (yp,
pyf)/ yp,bma0? taMumif;\ tjzpfonf/ oaE? aomf/ yk*a vm? ud/k
wPSm,? ud/k 0g? / edad wmwd? rS\
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?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
1
wPSm, teddawm }}wd? [l/ tm[? \/
]]wPS
y' Dwd? um;/ '&xy#dyrem? ylyefjcif;\ Nidrf;jcif;onf/
um,dummwd? um;/ u&Zum,oE
d w
d m? u&Zum,udk rSaD om y'/d
apwodummwd? um;/ pdwo
E
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rS&D med,jzpfaom tcg xdw
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D [k qdt
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446

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ajztHhaomiSm ],om ye}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

,om ye? aMumifu

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pmtrsm;&Sad omaMumifrh u
l m; qifjcif/ 0kwm -[k &St
d ?hH tEkoaEukd toD;qd/k (0kwm /
wm, y',
d m-[k &So
d ifo
h nf xif\/) (wnf;jzwfo)l
2/ oawm twm p avmaumpmwd / / um; ]oawm twm p
avmaum pmwd}-[k &Sad om ygXftwdik ;f ay;onf/ oawmwd temEkyD twm
p avmaum pmwd [lvnf; ygXf&Sd\/ oawmwd? jrJ\[l/ temEkyD?
rIonfjzpf/ twm p? ud,
k [
f
l vnf;aumif;/ avmaum p? [l vnf;aumif;/
wd? od/Yk wPSm'd|Od ya,e? jzif/h e Oaywd? uyf/ e *PSmwd? r,l/ odaYk y;/

0g&

12-Mow&P[m&0dbif;tzGihf

447

ruyf/ *rDa&m
&mwd? um;/ Owmebm0a[wle?H wdrjf cif;\ taMumif;jzpfuek af om/
udavomeH? wd\
Yk / tbma0e? jzif/h 0g? aMumif/h *raD &m? eufe\
J / edAKawm
awmwd?
um;/ tww
D d tm'dem? jraJ omtm;jzifh &S\
d tp&So
d nfjzif/h Oy*reudavomeH?
uyfaom udavomwd\
Yk / 0lyoare? Nird ;f jcif;jzif/h y&deAd K awm oDwb
d al wm?
Nird ;f onfjzpf jzpf\/ /
"m*wDw?d um;/ y&avmuawm? wrvGeb
f 0rS/ "? b0od/Yk
tm*wd? vmjcif;/ *wDw?d um;/ "avmuawm? b0rS/ y&avmu*reH?
wrvGeb
f 0odYk oGm;jcif;/ wH ye? xdw
k rvGeb
f 0odYk oGm;jcif;onfum;/ ykeAa0g?
aypba0g
b0opfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h ]]ayp
a0g}}wd? [l/
tm[? \/ " [k&Ed ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h 'Gg&m&rP"rm? 'Gg&tmkjH zpfaom
w&m;wdu
Yk /kd 'dwm? uke\
f / ("jzifh 'Gg&ud?k [k&jH zifh tmku
H kd jyonf)/ wd
Ob,rEa&em
wom? aMumif/h ]]Ob,rE
&em}}wd ya'e? jzif/h 'Gg&y0w"ar? 'Gg& jzpfaom
zork'dawok "arol}}wd? [l/ tm[?
w&m;wdu
Yk /kd 'aaEm? / ]]zork
\/ w? \/ tawm? ud/k {0H? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/ |? 128 zae? ESi/hf
o' p? wuG v nf ; aumif ; / um&Pbl a we? teE & taMumif ;
Oyed,taMumif;jzpf jzpfaom/ zae p? jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ork'ad wok
orLawok? jzpfuek af om/ 0dnmPa0'emonmapwem0dwu0pd m&m'd"aro?k
wdkY/ twmeH e ywDwd? um;/ awoH "rmeH? xdk0dnmOftp&Sdaom
w&m;wd\
Yk / tew bma0ae0? tewtjzpfjzifo
h mvQi/f ww? xd0k n
d mOf
tp&Sad om w&m;wdYk / twmeH? ud/k e ywd? rI/
oDvt0dy#dom&ponfwdkYonf avmuDr[kwfwkHavm/ xdkodkYvsuf
]avmukwa &m oDv0awm}ponfjzifh tb,haf Mumifh qdo
k enf;/ ]avmukwa &&mm
0d & Z w d 0d & m*g 0d r k p w d } ponf j zif h o m qd k y gavm-[k apm'em&S d & um;
]0d&Zwd}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

0d&Zwd 0d&m*g 0drpk w

w
D d ya'[d? wdjYk zif/h avmukw& "rmeH? wd\
Yk /
y#dpo
rkyg 'bm0H? ud/k 'aaEm? jyawmfrv
l akd om t&Siu
f pn;f q&monf/
oDvm'Derd? wdkY\vnf;/ w'wwm,? xdk0d&m*0drkwdtusKd;&Sdonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h y&d,ma,e? jzif/h wAm0H? xdak vmukw& my#dpo
rkyg 'ftjzpfu/kd
avmukwa &mwd tm'dem? jzif/h tm[? \/ /

448

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

emrf o nf l y um,tm; or , k w y p n f ; rwyf c J h & um; ]emror

,kawmwd emare rddawm}-[k zGifhownf;/
oOyg'daoojzpfaom edAme"mwfonf udavomwdkY\ Nidrf;jcif;om
jzpf o nf r[k w f w k H a vm/ ,if ; od k Y v suf tod k Y r l oOyg'd a oom
edAme"mwk 0dZm-[k qdkoenf;-[laom tar;ykpmudk ajzvdk oOyg'd
/v/ 0dZmwd-[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/
,if ; od k Y t&[w z d k v f u d k tvd k & S d t yf y gaomf oOyg'd a oom
edAme"mw
e"mwkk t&[w z vH- [lom qdkaumif;ygonf r[k w fwk
avm-[k
w kHavm
a vm-[k
apm'em xGufjyef&um; ]w ynmy"meH} ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

44/ emror , k a w mwd? um;/ emare? ESifh/ rddawm? a&m\/

oOyg'daoom edAme"mw
]]oOyg'd
e"mwl}}wd {w? / t&[wzvH? ud/k t"dayw?H \/
oOyg /v/"mwl}}wd? [l? t"dayw?H \/
wpfenf;um;-t&[wzvH? ud/k ]]oOyg
w? xdt
k &[wzv
kd o
f nfvnf;/ ynmy"meH? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h
oOyg'daoom edAme"mwk 0dZm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ aooH? aom/
]]oOyg'd
oA?H onf/ Owmear0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
Mow&P[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifYonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

13-aom"e[m&0dbif; tzGifh
/v/[ma&mwd? onf/ aom"e[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/ ww?
45/ ww /v/[ma&m
/ b*0g y'H aoma"wDw?d um;/ ]]t0dZm , ed0ak wm avmaum}}wd? [l/
0'aEm? a[mawmfral om/ b*0g? onf/ ]]auek ed0ak wm avmaum}}wd?
[l/ tm,owm? aom/ tZdawe? onf/ ykpm 0aoe? jzif/h 0kw?H aom/
y'H1? ud/k aoma"wd emr
emr? okwo
f ifonf rnf\/ uom? um;/ w'w?
xdyk 'k \
f teufu/kd 0doZeawm? aMumifw
h nf;/
1/ y'H aoma"wd emr / / ar;tyfaom teufukd tmkjH yK jzpfaom
]tnmP oHo, ponfukd y,fojzifh ar;tyfaom teufukd okwo
f if\/ xdo
k Ykd
okwo
f ifaomfvnf; yk'\
f teufEiS hf tjym;r&So
d nfukd jyK tab'ab'lypm&tm;jzifh
yk'u
f kd okwo
f ifonf rnf&um; ]y'H aoma"wd emr}-[k emro'gESihf qdo
k nf/

0g&

13-aom"e[m&0dbif; tzGihf

449

aem p tm&
rE?d um;/ wk?H iSm/ pw
tm&r
d ? aom/ tw? \/
ty&da,modwwm? rqk;H ao;onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h wm0? xdrk Qjzif/h tm&r?H
tm;xkwt
f yfaom teufu/kd e aoma"wd? oif/ oka'g tm&armwd? um;/
wk?H iSm/ pw
d ? aom/ tw? \/ 0g? ud/k yaAm"dwwm? yGiv
hf if;aptyf
Ny;D onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tm&arm? tm;xkwt
f yfaom teufu/kd aom"dawm?
okwo
f iftyfNy/D
okwfoifjcif;rnfonf zkH;vTrf;aom oabm&Sdaom teufudk a'oem\
tpGrf;tmEkabmfjzzif
ifh zGifhtyfonf\ tjzpfudk jyKjcif; jzpf&um; xdkteufudk
Oyrmjzifh xif&Sm;jytHhaomiSm ]tnmPyuEmeH}paom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

tnmPyuEmeH 0g? rodjcif;odkY ajy;0ifukefolwdkY\vnf;aumif;/

a'GVu
S ZmwmeH 0g? jzpfaom ESv;Hk ESpcf G &Su
d ek af omolw\
Ykd vnf;aumif;/ ykpe ?H
ar;jref;jcif;onf/ umav? oifhawmfaom tcg/ ykpEmeH? ar;ukefaom
olwdkY\/ ykpm 0d,? ar;jref;jcif;uJhodkY/ t0dZ#H? r&Sif;vif;onf/ r[m*[eH
0d,? BuD;pGmaom awmIyfuhJodkYvnf;aumif;/ r[m'k*H 0d, p? BuD;pGmaom
c&D;cJuo
hJ v
Ykd nf;aumif;/ tEum&H? rdu
k af rSmifonf/ t0dbw
l ?H rxif&mS ;onf/
a[mwd? \/ w'g p? xdt
k cgum; (po'gum; yewwnf;)/ b*0wm 0g?
onfvnf;aumif;/ y@daw[d? ukeaf om/ b*0awm? \/ om0au[d 0g?
wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;/ tya'? yk'rf [kwo
f nf/ y'H? yk'u
f /kd 'aaE[?d
jyukev
f su/f edZ# ?H tajr; t,Suf r&So
d nfu/kd ed*rk ?H csKrH &So
d nfu/kd 0g? zk;H vTr;f jcif;
r&So
d nfu/kd uwGm? / yaO? ud/k 0doZad w? aomf/ r[wm? aom/ *E[wed m?
*Eqifonf/ tbdb0dwGm? ESdyfeif;/ Mob*y'gvdawm? paemifhpeif;
csK;d zJzh suq
f ;D tyfaom/ *[eya'aom 0d,? csKt
H &yfuo
hJ /Ykd 0d*wEuma&m?
uif;aom trdu
k af rSmif&o
dS nf/ 0dbal wm Oy|[rmaem? xifonf/ [kwmG ?
/ 0daom"dawm emr? okwo
f iftyfonf rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ /
aom"e[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

450

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGifh
|? 129 46/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? onf/ t"d|me[m&0dba*Fg?
wnf ; / ww ? / wxm "m&,d w A m wd ? um;/ {uw a 0rw w m
ocFgwomrn0daoorwawm? {uw a0rwtjzpf[k qdktyfaom
omrn0daoorQtm;jzif/h "m&,dwAm? rSwt
f yfuek \
f / ww? xdjk ytyfaom
w&m;wdYk / 0g? wdw
Yk iG /f ud?d tenf;i,frQ/ e ye 0duaywAm? txl;rMut
H yf/
wd t,H ? vQif / t"d y g a,m? wnf ; / t0d u ay w A w m,? txl ;
rMut
H yfonf\ tjzpf\/ um&PH? ud/k eda'o0g&0Pem,H? / 0kwa r0?
vQiu
f wnf;/ wH wH zvH? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om ed&, tp&Sad om tusK;d ud/k r*wd
*a0owd? &Smwwf\/ wd wom? aMumifh/ ra* g? rnf\/ 0g? um;/
w'wdau[d? xdkxdkodkYaom tusKd;udk tvdk&Sdaom olwdkYonf/ r*D,wd
*a0oD,wd? &Smtyf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ra*g? rnf\/ ed&wd,a|e
p? arGYavsmfjcif; r&Sdaom oabmaMumifhvnf;aumif;/ ed&m'a|e p?
om,mjcif; r&Sad om oabmaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ed&a,m
a,m? rnf\/ O'?H
txufo/Ykd tEk*Em? rwufr
l / wd&,
d ?H zDvm/ tw
d m? oGm;wwfuek \
f /
wd wom? aMumif/h wd&pmem? rnfuek \
f / wd&pmem0? wdo
Yk nfyifvQi/f
wd & p m ea,med? \/ aywwm,? ao b0wpfyg;odkY a&mufonf\
tjzpfaMumif/h ayw?d rnf\/ awm? b0rS/ ayp r&dwmG ? ao/ *wbma0g?
b0wpfyg;okYd a&mufonf\ tjzpf/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ aywd
{0? onfyifvQi/f aywd0doa,m
a,m? rnf\/ e ok&Ed e bmoEd e 'dAE ?d
rxGef;yukef/ wd wom? aMumifh/ tok&m? rnfukef\/ tok&m {0?
wdo
Yk nfyifvQi/f tok&a,med? rnf\/ 'daA[?d ewf jzpfuek af om/ lyg'D[?d
lygkH tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h ok|K? tvGe/f t*g? jrwfuek \
f / wd wom? aMumif/h
o*g? rnfuek \
f / re? pdw\
f / OEwm,? rsm;onf\ tjzpfaMumif/h
rEkmm? rnfuek \
f / wPSm? ud/k 0geH? [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ wH? xdw
k PSmonf/
ww? xdek Ad m ef/ ew?d r&S/d wd wom? aMumif/h edAmeH? rnf\/ ed&,H? od/Yk
*pw?d a&mufwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ed&,*grD? rnf\/ aooya'oky?d
wd k Y vnf ; / {ao0 ea,m? wnf ; / tok & a,med a ,m
,mwd ? um;/

