Hng dn sn xut rau hu c

Gii thiu cc nguyn tc v cch thc hin c bn trong sn xut rau hu c

1.0 LC S V CANH TC HU C
Kh c th ni nng nghip hu c c xut hin vo lc no. Khi nim hu c, l cch la
chn canh tc khc c pht trin trc khi pht minh ra cc ha cht nng nghip tng hp. N
din ra trong nhng nm 1920-1940, t sng kin ca mt s ngi tin phong c gng ci tin h
canh tc truyn thng cng vi cc phng php c trng ca canh tc hu c. Vo thi im ,
cc phng php mi tp trung vo ph t ly mn t lm cn c v cn bng sinh thi trong
phm vi trang tri.
Khi vic p dng cc ging c nng sut cao kt hp vi c gii ha v s dng cc ha cht nng
nghip tr nn ph bin (Nng nghip "Cch mng xanh), mt s ngi phn i hng pht
trin mi ny v ph by cch thc canh tc hu c nh lm phn , ci tin lun canh cy trng,
hoc trng cy phn xanh. Khong trng gia canh tc hu c v nng nghip thng thng (ha
cht) v th cng ln hn.
Do tc ng tiu cc ca Cch Mng xanh ti sc khe v mi trng trong nhng nm 1970 v
1980 ngy cng tr nn r rng, nhn thc ca c nng dn v ngi tiu dng v vn hu c
dn c tng ln. H thng canh tc tng t nh Nng nghip vnh cu hoc nng nghip c
u vo t bn ngoi thp (LEIA)" c m rng.
Ch cho n nhng nm 1990, canh tc hu c tng ln mnh m. S v b bi v thc phm v
thm ha mi trng khuyn khch v lm tng nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng cng cc chnh
sch h tr ca mt s nc. Cng thi gian , mt lot cc ci tin mi v k thut hu c (c
bit l qun l su hi theo phng php sinh hc) v phn b h thng canh tc hiu qu hn
c pht trin.
Tuy nhin, nng nghip hu c ch chim mt phn nh trong nn nng nghip ca th gii, v vi
mt t l rt nh trong nng nghip ca mt nc. S h tr t pha nh nc cho cc hot ng
nghin cu, chuyn giao k thut hoc marketing trong canh tc hu c vn cn rt thp hu ht
cc nc. Mc d vy, canh tc hu c hin nay ang ha hn tc tng trng nhanh trn ton
th gii.

2.0 TIU CHUN HU C

c coi l mt ngi sn xut hu c, nng dn phi tun theo cc tiu chun sn xut no
trong nng nghip hu c, v d nh cc tiu chun c h thng PGS - ADDA s dng. Quan
trng l tt c cc tiu chun s cho bit nhng g s c lm v khng c lm trong canh tc
hu c, chng hn nh cc tiu chun lin quan n vic s dng ha cht. Tm tt cc tiu chun
ca PGS -ADDA s c trnh by trong ph lc 1.
Nhng kha cnh quan trng ca tiu chun gm:
a dng sinh hc. Nng nghip hu c khuyn khch cc sinh vt v thc vt sng cng nhau
trong phm vi ln, khng ch cng trn mt ng rung m k c cc vng sinh cnh ph cn.
Cng nhiu cc loi thc vt, ng vt v cc sinh vt t khc nhau sng trong h thng canh tc
th cng c nhiu cc sinh vt gip duy tr ph ca t v ngn cn su bnh hi. Tnh a
dng sinh hc ny s gip cho mi trng sn xut hu c c nng lc sn xut ra nhng sn phm
lnh mnh trong mt mi trng cn bng.

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

Vng m Mi mt vng sn xut hu c phi c bo v khi nguy c b nhim cc ha cht

ra tri hoc bay sang t rung bn cnh. V th, mi nng dn hu c phi m bo c mt
khong cch thch hp t ni sn xut rau hu c n ni khng sn xut hu c. Khong cch
ny t nht l 1 mt c tnh t b rung n ra ca tn cy trng hu c. Nu nguy c nhim
cao th vng m s phi c tnh ton v b xung cho rng hn.
Nu nguy c nhim bay theo ng khng kh th s phi trng mt loi cy ngn chn s bay
nhim. Loi cy c trng trong vng m ny phi khc vi cy trng hu c. Nu s nhim
theo ng nc th s phi to mt b t hoc o rnh thot nc ngn cn s tri nhim.
Sn xut song song. trnh s ln tp gia cc loi cy trng hu c v khng hu c (D ch
l v tnh), tiu chun hu c khng cho php mt loi cy cng c trng trn c rung hu c
v rung thng thng ti cng mt thi im, chng hn nh cng mt lc sn xut da chut
hu c v da chut thng thng. C th c chp nhn ch khi cc ging c trng trn rung
hu c v rung thng thng c th phn bit c d dng gia chng vi nhau. Trng hp
ny c th p dng cho cc ging khoai ty c mu sc khc nhau ( mu vng v mu ) hoc cho
c chua anh o (c chua bi lm salad) vi c chua c kch thoc thng thng.
Ch rng vic ln tp cng phi c ngn chn trong qu trnh lu kho v vn chuyn. Cho nn,
sn phm hu c s phi c ct tr v vn chuyn mt cch ring r v c ghi r trn nhn l
Hu c
Ht ging v vt liu trng trt. L tng nht l tt c cc ht ging, cy con u l hu c, tuy
nhin hin c xc nhn rng nc ta hin cha c ht ging v cy con hu c p ng
cho ngi sn xut hu c. Nu khng sn c c ht ging thng mi hu c m cng khng t
sn xut c th c th s dng nhng ht ging, cy con khng b x l ha cht hoc x l
chng bng cc cht c tiu chun PGS cho php s dng. Khi mua ht ging, nng dn phi
lun kim tra cc du hiu trn bao b ng gi xem liu n c x l hay khng.

