| The International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology MAY/JUNE 1995 PUBLISHED INGREAT BRITAIN _£3.50/$6.00USA VOLUME 6 NUMBER3 ANIMALS IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART NEW DISCOVERIES AT AKSUM, ETHIOPIA THE PREHISPANIC ART | OF CENTRAL PANAMA SAVING TURKISH MOSAICS FROM THE SEA REDATING THE UFFINGTON WHITE | HORSE TREASURES FROM THE BLACK SEA REGION NEW PREHISTORIC AND HELLENISTIC GALLERIES IN LONDON 9!rrossr "71025 = | 1 . MM etal ofan Egyptian tinted ivory horse from Thebes, Dynasty XVI c. 1400 BC, on ply atthe Marpac of i, Now YorFine Antiquities An important Roman mosaic footed glass bowl, late Ist Century BC/early Ist Century AD, 4 4/8ins (11.8cms) high, 6 1/2 ins (16.5em) diameter. Estimate refer to Deparment. Auction: Tuesday 4 July at 11.00am Viewi Friday 30 June to Monday 3 July Enquiries: Joanna van der Lande & Georgina Whiteman - 0171 393 3945 Catalogue: £10.00 Catalogue Enquiries: Ruth Sutherland - 0171 393 3933 Montpelier Street, Knightsbridge, London SW7 1HH Tel: 0171 393 3900 Fax: 0171 393 3905, BONHAMSpage 24 pages MINEVATS —- VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3 Piercing the Shamanic Veil The prehistoric art of Central Panama Armand J. Labbe Aksum: Recent Discoveries New light on the important ancient civilization in Ethiopia avia W. phitipson A New Age for the White Horse Archaeology redates the famous prehistoric monument David Mites London’s Prehistoric Past A new gallery at the Museum of London Jonathan Cotton Treasures from the Black Sea An exhibition in Italy Flippo Satviati Hellenistic Art and Culture New gallery at the British Museum Ian Jenkins An Ancient Egyptian Bestiary Animals in Egyptian Art at the Metro- politan Museum of Art Roberts. Bianchi Mercenaries in Egypt Two terracotta figures recently acquired by the British Museum Donald M. Bailey Mosaics in Peril from the Sea Rescuing ancient mosaics from the Black Sea in Turkey Stephen Hilt 2 News 45 Book Reviews 40 NumismaticNews 54 Calendar NEXT ISSUE ¢ Assyrian art exhibitions in New York * Chinese jades from the Hotung Collection MINERVA 1 Editor in-Chiet Jerome M Eisenberg, PhD Editor ‘Anna Letibldge MA Consulting Faitor eter Clayton Design Pub tn England byte propaetor Te @171) 498 2590, Foe 171) 49 1998 Advertisement Sales Fae 0170) 21 1595 Foe 212) 588 0412 Printed ia England oy Annual (sutece 207uss3s Second das ote pad “ont akon ES acer) 060News $$ ‘The Department of National Heritage il, Wilts, and The Lee, Bucks, con- (ON has recently published its fst _cemed a Bronze Age gold torque and For more than eighteen months annual report of the Treasure Trove a gold necklace of similar date, respec- schaeologsts and scholars fiom the Reviewing Committee for 1993-94. tively valued at £75,000 and £8000. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences have On 1 April 1993, responsiblity for Since the Hoxne hoard achieved been engaged in a race against ime to ‘Treasure Trove in England and Wales such prominence in the media, the save one of the most Important was transferred from the Treasury to Committee felt that it should make archaeological sites in western Hun- the DNL the papers relating to the valuation gary. Around Lebeny, near the city of ‘The piesent law of Treasure Trove public. They therefore took the ‘Gyor in north-westeen Hungary, work (dating from the twelfth century) unprecedented step of publishing the has been going on since 1991 to build requires that all objects of gol, silver British Museum's valuation of the 4 new highway connecting Budapest or bullion that are found should be hoard together with summaries of the to Vienna, itis an extremely laege reported to the proper authorities valuation reports received from three project and has the financial backing (police, museum or coroner) and, if independent external expert advisers, of Malian and French consortia, The the items can be shown to have been Of these thre, "Valuer A” valued the aim is that the new highway will hidden with intent to recover, and whole hoard, coins and jewellery: fopen a new fast route into Hungary the original ovner can no longer be ‘Valuer B valued just the coins and {or tours from western Europe traced, they are declared to be Trea ‘Valuer C’ the other objects, essen ‘The subsoil ofthe intended route sure Trove and the property of the tally jewellery. The valuations were 4s clay, which the construction com- Crown. Shouid any museum wish to arrived at completely independently panies find unsuitable as a base, and acquire any of the items they can do and the close approximation of the therefore they have been seeking 50, but they must pay to the finder figures published is very interesting. sources of large quantities of sand their full market value as determined With the coins the three valuations Not fat trom the intended soute of the by the Treasure Trove Reviewing (British Museum and Valuers Aan) highway there are a number of low Committee (established in 1977). If were within 7.3 percent of each other sandhiils, two to three metres in the items are not cequired by any — respectively £521,495, £562,545 and height, formed by deposits from the ‘museum, they are then retusned to £530,889. The final agreed valuation Danube over thousands of years the finder to retain or dispose of as was put at £572,000. However, when they started to they wish, (Lord Peet's “Treasure Bill’ For the jewellery, silver tableware remove sand from these mounds presently before Parliament would and other items, the valuations were archacological remains began to {sentially change this to require all even closer to each other, within 6.6 appeat, ranging from prehistoric vil finds to be reported, ietespective of percent. The three valuations (British lages, through the Roman oceupation their metal content or original intent Museum and Valuers A and ) were, and into the period of the barbarian for concealment, grave butial, hoard respectively, £1,216,194; £1,194 539; invasions. Bronze and Iron Age vil- ing or loss, etc) Prompt reporting of ancl £1,136,313. The agreed valuation tages with perfectly preserved houses items that may be the subject of a was £1,178,000. The totals for the Ihave been found, together with buns ‘Treasure Trove Inquest is essential as whole hoard were: British Museum dreds of Celtie tombs, many of them | quite often important context and £1,737,687; Valuer A, £1,757,084, The still complete with rich grave goods ther evince can be recovered from agreed fnal figure was £1,756, 000. Indicating thete high status level the site by archaeologists, as has most "The British Museum wished to 1s not possible forthe Bulgarian recently been shown with the exeava- acquire the Road im ts entirety and ‘Academy of Sciences to stop the work, tion of the incredible Hoxne Roman was able to raise the money required only to ty and get permission to ‘Treasure Trove (see Minerva 1993, from various sources including the explore and excavate where possible Jan/Feb, pp. 15-16; May/ June, pp. 2, National Heritage Memorial Fund, Jn front of the bulldozers. Hungorian 5-16; Now/Dee pp. 223) pelvate donations 2nd loans. A short law requires, in such instances, that During 1993-4 the Committee con- ilustrated booklet, The Hoxne Trea- the developers pay the cost of archae- sidered 19 finds. There was an enor sure: An Illustrated Introduction by logical surveys and rescue excava- ‘mous variation in valuations from a Roger Bland and Catherine Johns has tions. Profesor Balint of the Budapest group of six Roman silver denarii @ been published by British Museum Archaeological Institute and his col: futher part of a hoard of 168 pieces Press (64.75), but it will take time league Dr Takatch are working against found in 1990), where one coin was before conservation work and study the clock to survey and excavate a retained by the British Museum with of the hoard can be carted out, lead- vast area of many hundreds of square a valuation of £50, to the Hoxne ingto final definitive publication, Skafthe19gld llometes, mapping and recording hoard at the other end of the seale Peek cen Pilea the the thowsinds of fins Ths Is obvi ful nota iat soton sae finds Sivofed from thet content lose a Inge par of thelr sist vet, but itfeat tent betes than having very thing destroyed te Acus is sa the highway is schsled vo be completed“ tunis tril beable to travel ragtay rows teste Europe to hudapent, but the ‘eeord of the pat in the trea over tehich the highway pases wil have Deen obiterated forever ‘The latter was the largest hoard of Roman gold and silver coins and jew- ellery ever found in Britain and was vallugd at £1.75 million (se below) ‘The majority of the finds consid ered by the Committee had been ‘made by metal detectorists and were mainly groups of coins. OF the 19 cases listed in the Annual Report, 15 consisted wholly of coins, ranging from Celtic to Charles, whilst to (Essendon and Hoxne) included other precious metal tems with coins. The remaining two cases, MonktortDevet- Govan Lattanzi MINERVA 2THE MAHDIA WRECK CONFERENCE Carol Mattusch {A colloguium about the firs-century BC Mahdia shipwreck and its cargo was held 19 and 20 January at The Rheinisches Landesmuseum in Bona to accompany the exhibition about the wreck on Joan from the Bardo Museum in Tunis (Minerva November December 1994, pp. 20-28). Approxi mately 50 scholars participated in five sessions concemed with the date and character of the cargo, the ship's route, scientific and technical obser- vations, the artist Botthos (formerly associated with the lifesize bronze statue of Eros), questions of serial pro= duction and copies, and new observa tions about the ship and its cargo, Discussion-leaders were Maria R AMOldi, Gerhard Eggert, Wilfred Geominy, Andreas Linfer, the present author, and Gisela Hellenkemper Salies, the curator in charge of the exhibition, A principal panellist was Werner Fuchs, whose book Der Schif fioud von Mahdia (Tubingen 1963) first alerted the scholarly world to this material, and has heretofore been the ‘only major publication of this impor- tant shipwreck. Some of the issues di cussed in the colloquium can be summarised beefy Tetween 100 and 70 BC, the ship ‘was on its way to Rome or central Ttaly from the eastern Mediterranean, Dut missed the Straits of Messina and. then, while trying to sll around Silly instead, it ran off course (Helmut Binder, ‘Olaf Hockmann) and sank about five kilometres from the coast ‘of Tunisia. The wood from the ship ‘cannot be placed with absolute cer- tainty, but the boat was probably built in Rome or central Italy (Christoph Bérker). The lead used for the ingots, tubes, anchor, and a sheet from the bottom of the ship is from a single ore deposit, perhaps in Spain, The lead dowel in the bronze herm is slomilar, but the lead dowels in the feet Of the lifesize bronze Eros are ofa df= MINERVA 3 News Bronze statue of, ras, wit new restorations of left ‘high