0g&

14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

451

tok&a,med,m? tok&mtrsKd;tm;/ [dawm? avsmfaom/ wpfenf;tok&a,med,m? \/ [dawm? tpD;tyGm;jzpfaom/ tok&ZmwdeAd w

e aum?
tok&mtrsK;d udk jzpfapwwfaom/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ o*?H
ewfjynfo/Ykd *arwd? a&mufapwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h o**grda,m
,m?
rnf\/ rEk*grDw?d um;/ rEkavmu*grD? vljY ynfoYkd a&mufapwwfaom/
y#docFgeda&ma"m
&ma"mwd? um;/ y#docFg, y#dyubm0 em,? qefu
Y sib
f uf
bm0emjzif/h eda&ma"m? csKyjf cif;/ 0g? um;/ y#dyau? qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;onf/
wxm? xdkodkYaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ ty0aw? rjzpfonf&Sdaomf/
(OyZrmewGifyif pyf)/ OyZem&[? jzpfjcif;iSm xdkufaom w&m;\/
(tEkym a'g pyf)/ y#dyu0w
k ,
d m? qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;\ jzpfjcif;jzif/h 0g?
aMumif/h tEkyg a'g? rjzpfjcif;/ ty#docFgeda&ma"m
&ma"mwd? um;/ ocFw"rmeH?
wdkY\/ o&oeda&ma"m? rdrdoabmtm;jzifh csKyfjcif;/ cPdueda&ma"m?
cPESi,
hf OS af om csKyjf cif;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/
47/ lyE?d [lonfum;/ {uwwm? wlonf\ tjzpfonf/ a[mwd?
\/ blwme Oyg'g,mwd? blwmeH Oyg'g,um;/ a0rwwm? xl;onf\
tjzpfonf/ a[mwd? \/ Oyg'glyE?d Oyg'gky[
f o
l nfum;/ {uwwm? onf/
a[mwd? \/ pum,weH /v/ uAVDuma&m? uAVDum&[k qdt
k yfaom/
tm[ma&m? tm[m&/ wd t,H? um;/ a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
wxm? NrKd U/ blwlyE?d blwky[
f o
l nfum;/ {uwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
yx0D"mwk /v/0ga,m"mwlw?d [lonfum;/ a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd?
\/ yx0D"mwlw?d [lonfum;/ {uwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ 0Dowd
tmum&m? ESpq
f ,faom aum|mowdo
Yk nf/ a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/
(auomtp rwv*k t
qk;H udk ,l)/ tmayg"mwlw?d um;/ {uwwm? onf/
a[mwd? \/ 'Gg'o tmum&m? wpfq,fhESpfyg;aom aum|mowdkYonf/
a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (ydwt
p rkwt
H qk;H udk ,l)/ awaZm"mwlw?d
um;/ {uwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ pwma&m tmum&m? wdkYonf/
a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ (a,e oEyw
d ponfukd ,l)/ 0ga,m"mwlw?d
um;/ {uwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ q tmum&m? wdo
Yk nf/ a0rwwm?

452

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

onf/ a[mwd? \/ (O'*rF ponfukd ,l)/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k 'aaEm?
'GD[d /v/ y&d*PSmwD}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ /
/ ]]'G
ww 0pae? / auom
auomwd {w? / auom emr? wdkYrnfonf/
Oyg'd E u o&D & |um? Oyg'd E u ud k , f wnf u k e f \ / uu V vu P m?
Murf;wrf;jcif;vuPm &Su
d ek \
f / ro o&Da&? / yg#da,aum? toD;aom/
yx0D"mwkaum|maom? yx0D"mwftpkwnf;/ avmrm emr? wdkYrnfonf
/v/ rw v k * emr? OaPSmufrnfonf/ o&D&|uH? udk,f wnf\/
uuVvuP?H \/ ro o&Da&? / yg#da,aum? aom/ aum|maom?
tpkwnf;/ wd t,H? um;/ a0rwwm? onf/ a[mwd? \/ tmayg"mwlwd
tm'daum|maook? wdkY/ 0g? wdkYwGif/ |? 130 ydwm'Dokyd? onf;ajc
tp&So
d nfwYkd vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? wnf;/ t,H ye? um;/ 0daoaom?
wnf;/ a,e pm
pmwd? um;/ ukyad we? ysuaf om/ a,e awaZm"mwkem?
jzif/h oEywDw?d um;/ t,H uma,m? onf/ oEyw
?d yl\/ {umwduZ&m'dbma0e? wpf&ufcsezf sm;jcif; tp&Sad om tjzpfjzif/h OokrZmawm?
jzpfaom yljcif; &So
d nf/ a[mwd? \/ a,e p ZD&D,wDw?d um;/ a,e?
tMuifawaZm"mwfjzif/h t,H uma,m? onf/ Z&D,wd? aqG;ajrUtdrk if;\/
`E,
d a0uvw? a`E\
csKUd wJo
h nf\ tjzpfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ Avu,?
tm;ukejf cif;odv
Yk nf;aumif;/ 0vdwp yvdwm'd? ta&wGeo
Yf nf\ tjzpf
qHjzLonf\ tjzpf tp&So
d nfov
Ykd nf;aumif;/ ygykPmwd? \/ a,e p
y&d!,SwDw?d um;/ ukyad we? aom/ a,e? tMuifawaZm"mwfjzifv
h nf;/
t,H uma,m? onf/ !,Sw?d avmif\/ aom p yk*a vm? onfvnf;/ ]]!,Smrd
!,Smrd? avmif\ avmif\}}/ wd? od/Yk uEaEm? jrnfwrf;vsu/f owa"mw
oyda*goDwpEem'davye? tBudrfwpf&mppfNyD;aom axmywf a*goDw
pEul; tp&Sdonfjzifh vdrf;usHjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ wmv0P0gw?
xef;,yfavudkvnf;aumif;/ ypmoDowd? awmifhw\/ a,e p /v/
*pww
D ?d um;/ Mo'em'd? xrif; tp&Sad om/ todwH 0g? pm;tyfaom 0wKonf
vnf;aumif;/ ygeum'd? tazsmf tp&Sdaom/ yDwH 0g? aomuftyfaom
0wKonfvnf;aumif;/ yd|cZum'd? trIecYf zJ ,
G f tp&Sad om/ cg,dwH 0g?

0g&

14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

453

cJtyfaom 0wKonfvnf;aumif;/ tryur"kzmPdwm'd? o&ufo;D rSnhf ysm;

wifvJ tp&Sad om/ om,dwH 0g? vsut
f yfaom 0wKonf vnf;aumif;/ orm?
pGm/ y&dyguH? aMujcif;od/Yk 0g? usujf cif;od/Yk *pw?d \/ &om'dbma0e? t&nf
tp&Sad om tjzpfjzif/h 0da0uH? toD;a0zefjcif;od/Yk *pw?d \/ wd t,H? vQi/f
tawm? wnf;/
xdkawaZm"mwfwdkYwGif tb,fawaZm"mwfonf tb,f ork|mef
&Sdoenf; tar;&Sd&um; ]]{{w pp}} tp&SdaomygXf xGufaomf/

{w p? awaZmaum|movnf;/ 0g? awaZm"mwfww

Ykd iG v
f nf;/
yk&rd m? ukeaf om/ wa,m? ukeaf om/ awaZm"mwl? awaZm"mwfwo
Ykd nf/
pwkork|mem? av;yg;aom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfukef\/ ypdarm? onf/
urork|maem0? uHaMumifh jzpfonfomvQiw
f nf;/ /
O'*Frm 0gwm
0gwmwd? um;/ O*g&[dum &m'dy0wum? BuKd Uxd;k jcif; oef;jcif;
tp&Sdonfudk jzpfapwwfukefaom/ O'H tma&m[e0gwm? txufodkY
wuf a om avwd k Y o nf / ta"m*rm 0gwm
0gwmwd ? um;/ Op m &ym0g'de[
D &Pum? usiBf u;D usiif ,f tp&So
d nfukd xkww
f wfuek af om/ ta"m
Moa&m[e0gwm? atmufoYkd oufaom avwdo
Yk nf/ ukpdo,m 0gwm
0gwmwd?
um;/ tEmeH? ttlw\
Ykd / A[d0gwm? ty jzpfaom avwdo
Yk nf/ aum|mo,
aum|mo,mm
0gwm
0gwmwd? um;/ tEmeH? wd\
Yk / taEm0gwm? wdo
Yk nf/ t*Fr*FgEkom&daem
0gwm
0gwmwd? um;/ "redZmvmEkoma&e? taMumwnf;[laom uGef&ufudk
avQmufojzif/h ouvo&Da&? / t*Fr*Fged? t*FgBu;D i,fwo
Ykd /Ykd tEko#m?
ESUH ukeaf om/ orde yom&Pm'deAd w
u
m? auG;jcif; qefjY cif; tp&So
d nfukd
jzpfapwwfuek af om/ 0gwm? wdo
Yk nf/ tmaom
tmaomwd? um;/ taEmy0doeemodu0gawm? twGi;f odYk 0ifaom ESmacgif;avwnf;/ ymaom
ymaomwd? um;/
A[deu
d r eemodu0gawm? tjyifoYkd xGuaf om ESmacgif;avwnf;/ {w p?
0ga,maum|movnf;/ 0g? 0ga,m"mwfww
Ykd iG v
f nf;/ yk&rd m? ukeaf om/
oaA? tvk;H pkaH om avwdo
Yk nf/ pwkork|mem? uke\
f / tmoymom?
xGuo
f uf 0ifoufavwdo
Yk nf/ pdwo
rk|mem {0? pdwaf Mumifh jzpfuek o
f nf
omwnf;/ {0H? od/Yk a0rwwm'e0aoe? txl;udk jyonf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h

454

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

0dbma*e? a0zefaomtm;jzif/h O'g[#m? xkwt

f yfuek af om/ pwam?
ukeaf om/ "mwka,m? wdu
Yk /kd y#duL vreodum&0aoe? pufqyk f &G&H mS zG,[
f k
ar[d
ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h OyoH[&aEm? aqmifvo
kd nf jzpf/ ]]ar[d
/v/ tmuma&[D}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ ww 0pae? / e *,SLy*
y*E?d
um;/ *[Pa,m*?H ,ljcif;iSm avsmufywfaom/ ud?d aom/ um,H 0g?
ud,
k u
f v
kd nf;aumif;/ um,ya'oH 0g? ud,
k t
f pdwu
f v
kd nf;aumif;/ e ywd?
obm0bm0awmwd? um;/ obm0
rjrif/ (odYk ygVdrS aqmif ore)f / obm0bm0awm
vuPawm? oabmvuPmtm;jzif/h /
{0H? od/Yk y#duL vreodum&H? pufqyk f &G&H mS zG,[
f k ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;ud/k
'awGm? / yke? wpfzef/ ww? xd"k mwfwYkd / oroepm&H? ok;H oyfjcif;
awem[ /v/ yem
0g&ud/k ygVd0aoae0? jzifyh ifvQi/f 'awk?H iSm/ ]]awem[
yem}}wd
tm'? ud/k tm[? \/ wH oA?H onf/ ok0ad n,s?H Ny/D /
48/ {0H? od/Yk opr*yl "r0aoe? opm r*f kyw
f &m;wd\
Yk tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
t"d|me[m&H? ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? / t0dZm 0dZm 'Der?d t0dZm 0dZm
ponfwdkY\vnf;/ 0aoe? jzifh/ wH? xdkt"d|me[m&udk/ 'awkH? iSm/
t0dZmwd {uwwmm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / ]]'k
'kau
]]t0d
tnmP
tnmP}}Ed tm'Do?k wdYk / ,om? aMumif/h t0dZm ? onf/ 0g? ud/k 'kuo
p?
\/ |? 131 ,mxm0o&ovuPH? razmufrjyefaom rdrdoabm
vuPmud/k Zmedw?Hk iSmvnf;aumif;/ y#d0Zd w
d ?Hk xd;k xGi;f jcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/
e a'wd? ray;/ qma'wGm? zk;H vTr;f / y&da,meEw
d mG ? ajr;S ,Su
f / wd|wd?
\/ wom? aMumif/h ]]'kau tnmP}}E?d [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ wxm? yg;/ ,om?
aMumifh/ 'kuork',? 'ku\ taMumif;jzpfaom ork',opm\/
'kue ad &m"? 'ku\
csKy&f mjzpfaom eda&m"opm\/ 'kue ad &m"*grde,
d m?
'ku\
csKy&f mjzpfaom eda&m"opmodYk a&mufaMumif;jzpfaom/ y#dy'g,?
tusi\
hf / ,mxm0o&ovuP?H razmufrjyefaom rdro
d abmvuPmud/k
Zmedw?Hk iSmvnf;aumif;/ y#d0Zd w
d ?Hk xd;k xGi;f jcif;iSmvnf;aumif;/ e a'wd? ray;/
qma'wGm? zk;H vTr;f / y&da,meEw
d mG ? ajr;S ,Su
f / wd|wd? \/ wom? aMumif/h

