Surveying Traverse

CIVL 1112
Surveying - Traverse Calculations
1/13
Surveying - Traverse
Distance - Traverse
Introduction
Methods of Computing Area
Almost all surveying requires some calculations to

reduce measurements into a more useful form for
determining distance, earthwork volumes, land areas,
etc.
A simple method that is useful for rough area

estimates is a graphical method
A traverse is developed by measuring the distance

and angles between points that found the boundary of
a site
We will learn several different techniques to compute
the area inside a traverse
In this method, the

traverse is plotted to
scale on graph paper,
and the number of
squares inside the
traverse are counted
A
C
D
Distance - Traverse
B
a
A
1
Area ABC ac sin
2
Distance - Traverse
B
a
A
Area ABD
d
c
1
ad sin
2
1
2
Area BCD bc sin
Area ABCD Area ABD Area BCD
CIVL 1112
Distance - Traverse

B
Area ABE
Balancing Angles
1
ae sin
2
Before the areas of a piece of land can be computed,

it is necessary to have a closed traverse
The interior angles of a closed traverse should total:
1
2
(n - 2)(180)
Area CDE cd sin
2/13
where n is the number of sides of the traverse
To compute Area BCD more data is required
Balancing Angles
Balancing Angles
A
Error of closure
A surveying heuristic is that the total angle should not

vary from the correct value by more than the square
root of the number of angles measured times the
precision of the instrument
For example an eight-sided traverse using a 1 transit,
the maximum error is:
1' 8 2.83' 3'

C
Angle containing mistake
Balancing Angles
Latitudes and Departures
If the angles do not close by a reasonable amount,

mistakes in measuring have been made
The closure of a traverse is checked by computing

the latitudes and departures of each of it sides
If an error of 1 is made, the surveyor may correct

one angle by 1
If an error of 2 is made, the surveyor may correct
two angles by 1 each
If an error of 3 is made in a 12 sided traverse, the
surveyor may correct each angle by 3/12 or 15
Latitude AB
E
W
Bearing
Departure AB
Bearing
W
C
Latitude CD
S
Departure CD
CIVL 1112
3/13
Latitudes and Departures
Error of Closure
The latitude of a line is its projection on the north

south meridian
Consider the following statement:
N
Latitude AB
W
Bearing
If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its

lines until you return to your starting point, you will have
walked as far north as you walked south and as far east as
you have walked west
The departure of a line is

its projection on the east
west line
Departure AB
A northeasterly bearing
has a + latitude and
+ departure
Therefore --
latitudes = 0
and
departures = 0
Error of Closure
Error of Closure
When latitudes are added together, the resulting

error is called the error in latitudes ( EL )
If the measured bearings and distances are plotted

on a sheet of paper, the figure will not close because
of EL and ED
The error resulting from adding departures together

is called the error in departures ( ED )
EL
A
234.58
Eclosure
perimeter
Departure AB
A
175.18
S 6 15 W
W (189.53 ft ) sin(615') 20.63 ft

E
Latitude AB
189.53
S (189.53 ft ) cos(615') 188.40 ft
175.18
D N 81 18 W
S 29 38 E
142.39
ED
Latitudes and Departures - Example
S 6 15 W
N 12 24 W
Precision
189.53
E L
Typical precision: 1/5,000 for rural land, 1/7,500

for suburban land, and 1/10,000 for urban land
A
N 42 59 E
Eclosure
C
Error of closure
ED
CIVL 1112

Bearing
Side
N
Departure BC
E (175.18 ft ) sin(2938') 86.62 ft
4/13
E
175.18
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
S
S
N
N
N
Length (ft)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
W
E
W
W
E
Latitude BC
S 29 38 E
S (175.18 ft ) cos(2938') 152.27 ft
C
S

Bearing
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Eclosure
S
S
N
N
N
E L
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
ED
2
Group Example Problem 1
Length (ft)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
W
E
W
W
E
0.079
Eclosure
0.163
0.182 ft
Precision
perimeter 939.46 ft
0.182 ft
1
5,176
S 77 10 E
N 29 16 E
651.2
660.5
S 38 43 W
D
491.0
826.7
N 64 09 W
C
Balancing Latitudes and Departures
Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse

attempts to obtain more probable values for the
locations of the corners of the traverse
Bearing
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
S
S
N
N
degree
m inutes
77
38
64
29
10
43
9
16
Length (ft)
E
W
W
E
651.2
826.7
491.0
660.5
Latitude
Departure
A popular method for balancing errors is called the

compass or the Bowditch rule
The Bowditch rule was devised by Nathaniel
Bowditch, surveyor, navigator and mathematician,
as a proposed solution to the problem of compass
traverse adjustment, which was posed in the
American journal The Analyst in 1807.
CIVL 1112
5/13