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

Cc vt liu bin i gen: Nng nghip hu c ngn chn nhng ri ro ln ti sc khe v mi

trng. V vy, mc d nhng cng ngh pht trin mang tnh khoa hc cao i khi cng khng
c chp nhn nu khng th d on trc c nhng nguy c c th xy ra trong qu trnh
sn xut chng. V l do , cc vt liu bin i gen (GMOs) khng c chp nhn v vt liu
gen a vo trong mt ging no khi c trng c th lan truyn qua con ng tp giao sang
cc cy hoang di hoc cc ging khng bin i gen cng h. Hu qu tiu cc ca tro lu cng
ngh gen ny c th s lm mt i cc ging qu c nht v nh hoc cc loi hoang di. Hn
na, vn cn nhiu thc mc v tnh an ton khi n cc thc phm bin i gen m mi quan tm
c bit i vi vn d ng thc phm. iu ny cng rt c ngha quan trng trong nng
nghip hu c bi mt vi loi thc vt bin i gen c cc c tnh khng thch hp trong canh
tc hu c, nh cc cy trng khng thuc tr c hoc cc cy trng c cha c t t vi khun.
Canh tc hu c khng s dng thuc dit c v vic s dng cc cht iu ch t vi khun ch
c php s dng nh l bin php cui cng nu cc bin php phng nga khc khng c hiu
qu.
Cc u vo hu c. Trong tiu chun PGS s nh hng nhng loi u vo c th c s
dng trong sn xut hu c. Ch rng khng phi tt c cc sn phm trn th trng c tn gi
hu c hay sinh hc u c php s dng trong canh tc hu c bi chng c th vn cha
ha cht hoc cch thc sn xut ra chng khng theo cc nguyn tc hu c (bng cch s dng
cc cht bin i gen GMOs chng hn). V th, nng dn lun phi kim tra theo tiu chun PGS
trc khi a vo s dng mt sn phm mi cho sn xut hu c .
Cc bc chng nhn. Hin Vit Nam cha c chng nhn cho cc sn phm hu c. V th,
ch c mt cch khc gip gii quyt vn ny l h thng PGS c tin hnh bi d n
nng nghip hu c ADDA - VNFU. Thng thng th trong vng t 2-3 nm sau ln cui cng
s dng u vo ha cht trong sn xut th c th hon ton c chng nhn l hu c, tuy nhin
h thng PGS cho php cc loi rau c trng trn vn mt ma v theo hu c (t khi chun b
t) c th c bn l hu c. Quy trnh chng nhn bt u ngay khi ton b t ai sn xut
c ng k v bt u i vo sn xut hu c. Mi nm nng dn ng k sn xut hu c s
c thanh tra kim tra din bin v v tnh trng hu c.
bit chi tit v chng nhn PGS xin lin h vn phng ADDA ti H Ni: M4-M5 Khch
sn La Thnh, 218 i Cn. in thoi 04 - 37623534 hoc Fax 04 37623533.

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

3.0 TO PH CHO T
t khe s to ra cy khe. to nn mt t khe th iu thit yu l phi ci to ph v
cu trc ca t thng qua vic s dng cc u vo hu c v c cc bin php qun l thn
trng. Nhng u vo ny bao gm phn , phn ng vt, cy phn xanh, cc khong, phn vi
sinh v cc loi phn bn dung dch. V cc phn bn ha hc c tc ng tiu cc ti cc sinh vt
t v cng l hu qu lm hng cu trc v ph nhiu ca t, v th nhng loi phn ny
khng c php s dng trong canh tc hu c.
Cch lm tt nht Hy bt u bng vic to dng lng vt cht hu c trong t. Cc vt liu
thc vt v phn l cc yu t thit yu cho tin trnh ny.

Mng li thc n trong t

Tuyn trng
n r cy

ng vt
chn t

ng vt chn t
n mi

Nm

Tuyn trng
n nm v vi
khun
Tuyn trng
n mi

Thc vt
Chi v r
Cht hu c
Vt thi, tn d,
cc cht chuyn
ha t thc,
ng vt v vi
sinh

Chim

ng vt nguyn
sinh
Vi khun

ng vt

1) PHN
Phn phn ln c lm t cc vt liu thc vt v phn ng vt. Mt iu quan trng ca lm
phn l thu gom cc vt liu hu c li vi nhau v chng thnh ng lun c che ph
trnh ma khng chy vo bn trong. ng c to cn phi c nng ln. Tin trnh nng ln
ny rt quan trng git cht cc bnh tt khng mong mun v lm tng tc phn hy vt
liu thc vt. ng c th c o ln gi cho qu trnh hot ng tt. Sn phm sau khi
kt thc qu trnh s l mt hn hp trng ging nh t.
c phn tt th iu quan trng l phi c mt hn hp cc vt liu tt c hm lng cao
ca m (N) v cc bon (C). Vt liu c hm lng m (N) cao bao gm tt c cc loi phn ng
vt, cc l ti v..v. Vt liu c hm lng cc bon (C) cao gm cc vt liu g nh cc thn cy,
rm r, b ma, vv..
Mt hn hp khong 50% cc vt liu cy xanh cn ti, 25 30% rm r v tru v 20 25%
phn ng vt s cho phn c cht lng tt. Cng c th s dng vt liu ch l v tru v phn
ng vt nhng chng phi c trn ln vi nhau v sau to ng cng vi cc vt liu xanh.

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

To ng :
1. Chn v tr khng b ng v khng phi di cc cy c cc r c th n su vo ng v
ly i cht dinh dng.
2. Thu gom tt c cc vt liu li vi nhau vo v tr nh t ng .
3. To ng bng cch ln lt t hng lot cc lp vt liu - mi lp dy khong 15cm.
4. Thit k ng (Nn ng cao khong 1.5 m):

Lp y ng l cc vt liu g nh cc cnh, que nh

n lp rm r, thn l cy hoc v tru go (vt liu mu nu, giu C)

n lp phn ng vt (t) ph ln vt liu thc vt

n vt liu xanh (cc cnh l v c ti)

Rm r, thn l ng hoc v tru

Phn ng vt (t) ph ln vt liu thc vt

Vt liu xanh (cnh l v c tui)

Lp trn cng ng - nn rc mt lp t mng ph ln trn (khong 25 mm )

Che ph ng - bng cc bao ti ng go ( ngn cho ma khng chy vo
trong ng )
5. Kim tra ng sau 3 ngy v sau theo di ng mi tun 1 ln
6. o ng sau 2 tun v o li ln na sau 3 tun
Thi im lm phn tt nht trong nm vo cc thi im cc vt liu c sn v y
Hng x l cc s c khi phn:
Vn
Bn trong ng b
kh
Nhit ng
qu cao
Nhit qu thp

Nguyn nhn c th
Khng nc

Gii php
B xung nc khi o ng

1.
2.
1.
2.
3.