0g&

14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

455

]]'k
tnmP}}E?d [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ twDw'bw
l m?
'kueda&m"*grded,m /v/ tnmP
twdwu
f mv jzpfuek af om/ cEm,we"mwka,m? wdo
Yk nf/ ykAaEm? a&S;tzdYk
rnf\/ tem*w'bw
l m? ukeaf om/ cEm,we"mwka,m? wdo
Yk nf/ ty&aEm?
aemuftzdYk rnf\/ w'kb,H? xdEk pS yf g;aom twdwf tem*wfumv jzpfaom
cEmtm,we"mwfonf/ ykAEmy&aEm? a&S;tzdYk aemuftzdYk rnf\/ ocFg&m'De?H
wd\
Yk / um&Pmed? ukeaf om/ t0dZm 'De?d wdo
Yk nf/ 'yp,wm
wm? rnf\/
t0dZm 'D[?d wdjYk zif/h 0g? wdaYk Mumif/h edAw
m ? ukeaf om/ ocFg&m'd"rm? wdo
Yk nf/
y#dporkyEm? taMumif;udk pG
J jzpfuek af om/ "rm? wdrYk nfuek \
f / /
ww? xdyk Ak E tp&Sad om w&m;wdw
Yk iG /f t,H t0dZm ? onf/ ,om?
aMumif/h twDwmeH cEm'De?H twdwjf zpfaom cEm tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / ,m0
y#dpo
rkyE m eH "rmeH? y#dpo
rkyg 'fwikd af tmifaom w&m;wd\
Yk / ,mxm0o&o
vuP?H ud/k Zmedw?Hk iSm/ y#d0Zd w
d ?Hk iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ qma'wGm? zk;H vTr;f /
y&da,meEdwGm? ajrS;,Suf/ wd|wd? \/ wom? aMumifh/ ]]ykAaE /v/
tnmP}}E?d [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ {0H? od/Yk t,H t0dZm ? ud/k udpa wm p?
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Zmwdawm p? Zmwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 0g?
jzpf&mtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ uxdwm? \/
udptm;jzifh tb,fodkY Zmwftm;jzifh tb,fodkY a[moenf;--[l
[laom
tar;udk ajzthHaomiSm ]t,Od} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk qdkownf;/

[d? pG/ t,H t0dZm ? onf/ 0g? ud/k rmed t||memed? wdu
Yk /kd Zmedw?Hk
iSm/ y#d0Zd w
d ?Hk iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumif/h udpa wm? tm;jzif/h
uxdwm? \/ OyZr memyd? jzpfonf&adS omfvnf;/ arok t|ok Xmaeok?
wdYk / OyZw
?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h Zmwdawm? tm;jzif/h uxdwm? \/
{0H? od/Yk udpa wm p? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ Zmwdawm p? tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
uxdwmyd? aomfvnf;/ vuPawm? tm;jzif/h uxdaw {0? omvQi/f
okuxdwm? onf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd? od/Yk vuPawm? tm;jzif/h 'awk?H
tnmP
iSm/ ]]tnmP
tnmP}}E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /

456

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ww 0pae? / tawm? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ PH? onf/ twmew?H

tusK;d &So
d nf tusK;d r&So
d nfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ um&Pmum&PH? taMumif;
[kwo
f nf taMumif; r[kwo
f nfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ pwkop"r?H udv
k nf;aumif;/
0d'w
d H ygu#H? xif&mS ;pGm/ 0g? xif&mS ;onfu/kd ua&mwd? \/ t,H ye t0dZm ?
onfum;/ OyZw
d mG ? / wH? xdt
k wmewtp&So
d nfu/kd 0d'w
d H ygu#H? pGm/ 0g?
ud/k umwk?H iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumif/h Pypeu
D awm?
Pf\qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tnmPH? rnf\/ 'eEyd ?d
'e[lonfvnf;/ ynm? wnf;/ [d? pG/ om? xdyk nmonf/ wH tmum&H?
ud/k ywd? jrifwwf\/ t0dZm ye? onfum;/ OyZw
d mG ? / ydw?Hk
jrifjcif;iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumifh/ t'e
t'eH? rnf\/
tbdora,mwdyd? [lonfvnf;/ ynm? wnf;/ om? xdkynmonf/ wH
tmum&H? od/Yk tbdoarwd? a&S;Iaumif;pGm a&mufwwf\/ t0dZm ye?
onfum;/ OyZw
d mG ? / wH tmum&H? od/Yk tbdoarwk?H a&S;Iaumif;pGm
a&mufjcif;iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumif/h tebdora,m
ra,m? rnf\/
tEkaAma"m oarma"m y#da0a"mwdy?d [lonfvnf;/ ynm? wnf;/ om?
xdkynmonf/ wH tmum&H? udk/ tEkAkZwd? avsmufywfpGm odwwf\/
orKZw?d aumif;pGm odwwf\/ y#d0Zd w?d xd;k xGi;f odwwf\/ t0dZm
ye? onfum;/ OyZw
d mG ? / wH tmum&H? ud/k tEkAZk w
d ?Hk iSm/ orKZw
d ?Hk iSm/
y#d0Zd w
d ?Hk iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumif/h teEkaAma"m
Ama"m? rnf\/
toarma"m
a"m? rnf\/ ty#da0a"m
0a"m? rnf\/ wxm? wl? ovuP
H /v/
orayuPEyd ?d [lonfvnf;/ ynm? wnf;/ om? onf/ wH tmum&H? ud/k
ovuwd? aumif;pGm rSwfwwf\/ Oyvuwd? uyf rSwfwwf\/
ypKyvuwd? tzefwvJvJ uyf rSwfwwf\/ or? tnDtGwf
vnf;aumif;/ orm p? aumif;pGmvnf;aumif;/ tayuw?d Iwwf\/ t0dZm
ye? onfum;/ OyZdwGm? / wm? xdkynmtm;/ wxm? xdkodkYaom
tjcif;t&mjzifh/ umwkH? iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumifh/
tovuPEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ tEkyvuPEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/

0g&

14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

457

typKyvuPEd p? [lvnf;aumif;/ torayuPEd p? [l vnf;aumif;/

0kpw
?d \/ /
|? 132 t? xdt
k 0dZm tm;/ ud?d aom/ ypuu
r?H onf/ e tw?d
r&S/d (aem,H ud-d [lvnf; &S\
d /)/ o,? rdro
d nfvnf;/ typa 0uw
d mG ?
rqifjcifr
l / uwur?H jyKtyfaom trIonf/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom?
aMumif/h typuurH? rnf\/ 'kar"meH? ynmr&Sad om olw\
Ykd / bma0g?
kd w
f \
Ykd /
tjzpfwnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h 'karZH? rnf\/ AmvmeH? olru
bma0g? wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h AmvsH? rnf\/ orZnE?d um;/ ynm?
wnf;/ om? onf/ twmewH? udkvnf;aumif;/ um&Pmum&PH?
udkvnf;aumif;/ pwkop"rH? udkvnf;aumif;/ orZmemwd? aumif;pGm
tjym;tm;jzifh odwwf\/ t0dZm ye? onfum;/ OyZw
d mG ? / wH um&PH?
ud/k yZmedw?Hk iSm/ e a'wd? ray;/ wd wom? aMumif/h torZnH? rnf\/
arm[e0aoe? awG a 0jcif ; \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h / arma[m
arma[m? rnf \ /
yarm[e0aoe? tm;Bu;D pGm awGa0jcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h yarma[m
yarma[m? rnf\/
oarm[e0aoe? xuf0ef;usirf S awGa0jcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h oarma[m
a[m?
rnf\/ t0dE,
d ?H r&xdu
k af om um,'kpdu
k f tp&So
d nfu/kd 0dEw
?d &wwf\/
0dE,
d ?H &xdu
k af om um,okpdu
k f tp&So
d nfu/kd e 0dEw
?d r&wwf/ wd
wom? aMumif/h t0dZm? rnf\/ 0o? / Mo[ewd Mow&wd? epfreG ;f
apwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h t0daZmaCm
aCm? rnf\/ 0o? / a,maZwd?
,SOaf pwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h t0dZma,ma*g
a,ma*g? rnf\/ ty[eD a|e
ap0? ry,ftyfao;aom oabmaMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ ykeyKe?H vJ/ OyZe awm
p? aMumifv
h nf;aumif;/ t0dZmEkoa,m
a,m? rnf\/ ra*? c&D;/ t'ad u?
c&D;oGm;aom olwu
Ykd /kd y&d,|k w
d apm&m 0d,? vk,ufaom cd;k olwu
Ykd o
hJ /Ykd
ukovpdw?H ud/k y&d,|k mwd 0dvrk w
?d vk,ufwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
t0d Z m y&d , k | meH ? rnf\/ e*&'Gga&? / yvdCocFgwm,? yvdC[k
qdt
k yfaom/ v*,m? wHcg;usno
f nf/ ywdwm,? usonf&adS omf/ rEkmeH?
wd\
Yk / e*&ya0aom? NrKd UodYk 0ifjcif;onf/ ypZd w
d ,xm? jywfouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0

458

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

{0H ,xm? wl/ ,? tMuifo\

l / oum,e*a&? oum,[k qdt
k yfaom
NrKd U/ 0g? rdru
d ,
kd [
f k qdt
k yfaomNrKd U/ t,H? t0dZm onf/ ywdwm? us\/
w? xdo
k \
l / edAm eormyuH? edAm efoYkd a&mufapwwfaom/ P*reH?
Pfwnf;[laom oGm;jcif;onf/ ypZd w
?d jywf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
t0dZmv* emr? rnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wH tnmPH? onf/ tukov?
onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ rlv? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h tukovrlv?H rnf\/ 0g? um;/ tukovmeH? wd\
Yk / rlv?H onf/
a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h tukovrlv?H rnf\/
tukovrlvHom qdkygavm/ todkYrl arma[m tukovrlvH[k qdkbdoenf;-[laom ykpmudk ajzvdk&um; ]wH ye} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

wH ye? xdt
k ukov
kd rf v
l onfum;/ tnH? wpfyg;aom w&m;onf/ e?
r[kwf/ "? / arma[m? udk/ t"dayawm? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/
arma[m tukovrlvE?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ (odYk ay;)/ t,H? onfum;/
{uy'daum? wpfckaom yk'f&Sdaom/ t0dZm,? \/ twK'ga&m? teufudk
xkwfjcif;wnf;/ t,H a0rw w mmwd? um;/ t,H? 'kau tnmPH
tp&So
d nfonf/ t0dZm ,? \/ a0rwwm? xl;onf\ tjzpfonf/ a[mwd?
\/ /
0dZmwd? um;/ 0dE,
d ?H ud/k 0dEw
?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dZm ? rnf\/
0dZea|e? xd;k azmufwwfaom oabmaMumif/h 0dZm ? rnf\/ 0d'w
d u&Pa|e?
xif&mS ;pGm jyKwwfaom oabmaMumif/h 0dZm ? rnf\/ ]]'k'kau P
P}}Ed tm'Do?k
wdYk / 'kuo
p? \/ ,mxm0o&ovuP?H ud/k Zmemwd? \/ ywd?
jrif\/ y#d0Zd w?d xd;k xGi;f od\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0do,blaw?
tmkjH zpf jzpfaom/ 'kau? 'ku[
k qdt
k yfaom/ t&d,oap? / PH?
odwwfaom Pfu/kd ]]'kau P}} E?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ aoaooky?d <uif;aom
yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ {o {aom ea,m? wnf;/ ynm
ynmwd? um;/ w w
tw? udk/ ygu#u&PocFgawe? xif&Sm;jyKjcif;-[k qdktyfaom/
ynmyea|e? xif&mS ;jyKwwfaom oabmaMumif/h ynm? rnf\/

0g&

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459

ynmyeteuf t m;jzif h jyNyD ; ,ck t cg yZmeeteuf t m;jzif h

jyjyefvdk&um; ]awe awe 0g} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

0g? um;/ awe awe tedpm 'dem yuma&e? jzif/h "ar? wdu
Yk /kd Zmemwd?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h ynm? rnf\/ yZmeemuma&m? tjym;tm;jzifh
odaom tjcif;t&monf/ yZmeem
yZmeem? rnf\/ tedpm 'De?d wdu
Yk /kd (t0dZm 'De[
d k
ygXf&Sd\-qifjcif/ t|omvdeDvnf; tedpm'Dedom &Sdonf)/ 0dpdewd?
pl;prf;qifjcifwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h 0dpa,m
a,m? rnf\/ yuma&[d?
tjym;wdkYjzifh/ 0dpdewd? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/ y0d p a,m
a,m? rnf\/
pwkop"ar? wdu
Yk /kd 0dped wd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h "r0dpa,m
a,m? rnf\/
tedpm 'De?H wdu
Yk /kd ovuP
0aoe? aumif;pGm rSwjf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
ovuPmm? rnf\/ awoH a,0? xdt
k edp tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd o
kd mvQi/f ywd
ywd? tzefwvJv/J OyvuP0aoe? uyf rSwjf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
ypKyvuPmm? rnf\/ y@dwbma0g? ynm&Sad omol\ tjzpfonf/ y@dpH?
rnf\/ ukovbma0g? vdrm aomol\ tjzpfonf/ aumovH? rnf\/
edyP
k bma0g? odraf rGaY omol\ tjzpfonf/ aeyknH? rnf\/ tedpm 'De?H wdu
Yk /kd
0dbm0e0aoe? xif&mS ;jyjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h a0bAsm
a0bAsm? rnf\/ awoH
a,0? xdt
k edp tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd o
kd mvQi/f pdEe 0aoe? MujH cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
pdEm? rnf\/ tedpm 'De?d wdu
Yk /kd Oyy&duw
?d pkpH rf;qifjcif wwf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h Oyy&dum? rnf\/ bl&Dw?d um;/ yx0d,m? ajrBu;D \/ emrH?
trnfwnf;/ t,r?d ynmonfvnf;/ (t,H [d &Sw
d wf\)/ oPSa|e
1
p ? odrfarGUaom oabmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 0dwwa|e p? jyefYaom
1/ oPSa|e p / / t&m oPea|e[k rk'Z 'kw,
d u&mESihf &Sw
d wf\/
&So
d nftwdik ;f vnf; wnf&mjzpfaom teuftm;jzif[
h k ay;wwf\? roif/h roifah Mumif;udu
k m;
]ygomPou&0gvdum'd&[dwm blrd oPSmwd oPSa|emwd 0kw}H [laom #Dum?
rlv#Dum? oPSa|emwd okckra|e-[laom tEk#Dumudk axmuf odtyf\/
t"dyg ,fum; ausmuftp&So
d nfrS uif;aom ajrudk El;nH\
h [k qdt
k yfouJo
h Ykd xdt
Yk wl
ynmudv
k nf; udavomwnf;-[laom ausmuftp&So
d nfrS uif;aomaMumifh El;nH\
h -[k
qdt
k yfygonf-[lvakd omf/