and right hip etait ofa dancing ‘mena rom one ofthe marble ele haters. ferent composition (Friedrich Boge- mann). The pottery used by the ship's crew is not Attic (Susan Kotroff), and can be dated between 100 and the 70s BC (Susan Rotroff and Bernard Liou). Clay core-material recovered from the bronze Eros, from the dancing dwarves, and from a springing pan- ther was all from the same geotogicat environment, one that is not like the Athenian clay that Is known to date (Gerwulf Schneiden. There is further evidence that the ship’s 300-ton cargo came from vari fous places. The bulk of the load con- sisted of 60 to 70 unfinished marble columns of vatious lengths. Most of them are Pentelic marbie, as are the various capitals found in the cargo, the five of more large orate cande- labra, and more than four rellef- raters (Erna Hiorentiny). Three to four columns were identified as Dolian marble, but the possibility was raised that they may actually be Penteli lke the others, because Dolland, a local Peloponnesian marble, is not known to have been exported (Olga Palagia) [Not s tt likely that the columns were loaded in different places. The seven large marble busts/tondi from the ‘ago are made of Parian marble, and all may represent Dionysiac characters (ans-Hoyer von Prittwite und Gaffron), Some pieces on the ship may have been picked up or plundered, such as four Attic reliefs, at least three of ‘which are dated to the fourth century BC (Gerhard Bauchhenf), and five inscriptions that are assigned similar dates (Georg Petzl), but there are alsonew objects (Henner vor Hesberg), such as the columns, cspitals, and bases, the relie-keaters, the cande. labra, four marble seated children intended for a fountain, and 23 bronze klinai with sevially-numbered legs. The Klinal were all made of fresh bronze, with no added scrap-metal (Gerhard Egger. Mass-production in both marble and bronze was in full swing at the time of the Mahdia shipwreck. The Mahdia fountain-figures, as well as the relief-kraters, a three-spouted lamp, and some bronze handles, are apparently the eazliest krown exam: ples of their types. The candelabra are ff the oldest type, but may not be the earliest examples of that type (Hans Ulrich Cain). The same fountain-fig lures as those from Mahala were found at the first-century AD site of Sper longa (Bernard Anda). ‘The bronze herm from: the wreck, well-known for its inscription naming Boéthos of Kalchedon as the maker, had been previously installed, then prised from a marble base. of which a small portion survives (Frnk Willy) {An artist by the name of 3oéthos was active in the mid-second century BC The fact that this herm hes two extra ordinarily close parallels, one in bronze J. Paul Getty Museum, with the same alloy as the Mahdia herm and the Mahdia Eros) and one in mar. ble (Pompeti) suggests the existence of a model, of which copies may have been widely distributed and were available over a long period of time (Carol Mattusch). The herm and the Bros do not belong together: their heghts do not allow for this; the lead used for the dowels is not the same; znd the two bronzes were made and cold-worked differently (Frank Wille). There was some thought that the bronze Eros was a new statue, and that the lead dowels were poured irto its feet ‘before shipping it to its final destina tion (Olga Palagia). A parallel situa tion was suggested for the large ‘marble tondl they migh: have been. new, not reused as was previously proposed, with an iron nail fixed in Tead in their backs before shipping for cease of installation (llan-Hoyer von Pritewitz und Gaffron} The question was ralsed whether leven nov, with is lef thigh and right hip newly-restored, the Eros does not have its hip thrust too far out to the side (Olga Palagla). In fact, the new armature inside the statue was made In such a way that the stance can be readjusted (Prank Willer) The base for a large bronze stat uette of a running satyr has nov been Identified, as have bases fer teo of the dancing dwarves ~ in pieces that were originally published as two weights + An Etruscan bronze kauros of, the sixth century BC (right) was stolen on 21 Janu ary from the Win- ter Antiques Show in New York City. Ithas a crested hel ‘met and is ¢. 10 ccm i height Please contact: Ariadne Galleries, snc, 970 Madison Avenue (at 76th 80), New York, NY10021, Tel: (212) 772 3388. Fax: (212) +A group of antiquities of the neo-Sumerian period, . 2150-2000 BC, was stolen in France on 29 October 1994. They included a gold and semi-precious stone neck- lace with two gold bulls decorated with trefoll designs inlaid with turquoise (above), and a group of plain gold Jewellery, including a bracelet of slightly flattened circular shape, Please send information to: Gendarmerie nationale, 23 rue Gare, F-60560 Onry-ta-vVille, France, (Hans-Georg Hartke and Frank Wile, Two bronzes with rings on thelr backs, one a dancing dwarf, the other a winged Eros, also originally had bases fixed to their feet by dowels, and the dings may be later additions. Some problems defy interpreta tion. An adjustable stand that sup. ported a large circular object has now been tentatively restored as a reflector for illuminating a room (Stefan Gep- pert), but other identifications that ‘wore offered include a picture-stand (Maria R-Alfold), or a gong (Werner Fuchs). A miniature vessel with grit finprotomes now restored on top of the triplesnouted bronze lamp (Nor bert Franken) seemed to several pat: tlelpants to be a rather puzzling ‘combination of elements The objects from ‘Das Weack’ will be retuined to the Bardo Museum in Tunis for installation in the autumn of this year. ‘The two-volume catalogue, Das ‘Wack, fs available from the publishes, Rheiniand-Verlag, Abtei Brauweiler, 50259 Pulheim, Germany. For the account of an earlier colloquium, see Der Antike schiffsfund von Mahia in Bonner Jahrbuch 192, 1992, 507-536. Carol ©. Mattusch is Professor at ‘George Mason Univesity, USA MINERVA 4EEE EE LL ———_—_—_—— Letters to the Editor -—————___ tons of Orpheus in other media, It is floor’, The description fs somewhat + Anthony Beeson replies therefore inherently more likely that misleading as it ascribes a cult func- tlona Jesnick has read too much into the Newton St Loe bust evoked the tion to the foom for which there is no the word "Oxphic’ which, of course, same idea, and that Tellus/Ge ~rather evidence. Indeed, It Is generally simply means “pertaining to than Isis Aphrodite or a Muse as sug- accepted that the mosaic came from a Orpheus, and, a8 the text implies, in gested ~ was the personification corridor villa and decorated the floor no way suggests this villa was a cult depicted at Newton St Loe, To the of its tricinium. The term ‘Orphic’ has Centre. For'a site that has a good best of my knowledge, there is no a distinct meaning which is inappro- Claim to be such a religious complex I fextant depiction of Orpheus in which priate In this context. Te applles to @ would urge her to study the excellent Isis, Aphrodite or the Muses are cult, presumed to have existed from — Work of Mr Bryn Walters and his team included. textual references to ‘Oxphics, under- at Litlecote in Wiltshire. The size of This is all the more interesting in stood as the followers ofa cult and to gn establishment does not necessarily view of the similarity noted by Orpheotelestae, those who initiated —feflect a lack of interest in farm cco" Anthony Beeson between the Newton people into Mystees called ‘Orphic’..jromics of the control of vermin by St Loe Oxpheus and the lost mosaie Nothing concrete is known of sich the owners. One oaly has to consider from Nunney (Whatley): on both cult more than hints and allusions. tS the part the fox played in the lives of pavements the animals were depicted very existence has been disputed. Pos- most of the owners of the great {in confronted pairs rather than the sibly it was a form of Dionysiac cult palaces of Georgian Britain to undet- ‘more usual procession. Both, too, fea and Mystery. There is no art which stand this, The Brading mosaic, of tured female busts, It is possible that has been firmly established a8 associ- Couise, isnot a clcular zonal mosaic the bust from Whatley was also ated with a demonstrable and distinct and compares with the landscape Intended to represent Tellus/Ge. The ‘Oqphic’ cult, Therefore, to call New- Orpheus mosaics of the continent, ‘mosaic is known only from a litho- tom St Loe ‘Orphic' isto apply a prob- where all the animals appear dotted sraph on which her headdress resem-lematic designation which is entitely about the musiclan. That no foxes bles a mural crown. This may have unfounded and without proof. remain on the Isle of Wight nowadays, been a misdrawn version of a modus, The presence of the fox at Newton does ot mean that there never were especially as a comucopia was tepre- St Loe is interesting as this animal any in the past. That British artists sented with the bust, a traditional — appears frequenty with Orpheus out- lone chose to portray the fox leaping attribute of figures alluding to fertil- side Britain, particularly on mosaics suggests its exceptional importance to lty. Alternatively, (f a mural crown from the Eastern Empire. There the them. was intended, it would indicate Tyche symbolism probably pertained to the Knowing the mosaic from Panik, ) who, although unknown with Thracian origin of Orpheus ~ the — the suggestion by Pat Witts that the Orpheus elsewhere, would stand for a ‘Thracians wore and were denoted by lost bust may be Ge isa perfectly valid } sialar concept to the Farth Mother, thelr foxskin hats, Moreover, Bas- one, and should certainly be borne in namely prosperity and good fortune, | sareus, meaning Fox, was a common mind. Much depends on how one ‘The Newton St Loe and Whatley epithet of the god Dionysus, whose interprets the stylized object on the villas wore only some 18 kilometres or ‘psalmist” Ozpheus was, His mythic woman's head at Newton! A Muse, If s0 apart. Lying almost equidistant followers, the Bassarae, wore foxskin unusual, would hardly be out of keep between them is the site of Wellow, garments, The animal then denotes ing with the artistic spinit of Orpheus, Which produced the mosaic conwine- Orpheus as belonging to the god. Its and the figure does bear similarity with Ingly Wdentified as another Orpheus likely that this was also the case In the Muse from the Sages mosaic from. pavement by Anthony Beeson in Min- the British examples, bearing in mind the House of Patrcius at Baalbek, The ‘en last year (Orpheus Rediscovered’, the exceptional popularity of Diony- oddly truncated line of her cloak at May/June 1994), The scheme of the sus/Bacchus as a subject of Romano- Newton must be a resul of het hand Wellow mosaic was based on inter- British mosaics. A concern with (perhaps with a scroll as at Baallbek) Taced squares, a unique design among agricultural success, as suggested by having once