C mi khai hng

1. Qu nhiu m

1. B xung nc v tip tc o ng
2. C gng lm gim kch thc ng
1. o ng thng xuyn hn tng thng
kh
2. B xung thm vt liu kh
3. B xung thm vi hoc tro g v trn li
1. B xung ct liu giu ccbon nh mn ca, v
g bo hoc rm r
2. Lm gim pH bng cch b xung cc thnh
phn c tnh axit (cc l) hoc trnh b xung
thm cc vt liu kim nh vi v tro g
B xung thm cc vt liu kh c kch thc ln

Khng m
ng qu to
Thiu khng kh
ng qu t
pH thp (chua)

2. pH cao (mn)

C mi trng thi

Vt liu qu t v
nhit ng qu thp.

Ch
1. Tt c cc phn ng vt phi c nng trc khi chng c bn vo t. L do l git
cc sinh vt c hi, cc ht c di v lm n nh m trong phn p ng ngun dinh dng
d s dng cho cy trng.
2. Nhit l mt ch th rt tt cho bit din bin ang xy ra gia cc vt liu trong ng .
Trong giai on u, tin trnh ch yu c thc hin bi s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt.
Hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt c th c nh gi qua nhit ca ng . Nhit ng
s tng ln khi cc vi sinh vt hot ng mnh v s gim xung khi chng km hot ng.
Khi ng c chun b tt, nhit trong ng bt u tng ln ch vi ting ng h sau
khi to ng v t ti nhit 50 60 C trong vng 2-3 ngy v duy tr trong khong 1 2
tun. Vic duy tr nhit cao trong mt thi gian di c ngha quan trng ph hy kh
nng sng st ca nhiu cc mm bnh v ht c. Nhit gim xung t t v cc vi sinh vt

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

bt u thiu oxy. V th ng cn c o ln, cc vt liu t pha bn ngoi c trn vi

cc vt liu t pha bn trong ng. Nhit s li tng ln. Tip tc kim sot nhit v o
trn li khi nhit gim xung cho ng khi cha c hon tt.
Bn phn:
Phn tt c cha trung bnh 2% N, 1% P and 2.5% K. Cc rau i hi phn khng ging nhau.
Thng ci bp yu cu mt lng rt ln trong khi khoai ty, hnh ty, ti, c rt v cc cy h
u (u ht, u qu) cn t hoc khng cn phn . Rau n qu (mp, da chut, c chua vv..)
cn mt lng ln phn nhng khng nhiu nh ci bp.
Di y l mt s nh hng cho cc cy trng chnh:
Cy trng
Ci bp, su l trng, su l xanh
B , khoai ty, c chua, da chut
Hnh ty, hnh tm, ti
u n qu
Khoai ty

Lng phn (kg/sao)

1000 - 1250
750 - 900
300 - 400
400 - 600
600

Loi t v ph nhiu cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh s dng bao
nhiu phn . V ng nhin bn thn cht lng ca phn cng rt quan trng! V d nh nu
phn ch cha 1% N thay v 2%, khi bn s phi bn gp i lng phn.
Trn t ct pha cn bn tng thm t 30 - 50% lng phn so vi bn cho t st. Vi vic bn
phn nhiu ln s lm tng hm lng mn trong t. Do mn cha nhiu m v th lng phn
cn thit s c gim xung qua tng nm.
2) CY CHE PH V CY PHN XANH
Cy phn xanh c trng cung cp vt cht hu c v che ph mt t, lm c di cm nng
v cung cp m trong t. Cy phn xanh gm c mt s loi c, cy h u v cc loi thc vt
t cc nhm khc. Cy h u c li th do chng c kh nng c nh m trong khng kh. Cc
ngun phn xanh gm:
1. Cc cy c nh m L cc cy c kh nng c nh m t khng kh. Cc cy ny c
th c trng xen hoc c lun canh vi cy trng chnh hoc s dng trng lm hng
ro chn.
2. Cy che ph l cy dng bi sinh trng chm nhng c thn l rm rp c trng ch
yu che ph v bo v t.
Nng dn hu c c nhiu cch trng cy phn xanh. Vic nng dn trng rau hu c b xung cy
phn xanh vo trong c cu lun canh cy trng c ngha rt quan trng. Trng mt v u trong
nm s cho mt s kt qu tch cc mc d c nhiu m b ly i khi rung theo sn phm u
c thu. Cy h u tt nht nn trng trc khi gieo trng cc cy c nhu cu s dng nhiu
m nh cy ci bp
Nu mt cy h u c trng vi mc ch nh cy phn xanh n c th c nh c 180 kg
N/1 ha ty thuc vo ma v v m t. u tng c thu hoch sau 64 ngy c th t
khong 106 kg N/ha trong ma kh v 140 kg N/ha trong ma ma. u en c thu hoch sau
sau 60 ngy c th t 50 - 100 kg N/ha.

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

Mt s gi cho cc cy phn xanh c gii thiu bng di:

Tn Vit Nam
u en
u kim
u vn
u rng
u mo
u nho nhe
Sc sc

Tn ting anh
Name (English)
Cowpea
Jack bean
Hyacinth bean
Winged bean
Velvet bean
Rice bean
Sun hemp

Tn khoa hc
Vigna unguicalata
Canavalia ensiformis
Lablab purpureus
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Mucuna pruriens
Vigna umbellata
Crotelaria sp.