460

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

oabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0g? us,af om oabm tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/
bl&D 0d,? ajrBu;D uJo
h /Ykd a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h bl&?D rnf\/
awe? aMumif/h ]]bl&D /v/ bl&yd anm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ ]]yx0D? ud/k
bl&?D [l/ 0kpw
?d \/ yx0dorm,? ajrBu;D ESihf wlaom/ 0dww
m,? jyefaY om/
wm, ynm,? ESi/hf orEm*awm? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h |? 133
bl&yd anm? rnf\}}/
Oyrmteuftm;jzifh jyNyD; rkcsteuftm;jzifh jytHhaomiSm ]tyd
p} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk wufownf;/
,if;odkY ynm\ t"d0pe jzpfaomf tb,f0pewaMumifh bl&Drnf
oenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]blaw} ponfudk rdefYaomf/

tyd p? wpfenf;um;-bl&w
D d {wH 0peH? onf/ ynma,0? \omvQi/f
t"d 0 peH ? wnf ; / bl a w? [k w f r S e f a om/ taw ? teuf / &rwd ?
arGaY vsmw
f wf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h bl&D? rnf\/ /
udavao? wdu
Yk /kd ar"wd [owd? ESyd pf ufzsuq
f ;D wwf\/ wd wom?
1
aMumif/h ar"m ? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ cdya r0? vQi/f *[P"m&Pa|e? ,ljcif;
aqmifjcif; oabmtm;jzif/h ar"m
ar"m? rnf\/ , ow? tm;/ OyZw
?d
\/ wH ow?H ud/k [dwy#dyw,
d ?H tpD;tyGm;&Sad om tusihf / y&daPwd?
Gwaf pwwf\/ 0g? um;/ or,w
k ?H or,w
k w
f &m;ud/k ,mxm0vuP
y#da0a"? razmufrjyefaom vuPmudk xd;k xGi;f jcif;/ y&daPwd? \/ wd
wom? aMumif/h y&dPm,dumm? rnf\/ tedpm 'd0aoe? jzif/h "ar? wdu
Yk /kd
0dywd? txl;xl;aom tjym;tm;jzifh Iwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
0dyem
em? rnf\/ orm? pGm/ yuma&[d? wdjYk zif/h tedpm 'De?d wdu
Yk /kd Zmemwd?
\/ wd wom? aMumif/h orZnH? rnf\/ Oyxy#dyaE? c&D;r[kwo
f nf
1/ ar"m / / 0duyf ar"mwf "m"mwf ESpyf g;Muo
H nf/ xdw
k iG f ar"mwfum;
tm'geteuf? "m"mwfum; "m&Pteuf jzpf\/ ar"mwfudk &nf *[P?
"m"mwfukd &nf "m&Pa|e[k qdo
k nf/ 0dN*Kd [pf pfum; okcrk rd twH "r cdya r0
arwd tm''gwd p "ma&wd pmwd ar"m[k jyK/ o'ew
D d {uu&aumo#Dumtvd/k

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14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

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ajy;oGm;ukefaom/ odEa0? odaEmjrif;wdkYudk/ 0Dxdtma&myewH? c&D;odkY

wifjcif;iSm/ yawma'g? vSHwHonf/ 0dZwd 0d,? xdk;ouJhodkY/ Oyax?
c&D;r[kwfonf/ "m0eul#pdwH? ajy;oGm;aom pOf;vJaom pdwfudk/
0Dxt
d ma&myew?H iSm/ 0dZw?d \/ wd wom? aMumif/h yawma'g 0d,?
yawma'g? rnf\/ 'evuaP?
uJo
h /Ykd a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumif/h yawma'g
jrifjcif;vuPm/ E|?H tpd;k &onf\ tjzpfu/kd uma&wd? jyKapwwf\/
wd wom? aMumif/h `E,
d ?H rnf\/ ynmocFgwH? aom/ `E,
d ?H a`E/
ynd`Ed,H? ynm[k qdt
k yfaom a`E/ t0dZm ,? t0dZm aMumif/h e urw?d
rwkev
f yI w
f wf/ wd wom? aMumif/h ynmAvH? rnf\/ udavoap'ea|e?
ud a vomud k jzwf w wf a om oabmtm;jzif h / 0g? aMumif h / ynm0?
onfyifvQi/f ow?H vufeufwnf;/ ynmowH? ynmonfyif vufeuf/
tpK*w
a|e? tvGew
f ufwwfaom oabmtm;jzif/h ynm0? onfyifvQi/f
ygoma'g? jymom'fwnf;/ ynmygoma'g
ynmygoma'g? jymom'f/ tmavmuea|e?
xGef;vif;aom oabmtm;jzifh/ ynm0? onfyifvQif/ tmavmaum?
tvif;wnf;/ ynmtmavmaum
ynmtmavmaum? ynmonfyif tvif;/
Mobmoea|e? ta&mif[laom oabmtm;jzifh/ ynm0? vQif/
Mobmaom? ta&mifwnf;/ ynmMobmaom
ynmMobmaom? a&mif/ yaZmwea|e?
xG e f ; awmuf y aom oabmtm;jzif h / ynm0? vQif / yaZ m awm?
xGe;f awmufyjcif;wnf;/ ynmyaZmawm
awm? ynmonfyif xGe;f awmufyjcif;/
&wdu&Pa|e p? arGaY vsmjf cif;udk jyKwwfaom oabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
&wd'g,ua|e p? arGaY vsmjf cif;udk ay;wwfaom oabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
&wdZeua|e p? arGYavsmfjcif;udk jzpfapwwfaom oabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ pdwDuwa|e p? tdktaojyKtyfaom oabmtm;jzifh
vnf ; aumif ; / 'k v b ygwk b m0a|e p? xif & S m ;jzpf j cif ; ud k &cJ a om
oabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ twkva|e p? twkr&Sad om oabmtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ taemrowy&dabm*a|e p? r,kwfaom ow0gwdkY\
tok;H taqmifjzpfaom oabmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ ynm0? vQi/f &weH?
&wemwnf;/ ynm&weH? ynmonfyif &wem/ awe "are? jzif/h owm?

462

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

wdo
Yk nf/ e rk,ES ?d rawGa0uke/f 0g? um;/ o,H? onf/ tm&raP? / e
rk,w
S ?d rawGa0wwf/ wd wom? aMumif/h tarma[m
tarma[m? rnf\/ "r0pd ,y'H?
onf / 0k w w a r0? vQif u wnf ; / uo m ye? aMumif h u m;/ {wH ?
"r0pd ,[laom yk'u
f /kd yke? wpfzef/ 0kw?H enf;/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? th/H
tarm[? \/ arm[y#dyubm0'Dyew?H arm[\ qefu
Y sib
f uf tjzpfukd
jytHah omiSm/ yke? wpfzef/ 0kw?H \/ awe? xd"k r0pd ,[laom yk'jf zif/h {wH
twH? qdktyfvwHYaom teufukd/ 'Daywd? \/ ,Gm,H a,m t,H
tarma[m? onf/ tw?d \/ aom tarma[m? onf/ au0vH? pifppf/
arm[awm? rS/ tanm? aom/ "arm? onf/ e? r[kw/f arm[? \/
y#dyaum? aom/ "r0pd ,ocFgawm? aom/ tarma[m0? udo
k mvQi/f "?
/ t"d a y a wm? \/ wd ? od k Y / 'D a ywd ? \/ or m 'd | D w d ? um;/
,mxm0ed,smeduukov'd|?d razmufrjyefaom 0#frS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;
ukov
kd jf zpfaom t,lwnf;/ 0g? tjrifwnf;/ "r0pd ,ocFgawm? aom/
yoawm? cs;D rGr;f tyfaom/ 0g? um;/ okEa &m? aom/ aAmZa*Fg? wnf;/ wd
wom? aMumif/h "r0dp,oarmZa*Fg? rnf\/ r**FE?d um;/ t&d,r*?
\/ t* um&PH? taMumif;wnf;/ wd wom? aMumif/h r**? rnf\/
t&d , r* ? \/ taE m *"w m ? twG i f ; 0if o nf \ tjzpf a Mumif h /
r*y&d,myEE?d [l/ 0kw?H \/ /
tonmormyw D wd? um;/ onm0d&m*bm0em0aoe? onm
wyfjcif; uif;aom bm0em\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h y0ww
d m? jzpfaptyfaom/
tonb0lyywed Ad w
e ormyw?d tonDb0 y#doaEukd jzpfapwwfaom
ormywf/
tb,fodkY onm wyfjcif;uif;aom bm0em\ tpGrf;tm;jzi
tm;jziff h
jzpf a ptyf o enf ; / xd k o rmywf o nf tonD b 0 tb,f o d k Y jzpf a p
oenf;[k apm'em &Sd&um; ]tEkyaE [d}tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d 0dwm &,dmrd? tH/h Aka'? onf/ tEkya E? aomf/ {uap? tcsKUd aom
olwo
Ykd nf/ wdwm ,wae? wdww
d \
Ykd ae&m/ 0g? wdww
d \
Ykd ausmif;/ yAZw
d mG ?
&[ef;jyKuek o
f nf jzpf/ 0ga,muodaP? / y&dur?H y&duu
H /kd uwGm? /

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14-t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGihf

463

pwkwZ meH? ud/k edAa wwmG ? / psmem? rS/ 0k|m,? x/ onm,? / a'goH?
tjypfu/kd yE?d jrifuek \
f / u yE?d ukeo
f enf; [lru
l m;/ onm,? onf/
owd? aomf/ [wap'g'd'u
k a 0? vufjywfjcif; ajcjywfjcif; tp&Sad om
qif;&Jonfvnf;aumif;/ |? 134 oAb,med p? tvk;H pkaH om ab;wdo
Yk nf
vnf;aumif;/ a[mE?d uke\
f / ]]rm, onm,? jzif/h tvH? tusK;d r&S/d
onmbma0g? onm\ r&Sjd cif;onf/ oaEm? Nird ;f csr;f \}}/ wd? od/Yk yE?d
uke\
f / {0H? od/Yk onm,? / a'goH? ud/k ydwmG ? / onm0d&m*0aoe?
onm wyfjcif;uif;onf\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h pwkwZ meH? ud/k edAa wwmG ? ap/
ty&d[eD Zmem? r,kwaf om psmef&u
dS ek o
f nf/ [kwmG ? / umvH uwGm? ao/
tonDo?k tonowfbw
Hk Ykd / edAw
E ?d uke\
f / aeoH? xdt
k onowfbHk
jzpfuek af om olw\
Y k d / pdw?H onf/ pkwpd w
d eda&ma"ae0? pkwpd w
d cf sKyo
f jzifo
h mvQi/f
"? umrbkH/ ed0wwd? epf\/ lyuErwar0? omvQif/ ww?
xdt
k onowfbHk / edAw
w
?d \/ /
aw? xdktonowfbkH jzpfaomolwdkYonf/ ,xm emr? Oyrm
rnfonfum;/ Zd,ma0*kuad wm? dUI \ t[kejf zifh vTwt
f yfaom/ oa&m?
jrm;onf/S ,waum? tMuifrQavmufaom/ Zd,ma0a*g? dt
YI [keo
f nf/
tw?d \/ wwuar0? xdrk QavmufomvQi/f tmumao? / *pwd ,xm?
oGm;ouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0H {0H wxm? wl/ psmea0*kuw
d m ? psmef\ t[kejf zifh
ypfcstyfuek o
f nf jzpf/ OyZw
d mG ? / ,waum? aom/ psmea0a*g? psmef\
t[keo
f nf/ tw?d \/ wwuar0 umvH? xdrk Qavmufaom umvywfv;Hk
omvQi/f (urmig;&mudk ,l)/ wd|E?d uke\
f / psmea0a*? onf/ y&duaD P
ye? ukeaf omfum;/ ww? xdt
k onowfbHk / lyuaEm? onf/ tE&"m,wd?
uG,\
f / "? umrbkH / y#doEo
d nm? y#doaEonmonf/ OyZw
?d \/
wH? xdkodkY jzpfjcif;udk/ 0g? xdkpwkwpsmefudk/ oEm,? / ]]ton /v/
ormyw D } }wd ? [l / 0k w H ? \/ 0d b l w onmormyw D w d ? um;/
0dnmPm,weormyw?d wnf;/
tb,hfaMumifh 0dblwonm-[k qdk&oenf; pk'f&Sd&um; ]om [
[dd}
ponfudk rdefYaomf/