crossed the line of her the known Romano-British Oxpheus Anthony Beeson, could well have garment. is Aphrodite a a goddess of ‘mosaics but one found with the Panik been in some minds, but we cannot Spring and rebirth, has an equal claim. Orpheus mentioned above. The Wel- be certain that all Orpheus mosaics to hea delty of feuiity a8 Ge low pavement also included con- came from buildings primarily asso It is dangerous to assume that the fronted animals, namely felines in ated with farms. The Great Pavement Jost mosale from Nuaey Was an, panels. at Woodchester, for example, came Ospheus floor for, afterall, nothing at The iconography of these three from a building of such grandeur itis all remained of the central square ‘Orpheus mosaics (of which only New- often described as a palace. More- panel. Certainly the animals in the ton St Loe is known to survive) all over, the Brading Orpheus, with its border have nothing of Newton St from a confined area in the south seated fox, is on the Isle of Wight, Loe about them beyond a confronta- ‘west of England, is fascinating for the which has no foxes. The leaping fox tional pose. There can be no real similarities between the mosaics seen at Newton St Loe Is unique t© doubt that the bust at Nunney, unlike themselves and the parallels that can Britain, It has the same form as the — the Newton one, did wear the Corona bbe found on the more accomplished Mithraic dog, which may well have Muralis on het head a crenellations ‘mosaics in other parts of the Empire, been the visual influence, are clearly recorded, and she should distant from Roman Brain. We should congratulate Anthony be seen a8 Tyche fhe lost panel did Pat Witt, Beeson on his committed and meticu- show Orpheus her, then, as Pat Witts PrP WES Tous work on recovering this excellent intimates, this, lke the Newton bust, iikiey, Yorks ™08ae which would now be a prime would show another figure not i prospect for restoration and exhibi- known from representations of het tion, elsewhere, and may be seen as yet another Romano-Briish innovation, ‘+ T was interested to read the article Drilona jesrick, ‘The felines from Wellow are heraldle about the Newton St Loe Mosaic in Southgate, in confrontation and not aggressive, the last Issue of Minerva, but was sur London N14. and as such they bear relationship 10 prised to see it called an ‘Orphic those at Lttlecote, MINERVA 5{Recs aa} PIERCING THE SHAMANIC VEIL The Prehistoric Art of Central Panama Panama, long neglected in the field of precolumbian art, is currently the focus of a major exhibition at the Bowers Museum of Cultural Art in Santa Ana, California, which con- centrates mainly on art from the Central Region, embracing the Panamanian provinces of Cocle, Veraguas, Herrera, Los Santos, parts of Colon and the littoral of the Bay of Panama. It comprises 200 works in ceramic and gold, rich in indigenous iconography and allusions to shamanic lore and ideology. Armand J. Labbé opment of a true art history for the Central Region of Panama and the development of an Interpretive frame. ‘work by which the extensive body of lconography can be understood. The first section of the exhibition Is divided chronologically according to artiste styles, each of which is rep- resented by a large number of works, Each style is divided into a number of discrete characteristics such 2s signs, design motifs, design ele- ments, colour schemes, and artistic hhe Central Region of Panama layouts, Each of these characteristics is one of the few cultural serves as a diagnostic tool enabling regions of the Americas the viewer to determine one style which has a continuous from another, observing thelr gradual 2000-year-long art tradition. This evolution through time. offers scholars and researchers a Section two of the exhibition ‘unique opportunity to study and doc- establishes a framework for interpret- lument an entice indigenous tradition ing the large borly of iconography from its inception through its evolu- and graphie themes used to decorate tion, It florescence, to Its demise ‘objects of the Central Region, The When this tradition was first research leading to the exhibition and ‘uncovered in the early twentieth cen- a monograph entitled Guardians of the tury by archacologists from Hacvard Life Shear: Shamans, Art and Power in University’s Peabody Museum and the Prekispanic Central Panama clearly University of Pennsylvania's Univer- illustrate the strong shamanie imprint sity Museum, researeh was hampered on Cental Panamanian precolumbian, by the absence of absolute dating art, particularly for the period AD. techniques with which to date the 200-1000. Portrayed in the art are tef- excavated materials, However, excava- erences to the activation of shamanic tions conducted in the last twenty powers (the Shamanic Transformation years have yielded numerous dates theme), the shaman’s role as healer which allow the determination of and adversary of Illness and malevo- firm archaeological phases and lence (the | Shaman-in-Combat chronological parameters for specific theme), the shaman a conductor of artiste styles souls to the afterlife (the Shaman-in ‘The Bowers exhibition addresses Flight theme), and the shaman’s func- ‘wo major areas of concern, the devel: tion as the replenisher of species Fig 1 Ticotour globular jar ttustating the Shamanic Transformation Theme "Tomo Style, Central Rejton Panama, c. AD 200-40 ig 2. Polyhvome pedestalled bow! showing the Shamanic Transformation Theme, “Macaiacas Style. Central Regio Panama. AD 800.1008, ig 3. Tricolor ring-based bol wlth the Shamarén-pofie (Shaman in-combat Theme) "Conte Sj: Central Reon Pamanae.AD 600800 ‘MINERVA 6(shaman as Guardian of Fertility). ‘The Shamanic Transformation theme is characterised by a frontal portrayal of a standing anthropomor- phic figure (Figs 1, 2). Typically such figures have large concentric eyes often with the long beak of a bisd extending laterally from the eye, The chest and abdomen of these figures are usually decorated with geometric designs. Also distinctive are the ema- ig. Poychrome pedestal Dow with Fring Shamanic rept. Macara Gas tye. Central ‘ego Panarna. CAD 800-1000. Fig 8, Pobychrome “uci Sharma fur. ‘Conte Style Central Reston ‘Panama AD 600-800. MINERVA 7 Precolumbian Art a natioris extending fom the sides of ‘the body, which in earlier renditions are usually in the form of undulating serpent-like bands, but which in later styles are frequently depicted as birds, repiles, or even stingsray spines, ‘The Shaman-in-Combat theme (Figs 3, 4) is characteristicaliy an anthropomorphic figure shown In profile. In later periods the heads of such figures have s crocodilian or reps ig 4 Polychrome pedestalled bow! decorated with the Shaman: profle. Macaracas ‘Spl. Central Resion Panama, c. AD 800-1000. Fg 5. Ircoour Jar with Shamanic lizard with solar assocatons. Tonos! Style. Central “Replon Panama. c. AD 200-40. ‘Fg 6. Tricolor jar with Shamanic animal with sola or celestial associations, Monto “Transitional Sve. Central Region Panama. c. AD S000.tilan appearance, There Is litte doubt that the figuee portrayed is the sume 2s that in the frontal-facing Shamanic Transformation depictions, the absence of the reptilian stout appar “ently reflecting nothing more than artistic difficulty in painting this rom a frontal perspective. Both themes Share elements such as large concen. tiie eyes, binary geometzics on the torso, and emanations from the body. ‘variant of the standing Shaman- In-profile theme are depictions of rep tiles running on all fours (Figs 5, 6 7). These can be traced to Tonost and ‘other early depictions of shamanic lzards, often with coronas around the head that suggest solar associations. 4s Elizabeth Benson has noted (River of Gold, 1992; 29-31), crocodiles and lizards are frequently closely con- nected with the sun in Cental and South American myth. Among many indigenous groups the sun is corsid cred Fsst Shaman, Other portrayals covered in this section of the exhibi- tion are depictions of celestial entities such as stars and constellations, {neluding the Milky Way. section Three of the exhibition focuses briefly on the ceramic att of caster and western Panama inciud- {ng seldom-seen wares from the early first millennium BC, The art from these regions is related to that of Colombia and Costa Rica and shows no direct affinity with the art of the Central Region, thereby confieming the indigenous nature of Central Panamanian att The last section, entitled “The Pre columbian Zo0", includes a lenge selection of three-dimensional ceramic pieces in the form of fauna, Eee... including jaguars, crocodiles, coatt- ‘mundi, tapi, stingrays, anda large variety Of birds, The objects included in the exhibi- ion are representative of the finest works of at in public and private col- Tections across the United States and Include fifty treasures from the Museo Aniropologico Reina Torres de Arauz {in Panama, ‘The exhibition is complemented by indigenous muse, a video presen- tation, gallery guides, and a research monograph with over 150 colour plates of artworks and 120 black-and- Iwhite illustrations of design elements and design motifs arranged according to specific styles and chronological periods, CENTRAL PANAMA, 3 cocut MINERVA 8 Armand J. Labbé, Director of Research and Collections atthe Bowers Museurn of (Cultural Ar, Santa na, California, i the curator of Between Empires: The Artistic Legacy of Prehispanic Panama and author ofthe research monograph ‘Guardians ofthe Life team: Shamans, Art and Power in Prehispanic Central Panama. Between Empires: The Artistic Legacy of Prehispanic Panama Isat the Bowers Museum of Cultural ‘Art, Santa Ania, California, util 20 August 1995, Exhibition ‘monograph $39.95. 11, Map of Panama showing the Contrat Tegion Sites and Provinces Hig 9. THcolour jar with coiled serpent ‘marking off the our cardinal ‘trectons Montijo Tras: ‘onal Ste (Contra egion ©. AD 00-600, Pg 10. rHeotour oud jar depict. “ng reflections of upper wort ity ier Polychrome Sil. Contra Regioney TRESORS THE INTERNATIONAL FINE ART & ANTIQUES FAIR FOR ASIA Asia's most important international fair for painti stg sth, clei oanvolCe Pitot SINGAPORE 1995 ieerosucnecd 1996 =" 1997 , eee Suntec Centre Se eantics For further information contact peel Iehitia . siesta—(_Bevation NEW DISCOVERIES AT AKSUM, ETHIOPIA David W. Phillipson Recent excavations at Aksum in Ethiopia have been casting new light on the spectacular remains of ‘the last of the great civilizations of Antiquity to be revealed to modern knowledge.’ he ety of Aksum lies in the Tigray highlands in nosthem Ethiopia igs 1, 2). During the early centuries AD it was he capital of a major trading state which has been described as ‘the last ff the great civilizations of Antiquity to be revealed to modern knowledge’ In thelz heyday the kings of Aksum ruled not only in Africa but also across the Red Sea in what is now Yemen, Archacologically, Aksum is best known for its series of monumental stelae (Fig 3), some of which are carved in representation of multi storeyed bulldings: they probably date from about the thied or fourth cen- tures AD. They are remarkable monu ments, not least because of their sheer size (Fig 4). Each consists of a single piece of granite, which must have been transported from quarries at least four kilometres distant from the site where It was to be erected (Fg 8) The largest of the stelae, now fallen and broken, would have been 29.8 ‘metres high ‘and some 517 tonnes in weight (Fig 6). This monument is a steong candidate for consideration as fone of the largest single monoliths which human beings have ever attempted to erect. Our research has been able to throw interesting light ‘on the significance and symbolism of these remarkable monuments. The fourth century was also the time when the kings of Aksum adopted Christianity. The city has remained a major eeligious centre ever since, dominated by the Cathedrals of Saint Mary of Zion (Fig 7) where, according to the traditions of the Ethiopian Orthodox Chusch, is kept the Ark of the Covenant brought to Ethiopia by Menelik, the son of Fig 1. View of Aksu from the north Tie ncient ‘ty covered an rea much lager ‘ham is modern Solomon and the Queen of Shebs. Archaeology has the potential to be our main source of knowledge about the Aksumite past, but there are also occasional reierences in surviving Classical texts such as the Periplus of the Enjthracan Sea in the fist century AAD, and a series of inscriptions, in tat Ethapic an Greek, from Aksum Asif, The coinage, issued in gol, sl ver and bronze between the third and seventh centuries, likewise provides significant information. Ethiopian tra dition, some of which was committed to writing in later times, is also highly and directly relevant, Previous exczvation has largely concentrated on the city's remarkable ‘monumental architecture and on its long-distance trade contacts. Luxury _manufactured goods, imported mostly MINERVA 10 from the eastern Medltereanean via the Red Sea port of Adulis, have been recovered in some quantity. We know far less, however, about whatever was exported in exchange, although the Periplus indicates that ivory was important. Likewise, litle attempt has yet been made to understand the Tocal economic base, presumably founded in indigenous #thiopian agri culture, which led to the rapid rise of urbanism, These are some ofthe prin- cipal topics which the current research seeks to address, The current excavations at Aksurn began in 1993. They are conducted under the direction of the author, swith the British Institute ia Eastern Arica as principal sponsor. Major research grants from the Society of Antiquaries of London and from the[iitish Academy are supplemented by the McDonald Institute for Archaco- logical Research in the University of Cambridge, and by the British Museum. In Ethiopia, the project receives invaluable support and asss- tance from the national, regional and ecclesiastical authorities, and from Addis Ababa University. ig 2 Map showing the locaton of Aksum 3 elon). ve sew of he matn Fig 4 (right). The standing sta, 20.8 ‘metres high MINERVA 11 ‘The alms of the current project cannot be expressed exclusively in research terms, We also seek to con tulbute something more tangible to Ethiopia and its people. The provision of fleld experience and training to Tocal archaeologists i thus regarded as an integral part of the projet, as are monument conservation and the development of museum facilites ‘The ‘Tomb of the Brick Arches’ Although located in the centealstelae area, this tomb does not appear to have been associated with any parti ular stela, and probably dates from the late thicd or ealy fourth centuries AD. The tomb is approached by ‘means of an entrance with 18 sur ing stone steps (Fig 8), The entrance, 12 metres long by 1.5 metres wide reaches a depth of 6.2 metres and was originally roofed with rough stone Lintls. ts east side retains the original stone wall to its full height in aremarkably fine state of preseevation At the foot of the steps, 2 hosseshoe- shaped brick arch glves access to the tomb, which comprises four zock-cut chambets thelr floor being almost ten metres below the modern ground sut- face. It appears that the complex was roughly carved out as a whole, then subdivided by the insertion of stone cross-walls Incorporating brick arches built with lime-mortar (Fig 9), Excavation has been concentrated In the second chamber, where @ mass of archavological material was pre- served (Fig 10), despite having suf- fered some disturbance in ancient umes. It appeared that the tomb's contents had been raked over, result Ing, for example, in the disarticula- tion of one or more human skeletons and, presumably, in the removal of Excavation MINERVA 12 __} ig 5 (le). One of the quarries where the stelas were cut Fig 6 (below). The ‘rea fallen stele Fig 7 (bottom) sint’caye view of the Cathedral of Satnt Mary of Zion erected on the pdt of the any items of high intrinsic value. Large numbers of complete and bbroken pots (Fig 11) were mixed with fragmented glass vessels, some of very fine quality which must have featured prominently among Aksum's luxury inports, There were also the remains ‘of wooden boxes which had been covered with metal plaques inlaid vith designs in coloured glass paste (ig 13). Other metal items were of iron, bronze and silver Particular interest attaches to a substantial quantity of ivory, includ fing two very large panels carved with elaborate representations of vines and animals (Fig 12). Although parallels fare known over a wide area, the ani mals give these specimens a uniquely ‘Aksumite aspect. The two panels are probably best interpreted as having domed the back of an elaborate air or throne, A further type of ivory object from this tomb consists ‘of about two dozen thin square panels finely cacved with concentric circles around a domed metal stud. It is tempting to suggest that these may have adorned some form of chest. A small cylindrical box, carved with exquisite delicacy froma single plece of ivory, was also recovered. We have here direct archaeological evidence for Aksumite involvement not only with trade in ivory (previously attested in written sources), but also ‘with the local wosking of that mater. Jal ata very high artistic and techno: logical evel ‘The Giant Stela and its Associated Tombs Another of our major excavations Is centred on the largest of the stelae, briefly noted above, which seems to have fallen whilst attempts were being made to erect it (Fig 14). It is carved on all four sides in representa‘ig 11 (below). Pottery bow fons the ‘Tom of the Brick Arches’, ts base bearing a model of yoked oxen. lg 12 (right). Carved Ivory panel fom the “Tomb of he Brick —— Excavation Hg (ef). Entrance tothe "Tomb of the Brick Arches’ 4 9abae. ade he Tomb ofthe ck ances, sowing he ding walls een ‘haber. Fig 10 (et, centre) Inside the “Tomb ofthe Brick Arches’, showing the mass of ateucts ‘an the floor of the second chamber, tion of a 13-storey building. It was known from earlier excavations that major tombs survived on either side of the stela, and our work has concen trated on the westerly tomb, desig nated the 'Mausoleum’. It was entered through a monumental portal leading Into a passage 16,7 metres long and 41.9 metres wide, roofed with massive ‘dressed granite slabs in which were ‘cut three square apertures connected to stone-lined shafts that originally Jed to the ground surface (Fig 15). The passage has a height of 2.3 metres, and its stone-flagged floor is 5.9 metres below the modem surface, At its western end, the passage leads t0 a brick arch set upon massive slabs of dressed granite (Fig 16). [tis likely that a similar arch was originally located immediately Inside the entry. portal; the brickwork has not sur vived, but the stone slabs from which it sprang have suffered only minor Aisplacement. Clearance of the brick arch at the western end of the central passage revealed that the granite roof-sabs did not continue further. It was there fore necessary to excavate on a large scale down from the modern surface in order to investigate the western side of the arch, This excavation even= tually reached a depth of over 5.5 ‘metres and revealed the presence of a second, broken, megalithic portal nearly identical to that preserved at the Mausoleum's eastern end (Fig 19) ‘The two entrances to the tomb thus appear to have been symmetrical ‘On each side of the Mausoleum’s central passage are five sidechambers, ‘making ten in all, each 6,6 metres Tong by 1.7 metres wide (Fig 18). At the entrance to each of these, had originally been a brick arch springing, from dressed stone slabs: none MINERVA 13 remains intact although the slabs and substantial remains of the brickwork survive, The sidechambers, like the central passage, had been largely but rot completely cleared in antiquity, before being filled with debris and rubbish; some materials apparently ating to the original deposit were, however, recovered. These included pleces of fine coloured-glass inlay, engraved mother-of-peat plagues and a copperalloy handle plated in gold The internal walls of the Mau- soleum, constructed of rough stones set in mud-mortar, were originally thickly plastered with a coarse grittyid ron plaque from the Tomb ofthe Brick Arches’ nal wlth ooured ass pase ig 14 above right). The megathc tomb known as Nefas Mawcha, destroyed bythe fll ‘ofthe great stela Te capstone of Nefas Mancha welghs 360 tones. Fig 15 (right) Excavation in progress in the ‘Mausoleum’ central passage render: careful examination fled to marked by stele, The finely carved any laces of painted or other storey stele wee decoration. This vender had alo been dating to around the beginning of the applled tothe cracks between te root fourth century AD. The lage of ll slabs and is a previously unrecorded was assoclated with tombs of great unitearchtecure. complexity and magnificencey and here can be title doubt that ‘The Stelae and the lite Tombs wet te usa places ol We are now able to offe: a much ~ presumably f Zmplifed understandiag of the cen- not only the power, authority tral scloe area (Fig 17); During the technological ex Kingdom, but abo is capaity fr the organtsation of manpower. it seems likey thatthe fall ofthe great ste closely coin Pig 16 lef. Insde the ‘Masolewnt, soning the western arch [and the entrance ta sdechamber ig 17 (stow). Excavation in progress in the main sola area. The ‘Hench nthe fneground exposed The orginal it of ste taken to Rome in 1938 MINERVA 14ar 2 with the coming of Christianity. The erection of stelae seems thereafter to have been abandoned. Later élite tombs wete of distinct but related types, such as the structure named the "Tomb of the False Door’. The sub- structure is reminiscent of earlier tombs, but the superstructure — although