Thi gian sinh

trng
60 240 ngy
180 300 ngy
75 300 ngy
Trn 5 nm
180 270 ngy
125 150 ngy
Nhiu loi

Cng c mt s cch khc l trng cy phn xanh trong vng m v thnh thong ct chng s
dng lm vt liu che ph mt t hoc phn. Cch na l trng mt s cy phn xanh trn ln
vi cy rau hoc trng chng vo lc khng c rau trng trn rung. Tt hn l trng cy no
trong mt khong thi gian ngn sau t ngh khng canh tc!
3) CC CCH B XUNG U VO CHO T
Khi tt c lng phn v vt liu thc vt t cy phn xanh khng p ng, cc u vo khc
c th c s dng h tr nh phn vi sinh, pht pht (ln t nhin) v phn bn dung dch.
Tuy nhin cc u vo ny khng bao gi c s dng thay th cho phn v cc cy phn xanh!
Cc cht khong t nhin
Tiu chun hu c lit k cc khong u vo khc nhau c php s dng v c cc u vo
khng c s dng ty tin (Xem danh sch cc u vo ca PGS).
ln ( apatit) mt loi khong ln a phng sn c Lo Cai nhng hin ti nh cung cp
khng sn lng bn sn phm ra bn ngoi khi ch t mua vi mt s lng nh. T l bn ln
khc nhau nhng nhn chung khong 100 kg/sao.
Kali C th ly t tro thc vt hoc ci (8% K v 50% C). Tp qun truyn thng thng t rm
v tru to ngun kali.
Vi (CaO) C th c s dng iu chnh pH ca t.
Phn sinh hc
Ch c php s dng loi phn c chp thun! phn sinh hc BIOGRO c phng th
nghim trng i hc H Ni pht trin v c chp thun nh mt s chng nhn cho cc
sn phm hu c xut khu t Vit Nam hin nay. T l bn khuyn co l 100 kg/sao/v. bit
chi tit c th mua BIOGRO sn phm u, xin hy xem phn "Nhng a ch hu ch.
Phn bn dung dch
Phn dung dch c tc dng cung cp nhng dinh dng vi lng cho cy trng. Phn dung dch
c th c sn xut ti trang tri t cc vt liu ng thc vt khc nhau. Cch ph bin l cho vt
liu thc vt, phn hoai v mt t ng vo cng mt ci x sau nc vo nguy u ln
v khong 12 gi. T dung dch ny ly ra khong 1 lit ha vi 10-20 lt nc. C th bn, ti
hoc phun khp c cy. Nn s dng dung dch ngay sau l tt nht. Nu dung dch lu
c mi hy a vo ng .
Phn dung dch c th c ti hng tun qua cc giai on pht trin chnh ca cy. Khi mt cy
trng nh rau x lch cun bp th nn dng bn nhng cc loi rau n qu nh c chua th c
th bn thc h tr trong sut v sinh trng v n cho qu trong c mt thi gian di hn

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

Cng c cc loi phn dung dch hoc phn bn l thng phm c bn trn th trng nhng nng
dn phi cn thn bit chc chn rng chng c tun th theo cc tiu chun hu c hay khng.

4.0 QUN L T V NC
Lp trc k hoch l yu t then cht sn xut rau hu c thnh cng. Phng thch dinh dng
cho cy trng s dng l kt qu hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt ch bin vt cht hu c trong t.
V th, t c kt qu tt nht, phn hoc cc vt liu hu c khc cn phi c mt
khong thi gian gia bn phn v trng cy. Nhn chung, nn c mt khong thi gian 2 tun l
hu ch.
Khi nng dn m t mt t c cc iu kin tt nht, h thng ni l t ti xp. t ti xp
l do t thong kh v c nhiu vt cht hu c trong t. Ngc li vi t ti xp l t
Cht. S d cht t l do i li dm ln t v do ma ln
Thch thc i vi nng dn l lm gim s rn cht ca t gia cc cy trng. Khi t rn s
c t xy trong t dn n cc vi sinh vt trong t ngng hot ng v lm gim cht dinh
dng c sn cho cy trng s dng. Khi t c nhiu vt cht hu c th s t b d cht hn.
Cch lm tt nht Gim ti a thi gian mt t tr tri. Bo v t khi xi mn v nh
nng trc x. To vt cht hu c trong t bng s dng phn , trng cy che ph v ph bi
bng cc vt liu khc. Cc bin php canh tc thn trng cng rt quan trng nh ct c th tt
hn l xi c su.
1) K THUT CANH TC
Nguyn tc chung cho nhng t c canh tc l gim ti thiu s ln lm t trong nm v
su lm t. Vi cc iu kin l tng th cc vi sinh vt v giun s o t mt cch t nhin.
Khi cn tc ng loi b s pht trin khng cn thit ca c di, s dng bin php ry c v
lm ti trn b mt t bng cuc.
Nhng k thut chun b t c bn gm c cy t, sau phi t trong mt thi gian ngn,
sau lm nh t v ln lung bng cuc tay. t tt l t d v v im quan trng c c
t canh tc ti xp l trnh khng lm t khi n qu t. Nhiu nng dn bit r iu ny v h
hon lm t trng cy mi khi t b ng nc
i vi cc rung thm canh rau, ln lung l cn thit v chng gip vic thot nc d dng v
qu trnh lm t chun b lung s to ra mt mi trng gieo ht v trng cy ph hp. rng
lung thng do nng dn xc nh v bng khong cch h c th vi ngang qua lung t rnh i
li. Mt lung t l tng l n khng bao gi b dm ln trn khi chm sc cy trng, v th
lung phi c rng thch hp d dng vi tay t rnh vo lung khi lm c, trng cy. i li
trn lung khng c khuyn khch v n s lm cho t b d cht li, s ngn cn dng dinh
dng trong t lun chuyn ti cy trng v cn tr s thot nc
C th s dng cc bin php khc nhau duy tr m cho t. Cht hu c trong t cao cu
trc t xp gip duy tr m tt. Che ph t bng rm r hoc vt liu tng t cng l mt
cch. y l yu t ct li gii quyt cho vn thiu nc hc ba thng xy ra trong sn
xut
2) CHE PH
Che ph ngha l che ph t bng bt k vt liu thc vt c ct. Vi tnh a nng ca n, che
ph bng vt liu rt hiu qu bo v t chng xi mn. Thm ch, ch vi mt s t l hoc
Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