464

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4-y#deda'o

wpf e nf ; um;
um;-- ]0d b l w onm ormyw D w d ygu#onmormyw d }
ponfjzifh qdkygavm/ apm'em &Sd&um; ]om [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ om? xd0k n

d mPm,weormywfu/kd yXrmky0 n
d mP?
yXrmky0 n
d mOfEiS hf jynfph aHk om yk*Kd vt
f m;/ yXrmkyo
nm,yd? udv
k nf;/
0dbm0eawm? xif&mS ;jywwfaomaMumif/h ]]0dbw
l onm}}wd? [l/ 0kpw
?d
\/ aupd? wdo
Yk nf/ ]]0dbw
l lyonm}}wd? [l/ yXE?d uke\
f / (]0dbw
l onmwd}
[k &Sd\/ ]0dblwlyormywd emr}[laom aemufpum;ESifh rwef&um;
qifjciftyf\)/ awoH? wd\
Yk / rawe? tm;jzif/h 0dbw
l lyormywd emr?
rnfonf/ aoomkyo
rmywad ,m? ae0onmemonm,weormywfrS
<uif;aom tlyormywfww
Ykd nf;/ (ae0onmemonm,weormywfukd
toD; ,lNy;D jzpfaomaMumifh qdo
k nf)/ aoom? ukeaf om/ ormywad ,m?
wdo
Yk nf/ ok0ad n,sm0? ukeo
f vQiu
f wnf;/ /
ae0aouemaoaum psm,wDw?d um;/ psmevmbD? psmef&aom/
ykxZk a em? wnf;/ tmZmeda,m psm,Dw?d um;/ t&[m? &[Emwnf;/ 0g?
um;/ oaAy?d ukeaf om/ t&d,yk*v
m? wdw
Yk nf;/ tcvkauFm psm,Dw?d
um;/ cvku
F o'daom? jrif;Murf;ESihf wlaom/ psm,D? psmef0ifpm;aom
olwnf;/
jrif;Murf;ESifh todkY wloenf;pk'f&Sd&um; ]wxm [d} paom ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ cvkauFm? Murf;aom/ tam? jrif;onf/ 'rxH? qk;H rjcif;od/Yk

e Oaywd? ra&muf/ awm pdawm p? xdrk S rSvnf;/ ,xmkp?d tvd&k w
dS ikd ;f /
"m0wd ,xm? ajy;ouJo
h /Ykd {0ar0H {0H wxm? wl/ a,m ykxZk a em? onf/
tbdnmvmbD? tbdnmOfudk &\/ aom ykxkZaem? onf/ tbdnm?
tbdnmOfwu
Ykd /kd tma'wGm? om,m/ ]]{wm0wm? rQjzif/h tvH?
wefoifhNyD/ {wm0wm? rQjzifh/ uwH ed|dwH? udp NyD;NyD}}/ wd? odkY/
Ow&d'rxm,? txufjzpfaom t&d,r*f-[laom qkH;rjcif;tusdK;iSm/
ty&douaEm? vkv
YH rjyKonfjzpf/ tbdnmpdw0 aoe? jzif/h awm pdawm
p? vnf;/ "m0wd? \/ y0ww?d jzpf\/ 0g? vnf\/ aom ykxZk a em? ud/k

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]]tcvkauFm? jrif;Murf;ESihf wlaom/ psm,Dw?d psmef0ifpm;aomol[

l }}/
0kawm? \/ 'd|Kwa&m psm,Dw?d um;/ psmevmbD? psmef&aom/ 'd|*d wdaum?
rdpm t,l&adS omolwnf;/ ynKwa&m psm,Dw?d um;/ vuPyl edZmaee?
vuPmudk uyf Iwwfaom psmefjzif/h psm,D? psmef0ifpm;aom olwnf;/ 0g?
um;/ oaAm {0? aom/ ynm"daum? vGeaf omynm&Sad om/ psm,D? wnf;/
o&aPm orm"Dw?d um;/ tukovpdawu*wm? wnf;/ 0g? um;/
oaAmyd? aom/ omoa0g? tmoa0g\ tmkHjzpfaom/ orm"d? wnf;/
t&aPm orm"Dw?d um;/ oaAm? aom/ ukovmAsmuawm? aom/ orm"d?
wnf;/ 0g? um;/ avmukwa &m {0? omjzpfaom/ orm"d? wnf;/ oa0a&m
orm"Dw?d um;/ y#dCpdawo?k wdYk / {u*wm? wnf;/ ta0a&m orm"Dw?d
um;/ arwmapawm0drkwd? wnf;/ teE&'kauyd? tjcm;rJhjzpfaom
'kuf vnf;/ {ao0 ea,m? wnf;/ omrdaom orm"Dw?d um;/ avmud,orm"d? wnf;/ [d? pG/ aom? xdak vmuDorm"donf/ tewduE0mrdoavmumrdowm,1? rvGeaf jrmufaom 0mrdo avmumrdo &So
d nf\
tjzpfaMumif/h omrdaom? tmrdoESiw
hf uG jzpf\/ ed&mrdaom orm"Dw?d
um;/ avmukwa &m? aom/ orm"d? wnf;/ oocFga&m orm"Dw?d um;/
'kuy#dya'g? qif;&JNidKjiifaom tusifh&Sdaom/ 'Embdanm p? EkefYaom
tbdnmorm"dvnf;aumif;/ okcgy#dya'g? vG,faom tusifh&Sdaom/
'Embdanm p? vnf;aumif;/ [d? pG/ aom orm"d? udk/ oocFga&e?
wdu
k w
f eG ;f jcif;ESihf wuGjzpfaom/ oya,ma*e? vkv
YH ESihf wuGjzpfaom/ pdawe?
1/ avmumrdowm, / / ow'd|d Oap''d|Ed iS hf wuGjzpfaom &m*?
xdk&m*\ tmkHonf avmumrdo rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-avmu"Hw&m;wdkYonf
avmumrdo rnf\/ 0#fudk om,mjcif;\tpGrf;tm;jzifh jzpfaom &m*? xdk&m*\
tmko
H nf ed&mrdo rnf\/ xdaYk Mumifh aAmZ*0F b
d if;tzGihf rlv#Dum oawm
twm p avmaum pmwdtm'dem avmu*[P0aoe y0awm owkap'
o[*awm &ma*g w'g&rP avmumrdoH? avmu"arm 0g/ 0m'0aoe
OyaEm oHom&|medaum &ma*g w'g&rP 0mrdo-H [k rdeo
Yf wnf;/

466

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4-y#deda'o

jzif/h ypeu
D "ar? qefu
Y sib
f uf w&m;wdu
Yk /kd |? 135 udape? NiKd jiifojzif/h
uoda&e? yifyef;ojzif/h ed*a [wGm? ESyd
f / t"d*EaAm? &tyf\/ wa&m?
'kum y#dy'g cdym bdnorm"d okcgy#dy'g cdym bdnorm"donf/ tocFga&m
orm"d? rnf\/ {uHobm0dawm orm"Dw?d um;/ oku0 yd u? yk*Kdv\
f /
orm"d? wnf;/ Ob,Hobm0dawm orm"Dw?d um;/ orx,medu?
uyk*Kd v\
f / orm"d? wnf;/ Ob,awm bm0dwbm0aem orm"Dw?d um;/
um,oudaem p? yk*dKvf\vnf;aumif;/ Obawmbm*0drkw p?
yk*Kd v\
f vnf;aumif;/ orm"d? wnf;/ [d? pG/ aom/ xdu
k m,ouyD *k Kd vf
Obawmbm*0drw
k yk*Kd vo
f nf/ Ob,awm bma*[d? lyum, emrum,[k qdt
k yfaom ESpyf g;aom tzdw
Yk jYkd zif/h Ob,awm? ESpyf g;aom 0dur e 0drw
k d
orkap'0drkwd wdkY\ tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ bm0dwbm0aem? yGm;aptyfaom
bm0em&S\
d / /
tm*gVy#dy'g
'gwd? um;/ umrmeH? wdo
Yk /Ykd Moa&m[ey#dyw?d oufaom
tusiw
hf nf;/ umrokcgEka,ma*g? umr*kPcf sr;f omudk cHpm;jcif;ESihf ,SOaf om
tusiw
hf nf;/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ edZmry#dy'g
'gwd? um;/
umr? ud k / ed Z mye0aoe? avmif a pjcif ; \ tpG r f ; tm;jzif h / 0g?
zkwNf rKd ujf cif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h ac'e0aoe? yifyef;jcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
y0wm? aom/ y#dyw?d wnf;/ twuv
d rxmEka,ma*g? ud,
k yf ifyef;jcif;ESihf
,SOaf om tusi/hf wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ turm y#dy'g
'gwd
tm'Do?k wdYk / y"meu&Pumav? ur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;udk jyKaom umv/
oDwm'De?d tcsr;f tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd to[E? onf;rcHaom ol\/ y#dy'g?
onf/ wmed? xdt
k csr;f tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd eurwd? onf;rcHwwf/ wd wom?
aMumif/h turm? rnf\/ o[E? onf;cHaom ol\/ y#dy'g ye? onfum;/
wmed? xdt
k csr;f tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd /kd crwd? onf;cHwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
crm
crm? rnf\/ ]]OyE?H aom/ umr0dwu?H ud/k em"d0gaowd? onf;rcH}}/ 0g?
rom,m/ wd tm'dem? aom/ ea,e? jzif/h rdpm 0dwau? rdpm 0dwufwu
Ykd /kd
oarwd? Nird ;f apwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h orm
orm? rnf\/ rep|med?
reda`Ev
Qif ajcmufcak jrmuf &Su
d ek af om/ `E,
d med? wdu
Yk /kd 'arwd? qk;H rwwf\/

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wd wom? aMumif/h 'rm y#dy'g

'g? rnf\/ wpfenf;um;-'rm? rnf\/ y#dy'g?
ud/k vAw?d \/ /
{0
{0E?d um;/ rdem 0kwe a,e? jzif/h a,m "armwd? um;/ a,m aumpd?
trSwf r&Sad om/ Zmwdtm'd"arm? onf/ , "rmmwd? um;/ wawm?
xd k Z mwd tp&S d a om w&m;rS / tn? aom/ Z&m'd " r ? ES i f h /
ormebma0g
ormebma0gwd? um;/ 'kum 'dbma0e? 'ku tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd tjzpfjzif/h
m,mwd? um;/ 'kum 'dbm0geH?
ormebma0g? wlaom oabm&S\
d / {uwwm,m
'ku tp&Sad om tjzpfw\
Ykd / {uDbma0e? jzif/h ormewm,? wlonf\
tjzpfjzif/h {uD b0wDw?d um;/ taeaumyd? rsm;aomfvnf;/ ]]'ku} }Ed tm'dem?
jzif/h {uo'gbda",swm,? wlaom o'gonf a[mtyfaom teuf\
tjzpfjzif/h {uD b0wd? wlonfjzpf jzpf\/ 0g? wpfcw
k nf;jzpf jzpf\/ {awe?
{0H a,m "arm tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h {uwwm,? wlonf\ tjzpf\/
vuP?H ud/k tm[? \/ a,e a,e 0g ye 0dvuaPm
Pmwd? um;/ a,m
"arm? onf/ , "r? ESi/hf a,e a,e bma0e? tMuif tMuifoaYkd om
oabmtm;jzif/h 0do'daom? rwl/ awe awe a0rwH *pwDw?d um;/
awe awe bma0e? xdx
k o
kd aYkd om oabmtm;jzif/h aom "arm? onf/ w
"r? ESi/hf 0g? rS/ a0rwwH 0do'dow?H rwlonf\ tjzpfo/Ykd *pw?d \/
'kub
ma0e? jzif/h ormaemyd? wlaomfvnf;/ Zmwdtm'daum? Zmwd tp&Sad om
w&m;&Sdonf/ tbdedAwdtm'dbma0e? jzpfjcif; tp&Sdaom tjzpfjzifh/
Z&m'du? Z&mtp&Sad om w&m;ESi/hf 0g? rS/ 0do|d wH? xl;onf\ tjzpfo/Ykd
*pw?d \/ wd t,H? vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ rdem? a,e a,e 0g ye
tp&Sad om ygXfjzif/h a0rwwm,? xl;onf\ tjzpf\/ vuP?H ud/k tm[?
\/ /
'ged? / wm0? pGm/ {uwa0rwwm? xdw
k o
l nf\tjzpf xl;onf\
okaw 0g
tjzpfwu
Ykd /kd 0doa,? / eda,maZwGm? ,SO
f / 'awk?H iSm/ ]]ok
a0,smu&aP 0g
0g}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/
ykpdwH[laom pum;udk t"d|me[m&\ ykpmt&m &Sdonf\ tjzpfjzi
ziff h
qdktyf\[k t,l&Sdav&um; ]ww ykpdwEd} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

468

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ww 0pae? / yk p d w E d tm'd 0 peH ? ud k / yk p m 0aoe? jzif h /

a'odwokw0 aoe? jzif/h 0kw?H \/ t"d|me[m&? \/ ykpm 0do,wm,
ye? ykpm vQif t&m&So
d nf\ tjzpfjzifu
h m;/ e 0kw?H tyf/ aooH? onf/
Owmear0? vQiu
f wnf;/ /
t"d|me[m&0db*F0Pem? t"d|me[m&0dbif;tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm?
NyD;NyD/
e e e

15-y&dum&[m&0dbif; tzGifh
|? 136 49/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? onf/ y&dum &[m&0dba*Fg?
wnf;/ ww? / a,m /v/ y&duma&m
a&mwd? [l/ oacFyawm? tm;jzif/h
y&dum &vuP?H ud/k 0wGm? / wH? xdyk &dum &vuPmud/k 0dbma*e? tm;jzif/h
uvuaPm
'awk?H iSm/ ]]u
Pm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? /
twaem? \/ zvH? tusK;d ud/k y#d? pG
J / um&Pbm0H? taMumif;\ tjzpfo/Ykd
[daemwd *pw?d a&muf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h a[wk? rnf\/ y#dp? pG
J /
{wom? xdt
k aMumif;rS/ zvH? onf/ {wd? jzpf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h
ypa,m
,m? rnf\/
a[wko'g yp,o'gwdkYonf taMumif;a[mcsnf;jzpfvsuf todkYrl
]uvuaPm}ponfudk qdkoenf;-[laom apm'emudk ajzvdk ]udmyd}
tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

a[wkyp,oa'[d? a[wko'g yp,o'gwdkYonf/ um&Par0?

udo
k mvQi/f udm yd 0kpw
?d tu,fum; a[mtyf\&Si/hf wxmyd? vnf;/
ww? xdak [wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;wdYk / 0daooH? ud/k 0dbma*e? jzif/h
tom"m&PvuaPm
'awk?H iSm/ ]]tom"m&Pvu
Pm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ obma0g
a[wlw?d um;/ ormebma0g? wlonf\tjzpf[k qdt
k yfaom/ 0g? wlaom
oabm&Sad om/ ADZ?H rsK;d aphonf/ a[wk? a[wktaMumif;wnf;/ (odYk ore)f /