retaining a false door identi- fal to those on the stelae ~ has a dis- UUnct, squat form. I believe that we can see here evidence for the Chris- tianising of tomb architecture among the Aksumite dite, Religious and Domestic Areas In 1994 we were able to extend our ‘work into several new areas in and on the outskirts of Aksum. Permission was granted for us to conduct a detalied survey of the Cathedral precinct at Aksum (Fig 20). Investig tons included the great Aksumite podium on which the present Olé Cathedral was built in the seven= teenth century but which is believed to date back at least to Aksum’s first Christian chureh, the basilica erected by King Ezana in the fourth century. ‘Teal excavations were conducted in the area on the northern edge of the ancient city, where archaeological remains of domestic occupation are preserved, Stone walls were located which showed signs of repeated repair and alteration; these were associated with stratified deposits up to two metres deep, extending back to at least the sixth century AD. ‘Three further annual field seasons are planned with the expectation that, by 1997, we shall have achieved a much broader understanding of ancient Aksumite civilization, empha- Sising is internal workings and econ- omy, as well as the local input for Its Tong.distance trade links. uh MINERVA 15 ig 18 (above let) nse the ‘Mausoleum: asidechamber, ig 19 (above ight). The western entrance tothe ‘Mausoleum’, ‘ewe from the ground surface ig 20 (helo). The festival of Sant Mary of Zion. Dr David Phillipson is Curator ofthe Museum of Archaeology ‘and Anthropology and Reader tn Affcan Prehistory atthe Unversity of Cambridge. avid Philipson will give a lecture on Recent Archaeological Discoveries at Aksum atthe British Museu on 20 September. For detals contact the Honorary Secretary, the Sudan Archaco- logical Research Society othe British Museum, London, WCIB 3DG, te. (0171) 323 8500, FURTHER READING G. Connah, 1987. Affican Cviliza tions: precolonial cities and states in tropical Africa ~ an archaeolog- ‘al perspective (chapter 4). Cam- Dridge: Cambridge University Press. S. Munto-Hay, 1989, Excavations at Aksum. London: British Institute in Eastern Africa Munro-Hay, 1991. Aksum: an ‘Afican civilisation of late antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. D.W. Phillipson, 1994. The signit- feance and symbolism of Aksum- Ite stele’. Cambridge Archaeological Jourmal 4: 189-210,[Scientific Dating } —— = A NEW AGE FOR THE UFFINGTON WHITE HORSE New scientific techniques have enabled archaeologists to date the Uffington White Horse, the huge white figure shown galloping across the side of the chalk downland in southern England, to much earlier than was previously believed. David Miles the Horse gallop and allow visitors to breathe. Something could be done about the serious erosion caused by: visitors funnelling into the limited public space on White Horse Hill. The potential for improved management, protection and. interpretation, appealed to Englsh Heritage and the National Trust, For the archaeologists there was the fascination of the centuries-old questions, ‘Who made the White Horse and why?" But was this @ ques- tion that could be answered? In order to date sites archacologists excavate and analyse strata and the artefacts tencapsulated in trem. Sceptics argued ‘that the usual excavation techniques could not work on the White Horse, fan image simply cut into challe bedrock. The biggest breakthrough came notin the fleld but while exe Pi 1. An aerial vew ofthe Uffngton White Horse, ORCHME Crown Copyright NMR 29/835, Pig 2. Wayland’ Smithy, a netithic chamber tom’ dating 0 3000 BC, and ‘von ies present name by the Argo Sax ‘on showing the continuation of at ancient mytholey relating fo horses he Usfington White Horse is have speculated about its origin, yet one of the best known and surprisingly few scientific or system. ‘most distinctive icons of the atic investigations have taken place British past Fig 1). its elegant until very recently. 1n 1980 several land abstract form, neatly 110 metzes members of the Oxtord Archaeologt in length, leaps across a downland cal Unit spent @ weekend surveying ‘etched by prehistorie monuments: the the White Horse. The results were not ‘great hilifort of Uffington Castle, bur- dramatic but it started a dialogue with, Tal mounds such as Wayland’s Smithy the National Trust, the owners of the (Fig 2) and the Ridgeway, the green Horse, and English Heritage, its legal road linking Avebury and Wessex guardians. ‘with the Thames Valley and East ~The time was opportune. The Hon: Anglia (Fig 3) ourable David Astor had recently ‘The Horse itself is ancient. It was given the National Trust a stretch of listed in a medieval document, along downland around the White Horse, so ‘with Stonehenge, as one of the Won- that it need no longer temain cor- ders of Uritain, For the past thrge cen- . ralled by barbed wire and ploughed turles antiquaries and archaeofogists fields. There was an opportunity to let MINERVA 16 OO ee elle." DBS— Scientific Dating — Fig3.A map ofthe Bronze Age which showed that by 700 area showing the 3C: the downland alzeady existed anc ancient sitesi the RC.Shs downland eee The White Horse occupies an ancient and much-used landscape, Several incisions were carefully cut Into :the Horse itself. The First one located Grimes's trench. We knew we were in the right place when at the base of the cut we found a penny of 1952, which he had considerately placed for future generations, Other trenches were placed across the body of the Horse, The fist problem to tackle was the shape of the Horse. Was the present abstract, sinuous and segmented shape the original one? Two credible theories have been argued in recent decades. Professor Stuatt Piggott, not Ing the stylistic sumllaity to horses on } a aah ey vating Ministry of Works archives in ity metres provided a below-ground the Elephant and Castle, London. In picture (Fig 6). These surveys made it the files we found records relating to possible to target particular questions ‘work done on the Horse by the Min- and specific areas for excavation istry after the Second World War. hick might hold the answers. During the War some cautious off- Some of these questions related to cials had had the Horse covered over the landscape itself ~ its formation, in case it should provide a landmark how the vegetation cover had to antiquatian-minded Luftwaffe changed and how it has been used by pilots, In the late “40s and early 'S0s people over the millennia, In a dy, the Horse was allowed to see the light chalky enviconment the best poten: of day again, and in the Ministry files tial source of evidence was ancient there was a drawing and a photo- buried sols. Most of these were in the graph showing that during the Manger, the dramatic, steep-sided, dry restoration a trench had been care- valley beneath the Horse, The Manger fully excavated Into the head and the _ has acted as a sump into which env so-called ‘beak’ of the Horie. To our ronmental materials have been delight this showed clearly that the washed for the past 12,000 years. Hozse was not simply scoured into Trenches sliced into the base of the natural chalk. Instead successive Manger revealed a time capsule of trenches were filled with rammed soils from the end of the last lee Age chalk ~ the Horse was a layer cake of when the valley was party tilled by strata over three fect deep (Fig 5) frost-shattered chalk and scoured out The Instigator of this excavation by melting snow fields (Fig 7). Above was unknown and the result had were the solls created when the fist never been published or disseml- farmers cleared some of the forest nated. Further enquiries, however, cover some 5000 years ago. Preserved proved that the archaeologist in beneath prehistoric earthworks we wheat there. _rallstic in its design Charge of the post-Wat restoration found other buried sols from the Late sent team to, Our trenches have settled the hhad been W.F. (Peter) Grimes, later Detiveiathe shape argument. The Horse was Diente Mase ot Conc ‘construction of the formed by cutting a trench into the and Dicector of the Institute of upieted then ground which was then filled with ‘Archaeology at London University Jestfeouring from chalk. For the image to survive It had Grimes’s trench provided the thechalk bedrock. to be cleaned and scoured every few impetus to launch the White Horse years. Sometimes nev layers of Chalk Hill project in 1989. The aim was to ‘were rammed in. Thomas Hughes, study the whole historic landscape author of Tom Brown's Schooldays and around the Horse, to put the animal 4a native of Uffington, recorded the in context, and at the same time pro- last of the great local scouring fest vide information to help with the vals in September 1857, in his book restoration and maintenance of a very ‘The Scouring of the White Horse. The sensitive area. The archaeologist could scouring is remarkable but the not just let rip with machines and method of construction resulted in large scale trenches; this had to be the shape remaining relatively fixed; brain surgery rather than an autopsy. it has not changed much over the Fig4-Oneof Lae Iron Age British coins, has sug ‘he const wattecaret gested thatthe Usington Horse orig ercioranieet®™ tated in the fst century BC. In taken nthe Taio, contiast, Diana Woolner proposed & Showing theeak’ pagan Anglo-Saxon date, about AD sqitized upon G00, observing that the Horse may wshion THE Wa5 Goce have been larger and tore nat In the fest stages the techniques used Hig S.A.small years were non-destructive: computerised square rench cut" Nevertheless a stylistic bass 1s not aerial surveys and detailed ground by the present |g strong one upon which to date a fis team nadie beak (chastise te alas more fhe the tayercake? sceptical about our chances of dating ‘onstruction. the origins of the White Horse. The surveys mapped every hump and bump on the hill, Geophysical sur veys with magnetometers and resistiv MINERVA 17THE BVRLINGTON MAGAZINE. is one of the world’s leading fine art journals. Established in 1903, The Burlington Mag Ivis an authoritative international work of reference, and each month you will find: Gomment on topical issucs New ideas and discoveries Accalendar of current museum and dealer exhibitions worldwide A ments of lectures, conference, research in progress Supplements of acquisitions by the world’s museums, ‘Advertisemen's from the world’s leading galleries, auction houses, publishers and museums Reviews of'new books and current exhibitions offer for readers of Minerva 6 + Rest of the World £108 Spec UK £95 * USA/Canada USS 14-16 Duke’s Road, London WGrH gAD Tel: 0171-388 1228 Fax: 0171-388 1229 "APOLLO APOLLO ot Nenhhan THE INTERNATIONAL ART AND ANTIQUES MAGAZINE SAVE 25% off the cover price Annual subscription (12 issues) UK £7000, Overseas £7500. USA (air speeded) $125.00 Single copies, ineluding