A
The compass method assumes:

N 42 59 E
1) angles and distances have same error

2) errors are accidental
S 6 15 W
234.58
189.53
The rule states:
The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to

the total error in latitude (departure) as the
length of the line is the perimeter of the traverse
S 29 38 E
142.39
N 12 24 W
175.18
175.18
D N 81 18 W
Recall the results of our example problem
Recall the results of our example problem
Side
Length (ft)
Bearing
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
Latitude
Departure
Side
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
Bearing
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
degree
m inutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
Length (ft)
Latitude
Departure
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
N
Latitude AB
Departure AB
S (189.53 ft ) cos(6 15') 188.40 ft
W (189.53 ft ) sin(615') 20.63 ft
189.53
Correction in LatAB
EL
S 6 15 W
Correction in LatAB
LAB
perimeter
EL LAB
perimeter
Correction in LatAB
0.079 ft 189.53 ft
939.46 ft
0.016 ft
189.53
Correction in DepAB
ED
S 6 15 W
Correction in DepAB
LAB
perimeter
ED LAB
perimeter
Correction in DepAB
0.163 ft 189.53 ft
939.46 ft
0.033 ft
CIVL 1112
6/13
Latitude BC
Departure BC
S (175.18 ft ) cos(29 38') 152.27 ft
Correction in LatBC
EL
175.18
S 29 38 E
Correction in LatBC
C
S
Correction in LatBC
LBC
E (175.18 ft ) sin(2938') 86.62 ft

B
perimeter
939.46 ft
ED
175.18
EL LBC
S 29 38 E
perimeter
0.079 ft 175.18 ft
Correction in DepBC
perimeter
ED LBC
Correction in DepBC
C
S
0.015 ft
LBC
Correction in DepBC
perimeter
0.163 ft 175.18 ft
939.46 ft
Length (ft)
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
Latitude
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
Balanced
Latitude Departure
0.033
0.030
Length (ft)
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
Latitude
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
Corrections
Latitude Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
0.016
0.015
Balanced
Latitude Departure
0.033
0.030
-188.388
-152.253
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
Latitude
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
-20.601
86.648
Corrected latitudes and departures
Corrections computed on previous slides
Length (ft)
0.030 ft
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
No error in corrected latitudes and departures
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
Combining the latitude and departure calculations with

corrections gives:
Side
AB S
BC S
CD N
DE N
EA N
Bearing
degree
minutes
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
Length (ft) Latitude

W
E
W
W
E
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
Departure
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
Balanced
Latitude
Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
CIVL 1112
7/13
Balance the latitudes and departures for the following

traverse.
In the survey of your assign site in Project #3, you will

have to balance data collected in the following form:
Corrections
Balanced
Length (ft) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
N
600.0
450.0
750.0
1800.0
450.00
-285.00
-164.46
0.54
339.00
259.50
-599.22
-0.72
N 69 53 E
51 23
713.93
105 39
781.18
606.06
78 11
124 47
Calculating Traverse Area

In the survey of your assign site in Project #3, you will
have to balance data collected in the following form:
Corrections
Length (ft) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
Bearing
Side
Balanced
Latitude
Departure
degree m inutes
AB N
BC
CD
DA
69
53
713.93
606.06
391.27
781.18
Eclosure =
Precision =
The bestknown procedure for calculating land areas

is the double meridian distance (DMD) method
The meridian distance of a line is the eastwest
distance from the midpoint of the line to the
reference meridian
The meridian distance is positive (+) to the east and
negative (-) to the west
ft
1
N
234.58
S 6 15 W
189.53
B
E
S 29 38 E
142.39
N 12 24 W
N 42 59 E
Reference
Meridian
391.27
175.18
175.18
D N 81 18 W
The most westerly and easterly points of a traverse

may be found using the departures of the traverse
Begin by establishing a arbitrary reference line and
using the departure values of each point in the
traverse to determine the far westerly point
CIVL 1112

Length (ft)
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
Latitude
Departure
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
-20.601
D
-30.551
-195.470
0.033
0.030
0.034
0.025
0.041
159.974
Corrections
Latitude Departure
0.016
0.015
0.017
0.012
0.020
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
Reference
Meridian
189.53
S 29 38 E
142.39
175.18
175.18
Point E is the
farthest to the west
D N 81 18 W
DMD Calculations
Meridian distance
of line AB
The meridian distance of line