0g&

15-y&dum &[m&0dbif; tzGihf

469

toD;om rsKd;aphESifh wl&um; ]ADZH zv bma0g}om qdkoifh\/

]tuF&k bma0g}
k ifw
h um;
d nfjzifh
bma0g}--[k rqdo
um;--[k tmabm*jyK ]eEk p} tp&So
apm'emownf ; /

ADZ?H onf/ tuF&k m'do'do?H tGepYf onfEiS hf wlonf/ (tuF&k m o'dom[lvnf; &S\
d / e a[mwdEiS hf rwef&um; 'DCESihf r&So
d if?h qifjcif)/ e a[mwd
eEk p? rjzpfonf r[kww
f aHk vm/ wd? od/Yk ap 0a',s? tH/h e a[mwd?
rjzpfonfum;/ aem? r[kw/f a[mwd {0? vQiu
f wnf;/ [d uom? um;/
tnawm? rsK;d aphrS wpfyg;aom taMumif;aMumif/h wm'do? xdo
k o
Ykd abm
&Sad om tGe\
Yf / tEkyZ e awm? rjzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/ /
]],xm 0g yem
yem}}wd tm'demyd? ,xm 0g ye tp&Sad om ygXfjzifv
h nf;/
O'g[&PE&'aee? O'g[kkPfwpfyg;udk jyojzifh/ a[wkyp,meH?
a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;wd\
Yk / 0daooar0? udo
k mvQi/f 0dbma0wd?
\/ ww 0pae? / 'k'E?d um;/ cD&?H Ed&Yk nfwnf;/ '"d b0wDwd 'H 0peH?
ud/k {uwea,e 0g? {uwenf;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ taba'gypma&e 0g?
tab'ab'lypm&tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 0g? rjym;onfukd jym;aomtm;jzifh
ac:a0:aom tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0kwH? \/ tnxm? {uwenf;
tab'ab'lypm&rS wpfyg;aom tjym;tm;jzif/h e 0kw?H tyf/
t&Sift|uxmq&m...{uwenf;rS wpfyg; emew tp&Sdaom
enf;? tab'rS wpfyg; ab'jzpfaom w&m;vnf; &Sdonf r[kwfwkHavm/
EdkY&nfESifh EdkY"rf;vnf; emewab'jzpfcJhaomf ]e tnxm 0kwH}[k qdkaom
pum;onf todkY oifhtHhenf;[k apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ]e [d cD&H '"d a[mwd}[laom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ cD&H? onf/ '"d? EdkY"rf;onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/ awae0?

aMumifo
h mvQi/f ]]ee pwd /v/ '"d pm
pm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ tx 0g?
um;/ Ca#? td;k / 'k'?H Ed&Yk nfu/kd yuw
d ?H xnft
h yfonf&adS omf/ '"d? Ed"Yk rf;onf/
b0wd? \/ ww? xdt
k ;kd / umvEa&? umvwpfyg;/ yp,E&orm-a,ma*e?
taMumif;wpfyg;ESihf ,SOo
f nf&adS omf/ '"d? onf/ Zm,wd? \/ wom? aMumif/h
'k'
p? Ed&Yk nf\vnf;aumif;/ '"d p? \vnf;aumif;/ {uumvor0"meH?

470

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4-y#deda'o

wpfumvwnf; twlwuG wnfjcif;onf/ e p tw?d r&S/d uom? um;/

&ocD&0dygum'D[?d t&nftcJ usujf cif; tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h bdEo
bm0wm?
jym;aomoabm &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;/ {0ar0
{0ar0E?d um;/ a[wkbw
l ?
a[wktaMumif; jzpfjzpfaom/ cD&? \/ zvblawe? aom/ '"dem? ESi/hf
{uumvor0"meH? wpfumvwnf; twlwuG wnfjcif;onf/ e a[mwd
,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ tnmyd? wpfyg;vnf;jzpfaom/ a[wk?
a[wktaMumif;\/ zave? ESi/hf {uumvor0"meH? onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpf/
wxm? wl/ yp,? yp, taMumif;\/ zave? ESi/hf {uumvor0"meH?
onf/ e a[mwd? rjzpfonfum;/ e? r[kw/f
a[wktaMumif;\ tusKd;ESifh wpfumvwnf; wnfouJhodkY yp,
taMumif ; \vnf ; tusKd ; ES i f h wpf u mvwnf ; wnf a umif ; yg\wum;
apm'em&Sd&um; ]e [d} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

[d uom? aMumifh/ ypa,m? yp,taMumif;onf/ {uaEe?

pifppfojzif/h zave? ESi/hf bdEu
mavm {0? jym;aom umv&So
d nfomvQi/f
e a[mwd? jzpf/ wd wom? aMumifh/ yp,? \/ zave? ESifh/
{uumvor0"meH? onf/ e a[mwd? um;/ e? r[kw/f (odYk ore)f /
{0rd? vnf;/ a[wkyp,meH? a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;wdkY\/
0daoaom? ud/k a0'dwaAm? \/ wd t,H? vQi/f t"dyg a,m? wnf;/ /
(tusK;d ESihf umv jym;aom taMumif;onf a[wk? tusK;d ESihf umvrjym;aom
taMumif;onf yp, rnf\-[lvakd omf/)
{0H? odkY/ Am[d&H? aom/ a[wkyp,0dbm*H? a[wktaMumif;
yp,taMumif;wdu
Yk kd a0zefjcif;ud/k 'awGm? / 'ged? / tZwu
d ?H
t,Od oHoma&m
aom/ a[wkyp,0dbm*H? ud/k 'awk?H iSm/ ]]t,O
ma&m}}wd tm'd?
1
t0dZm t0dZm, a[wl }}wd? [l/ 0kaw?
ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / ]]t0d
1/ t0dZm t0dZm, a[wk / / t0dZm onf teE&jzpfaom t0dZm tm;
teE& oreE& teEyl ed, tmao0e ewd 0d*wypn;f wdjYk zifh aus;Zl;jyK\/
teE& r[kwaf om o[Zmwf t0dZm tm; a[wk o[Zmw tnrn ed,

0g&

15-y&dum &[m&0dbif; tzGihf

471

aomf/ {uo pdwK yg a'? wpfcak om pdwK yg 'f/ taeum? ukeaf om/ t0dZm ?
wdo
Yk nf/ 0dZE d u? &Su
d ek o
f avm/ wd? od/Yk apm'emor0awm? aMumif/h
]]ykyk&drdum /v/ a[wl}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ awe? xdyk gXfjzif/h {uo umav?
wpfNyKd ief ufaom umv/ a[wkzvmeH? taMumif;tusK;d wd\
Yk / or0"meH?
twlwuG wnfjcif;onf/ ew?d r&S/d wd? od/Yk {war0w?H udo
k mvQi/f
yk & d r d u m t0d Z m }}wd tm'd e m? jzif h /
oraw w d ? NyD ; ap\/ ww ]]yk
a[wkzvblwmeH? taMumif;tusK;d jzpf jzpfuek af om/ t0dZm eH? wd\
Yk /
0dbm*H? a0zefjcif;ud/k 'awd? \/ ]]ADADZuFka&m 0d,mm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h rH
tw?H qdt
k yfvwHaY om teufu/kd 'awd? \/ u 'awd? enf;[lru
l m;/
ADZH? onf/ tuFk&? \/ a[wk a[mEH? taMumif; jzpfonf&Sdaomf/
oreE&a[wkwm,? tjcm;r&Sdaom taMumif;\ tjzpfjzifh/ a[wk?
taMumif;onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd ye? wpfyg;/ ADZawm? aMumif/h 0g? rS/
,H zvH? tMuiftoD;onf/ edAw
w
?d jzpf\/ w zv? xdt
k oD;\/ ADZ?H
onf/ y&r&a[wkwm,? tqifq
h ifah om taMumif;\ tjzpfjzif/h a[wk?
onf/ a[mwd ,xm? uJhodkY/ {0H wxm? wl/ t0dZm,yd? \vnf;/
a[wkbma0? taMumif;\ tjzpf/ (a[wkbma0e-[lvnf; &S\
d / eum;
vGeo
f nf? roif)h / '|A?H \/ wd? od/Yk 'awd? \/ /
|? 137 yke? wpfzef/ ]],xm
,xm 0g yem
yem}}wd tm'demyd? ,xm 0g ye
tp&Sad om ygXfjzifv
h nf;/ a[wkyp,0dbm*ar0? udo
k mvQi/f 'awd? \/
ww 0pae? / xmvu
xmvuEd? um;/ 'Dyuyvdum? qDrD;cGufudk/ te* d uEd?
um;/ t*? rD;udk/ 0dem? / 'D a ywkEd? um;/ ZmavwkH? ndtHhaomiSm/ wd
obma0g a[wl wd? um;/ {0H? odkY/ y'DykZmvem'Dok? qDrD;ndjcif;
tp&So
d nfwYkd / t*t
d m'do?H rD;ponfEiS hf wlaom/ um&PH? taMumif;onf/
obma0g? wlaomtaMumif;onf/ 0g;rD;tjzpfjzifh wlaom oabmonf/
a[wk? a[wktaMumif; rnf\/ y&bma0g yp a ,m
,mwd? um;/ ww?
or , k w tw d t0d * wyp n f ; wd k Y j zif h aus;Zl ; jyK\/ teE & vnf ; r[k w f
o[Zmwfvnf; r[kwfaom t0dZmtm; Oyed,ypnf;jzifhom aus;Zl;jyK\
[lvakd omf/

472

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4-y#deda'o

xdrk ;D ndj cif; tp&So

d nfwYkd / uyvu
d m0dawvm'do'daom? qDr;D cGuf qDr;D pm
tp&SdonfESifhwlaom/ t*dawm? rS/ tanm? tjcm;aom/ bma0g
taMumif;onf/ 0g? oabmonf/ ypa,m? rnf\/ tZwdaum
umwd? um;/
ed,uZwad um? rdro
d Emef jzpfaom/ ed,uZaw? rdro
d Emef/ ba0g?
jzpfaom taMumif;wnf;/ Am[da&m
&mwd? um;/ wawm? xdrk rd o
d Emef jzpfaom
w&m;rS/ 0g? rdro
d Emefr/S A[dbal wm? ty jzpfaom taMumif;wnf;/
Zeaum
Zeaumwd ? um;/ ed A w a um? jzpf a pwwf a om taMumif ; wnf ; /
y&d * g [aum
[aumwd? um;/ Oywraum? axmufyHhaom taMumif;wnf;/
tom"m&aPm
tom"m&aPmwd? um;/ tma0Pdaum? toD;aom taMumif;wnf;/
om"m&aPm
om"m&aPmwd? um;/ tanor?d ukeaf om/ yp,yk E m eH? tusK;d w&m;wdEYk iS /hf
ormaem? wlaom taMumif;wnf;/ /
y&dum&vuPmudkvnf;aumif;? a[wktaMumif; yp,taMumif;
wd k Y \ 0d b m*wd k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; jyNyD ; r[k w f w k H a vm/ ,if ; od k Y v suf
]t0kyap'awm} ponfudk tb,ftusKd;iSm qdkoenf;-[k apm'emzG,f&Sd&u
umm;
'ged wH oAH /v/ 0kwH-[laom ygXfudk?
wH oAH\t& tb,fenf;-[k apm'em&Sd&um; ]um&P /v/
oraEm} ygXfudk?
um&Ptjzpfudk jyjcif;iSm-[k tb,fhaMumifh qdkoenf;/ y&dum&
tjzpf u d k jyjcif ; iS m -[k qd k y gavm apm'em&S d & um; ],o m um&PH
y&duma&mwd 0kwH wom} ygXfudk?
,if;odkY um&Pudk&dum&[l qdktyfygaomf um&P tjzpfudkom
jyapaom tusKd;onf y&dum& r[kwfaomaMumifh tusKd;udk rjywum;[
rjywum;[kk
apm'emzG,f&Sd&um; ],om um&Pbma0g p zvmayum, wom} ygXfudk
rdefYownf;/

(,om womudk ESpcf surf mS ,SO

f qdo
k nf)/ 'ged? / ,om? aMumif/h
um&PH? ud/k ]]y&dum a&m}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ um&Pbma0g p? taMumif;\
tjzpfonfvnf;/ zvmayum,? tusK;d udk iJah omtm;jzif/h a[mwd? \/
wom? aMumif/h um&P? \/ a,m um&Pbma0g? tMuif taMumif;\
tjzpfonf/ tw?d \/ ,xm p? tMuiftjcif;jzifv
h nf;/ aom um&Pbma0g?