p&p £10.00, (All major rei card accepted) APOLLO MAGAZINE 29 CHESHAM PLACE « LONDON SW1X 8HB. ‘TEL: 071-235 1998 « FAX: 071-235 1689 This spell ise iil able on @ 10 (mc pep)EEE ES = | Scientific Dating ~-;_ a ‘odds were improved, however, by the 2000 years old? We know that it was development in the late 1980s of a regarded as a great mystery about 900 new dating method. Scientists at years ago. For the prehistoric art his Oxford University Research Labora- torians a date a5 old as 1000 BC pre- tory for Archaeology and History of sents problems. Possible equine A were developing Optically Stimu- parallels exist in the Iron Age, on lated Luminescence (O.S.1.) Dating. Goins in the first century BC and éven This method aims to date the last gs fat bck a the sixth century on the exposure to sunlight of burled soils I Hochdort couch, found in a princely ‘was unlikely that we would find pot- burial, But forthe landscape archacol tery or coins (other than Professor —oglst a Late Bronze Age/Eatly lion Age Fig 6 (above lef). This then was a period of rapid Grimes's) in the Body of the White date makes sense. The period around Ageophysiel sur. population growth when tertory wes Horse, Even carbon for C14 dating $00.600 BC was one of intense activ- LOVBEME com Dug carved! cut and protected and might bea problem. However, buried ity on the Downs. For the fst time {tted mew the ors defended. Peps the White solisor sits were a distinc possibilty, great blocks of land were divided by EWP te Morac, i TN) AMM Dees Os and in the final season of work in ditched boundaries. Fortified sites fi 7(@h™2-A, bar'ie was also.a banner winch 1994 we located the most promising appeared on the hilltops. The hilllon’ howihe te mete marked the ancestral busiel grounds samples, sits in the lowest levels of of Urfington Castle has been dated to “tutinthebortom’ oftheir ancestor and thelrsucreoere the Horse's belly. this period by the White Horse Pro- fekamine ie’ Above the White Horse we found By the end of 1994 Professor Mike ject. To the east Rams Hill has ¢™tonmemtal — f00),'00 G/at Stare we fone Tite and Julie Rees-Jones of the recently been similarly redated by the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and Oxford Laboratory had the results: ntish Museum. On the adjacent bill Anglo-Saxon periods (Fig 8). During three dates all centred on 1000 BC. to the west, Tower Hil, we have also some 4000 years the dead were ‘These are statistical dates and so the recently found a large Bronze Age set interred on the hill, thetr burial likely range is 1400-600 BC. They sug-tlement. Alongside one of the round mounds silhouetted against the sky. gest that the Uffingion White Horse houses was a spectacular hoard of This ceased in the Chastisn period, was frst carved into the hillside in bronze axes, buried before the crafts bot the Horse was adopted as an icon the Late Bronze Age. man had actually finished making of St George who is std to have slain Is this possible? Can the Horse be somie of them, around 650 BC. the dragon on Dragon Hil, the dis: tinctive chalk pyramid above the Manger (ig 9). Perhaps iti the abil- ity of successive generations of people to Identify with the White Horse and adopt it asa meaningful icon that has resulted in its survival for over 25 cen- tues u Fig (ep). View Siceactne’ ‘the prehistoric og Moura ar row which haa oman eometery ‘nit Fie 9 (righ. Drag Hil above the Manger. David Mites is Director ofthe Oxford Archaeo. legical Unit MINERVA 19New Gallery A NEW PREHISTORY FOR LONDON The Museum of London has embarked on an ambitious programme of gallery renewal, designed to carry the capital's story forward into the next millennium. The new Prehis- toric Gallery, ‘People before London’, which opened at the end of last year, is the first of this new generation of galleries, and displays half a million years of human activity in the lower Thames Valley prior to the founding of Londinium by the Romans in the middle of the first century AD. he Museum of London is the result of an amalgamation of two separate museums: the Puildhall Museum In the City (established by the Corporation of London in 1826) and the London Museum in Kensington Palace (estab- lished by Viscount Harcourt and Lord Esher In 1912), When it opened to the public in 1976, its galleries broke new ground in presenting a linear, chrono- logical biography of a city using a combination of original objects, reconstructed stings, text, graphics, sound and lighting. The original Pre- Jonathan Cotton ig 1 eft). Thow- ‘sands ofa pur- pone euting nd chopping tool Ihave been found in the Thames Valley. This example, rom hee Hotel, Glasshouse ‘end dating to «6480 000-120,000, ‘BG, tsone of he fines. historic Gallery was intended to set the geological and topographical scene, and to display as muet as pos: sible of the Museum's rich holding of prehistoric artefacts, many of which hhad been recovered from the waters of the River Thames, and from commer. cial gravel digging both upstream and ‘downstream of the City. Herein lay a problem, however, for splendid though these objects were, few had reliable archaeological contexts. By the same token, the handful of prehis- torie sites then Known through excae vation were isolated monuments unrelated in space if not time; virtu ally nothing was known of the overall MINERVA 20 Fig 2 (above). Copper, fit and bone agers from the Tams West Lon, pattarn of settlement of which they formed part. The years since 1976 have wit- nessed an explosion of archaeological fieldwork and research, much of it carried out by the Museum's own Staff, Excavations conducted ahead of evelopment programmes across Lon- don have revealed much that Is new and unexpected, and have begun to provide a framework within which earlier findings can be set. The evi- dence has been summarised by Nick Merriman in his book Prehistoric Lon-- [New Gallery -—_ — _ don (HMSO 1990), although such has ficldworkers such as A.D. Lacaille and been the pace of discovery that even WF, Grimes. AS a reslt, we can now this is now out-of-date in certain begin to talk in terms of the develop- respects, ment and utilisation of the whole of The new Gallery incorporates the the post-glacial landscape after c. results of detailed audience research 10,000 BC, from the butchery sites and is divided into two main sections: and base camps of nomadic hunter ' chronological narrative, and a cen- gatherers to the defended enclosures, tual ‘spine’ devoted to early technolo- farmsteads, field-systems and tracle gies (eg. stone, wood, pottery, metals ways of highly-stratiied later prehis ttc). The chronological narrative is torte communities. enlivened by a series of dramatic dio- Evidence from the fourth and third ramas, painted landscape friezes, millennia BC is particularly well-rep artists’ reconstructions, newly-com: resented in the area, In the fourth mmissioned models and an evocative millennium BC activity seems to have bird-song soundtrack, while the tech- hugged the Thames and its major Wib nology spine Incorporates a number utaries. Earthen monuments of ‘cause of touch-panels and ancient-and- wayed enclosure’ type, thought to modern equivalents inviting the visi- represent the communal meeting tor to make a direct connection with places of scattered "farming’ comme the early past. The Gallery has also nities, are now known from Staines been kept deliberately ‘low-tech’ ~ Eton Wick and Dorney, while rectan. there are no computers or videos to gular ‘houses’ have been identified at cause bottlenecks and break the Runnymede Bridge and Cranford. By atmosphere; a small Pepper's Ghost (a the third millennium BC there was @ rineteenth-century Music Hall illi- move out of the wetter valley floors sion which uses an angled semi-stl- and onto the wooded gravel teraces. vered mirror to superimpose one Seemingly domestic settlements are image on top of another) displaying harder to locate, and there appears to ig 3 (above). Accompanied by sx flint arrowheads, the dismem- ‘Caesar's Camp Heathrow then. ad dered remains of wild cow ov aurochs were buted in adap pit now a the only concession te nexle PAS Trom dagger of continental type ina {a Harmondsworth, north of Heathrow Airport. 1800 Hs ‘promze bound wooden sheath of lcal sive changes wrought on the local Tandseape by nature and people; and ‘to make it clear that such people were not necessarily ‘primitive” (the sham- bling caveman image dies hard), but perceptive, adaptive beings capable of rational thought and. collective action, ‘The aims are perhaps most difficult to achieve for the earliest periods of London's prehistory, when our evi dence is restricted f0 fin tools and animal bones buried deep within the Thames gravel terraces. We have attempted to surmount these diffcul- ties by featuring finds from famous localities in the West End of London and elsewhere ~ for Instance a fine handaxe (c. 350,000-120,000 BC) from the site of the Regent Palace Hotel off Piccadilly Circus (Fig 1) and mammoth and rhinoceros teeth (6. 1120,000-40,000 BC) from Whitehall and the Old Bailey. A later ‘Mouster- ian’ handaxe (¢. $0,000-40,000 BC), associated in Europe with people of ‘Neanderthal type, comes from an area just to the north of Heathrow Airport = another locality likely to be familiar to many modern visitors! This western part of London is heavily featured in the Gallery, for recent work has built on that catied out by seventeenth- and eighteenth century antiquaries like John Aubrey and William Stukeley, and post-war MINERVA 21Have you missed earlier issues of MINERVA ? Don’t despair, back issues can be supplied at £3.50 each in UK/Europe, or £4.00/US$7.00 in the rest of the world (subject to availability) QJANUARY 1990 GAPRIL 1990 OQ MAY 1990 QJUNE 1990 Ta scach ofan Ktrscan Wieck The Seuso Roman Siler Tranure Ancient uador Antiquities Chinese Ac ofthe Silk Route Thelekiingham Roman Bronses _AniguityFaleied Repaviated Pehisone Spanish Gole The Maseums of Libya Chinese Rock Art Hereianeum's Stolen Tremures Hana hataohe Desert oars ‘Asyran Gold foun lend Near Hiswin Archacclogy Conference Chaleoiie Cypres Borman Medicine rom the Sea the tae Amiga Sigrnuna Freud and antiquities Sato Pottery from Cyprus. Thess 2otecceary Atiquary Adela ecton tm Moco C.NOVEMBER 1990 JAN/FEB 1991 QSEPT/OCT 1991 QJAN/FEB 1992 Tana cea Gol Attar Gold om a Pirate Shipwreck Gold trom the Steppes: The decent Chinese Gol Precolumblan Mexia At Hrobleo te Allein ngisSeson ings attlssorough ©" Roman Siver Pate Ancient Egyptian Jewellery hrc Pers rchaclogy Paintings Detoit ane the Ancient World. Five Thousand Yeas of Glass Bish Seo a Athens Thecan Vila Eacsvation The Bush School at Home Ancient Jewellery and Archaeology New Coins atthe Ashmolean Pueblo tndian Pottery Sirloin Geriner Wikmson: Profile INDEX VOLUME? 