AB is equal to:
the meridian distance of EA
+ the departure of line EA
+ departure of AB
A
A
S 6 15 W
234.58
N 12 24 W
N
E
N 42 59 E
The meridian distance

of line EA is:
Reference
Meridian
C
C
N
Balanced
Latitude Departure
86.648
DMD Calculations
8/13
The DMD of line AB is twice

the meridian distance of line AB
DMD of line EA is the

departure of line
DMD Calculations
N
Meridian distance
of line AB
DMD Calculations
The DMD of any side is equal
to the DMD of the last side

plus the departure of the last
side plus the departure of the
present side
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
-20.601
The DMD of line AB is departure of line AB
CIVL 1112
DMD Calculations
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601 +
86.648 +
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
Side
DMD
-20.601
45.447
The DMD of line BC is DMD of line AB + departure of

line AB + the departure of line BC
DMD Calculations
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
DMD
-20.601
-20.601
45.447
86.648
-195.470 + -63.375
-30.551 + -289.397
159.974
DMD Calculations
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648 +
-195.470 +
-30.551
159.974
DMD
-20.601
45.447
-63.375
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD
-20.601
-20.601
45.447
86.648
-63.375
-195.470
-30.551 + -289.397
159.974 + -159.974
The DMD of line EA is DMD of line DE + departure of

line DE + the departure of line EA
Traverse Area - Double Area
The sum of the products of each points DMD and
latitude equal twice the area, or the double area
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
The DMD of line CD is DMD of line BC + departure of

line BC + the departure of line CD
Side
The DMD of line DE is DMD of line CD + departure of

line CD + the departure of line DE
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
DMD Calculations
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD Calculations
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
9/13
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
-20.601
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
Notice that the DMD values can be positive or negative
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
The double area for line AB equals DMD of line AB

times the latitude of line AB
CIVL 1112

Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
Balanced
Latitude Departure
1 acre = 43,560 ft2
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974

AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-40,249
-289.397
-27,456
-159.974
The double area for line EA equals DMD of line EA

times the latitude of line EA

Side
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-6,919
-63.375
-1,897
-289.397
-40,249
-159.974
-27,456
2 Area =
-72,641
Area =
Balanced
Latitude Departure

-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-289.397
-159.974
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
The double area for line CD equals DMD of line CD

times the latitude of line CD
Side
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
-6,919
45.447
-1,897
-63.375
-40,249
-289.397
-159.974
The double area for line DE equals DMD of line DE

times the latitude of line DE
Side
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627

-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

Side
The double area for line BC equals DMD of line BC

times the latitude of line BC
Side
10/13
36,320 ft2
0.834 acre
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Balanced
Latitude Departure
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
1 acre = 43,560 ft2
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
DMD
Double Areas
-20.601
3,881
45.447
-6,919
-63.375
-1,897
-289.397
-40,249
-159.974
-27,456
2 Area =
-72,641
Area =
36,320 ft2
0.834 acre
CIVL 1112
11/13
The word "acre" is derived from Old English cer

(originally meaning "open field", cognate to Swedish
"ker", German acker, Latin ager and Greek
(agros).

(agros).
The acre was selected as approximately the amount of

land tillable by one man behind an ox in one day.
A long narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough

than a square plot, since the plough does not have to be
turned so often.
This explains one definition as the area of a rectangle

with sides of length one chain (66 ft) and one furlong
(ten chains or 660 ft).
The word "furlong" itself derives from the fact that it

is one furrow long.
(agros).
Traverse Area Example 4
Find the area enclosed by the following traverse
Side
Balanced
Latitude Departure
DMD
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
600.0
100.0
0.0
-400.0
-300.0
Double Areas
200.0
400.0
100.0
-300.0
-400.0
2 Area =
1 acre = 43,560 ft2
DPD Calculations
The same procedure used for DMD can be used the
double parallel distances (DPD) are multiplied by the
balanced departures
The parallel distance of a line is the distance from
the midpoint of the line to the reference parallel or
eastwest line
Area =
ft 2
acre
Rectangular Coordinates
Rectangular coordinates are the convenient method
available for describing the horizontal position of
survey points
With the application of computers, rectangular
coordinates are used frequently in engineering
projects
In the US, the xaxis corresponds to the eastwest
direction and the yaxis to the northsouth direction
CIVL 1112
Rectangular Coordinates Example
In this example, the length of AB is 300 ft and

bearing is shown in the figure below. Determine the
coordinates of point B
Latitude
y
B
Departure
N 42 30 E
A
x
Coordinates of Point A
(200, 300)
AB
=300 ft cos(4230)
= 221.183 ft
In this example, it is assumed that the coordinates of

points A and B are know and we want to calculate the
latitude and departure for line AB
y
x B = 200 + 202.667 = 402.667 ft
y B = 300 + 221.183 = 521.183 ft
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
y
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
y coordinates
= -400 ft
Departure
AB
= xB xA
Departure
AB
= 220 ft
E = 0 ft
B
D
Side
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
x coordinates
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
A = E + 159.974 = 159.974 ft
B = A 20.601 = 139.373 ft
C = B + 86.648 = 226.021 ft
D = C 195.470 = 30.551 ft
E = D 30.551 = 0 ft
y
A (159.974, 340.640)
C = 0 ft
B
D
= yB yA
AB
Coordinates of Point B
(320, -100)
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
AB
Latitude
Consider our previous example, determine the x and y