0g&

15-y&dum &[m&0dbif; tzGihf

473

onf/ a[mwd? \/ , zvH? tMuif tusK;d onfvnf;aumif;/ w?

xdktusKd;\/ a,m p 0daoaom? onfvnf;aumif;/ um&PzvmeH?
taMumif;tusK;d wd\
Yk / a,m p oraEm? tMuif pyfjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/
twd? \/ wH oAH? xdktvkH;pkHudk/ 0dbma0wkH? xif&Sm;jytHhaomiSm/
t0kyap'awm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ ww 0pae? / um&Pzvbma0e?
]]t0k
taMumif; tusK;d \tjzpfjzif/h orEw
m? pyfonf\ tjzpfonf/ oEwd?
rnf\/ p? apm'emudk qdt
k /Hh ww? xdt
k aMumif;tusK;d \ tjzpfjzifh pyfonf\
tjzpfww
Ykd iG /f oraEm? taMumif;tusK;d \ tjzpfjzifh pyfjcif;onf/ aum?
tb,fenf;/ um&Pzvbma0g p? taMumif;tusK;d \ tjzpfonfvnf;/
aum p? tb,fenf;/ (aum p ww oraEm um&Pzvbma0g p vnf;
&Sd\)/ aom {0 t0kyap'awm? xdkrjywfaom taMumif;-[laom
teufyifwnf;/ wpfenf;um;-aom {0 t0kyap'awm? onfomvQi/f oraEm
p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/ um&Pzvbma0g p? onfvnf;/ a[mwd? \/
zvblawm? tusK;d jzpf jzpfaom/ a,m "arm? onf/ tn? wpfyg;aom
w&m;\/ tum&PH? taMumif;r[kwo
f nf/ [kwmG ? / edZk w?d \/ aom
"arm? onf/ 0kypdaEm emr? jywfonfrnfonf/ a[mwd? \/ wH?
xdw
k pfyg;aom w&m;\ taMumif;rjzpfr
l csKyaf om w&m;onf/ ,xm
uxH? tb,fenf;[lru
l m;/ t&[awm? &[Em\/ pkwpd w
d H ? wnf;/ a,m
ye "arm? onfum;/ twaem? tm;/ tEkyl ? avsmufywfaom/ zv?
tusK;d \/ a[wk? taMumif;onf/ [kwmG ? / edZk w?d \/ aom "arm?
onf/ a[wkzvorE
? taMumif;tusK;d wd\
Yk pyfjcif;\/ 0dZr mewm?
xif&mS ;&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h tEkypad Em {0 emr? rjywfonf rnfonf
omvQif/ a[mwd? \/ wd wom? aMumifh/ ]]t0kyap'awm oEwd
tawm}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ /
,om p? aMumifhvnf;/ um&Pawm? aMumifh/ edAwH? jzpfaom
w&m;onf/ zvH emr? tusK;d rnf\/ tedAw
?H rjzpfaom w&m;onf/ e zvH
edAwdtawm zvawm}}wd? [l/
emr? tusKd;rrnf/ wom? aMumifh/ ]]ed
0kw?H \/ ,om ye? aMumifu
h m;/ yk&rd ba0e? a&S;b0ESi/hf teE&b0

474

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4-y#deda'o

y#doEme0aoe? tjcm;r&Sad om b0udk pyfaomtm;jzif/h y0wm? jzpfuek af om/

Oyywu
d E m ? Oyywcd Emwdo
Yk nf/ ykeAa0g? b0opf rnf\/ wom? aMumif/h
y#doEdtawm ykeA0awm}}wd? [l/ 0kw?H \/ wxm? NrKd U/ , yk*v
]]y#d
?
tm;/ udavom? wdo
Yk nf/ OyZE ?d uke\
f / wH yk*v
?H ud/k yvdAak EE?d ESyd pf ufuek \
f /
0g? wm;jrpfuek \
f / orm? pGm/ y#dyZw
d ?Hk usijhf cif;iSm/ e a'E?d uke/f ,m0 p?
tMuifrQavmufaom umvywfvkH;vnf;/ ra*e? jzifh/ tork*gwdwm?
rjzwftyfuek af o;/ wm0? vk;H / tEkaoEd emr? ude;f 0yfonf rnfuek \
f / awe?
yvd a Am"aw m /v/tEk o ,aw m }} wd? [l/ 0kwH? \/
aMumifh/ ]]yvd
y&dnmbdor,0aoe? ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;wnf;[laom odjcif;\tpGr;f tm;jzif/h
y&d n maw? yd k i f ; jcm; od t yf o nf & S d a omf / u'gpd ? w&H w cgrQ/ wH ?
xd0k n
d mOfonf/ emrlyuk&F ? emrfyk w
f nf;[laom tGe\
Yf / um&PH? onf/
ty&dnm /v/ ADZawm}}wd?
e a[wd? rjzpfvwfao;/ wd? aMumif/h ]]ty&d
[l/ tm[? \/ ,w t0k y ap a 'g ww oE w D wd? um;/ ,w
lyglyy0w,
d ?H tMuifyk ef mrfw\
Ykd jzpf&m/ ,xm 0kawm? aom/ t0kyapa'g?
taMumif;\ rjywfjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ ww? xdkkyfemrfwdkY\ jzpf&m/
|? 138 oEwad 0g[ma&m? oEw[
d
l ac:a0:jcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/
v/ edAww
D d
yp,y&r&'eH? taMumif; tqifq
h ifu
h kd jywwfaom/ ,w //v/
tm'd ? od k Y tp&S d a om pum;onf / a[wk z vor E 0 d b m0ear0?
taMumif;tusK;d wd\
Yk pyfjcif;udk xif&mS ;jyaom pum;onfomvQi/f a[mwd?
\/ /
,xm 0g ye puK y#dpm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h ]]obma0g a[wl}}wd?
]],xm
[l/ 0kwa r0? omvQijf zpfaom/ tw?H ud/k 0dbma*e? jzif/h 'awd? \/
ww 0pae? / oE d ,wm,m
,wm,mwd? um;/ Oyed,yp,wm,?
Oyed,ypn;f \tjzpfjzif/h
reodum&onf reodum&apwodufwnf;[laom tm&rPy#dyg'u
reodum&? y'Gg&m0Zef;wnf;[laom 0d"dy#dyg'ureod
yg'ureodum&? raem'Gg&m0Ze;f
wnf;[laom Z0ey#dyg'ureodum&
-[l oHk;yg;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkokH;yg;wdkYwGif
m&-[l
tb,freodum&enf;[k ,kHrSm;zG,f&Sd xdk,kHrSm;udk epfapjcif;iSm ]reoduma&mwd ud&d,mraem"mwk}[k zGifhaomf/

0g&

15-y&dum &[m&0dbif; tzGihf

475

reoduma&m
ma&mwd? um;/ ud&,
d mraem"mwk? ud&,
d mraem"mwfwnf;/
(y'gG &m0Ze;f -[lvakd omf)/
tb,h f a Mumif h xd k r eod u m&onf obm0a[wk rnf o enf ;
[laom tar;udk ajzvdk ]om [d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

([d u m; 0gusm&r O yEsmownf ; / yu E & vnf ; [l ) / om? xd k

ud&d,mraem"mwfonf/ puK0dnmP? \/ 0dnmPbma0e? jzifh/
ormeZmwdwm,? wlaom oabm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h obma0g a[wk?
wlaom oabm&Sad om taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ ocFg&m /v/ a[wlw?d
um;/ yknm'dtbdocFg&m? yknmbdocFg& tp&Sad om tbdocFg&wdo
Yk nf/
y#doE0d n
d mP? \/ ypa,m? yp,taMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ ww?
xdkyknmbdocFg& tp&SdonfwdkY/ a,m obma0g? tMuifjyKjyifjcif;
oabmonf/ tw?d \/ aom obma0g? xdjk yKjyifjcif;oabmonf/ a[wk?
a[wktaMumif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk a0'dwaAm? \/
tvkH;pkHaom ocFg&udkyif vdktyfoavm[laom ykpmudk ajzvdk
]ocFg&mwd apw} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

ocFg&m
&mwd p {w? ocFg&m[laom ygXf/ oaAm? aom/ avmuda,m?
aom/ ukovmukovpdwK yg a'g? ud/k t"dayawm? \/ rdem ea,e? jzif/h
aooya'oky1d ? 0dnmP tp&Sad om <uif;aom yk'w
f Ykd vnf;/ tawm? ud/k
a0'dwaAm? \/
{0H /v/ y&duma&m
a&mwd? um;/ {0H? od/Yk ,xm0kwy a ba'g? tMuif
tMuif qdktyfNyD;aom tjym;&Sdaom/ (tom"m&PvuaPm a[wk
ponfjzifh qdktyfaom tjym;udk ,l)/ a,m aumpd? aom/ ypa,m?
taMumif;onf/ tw?d \/ oaAm? aom/ aom ypa,m? onf/ twaem?
\/ zv? ud/k y&du& Pawm tbdocF&Pawm? jyKjyifwwfaomaMumif/h
1/ aooya'okyd / / 0dnmOfonf emrfyk \
f yp,taMumif; rnf\/
ykA* rF -t"d|mejzpfaom oabmonf a[wktaMumif; rnf\ ponfjzifh odtyf\
[lvakd omf/

476

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

y&dum a&m? rnf\/ w? xdt

k aMumif;ud/k ed'g a&wGm? / uxeH? qdjk cif;onf/
y&dum a&m [ma&m? rnf\/ wd? od/Yk '|A?H \/ /
y&dum&[m&0db*F0Pem? 0dbif; tzGifhonf/ ed|dwm? NyD;NyD/ /
e e e

16-orma&mye[m&0dbif; tzGifh
50/ ww /v/ [ma&m
[ma&mwd? onf/ orma&mye[m&0dba*Fg? wnf;/
ww? / {uo y'|mae
y'|maewd? um;/ ,o udod ?d wpfpw
Hk pfcak om/ {uo?
aom/ um&Pblaw? aom/ "ar? ud/k okawe? jzif/h *[daw? aomf/
,wumed y'|memed Mow&EDw?d um;/ ,wumed? ukeaf om/ tanoH?
wpfyg;aom w&m;wdkY\/ um&Pblwmed? taMumif;jzpf jzpfukefaom
w&m;wdo
Yk nf/ wo "ar? xdw
k pfcak om y'|mefjzpfaom w&m;/ oarmo&E?d
pka0;uke\
f / oAmed wmed orma&my,dwAmeDw?d um;/ oAmed? ukeaf om/
wmed y'|memed? wdu
Yk /kd y'|meblwm? ukeaf om/ "rm? wdu
Yk /kd (ESpyf 'k u
f m;
y'|memed\ tzGifh)/ orm? pGm/ ed'g&P0aoe? jzifh/ tmaewGm? /
a'oem,? od/Yk tma&maywAm? uke\
f / a'oemkaV 0d,? a'oemodYk
wifaom y'|mefwu
Ykd u
kd o
hJ /Ykd uwGm? / uaxwAm? uke\
f / wd t,H?
vQi/f tawm? wnf;/ tm0a [ma&? / (0kwm odYk qdu
k )f / ]]{urSd /v/
y'|me}}E?d [l/ 0peawm? aMumif/h taeauoH? ukeaf om/ y'|memeH?
wdu
Yk /kd y&da,oem? &SmrS;D jcif;ud/k 0kwm ,xm? uJo
h /Ykd {0H wxm? wl/ "myd?
orma&mye[m&vnf;/ A[le?H ukeaf om/ y'|memeH? wdu
Yk /kd orma&myem?
,xm
aumif;pGm wifjcif;ud/k umwAm? \/ wd? od/Yk 'aaEm? &um;/ ]],xm
tm0a [ma&
[ma&}}wd? [l/ tm[? \/ au0vH? ouf/ y'|me0aoae0?
jzifo
h mvQi/f orma&myem? ud/k umwAm? onf/ e? r[kw/f tx acg? um;/
a00pebm0emy[me0aoeyd? a00kpf bm0em y[mefw\
Ykd tpGr;f tm;jzifv
h nf;/
ww /v/
orma&myem? ud/k umwAm? \/ wd? od/Yk 'aaEm? / ]]ww
pwkAd"mm}}wd tm'? ud/k tm[? \/

0g&

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y'|mef a 00k p f w d k Y u d k ,l o jzif h yk e k w d o m jzpf t H h o nf w um;-[k

ESvkH;ydkuf uom yaew ponfjzifh apm'emownf;/

|? 139 uom ye? um;/ {w? orma&mye[m&/ y'|mea00pemed?

wdkYudk/ *[dwmed? ukefoenf;/ y'|mea00pe[ma& {0? y'|me[m&
a00pe[m&omvQi/f t,H ye tawm? ud/k 0dbm0dawm eEk? xif&mS ;jytyfNyD
r[kww
f aHk vm/ wd t,H? vQi/f apm'em? wnf;/ {wH 0peH? apm'uqdak om
pum;onf/ op?H rSe\
f /
rS e f y gaomf r,l b J a eaumif ; \ wum;-[k wk H Y j yef & maomaMumif h
]" ye} tp&Sdaom ygXfudk rdefYownf;/

ye wxmyd? vnf;/ "? orma&mye[m&/ y'|mea00pe*[PH1?

y'|mef a00kpw
f u
Ykd kd ,ljcif;onf/ bm0emy[memeH? bm0emy[mefw\
Ykd /
t"d|me0do,'ewa0? wnfjcif;\t&mudk jyjcif;tusK;d iSmvnf;aumif;/
0g? tusKd;&Sdonfvnf;aumif;/ awoH? xdkbm0emy[mefwdkY\/ t"d0pe
0dbm*'ew? trnfukd a0zefjcif;udk jyjcif;tusK;d iSmvnf;aumif;/ 0g?
tusK;d &So
d nfvnf;aumif;/ a[mwd? \/
y'|mefa00kpfudk r,laomfvnf; bm0emy[mefwdkY\ t"d|me0do,
t"d0pe0dbm*udk jyjcif;udp rNyD;aumif;ygoavm apm'em&Sd&um; ]{0H
[d} ponfudk rdefYownf;/

[d? pG/ {0H? od,

Yk o
l nf&adS omf/ bm0emy[memed? wdo
Yk nf/ 0g? wdu
Yk /kd
ok0dan,smed p? odvG,fukefonfvnf;/ a[mEd? ukef\/ ynmaywkH?
tjym;tm;jzifh odapjcif;iSm/ oku&med p? jyKv,
G u
f ek o
f nfvnf;/ a[mE?d
uke\
f / 'H y'|me
y'|meE?d um;/ wd0"d ?H aom/ 'H okp&dw?H onf/ Ak'g eH?
wd\
Yk / omoe Mo0g'? tqk;H tr\/ 0do,m"d|mebm0awm? 0do,[k
qdt
k yfaom jzpf&mjzpfonf\ tjzpfaMumif/h y'|meH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ ww
um,du}}Ed tm'dem? jzif/h wD[?d ukeaf om/ okp&daw[d? wdjYk zif/h oDvm'a,m?
]]um,d
1/ y'|mea00pe*[PH / / y'|mefukd ,ljcif;onf wnfjcif;\ t&mudk
jyjcif; tusK;d &S\
d / a00kpu
f kd ,ljcif;onf t"d0pe0dbm*udk jyjcif; tusK;d &S\
d / odYk
,SO
f ,l/