1991 O.MAR/APR 1992 QMAY/JUNE 1992 QSEPT/OCT 1992 Q MAR/APR 1993 ‘Roman Forton the Red Sea Coast ‘The Laxor Temple Cache of Statuary Pre-Columbian Ar in Chicago Temple Sculpture fom North Inala (Geek Vases in tru ihe Aesthetics ofthe Forge ‘he Notes fame Span Mosals om jordan Medieval ove Poem Writer in Wax Rome: Tse Futre ofthe Past Ancient Paitin and ignanistan Chinese Tomb igure rom the ‘Ther Los Reger Conservation ia Lada ihe art ofthe ates Selloss Coieion The AIA Meeting is Chicago ‘Mos Keynes Meer Roman Sculptures Fond in gel_—_Etroscans in 200-Centry Earope Q MAY/JUNE 1993 UI SEPT/OCT 1993 QINOV/DEC 1993 QJAN/FEB 1994 NasieCentein Jordanian Deen ‘The Roal Tombs ot pin in Pew The Hose Roman Tras The George Oni Colston NSmuain Sibel: 4 Supply Base on Serolls fom the Deed Sea Avot Medieval Span 800200 Booty froma Roman Vila the Northen Font The Get KourosSeminsrin Athens ‘The Gold of Mesee Nese Layptan Cals in reutibuscans Cu of tae Gods Discover onze Age Spain Digs in Jordan, BMextbition Tandon & New Yon Queen Aahotpe spd the Minoans Atasna and PostAmaraa Art Ereavabons at Otznt, aly ‘Tae aking of Grae Postery Stoyal Runahat Vermin Coins of the Tweive Caesar The furitare of Wesken Ave Uncovering Chron Cath UUNIDROIT, une EC and Antiquities ‘Amorim a Byzantine dy bn twey CMAR/APR 1994 Q.MAY/JUNE 1994 QJUL/AUG 1994 U SEP/OCT 1994 ‘Amules ot ancent Egypt Seales anes Mongolia Molec Carthage” Ninneespechine Rincsand hedigates rade New galsier of ancl a Maya foyal Gomis oat mattnc tee {ne UNIDAOIT Cobventsn ‘lcago eMac UShertng Meda Wal Nev mussum icy The Ant indus Navivesuetove bit ew Grek cateryin Padephis— Tearsstfige en P ‘ius Sas Repos Neo Twit the Ancnt Maye hur Weil ot The nee 994 angles sks GQ NOV/DEC 1994 U JAN/FEB 1995 Q MAR/APR 1995 rc Acclaim Corecrernetak™ — Rateacmat™ iss pete wate Please send your order and payment to: Minerva, Back Issues Department, 14 Old Bond Street, London WiX 3DB. Tel: 0171 495 2590 * Fax: 0171 491 1595 ‘Aitractive dark blue rexine covered MINERVA BINDERS are available to Keep your back issues easily accessible and in good condition. Volumes one, two, three, four, five arid six are kept in stock. The price, which includes postage and mailing carton, is: £5.50 within the UK, £6.50 or US$12.50 elsewhere. Please send your order and payment to the address above. Allow 28 days for delivery.have been an increasing rellance on ritual observances, both through the construction and re-use of small cite Jar ‘henge’ enclosues and bankeand- ditch alignments, and the deliberate eposition of special groups of pot tezy, lint tools and animal bones on land and in the Thames. “The Gallery contains a particularly good selection of these ‘special’ finds, Tand finds include antler tools, human burials, deformed Wwoll skull And the base ofa sewn bark container ftom recently excavated henge enclo- sures at Shepperton and Lover Hor ton, and decorated pottery bowls, burnt hazelnut shells, dingwork and the dismembered carcass of a wild ‘cow accompanied by six flint arrow= hheacls trom a series of sinall pits at Harmondsworth (Fig 3). (The latter in particular were fotnd not far from 8 bitched avert of ‘cursus’ monument which runs north-south under the western edge of Heathrow Aisport; ‘ver two and a half miles in length, it is the second longest cursus known from Britain.) It is tempting to explain some of these deposits as the remains of formal autumnal feasts, Gan we perhaps see them as an early ‘equivalent of the Celtic New Year tes tival of Samain, modern Halloween? River finds inclucle many well- known artefacts recovered a8 4 result fof nineteenth-century dredging opera tions, These compitse laxge auumbers fof ground and polished axes, together with a fine and representative attay of Bronze Age tools, weapons and oma- ments (Fig 4). Many of the later may have been deliberately thrown into the Thames by communities whose wooden trackways, feld-systems and circular defended enclosures now dot- ted the local landscape, The many bronze swords from the river in par ticular could be related to the absence ff a recognisable burial rite on the adjacent banks, Were the cemains of dead warriors offered to the Thames Along with their sde-anins? New Gallery Fig 6, Diorama of house trtr a hares He, th ‘Sih entry BC, ‘based on exe ‘ated evidence ‘rom West Landon ‘and beyond. Pig 7. Pony searof 2nd on Ist century Cate, tnt tenet ring on cin ie ro the Thames ate wor an the so ‘aed Brentford “horm-eap This terete ste Pinest of a group of Motto east Drone Ions whose "pose rman sear they ay Ihave been chartot orhamiess tis Although these Thames-se com munities were well-placed to take ful advantage of the cross-channel trad In bronze between the ninth and sev tenth centuries 8C, they may have teen hard hit as bronze gave way to iton soon after. The London area has few of the hillforts which characterise thls period in other parts of Britain Most of the local population appear to have lived in small farmsteads engaged In a mixture of stock raising and crop growing. Although some set> tlements had more specific functions connected with iron Working, the vor lume of objects offesed to the river diminishes sharply at this time as Jocal smiths struggled to come to terms with the new meta. A sina but select group of ton daggers in innov: ative bronze-bound wooden seabbards (Fig 5), and a range of hinged bronze brooches from the west-London ‘Thames demonstrate Hhat certain sec tions of the local populace had access to prestige objects; pointed iron ‘swords (several with decorated blades) appear in the river from the fourth century BC, For reasons which are still not uundetstood, the London area appears to have lain outside the mainstream ‘of tribal politics in the last century oF So BC, It could be that the Thames, formerly something of a highway into Jowland Britain, now marked the boundary between neighbouring tulbes whose main centres or oppida were set well back from the river, Cer tainly, on present evidence, London was not ise a tibal centr, although a number of important settlements were beginning to appear down stream. (On the evidence of coin dis tributions, John Kent has also argued MINERVA 23 for the presence of another such set tlement upstream in West London, though no trace has yet been found fon the ground,) Most of the local population probably lived in smaller facming settlements, of which a num ber have been excavated, and were pethaps litle affected by the Roman ‘Conquest of AD 43, Some of these set- tlements continued in use beyond the Ponquest; several later developed into fully fledged villas Despite this apparet local fortunes, the Thames cont to receive splendid offerings. A few exceptional picees of martial equip: ment such as the Battersea Shield and the Waterloo Bridge Helmet were joined by items of pony hasness and Feasting eae (Fig 7); the famous so called Brentford ‘norn-cap', with its fantastically convoluted decoration [originally inlaid with red enamed, and the stave-built bronze bound tankand trom Kew are good examples ‘ofthis, and bot are featuted in the displays. Such objects represent the high water mark of Celtic artistic achievement ‘Overall, the alm of the Gallery isto portray prebistory and prehistoric people in a more positive light, So that when, on our final panel, we ask, "Now, what does prehistory mean to you?’ (answer: the shaping of the landscape, development of social structures and Ideologies, crafts and technology, customs and thelie?), the visitor i left in no doubt that sham- bling cavemen are definitely off the ral i Jonathan Cotton is Curator Pr story) at the Museum of London:—— Museum Exhibition FROM 1000 BC TO AD 1000 Treasures and People from the Black Sea Filippo Salviati ntil 25 June the exhibition “rom 1000 BC to 1000 AD: ‘Treasures and People trom the Black Sea’ will be on dis: play in the Sala dell’Arengo, Palazzo Gel Podest in Riminl, Italy. The exhi- biton focuses on the peoples who dolled in the noxthern regions of the Black Sea, illustrating thelr history from an aichaeologica, art historical, hisorical and anthropological point of view The lands bordering the Black Sea have since antiquity been seen as remote and mysterious, This was the homeland of the legendary Cimmee ans mentioned in Homer's Odyssey and In the historical writings of Herodotus and Strabo, as well as in Asian records of the eighth century BC. Ie was a region described as being shrouded in perennial darkness and located neat the entrance to the Underworld, while the nomadic way Of life of the Cimmerians, their cus- toms, flerce nature and ferocious habits in war justified che epithet of barbarian’ given them by Classical Between the first millenium BC anc the year AD 1000, the period hich gives the Rimini exhibition its title, many nomadic and sem noradic people fought to gain con- tro. over this vast area, modern Ukraine and Crimea, The Cimmettans "isha ct Gold te ata uated near gleam, spar pono Ki ies Institue of Archacology, Ukraine Naot Aon of See were replaced by the Seythians (Smt fall of the seventh century BC to thica century BC), and later by the Sarmatans (hid century BE to hid century AD. The period between the tied and tenth centuries AD as marked by the tigation of many groups of people the Alans, Goths and Huns, destined totiafluence profoundly Buropean hi tory during the Late Antique perog tnd the early Middle Ages, Other minor etn ups which from the tenth othe tel centuries AD se tld in the Black Sea area comibuted to the formation ofthe nucleus fom trhieh the modern Bulgarians ong hated. MINERVA 24 Fic tain of than earings excavated in 1992 in tomb no, 4of village of Malate Lepetica,aistrict of Velija Le. tc in the region ‘of Chern. te century BCH. ‘ma Kles, Dnsteate of Archaeology, Ukraine National “helen of ‘Schnee The time span covered by the exhi- bition, slightly longer than its tele ‘would indicate, ends with the arrival of the Mongols who, in three succes Sive waves, gained control of the region in the thirteenth and four teenth centuries AD. ‘The geographical location of the Black Sea northern territories, at the heart of the route that links the Mediteeranean, tral Europe with Persia, Central Asia and China, and the variety of ethnic fgioups which have inhabited the reflected in the many different artiste Influences to be detected in the motifs on the objects in the exhib) ‘The main interest of the display lies not only in the fact that It tntzo duces to the general public the artistry of peoples who lived in one of the lesser known but nevertheless important regions of the world, but Fi 3. Goth-Alan culture, Bronze plague in openmork design with, ‘standing human figure in the centre. Found in tomb no. 85 of {he Luelstoe cemetery: Alusta, excavated from 1977 to 1954. The tombs date fromthe 6th tothe 12th century AD. ifropol, Crime: Historical Museum of the Republi» Crimea— Museum Exhibition Amongst the most striking objects in the exhibition are a gold Scythian cup (fifth century BC) decorated with horse heads of exquisite craftmanship from a Kurgan