coordinates of all the points
A
Latitude
Coordinates of Point A
(100, 300)
AB =300 ft sin(4230)
= 202.677 ft
12/13
Balanced
Latitude Depa rture
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
D = C + 29.933 ft
E = D + 139.080 = 169.013 ft
A = E + 171.627 = 340.640 ft
B = A 188.388 = 152.252 ft
C = B 152.252 = 0 ft
B (139.373, 152.253)
(0.0, 169.013) E
(30.551, 29.933)
D
C (226.020, 0.0)
CIVL 1112
Area Computed by Coordinates

Compute the x and y coordinates from the following
balanced.
Balanced
Length (ft) Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
Bearing
Side
Points
Coordinates
x
y
degree m inutes
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
S
S
N
N
N
6
29
81
12
42
15
38
18
24
59
W
E
W
W
E
189.53
175.18
197.78
142.39
234.58
939.46
-188.403
-152.268
29.916
139.068
171.607
-0.079
-20.634
86.617
-195.504
-30.576
159.933
-0.163
-188.388
-152.253
29.933
139.080
171.627
0.000
-20.601
86.648
-195.470
-30.551
159.974
0.000
A
B
C
D
E
100.000
100.000
y
A (159.974, 340.640)
Twice the area equals:

= 340.640(139.373 0.0)
B (139.373, 152.253)
(0.0, 169.013) E
+ 152.253(226.020 159.974)
C (226.020, 0.0) x
+ 29.933(0.0 226.020)
+ 169.013(159.974 30.551)
= 72,640.433 ft2
Area = 0.853 acre
(using a sign convention of + for next side and - for

last side)
There is a simple variation of the coordinate
method for area computation
y

There is a simple variation of the coordinate
method for area computation
A (159.974, 340.640)
B (139.373, 152.253)
(0.0, 169.013) E

159.974(152.253) + 139.373(0.0) +
226.020(29.933) + 30.551(169.013) +
0.0(340.640)
- 340.640(139.373) 152.253(226.020)
- 0.0(30.551) 29.933(0.0)
169.013(159.974)
(30.551, 29.933) D
C (226.020, 0.0) x
A (159.974, 340.640)
x1
y1
= -72,640 ft2
Area = 36,320 ft2
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
B (139.373, 152.253)
(0.0, 169.013) E
x5
y5
x1
y1
(30.551, 29.933) D
C (226.020, 0.0) x
Area = 36,320.2 ft2
The area of a traverse can be computed by taking

each y coordinate multiplied by the difference in the
two adjacent x coordinates
+ 0.0(30.551 139.373)
(30.551, 29.933) D
13/13
= x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y5 + x5y1

- x2y1 x3y2 x4y3 x5y4 x1y5
End of Surveying - Traverse

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CIVL 1112

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Methods of Computing Area

Almost all surveying requires some calculations to

A simple method that is useful for rough area

A traverse is developed by measuring the distance

In this method, the

Area BCD bc sin

Area ABCD Area ABD Area BCD

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Methods of Computing Area

Before the areas of a piece of land can be computed,

Area CDE cd sin

where n is the number of sides of the traverse

To compute Area BCD more data is required

A surveying heuristic is that the total angle should not

1' 8 2.83' 3'

Angle containing mistake

Latitudes and Departures

If the angles do not close by a reasonable amount,

The closure of a traverse is checked by computing

If an error of 1 is made, the surveyor may correct

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Latitudes and Departures

The latitude of a line is its projection on the north

Consider the following statement:

If start at one corner of a closed traverse and walk its

The departure of a line is

When latitudes are added together, the resulting

If the measured bearings and distances are plotted

The error resulting from adding departures together

W (189.53 ft ) sin(615') 20.63 ft

S (189.53 ft ) cos(615') 188.40 ft

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Typical precision: 1/5,000 for rural land, 1/7,500

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Latitudes and Departures - Example

E (175.18 ft ) sin(2938') 86.62 ft

S (175.18 ft ) cos(2938') 152.27 ft

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Group Example Problem 1

Group Example Problem 1

Balancing the latitudes and departures of a traverse

A popular method for balancing errors is called the

Surveying - Traverse Calculations

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

Balancing Latitudes and Departures

The compass method assumes:

1) angles and distances have same error

The rule states:

The error in latitude (departure) of a line is to

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Latitudes and Departures - Example

Recall the results of our example problem

Recall the results of our example problem

Balancing Latitudes and Departures