478

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

ukeaf om/ wa,m? ukeaf om/ caE p? wdu

Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ orx0dyem p?
wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ wwd,pwkwz vmed p? wwd,zdv
k f pwkwz v
kd w
f u
Ykd kd
vnf;aumif;/ ed'g a&wGm? / 'awd? \/ wH 0peH? onf/ ok0ad n,sar0?
vQiu
f wnf;/ ,H yumr*kPm'du?H tMuifig;yg;aom umr*kPf tp&So
d nfu/kd
wPSm'dem1? wPSm tp&So
d nfonf/ 0eD,wd? rS0D q
J nf;uyftyf\/ wd
wom? aMumif/h wH yumr*kPm'du?H onf/ 0eH? rnf\/ 0g? um;/ (0gudk
vnf; ,SOyf gonf)/ ,H? tMuif rde;f ra,musmf ;[l edrw
d u
f kd ,ljcif;onf/
0ewd? rS0D q
J nf;uyfwwf\/ wd wom? aMumif/h wH onf/ 0eH? rnf\/
(edrw
d * g [ &ap)/ 0g? um;/ ,H? onf/ 0Ekaw? awmif;wwf\/ wd wom?
aMumif/h wH edrw
d * g [H? onf/ 0eH? rnf\/ (if; &ap)/ ww? xd0k ew&m;
0exw&m; wdkYwGif/ ,om? aMumifh/ y umr*kPm p? wdkYonfvnf;/
umrwPSm,? \/ um&Pmed? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / edrw
d * g a[m p?
edrdwfudk ,ljcif;onfvnf;/ tEkAse*g[? udavomudk jywwfaom
tjcif;t&mudk ,ljcif;\/ um&PH? onf/ a[mwd? \/ tZwu
d Am[d&med?
tZw d u Am[d & jzpf u k e f a om/ tm,wemed p? wd k Y o nf v nf ; /
wy#Ad 'qE&m*g'De?H xdt
k m,weESihf pyfaom qE&m* tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / 0g?
xdt
k m,wewdYk wyfaom qE&m* tp&So
d nfw\
Ykd / um&Pmed? wdo
Yk nf/
a[mE?d uke\
f / tEko,m p? wdo
Yk nfvnf;/ y&d,|k memeH? y&d,|k mefw\
Ykd /
um&Pmed? wdo
Yk nf/ a[mE?d uke\
f / wom? aMumif/h wrw?H xdt
k eufu/kd
y umr*kPmm}}wd tm'd? ud/k 0kw?H \/ /
'awk?H iSm/ ]]y
51/ t,H a00paee orma&myem
orma&myemwd? um;/ ]]&m*0d&m* apawm0drw
k ?d
&m*0d&m*gapawm0drkwdo'gvnf;aumif;/ aouzvH? vnf;aumif;/
1/ wPSm'dem / / wPSmonf tmkjH yKaomtm;jzifh qnf;uyftyfaom
ig;yg;aom umr*kPf? oHa,mZOfonf tmkHjyKaomtm;jzifh qnf;uyftyfaom
ajcmufyg;aom tZwu
d Am[d&m,we? y&d,|k mefonf tusK;d \tjzpfjzifh qnf;uyf
tyfaom tEko, &ap/

0g&

16-orma&mye[m&0dbif; tzGihf

479

tem*grdzvH? vnf;aumif;/ umr"mwkorwdur eH? vnf;aumif;}}/ wd? od/Yk

{aw[d y&d,m,0pae[d? y&d,m,fo'gwdkYjzifh/ wwd,zv?
wwd,zdv
k u
f /kd a,m eda'aom p? tMuifjyjcif;onf vnf;aumif;/ wxm?
xdNk rKd U/ ]]t0dZm 0d&m* ynm0drw
k ?d o'gvnf;aumif;/ taouzvH? vnf;aumif;?
t*zvH? vnf;aumif;? t&[w?H vnf;aumif;/ aw"mwkuorwdur eH?
vnf;aumif;}}/ wd? od/Yk {aw[d y&d,m,0pae[d? wdjYk zif/h pwkwz v?
ud/k a,m eda'aom p? onfvnf;aumif;/ ]]ynd`E,
d E}d } tm'D[?d ukeaf om/
y&d,m,0pae[d? wdjYk zif/h ynm,? ud/k a,m p eda'aom? onfvnf;aumif;/
tw?d \/ t,H eda'aom? odYk jyjcif;onf/ a00pae[d p? wdjYk zifv
h nf;/
orma&myem? aumif;pGm wifjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ /
wom /v/ 0d[&m[Dwd tm'd? ud/k vuP[m&0db*F0Pem,H? /
0kwe a,e? jzif/h a0'dwA?H \/
wpf p k H w pf c k 0d a oo r&S d N yD a vmpk ' f & S d & um; ]au0vH } ponf u d k
rdefYownf;/

au0vH? txl;um;/ ww? xdv

k uP[m&0dbif;/ {uvuPwm?
wlaom vuPm&So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif/h t0kwm er?d okwf ra[mtyfaom
w&m;wdkYudkvnf;/ 0kwbm0'e0aoae0? a[mtyfonf\tjzpfudk
jyjcif;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifo
h mvQi/f tm*wH? \/ "? orma&mye[m&0dbif;/ bm0emorma&mye0aoe? bm0emtm;jzifh aumif;pGm wifjcif;\
tpGrf;tm;jzifh/ tm*wH? \/ wd? odkY/ t,ar0? rQonfomvQif/
0daoaom? onf/ a[mwd? \/
]uma, um,mEk y D 0d [ &aE m }paom ygXf j zif h tb,f u d k
jyoenf ; --[l
[laom apm'emudk ajzvdk ]rrwH 'awd /v/ tm'dem}
ygXfudk?
teuf-[lonf tb,fenf;-[laom tar;udk ajzvdk ]{awoH
/v/ oH0wwd}-[laom ygXfudk? xdkygy"r[lonf tb,fenf;-[laom
tar;ud k ajzvd k ]ok b onm /v/ qE m *wd * reE d } -[l a om ygXf u d k ?
um,mEkyemonf tb,hfaMumifh okbonm ponfudk y,foenf;

480

aewdt|uxmed,

4-y#deda'o

[l a om tar;ud k ajzvd k ]um, /v/ y#d y u m wd } -[l a om ygXf u d k

rd e f Y o wnf ; /

um,mEkyem? onf/ 0daooawm? tm;jzifh/ umr&m*wa'

u|udavomeH1? umr&m* xdu
k mr&m*ESiw
hf al om wnf&m&Sad om udavom
wd\
Yk / {uEy#dyum? pifppfqefu
Y sib
f ufjzpfaom/ tokbmEky em {0?
onfomvQi/f a[mwd? \/
om? xdkum,mEkyemonf/ (oH0wwdodkY qdkuf)/ okbonm?
vnf;aumif;/ ( tokbonm[lvnf;aumif; ygXf&Sd\/ ygXfysuf
yrm'avcom/ okbonmom vdkonf)/ uAVDum&m[m&y&dnm,?
uAVDum&m[m&udk ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\/ y&dAEuad vom? ab;&efjzpfaom
udavomwdkYvnf;aumif;/ umrkyg'geH? vnf;aumif;/ umra,ma*g?
vnf;aumif;/ tbdZmum,*aEm? vnf;aumif;/ umrmoa0g? vnf;aumif;/
umarmaCm? vnf;aumif;/ &m*ov?H &m*wnf;[laom jrm;vnf;aumif;/
ly"ry&dnm,? udavomonf tmkHjyKaomtm;jzifh uyftyfaom
kyw
f &m;[k qdt
k yfaom tbdocFg&0dnmOf\ wnf&mudk ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\/
0g? kyw
f &m;udk ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\/ y#dyuuad vom? wdv
Yk nf;aumif;/
ly"aro?k wdYk / &ma*g? wyfaom &m*vnf;aumif;/ qEm*wd*reH? cspo
f jzifh
rvm;tyfaomt&modYk vm;jcif;vnf;aumif;/ wd? od/Yk {awoH ygy"rmeH?
,kwrf maom tukov
kd w
f &m;wdu
Yk /kd y[mem,? y,fjcif;iSm/ oH0ww?d
uma, /v/ 0d[&aEm}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h
\/ wd? od/Yk rH tw?H ud/k ]]uma,
'awd? \/ /
]a0'emok a0'emEkyD}paom ygXfjzifh tb,fudk jyoenf;[laom
tar;udk ajzvdk ]wxm {wrwH /v/ tm'dem}-[laom ygXfudk? teuf
[lonf tb,fenf;-[laom tar;udk ajzvdk ]om okconm, /v/
oH0wwDwd}-[laom ygXfudk? okconmudk tb,hfaMumifh y,foenf;1/ umr&m*wa'u|ud a vomeH / / umr&m*\ qefYusifbuf
jzpfaomaMumifh okbonmud?k wa'u|udavomwd\
Yk qefu
Y sib
f uf jzpfaomaMumifh
uAVDum&m[m&udk ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\ ab;&efpaom udavom ponfukd y,fonf[lvakd omf/

0g&

16-orma&mye[m&0dbif; tzGihf

481

[laom tar;udk ajzvdk ]]'ku}}Ed yE-d [laom ygXfudk? 'kua0'emudkom

'ku[k Ioavm[laom tar;udk ajzvdk oAH a0'eH-[laom ygXfudk?
'k u a 0'emud k o m 'k u [ k I a umif ; onf ? wpf e nf ; um;-tb,f h a Mumif h
tvkH;pkHaom a0'emudk 'ku[k Iavmh[l qdkoenf;[laom tar;udk
ajzvdk tm'd0peawm-[laom ygXfudk? tb,fodkY a[moenf;[laom
tar;udk ajzvd
k a,m /v/ tedpa wmwd-[laom ygXfu?kd a0'emEkyemudk
ajzvdk a0'emEkyem 0daooawm 'kumEkyem-[laom ygXfudk
rd e f Y o wnf ; /

|? 140 wxm? yg;/ a0'emEkyem? onf/ 0daooawm? tm;jzif/h

'k u m Ek y em? onf / a[mwd ? \/ wd ? od k Y / '|A H ? \/ om?
xdak 0'emEkyemonf/ ('kuE d yED oH0wwd odYk oGm;)/
]]a,m yk*a vm? onf/ okc?H okca0'emud/k 'kua wm? tm;jzif/h
t'? I\/ 0g? jrif\/ 'ku?H ud/k ovawm? ajimift
h m;jzif/h t'u?d \/
oE?H Nird o
f ufaom/ t'kur okc?H ud/k tedpa wm? tm;jzif/h t'u?d
\}}/ (eHum; teufr&S?d edygwfrQom)/
wd tm'd0peawm? odYk tp&Sad omtm;jzifh a[mawmfral omaMumif/h
oA?H aom/ a0'eH? ud/k ]]'ku} }E?d [l/ yE?D Ionfjzpf/ (y[mem,
oH0wwrd mS qdu
k )f / okconm, p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ a0'ema[wky&dnm,?
a0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom zudk ydik ;f jcm; odjcif;\/ y&dAEuad vome?
ab;&efjzpfaom udavomwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;/ a*goDvm'D[?d EGm;wd\
Yk tavh
tp&So
d nfwjYkd zif/h b0ok'?d b0\ pifjcif;onf/ a[mwd? \/ wd? od/Yk
a0'ema'e? a0'em om,mojzif/h y0w? aom/ b0kyg'geocFg
w? aom/ oDvAwyk g'ge p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ a0'em0aoe? jzif/h
]]ar? \/ tew?H tusK;d rJu
h /kd tp&d? usiNhf y}D }/ wd tm'de,y0w? odYk
tp&Sad om enf;tm;jzifh jzpfaom/ Asmyg'um,*E? aom/ a'goov
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jzifo
h mvQi/f y0w? aom/ b0a,m*b0go0ba0gC-ocFgw? aom/
b0&m* p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ a0'emy&dnm,? udavomonf tmkjH yKaom

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wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/ a0'em0do,? a0'emvQif tmk&H adS om/ &m* p?
udkvnf;aumif;/ a'gom*wd*re p? a'gotm;jzifh rvm;tyfaom
t&modv
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a0'emok a0'emEkyD}}wd tm'dem? jzif/h 'awd? \/
{wH tw?H ud/k ]]a0'emok
wxm? yg;/ pd w m Ek y em? onf / 0d a ooawm? tm;jzif h /
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y&dAEuad vome? wdu
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kd yfaom tbdocFg&0dnmOf\
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y#dyuuad vome? wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/ onm,H? / &m* p? wyfaom
&m*udv
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d m;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;\/ 0g?
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16-orma&mye[m&0dbif; tzGihf

483

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om
pd w H ]]ted p } }E d yE D} -[l a om ygXf j zif h ? pd w m Ek y emonf pd w f u d k
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ocFga&ok? wdkY/ twonm, p? udkvnf;aumif;/ raemoawem
[m&y&dnm,? \/ y#dyuuad vome? wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/ oum,'d|,
d m
p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ ]]'ar0? t,lonfomvQi/f op?H rSe\
f }}/ wd? od/Yk
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taMumif;&Sdaom/ t0dZma,m* /v/ ocFgwm,? aom/ t0dZm, p?
udkvnf;aumif;/ ocFg&y&dnm,? udavomonf tmkHjyKaom tm;jzifh
uyftyfaom ocFg&[k qdt
k yfaom tbdocFg&0dnmOf\ wnf&mudk ydik ;f jcm;
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wdu
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kd nf;aumif;/ ocFga&ok? wdYk / &m* p? udv
k nf;aumif;/ |? 141
arm[m*wd*re p? rdu
k af omtm;jzifh rvm;tyfaom t&modYk vm;jcif;udk
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