thn cy s lm gim rt nhiu lc xi ca ma. Lp ph s to tng m trnh cho t khi b d

cht, cung cp cht hu c v gip duy tr m t rt hu hiu.
Trong mi iu kin c th, lp ph nn c lm t cc vt liu hu c c thu gom li trong
tri, ni sn xut. Ch nn s dng mt lng nh vt liu ly t bn ngoi nng h v khng c
ly cc vt liu t rng.
Thng vt liu ph ly t rm r hoc cc vt liu thc vt khc. Loi vt liu c s dng lm
lp ph s chi phi rt ln ti hiu qu ca n. Vt liu d phn hy s bo v t trong mt thi
gian hi ngn nhng s cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng trong lc n phn hy. Vt liu cng
s phn hy chm hn v v th che ph t lu hn.
Phng php che ph c khuyn co l to lp ph bi gia cc hng c dy khong 1015cm. Che ph c lm sau khi bn phn hu c (phn hoc phn sinh hc). Trn cc rung
rau hu c, che ph tt nht c lm sau khi cy con phn no tr nn cng cp hn v nu
khng n c th b h hi do cc sn phm to ra t s phn hy cc vt liu ph cn ti.
3) M T
iu quan trng l gi m t tt gip cc vi sinh vt trong t hot ng tt. Khi t b
b kh, cy trng khng c kh nng ly cht dinh dng. m c duy tr thng qua ma,
thy li v che ph u n cng c th ngn chn vic bc hi khi thi tit nng
Nu trong iu kin kh hn phi s dng nc sch, nc khng nhim bn hoc ngun nc
khng b nhim ti.
4) C DI
C di c th c tc dng lm thc n c ni tr ng cho cc cn trng c ch. N cng cn l mt
ngun dinh dng cho t c bit l cc loi c c r n su c th rt cc cht khong t di
lp t su ln. Tuy nhin c cng cnh tranh m v dinh dng trong t.
Nh nhiu ln cp ti im ny, mt nguyn tc lm vic c bn trong canh tc hu c l c
gng ngn cn pht sinh cc vn hn l tm cch cu cha chng. Nguyn tc ny c p dng
ng nh vy cho vic qun l c di. Qun l c di tt trong canh tc hu c gm c vic to ra
cc iu kin gy cn tr c di mc khng ng lc v ng ch ri sau ny n c th tr
thnh vn nghim trng cho chm sc cy trng chnh. Trong ton b cc giai on pht trin
ca cy trng th tc hi cnh tranh ca c di l khng ging nhau tng giai on. giai on
u pht trin l giai on cy trng nhy cm nht vi s cnh tranh ca c di.
Cch lm tt nht Mt h thng qun l c di bao gm:
Gi cho cc tn cy cng gn nhau cng tt.
Nh c trong nhng ngy nng tng kh nng dit c. .
Che ph gia cc hng cy nu c sn cc vt liu.
Lun canh cy trng: Trng loi cy c kh nng cnh tranh tt vi c di (nh b ng) trc
khi trng cy nhy cm hn vi s cnh tranh ca c di (v d nh c rt hoc hnh hoa)
m bo cy trng sinh trng tt trong giai on u pht trin.
Bn phn gn cy, khng ri rc phn khp lung trng.

5.0 LUN CANH

Khi nhng cy trng khc nhau c trng ni tip trn cng mt rung, mi cy trng s dng
t theo cch ca ring n v v th lm gim nguy c t b suy kit dinh dng. Lun phin cc

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

loi cy trng hp l cng ngn cn s pht trin cc mm bnh trong t. V th, vic tm ngng
canh tc cn c ch khi canh tc cng loi cy v cc cy cng h.
ngn cn s pht trin ca cc loi c c sc sng dai, sau khi thu hoch, nn trng cc loi cy
c thi gian sinh trng dinh dng di sau cc cy trng c kh nng ln t c di tt. Trng thay
i gia cc cy c r n su vi r nng v loi cy cho thn cao vi loi cho sinh khi ln che
ph mt t nhanh cng gip ngn chn cc loi c di pht trin.
Nguyn tc ca lun canh l cc cy c trng lun phin nhau c nhu cu dinh dng t t
khc nhau. Cy trng c nhu cu dinh dng cao th nn trng sau cc cy phn xanh v cc cy
trng tip theo n l cy i hi t dinh dng hn. Cc loi cy khc nhau c trng trong cch
phi hp ny rau n r hoc c nh khoai lang, c rt; rau n l nh ci bp vi loi n qu nh
ng, c chua.
lp mt k hoch lun canh, cy trng nn c quy theo nhm c nhng vn v su bnh
hi v nhu cu dinh dng tng t
Nhm
Rau n l
Ci bp
Rau n qu
Rau n r
Cy h u
Cc cy khc

Mt s cy trng chnh
Rau dip, rau chn vt, spinach, rau mung, dn, rau ngt, .
L xanh, l trng, ci tho, ci ngt, c ci
C chua, c tm, da chut, mp, t cay, t ngt
Hnh ty, ti, ti ty
u n qu, u h lan, lc
Khoai ty

Cng thc lun canh 5 nhm rau da trn tng rng nn c 20 % din tch t canh tc c
ngh ngi mt s giai on trong chu k ma v bng cch trng mt loi cy phn xanh
nhng khng thu hoch n nh rau. Trong khong thi gian ny c thi gian ngh ngi c
kh nng xy dng ph cho cy trng tip theo s dng. Do , khi lun canh ngn, hiu qu
ca cy phn xanh b gim bt v th cn iu chnh lm sao c th s dng cy phn xanh hiu
qu. Trong khong thi gian lun canh di hn (12 thng hoc hn) cy phn xanh c th c thu
hoch lm phn v lm thc n chn nui, tuy nhin vi hng lun canh ngn Vit nam s
lm hn ch kh nng ny.
Ch
t nn c trng trong giai on u lun canh v chng i hi dinh dng cao. Sau nhng
loi cy cn t dinh dng hn c trng tip theo n
Cy phn xanh nh ging lc L14 s cho lng sinh khi 10 tn/ha v m l 30 kg N/ha. Cy
phn xanh s c trng trong ma ma khi gi rau thp v n s hon li mc thu nhp b thm
ht qua vic tr li t lng dinh dng tng xng cho tng cy trng.
Mt phng php trng cy hn hp l cng mt thi im mt vi loi cy khc nhau c
trng cng nhau (nhng s phi ng u vi vn thiu nc trong ma kh).

6.0 QUN L SU BNH HI

Nguyn tc c bn qun l su bnh hi trong canh tc hu c l cy khe c sc khng su
bnh hi tt hn.
Trong canh tc hu c, nhng thi quen tt trong ngh nng nh ta cy, gi v sinh, kim sot
bng bin php c hc nh s dng by, chun b t tt cng vi s dng cc loi tho mc khc
nhau p ng c bn chng trnh qun l su bnh hi cn bng

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

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Thng qua lun canh, trng cy che ph v to s a dng ha cho mi trng sng tng th
khuyn khch s c mt ca cc loi thin ch. Nu cc bin php phng nga khng p ng
s kim sot cn thit th c th s dng thuc tho mc hoc sinh hc phun.
Trong sn xut rau, t chc c mt c cu lun canh cy trng tt, chun b lung trng thot
nc tt l yu t thit yu. Lun canh lm gim nguy c truyn bnh t cy ny ti cy khc.
Trng cy hn hp: cng gip lm gim tc ng ri ro ca su bnh hi khi h thng canh tc
pht tn su bnh. Mt loi cy trng c th b nh hng bi su bnh ny nhng loi khc li
khng. Trng cy hn hp cng l cch tt nht hon tr dinh dng cho t. Vic a cy phn
xanh vo trong lun canh cng c th p ng mt mi trng sng cho thin ch (nhng hng
cy cho cc con n mi tr ng) v th lm gim nh hng ca su hi ln cc cy trng khc.
Cn c thm mt li ch na l s a dng cy trng to mt mi trng tt trong h thng bi n
cung cp bng mt, m hoc cn gi cho cc cy trng khc. Kt hp trng cc cy nh hnh ty
vi c rt, b xanh vi ng, hng v c chua l cc cy trng km nhau rt ph bin.
Di di cc cy trng b bnh hi trong cnh ng trc v sau khi thu hoch gip lm gim mc
ly nhim su bnh. Thng nhng vt liu thc vt c thu dn c th a vo phn tuy nhin
nn c t nhng vt liu b nhim bnh nguy him.
Mt s thc vt hoc cy trng c th c canh tc mt cch c bit thnh cc b di cy to
ni n nu cho cc ng vt n mi t nhin hoc cc cn trng c ch c th sinh sng . V d
nhng cy thuc h hoa tn (nh th l, mi v cn ty) l nhng cy ch tuyt vi cho cc cn
trng khc. Nhng di cy ny c trng v c chm sc khi c yu cu, nhng bi cy nh c
th duy tr nh mt b phn trong h thng canh tc vn hay nng tri.
Cch lm tt nht khuyn khch nng dn:
Thm ng thng xuyn quan st cy trng v theo di mc su bnh v thin ch trn
ng rung.
Khuyn khch a dng sinh hc khu vc sn xut bng cch trng cy lm thc n v ni tr
ng cho cc cn trng c ch nh nhn, b nga, b ra v cc thin ch khc nh chim chc.
Hn ch mc thp nht vic s dng cc cht tho mc v phun thuc sinh hc (Mt s tho
mc nh nicotin c trong thuc l rt c cho con ngi hoc cn trng c ch).
Gi ng rung khng b c di gy thit hi.
V sinh ng rung thng xuyn (Dn cc l gi b bnh ra khi rung, thu dn tn d cy
trng sau thu hoch vv) hn ch thp nht ngun ly nhim.
Cc la chn vt t u vo
Tiu chun hu c c lit k cc u vo c php s dng. Nhng v d cho cch la chn khc
nhau gm:

Thuc sinh hc nh BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) v NPV.

Thuc tho mc c lm t gng, t, ti, l hoc ht xoan (xoan a phng) hoc cy ti.
Thn trng!
Mc d c ly t ngun t nhin, so vi thuc ha hc, tho mc khng hn l an ton hn
hoc t c hi cho con ngi, ng vt v cc cn trng khng gy hi. Thc tin, a s cc cht
tho mc l thuc tr su c ph tc ng rng git cht c con c li v c hi mt cch ba bi.
Mt s tho mc gy d ng cho con ngi, mt s khc c tnh c cao i vi c v ng vt, v
mt s thm ch c th gy ung th. Thuc su tho mc v th ch c s dng nh l mt
phng sch cui cng sau tt c cc bin php khc. Phi c gng thc hin cc bin php phng
nga trc khi s dng tho mc hoc nu phun cc sn phm khc phi c trnh by ti thanh
tra hu c!

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

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Tiu chun hu c yu cu tt c cc vt t a vo sn xut phi c nng dn ghi li (ngy,

loi vt t s dng, lng vv) vo s ghi chp cc hot ng trong trang trai/ ni sn xut v
c nng dn lu gi.
Trong canh tc hu c, thit b phun ch c s dng ring cho hu c. Nu trong nng h c
trng cc cy theo phng php thng thng th phi c bnh phun ring c s dng
cho nhng rung ny.
1) MT S SU HI PH BIN
Gii c l Nhn chung gii c l l loi su nh gy nh hng ti cc l pha ngoi (l gi)
ca cy. Trong canh tc thng thng (khng hu c) cc bin php kim sot s dng thuc su
ni hp thm su qua l c th tiu dit gii c nm bn trong l. kim sot su hi ny
phi tm cch gii tip xc vi vt cht trc tip v qua ng tiu ha, v th vic kim sot
loi su hi ny s km hiu qu hn trong canh tc hu c. Tuy nhin trong iu kin canh tc
ph hp, gii c l nhn chung c th c b qua v cy trng thng pht trin nhanh v to
ra nhiu l mi khng b gy nh hng bi su hi ny, ngoi ra phn ln gii c l b kim sot
bi cc sinh vt k sinh hu ht cc trng hp.
Nhng kin thc v vng i nn c s dng tp trung vo giai on gii bn ngoi l (trng,
nhng, rui). Ch phm xoan c th c th nghim kim tra hiu qu kim sot gii ca . S
dng by c th c hiu qu by rui trc khi n trng.
Cc loi su thn mm khc nhau ng vt n mi l hng ro phng th u tin v by n
cng rt c ch. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) c th c s dng giai on trng cy kim
sot su xm v phun ln cy trong qu trnh pht trin kim sot tt c cc loi su n l.
Thuc sinh hc BT rt c sn Vit Nam v cc th nghim c tin hnh nh mt phn hot
ng ca d n ADDA-VNFU cho thy nng dn hi lng vi kt qu thu c khi s dng n
kim sot su.
Rp: Cc loi rp khc nhau thng tc ng n nhng b phn mm non ca cy bng vic ht
nha t thn cy v tit ra cht mt nh sng ng li (lm vt ch cho mc en k sinh).
Cc loi rp mn cm vi mt s k sinh v loi n mi (nh b ra, rui n tht, chun c v
chim). Cc bin php kim sot c th bao gm c phun nc hoc nc x phng, ti v t v
du khong t l 5% (5 ml cho 1 lt nc) v phun vo sng sm hoc khi tri c nhiu my.
B xt (B xt xanh hi rau) c th tr thnh loi su hi ng lo ngi c bit trong thi k t kh
hn. Duy tr m t tt bng cch ti nc thng xuyn c th lm gim nh hng ca b
xt cng vi vic lm sch c nhng din tch gn pha cui rung. Phun nc sch c th lm
gim nh hng ca b xt nhng i vi trng hp b xt ph hoi nghim trng, c gng tiu
dit chng v c th s dng bin php trn bt nho vi nc v phun ln cy hoc s dng
thuc su hu c (Theo tiu chun IBS-IFOAM Basic Standards).
B phn trng (h Aleyrodidea) c th tr thnh vn trong cc khu vc km lu thng khng
kh. C nhiu cch kim sot nhng cch hiu qu nht l li dng ong k sinh (Encarsia formasa
v cc loi khc). Bin php kim sot ny c th c khuyn khch bng cch trng nhng cy
c hoa gn rung hoc gn cy trng. S dng tm by dnh mu vng, du khong (trong nhng
trng hp c cn nhc) phun ti v t cng l nhng bin php c s dng.
Su bt (Pseudococcus spp) thng c tm thy nhng khe hoc ch kn trong phm vi xung
quanh gc cy. Chng b n bi b ra v ong k sinh chalcid. t nhng vt liu thc vt b
nhim su nng. Phun du khong cng l mt bin php kim sot.
B nhy C th gy nhiu thit hi cho cc cy non ca cc cy h ci, c bit l c ci. Thit hi
ln nht khi thi tit kh v m thp. V th nng dn nn gi m t cao. tm thy
cy ch ca chng, b nhy s dng khu gic ngi. V th trng trn ci bp vi cy trng
khc c bit nhng cy c mi hc nh ti. t hiu qu tt hn, hy trng ln ln chng mt
cch ba bi ch khng trng trn theo hng. Thnh thong phun ti cng rt hiu qu. C th x
l phi t dit b nhy trong t trc khi trng cy.

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Phi t th no?
1. o t su 20 30 cm, lm nh t, ln lung v san cho phng mt lung
2. Ti nc ln trn b mt ngm su ti 15 20 cm
3. Ph ton b b mt lung bng mng nilon mu sng trong.
4. Bt kn tt c cc cnh bng cch ph t hoc t ln cc ra ca mng ph.
5. tm ph nh vy trong 10-15 ngy. Trong khong thi gian ny, t bn di mng ph
nilon s b nng ln v git cht cn trng k c bnh v ht c.
6. Tho tm ph nilon ra
7. Nu phi lm t trng cy, th phi lm t nng, di 5cm trnh di chuyn nhng t
khng c x l ln trn b mt.
2) MT S BNH HI PH BIN
Bnh sng mai Phytothera hi c chua v sinh t trng, rung thot nc v thng kh tt,
thu dn ton b l cy chm vo t cng nh la chn cc ging chng chu. C th c h tr
thm bng cch dng ng nh mt loi thuc tr nm, tuy nhin c nhng yu cu khi s dng
ng v chng phi tun th theo tng tiu chun IBS. Dung dch phn cng c li (cht lng
c to ra khi ngm mt bao phn vo nc qua mt m) v c bn thng xuyn hng
tun vi t l khong 20 nc sch s cho 1 lt dung dch cn gi l ch phn . Xem ph lc 4
Bnh mc sng trn cy h bu b Bnh mc sng trn l thng tn cng vo giai on cui
ca cy v th n c th c b qua v lc cy cho thu hoch, tuy nhin nu bnh tn cng
vo giai on sm ca cy th lu hunh c s dng ph bin kim sot bnh, ngoi ra axit
lactic (t sa) hoc cht bicacbonat ca nc c gas (soda) c th c tc dng. Dung dch phn
cng c th c s dng. Mt dung dch cng c th c ch ra bng cch cho vo mt ti 5 kg
phn v treo n vo trong mt thng cha 100 lt nc. Sau 2 ngy dung dch c th c phun
ln cy vi t l 20:1. K thut ny yu cu th nghim xem c sai st g khng v hiu lc ca
chng th no khi s dng thi tit v thi gian khc nhau.

7.0 THU HOCH V BO QUN

Thu hoch Rau c hng v ngon khi chng cn non. Trnh thu hoch rau khi chng qu gi.
Thn trng khi thu hoch khng lm rau b h hng v trnh nguy c b thi hng
Bo qun Rau hu c phi c bo qun ring bit vi rau thng thng v c ghi nhn r
rng khi bo qun hoc vn chuyn. Trong qu trnh bo qun khng c s dng cc cht b
cm. Bao b v vt dng ng cc cht b cm nh ti ng m ure khng c s dng
bo qun hoc vn chuyn cc sn phm hu c.

8.0 DNG C V THIT B

Thit b nh bnh phun ch c s dng cho sn xut hu c. S phi dng bnh bm ring bit
cho nng nghip thng thng. Cc thit b khc nh cuc phi c ra sch trc khi s dng
trn rung hu c nu chng cng c s dng trn cc ng rung khc khng phi hu c.

9.0 DUY TR GHI CHP S SCH

Mi nng dn phi ghi chp v lu gi cc ti liu sau y v lun sn sng cho vic thanh tra.

Bin lai bn hng cho cc sn phm bn ra t h sn xut.

Lit k danh sch tt c cc u vo h nng dn a t bn ngoi vo.
Hng nm ghi s cho mi ln phun cho cy trng (ngy, vt liu phun, s lng s dng).
i vi chng nhn, phi hon thnh mt k hoch qun l cho tng nm theo mu biu do
c quan chng nhn cung cp.

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Tm tt cc tiu chun PGS c bn

Cc tiu chun ny c chiu theo:
Cc tiu chun Quc gia v sn xut v ch bin cc sn phm hu c (10TCN 602-2006)
c B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (MARD) ban hnh ngy 30 thng 12 nm 2006.
1. Ngun nc c s dng trong canh tc hu c phi l ngun nc sch, khng b nhim
(theo quy nh trong tiu chun sn xut rau an ton ca TCVN 5942-1995)
2. Khu vc sn xut hu c phi c cch ly tt khi cc ngun nhim nh cc nh my, khu
sn xut cng nghip, khu vc ang xy dng, cc trc ng giao thng chnh
3. Cm s dng tt c cc loi phn bn ha hc trong sn xut hu c.
4. Cm s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt ha hc.
5. Cm s dng cc cht tng hp kch thch sinh trng.
6. Cc thit b phun thuc c s dng trong canh tc thng thng khng c s dng
trong canh tc hu c
7. Cc dng c dng trong canh tc thng thng phi c lm sch trc khi a vo s
dng trong canh tc hu c.
8. Nng dn phi duy tr vic ghi chp vo s tt c vt t u vo dng trong canh tc hu c.
9. Khng c php sn xut song song: Cc cy trng trong rung hu c phi khc vi cc cy
c trng trong rung thng thng.
10. Nu rung gn k c s dng cc cht b cm trong canh tc hu c th rung hu c phi c
mt vng m ngn cn s xm nhim ca cc cht ha hc t rung bn cnh. Cy trng
hu c phi trng cch vng m t nht l mt mt (01m).
Nu s xm nhim xy ra qua ng khng kh th cn phi c mt loi cy c trng trong
vng m ngn chn bi phun xm nhim. Loi cy trng trong vng m phi l loi cy
khc vi loi cy trng hu c. Nu vic xm nhim xy ra qua ng nc th cn phi c mt
b t hoc rnh thot nc trnh b xm nhim do nc bn trn qua.
11. Cc loi cy trng ngn ngy c sn xut theo tiu chun hu c trn vn mt vng i t
khi lm t n khi thu hoch sau khi thu hoch c th c bn nh sn phm hu c.
12. Cc loi cy lu nm c sn xut theo tiu chun hu c trn vn mt vng i t khi kt
thc thu hoch v trc cho n khi ra hoa v thu hoch v tip theo c th c bn nh sn
phm hu c.
13. Cm s dng tt c cc vt t u vo c cha sn phm bin i gen GMOs.
14. Nn s dng ht ging v cc nguyn liu trng hu c sn c. Nu khng c sn, c th s
dng cc nguyn liu gieo trng thng thng nhng cm khng c x l bng thuc bo v
thc vt ha hc trc khi gieo trng.
15. Cm t cnh cy v rm r, ngoi tr phng php du canh truyn thng.
16. Cm s dng phn ngi.
17. Phn ng vt ly t bn ngoi trang tri vo phi c nng trc khi dng trong canh tc
hu c.
18. Cm s dng phn c lm t rc thi th.
19. Nng dn phi c cc bin php phng nga xi mn v tnh trng nhim mn t.
20. Ti v cc vt ng vn chuyn v ct gi sn phm hu c u phi mi hoc c lm
sch. Khng c s dng cc ti v vt ng cc cht b cm trong canh tc hu c.
21. Thuc bo v thc vt b cm trong canh tc hu c khng c php s dng trong kho ct tr
sn phm hu c.
22. Ch c php s dng cc u vo nng dn c ng k vi PGS v c PGS chp thun.
Version 1.2 (06-11-2008)

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CC A CH HU CH
ACCT: Trung tm hnh ng v s pht trin ca th (ACCD)
Trung tm h tr rau hu c Thanh Xun
Tn Ting Anh: Action Center for City Development)
a ch: S 1 Phm Ng Lo Hon Kim H Ni Tel: 046.2700184
Trang web: http://www.vidothi.org
ADDA: Vn phng t chc Pht trin nng nghip Chu an Mch ti Vit Nam
Tn ting Anh: (Agricultural Development Denmark Asia )
a ch: M4-M5, Khch sn La Thnh 218, i Cn, H Ni
T: 043.7623534
FAX: 043.7623533
Trang web: www.adda.dk/eng/organic
Rau hu c Thanh Xun
Nhm nng dn sn xut rau hu c Thanh Xun
Nhm trng: Hong Vn Hng Thn Bi Thng Sc Sn H Ni
D: 0982.93.65.98
Email: rauhuuco@gmail.com
Trang web: www.rauthanhxuan.com
NIPP: Vin Bo v thc vt Quc Gia
a ch: ng Ngc -T Lim H Ni
in thoi: 04.38389723
Cung cp thuc sinh hc BT, VBT, By b v Vi sinh vt i khng.
RIFAV: Vin rau qu Trung ng, Chu Qu-Gia Lm-H Ni
T: 04.38276254/8276275 FAX: 04.38276148
SAPRO: Cng ty TNHH sn phm nng nghip bn vng
Cung cp phn sinh hc BIOGRO
C: S 6 L o Thnh Hon Kim- H Ni
T: 04.36282590 - 04.36282591
Email: org@sapro-landscape-arch.com
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S 12 A Hng Chui - Hai B Trng- H Ni

Cm nang SX rau hu c ADDA ACCD

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