in the region of Chee son (Fig 8), # scabbard, also of gold, for a short Scythian akinak sword (fourth century HC) decorated with battle scenes between Grecks and Per sians, and the central patt of a shield Of the sixthseventh century BC as well as several Sarmatian, Scythian and Goth pieces of jewelley. ig, Ritual gold cup (phate) in decorate Toth six hore hea ee. Sethla ture, Excavated in 1990 inthe kurgan Fig 4. Scythian sold ohyton avinking ver. cated near the vilaeof Ol fino, dstret ct) decorated with enim real ad ‘of Gornostaerha,rgton of Chesson mythological, in combat scenes Excavated —Strcontury BC. Hs. em. Key Insite In 1990 bn the hurgan Tocated near the vi of Archacoegy, Ukraine National Academy rir arma, of Slences ute of Archavology, Uiruine Natlonal Academy ofSclenes, The catalogue edited by B.A. Arslan ana (C. della Porta, with essays by DN. N. Chapa, Savin bP, ‘rom 1000 BC to AD 1000: Treasures and People from Ma. Novicenkova, ALE the Black Sea (Dal Mille al Mil: Tesorle Popoll dal Mar 1G. Kramarovski, Ps Nero) is at Sala dell’Arengo e Palazzo del Podest, Piazza ‘and a biblignaphy of Cavour, Ritin, Italy, until 25 May, every day from 8.30 a.m. hhoused in muscums generally far off most recent publications, is published by 7-30 pam. Closed Monday. Information and bookings: Paola usual Louris itineraries or which are Elect, Milan. Itis informative and well Facclotto, Associazione Meeting, Tel: 0541/783100 Fax: normally closed to the general public. illustrated in black and white and colour 0s41/786422 MINERVA Be ey INDERS We are offering dark blue rexine-covered binders with the Minerva logo and the volume number blocked in gold on the spine. Volumes one, two, three, four, five and six are available. Please state your choice.when ordering. also that most of the 800 objects on show have been found during excava tUon work at archacological sites dur Ing the last decade and are now — Guzzo, A. OFFER PRICE UK (ine. vat.) £5.50 For farther informa USA & £6.50 or acon eeters et rest of the world US $12.50 Co, rN CEA cc All prices inclusive of postage & mailing carton, eet (Please allow 28 days for delivery) Send your order to Minerva Magazine, 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 3DB. Tel: 0171 495 2590 - Fax: 0171 491 1595 LONDON MINERVA 25———_———[___ Hellenistic art = THE HELLENISTIC WORLD: ART AND CULTURE A new permanent gallery at the British Museum Tan Jenkins 12 July of this year the supposed purity of the preceding Bultist Museum will open its Arehate and Classical periods, is no new gallery of Hellenistic art. longer a tenable viewpoint, Hellenis he disp: tic art may lack the apparently linear when Hellenistic a development through time, from ion to m, that charac lis rich offers a : terises earller Greek art. ¥ for so there has been an increasing diversity of style and gen Awareness that the old tendency to fascinating field of enquiry in which dismiss the Hellenistic world as an age questions zelating to chronological fof decadence, contrasting with the development are not the only ones Pig 1p). Marbte head of Atoxander Bel fiomAteun- divisions are not always so helpful in ‘dla ealing, with the Helenistic period as other sorts of approsch. In arranging g2 (above Mar- es exhibition thematically, the British reed Or, Museum has sought to provide a cul ‘Demosthenes. tuzal context for its collection of Hel Roman copy ofthe tenistic art, bringing to the fore certain ideas that typify ths intellec tually self-conscious age market place in ‘The rise of Macedon In the fousth 28086, fortyino century BC and the subjugation of under King Pallip 1! brought thenes"swicde.” tan end the politkal independence of the individual Greek cities, After Philip’s death in 336 BC, his son and MINERVA 26successor Alexander the Great (Fig 1) pursued his father's policy of expan Sonism far beyond the former bound: aries of Greece, and his conquest of the old empizes to the east and south ‘opened up vast new areas to the influ: ence of Greek culture, Following ‘Alexander's death in 323 BC, no sin. ale individual was strong enough to rule the empire he had created, and his generals divided ft up into a series of independent kingdoms. These lands were gradually ‘Hellenistd’, and the term ‘Hellenistic’ is used to describe the period between Alexan dder’s death and the fall af the last Independent kingdom to the advanc- ing Koman Empire, The defeat of Cleopatra and Antony at Actium in 31 BC may be taken as the political tend of the Hellenistic age. Egypt was the richest and longest-lived of the Hellenistic kingdoms, and Mark Antony was the last of the great Hel Tenistic heroes, of whom Alexander hhad been the fist ‘Athens vas among the indepen dent Greek city states that lost politi: cal freedom as a result of Macedonian ambition, and two of her orators had ‘much to'say on the subject. Demos: thenes (¢. 384-322 HC) urged military resistance, while Aschines (€. 390/389 after 314 BC) was the advocate of peaceful compromise. Following his sulcide by poison, Demosthenes was remembered as the greatest of all the Athenian orators and one of Greece's, noblest patriots. In 280 BC, forly-t0 years after his death, a statue of him by the sculptor Polyeuktos was rected in the Athenian macket-place Roman coples of this lost portrait show the brow knitted and the lips compressed to indicate the inner Struggle ofa troubled mind (Fig 2) ‘As ruler of all Greece, Alexander was keen to present himself as a wor thy champion, in the legendary mould of the Homeric hero. In 334 he crossed the Hellespont, the narrow | Strait separating Earope from Asia, and went fits t0 Troy. There he dedi. tated his armour to Athena and laid & ‘wreath at the tomb of Achilles, pro: = tege of Athena and champion of the Greek army in the Trojan War. This act prefigured Alexander's role as & ew Achilles liberating the Greek cities of Asia Minor from oriental rule. That same summer a successful engagement with the Persian army at the river Granicus, east of Troy, ‘opened the gates of Asia Minor, and Alexander proceeded to tour the Greek cities of the west coast, expelling their Persian garrisons, On reaching Priene he made a further dedication to Athena in the form of & ‘temple, on the wall of which his name was carved as a memorial of his benefaction, That inscription was found in the nineteenth-century exca- vation of the bullding (Fig 3) Like Priene, other cities in Asia Minor were refounded in the |: Slasical and Hellenistic periods and, as new sculptures were commissioned, to embellish the temples and sancti aries ofthese cites, there was work for sculptors, The sanctuary of Demeter at Knidos was Iaid out at about the MINERVA 27 Pig 3. Maybe wall ‘hock from the temple of Athena Polis at Prien “ihe imeripton ‘maybe translated: ng Alexarader ‘ticuted the ‘Temple to Athena Pola same time as the zefounding of the city around 350 BC. It consisted of & Tong platform terraced into the acrop- ols with spectacular views of the city below and the sea beyond. The sanc- tuary once held a large display of mar. ble sculptures, Many of these survive only as fragments, but the cult statue of Demeter herself Is. preserved remarkably intact (Fig 4). Demeter was the goddess of fertility: she gov- erned the eyele ofthe seasons and the growing of grain, She was also associ- ated with the Underworld and at Knidos she was worshipped together with Hades, consort of her daughter Persephone, ‘As well as sculpture, a number of other objects were recovered from the Sonctuary including tecracotta figuces, {and numerous lamps and glass bottles ranging in date from the middle of the fourth century BC to the Roman period. In addition, there was a group bf curses inscribed on lead tablets ‘These vividly Mlustrte the role of the sanctuary as a focus for magical belief and practice connected with the Underworld. Priene and Knidos were old cities refounded, but the Hellenistic period also saw the building of many new cities, not a few of them called Alexandria, forming part of the new community of Greek and Hellenised peoples. IF this was the political legacy of Alexander's conquests, then the cultural legacy was equally far reach ing, as the loss of autonomy at civic level prompted @ new emphasis on Individualism, Intellectual and artistic inventiveness were highly esteemed, and the self-conscious pursult of cult vated taste brought into being seem ingly modern activities such as writing about and collecting art. An Increase in private wealth generated 2 new interest in luxury goods, for both private consumption and public dis- play (igs 5-9). ‘As part of this self-conscious process of acquiring Culture, the Hel Tenlstic age developed an intense Fig 4. Marble statue ofthe Demeter of ‘Rnidos, 180290 BC.— ‘Hellenistic Art | MINERVA 28EGYPTIAN, CLASSICAL and WESTERN ASIATIC ANTIQUITIES and ISLAMIC WORKS OF ART Stenting rcs Nasa inn PCa eee eM CTO pen erate to NEW YORK Sea ne ON VIEW: from 27th May 1995 ENQUIRIES: Richard Kerescy or Seth Bright on TCE AE Perera nae tee ee Tn our offices and galleries worldwide. ‘To order with a credit card in the US Pere COOE CE ruS ati Comer ere RC Uae Ge In the UK please call (01252) 861414 or Enc CURES Ree An Egyptian granite block statue of the Foe a Le : period of Amenhotep II/Tuthmosis IV, a ss 4 circa 1426-1390 B.C. from the Mr. and Mrs. Klaus G. Perls collection. 21cm. (8in.) high. Estimate: $50,000-80,000 Sotheby's, 1334 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021. NS eTFg Bronze act of utoman poh representing Meander te Great 1 perhaps coped from a monumental gop (now lost) set up at Delph by Krateras, one of "Aleamder’ companions. 300-100 BC. Fig 9. Bronze mask of horned and bearded Dionysos. Handle ‘attache fm a stub ©, 200-100 BC. At Alexandria in the late third century BC, Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-205 BC) and his queen Arsinoe Il founded a temple of Homer. Recog- nisable from their portals, the king and queen are shown, in the bottom left-hand comer of 4 marble relief showing the apotheosis of Homer Fig, 11) behind the seated Homer eneath winged Ptolemy Is Inserived Chronos (Time); beneath Arsinoe Is written Oikeuené (Inhabited Word). They are thus portrayed not merely as mortal rules, but as the embodiment of universal concepts. Homer is flanked by ezouching fg ures petsonifying the Iliad and Odyssey, while in front of the poet stands an altar approached by a pro- cession of worshippers, whose names are given below in Greek, ‘Arranged In two tiers of figures above Homer are the nine Muses. With them are Apollo and, on the extreme right, a poet holding a scroll, perhaps the dedicant ofthe relief. The Composition is crowned by the redin ing figure of Zeus, and, looking up at him, a standing female figure, per naps Mnemosyne, the personification ff good memory’and mother of the Muses. ~ An important part of the artistic and literary milieu of the Hellenistic ‘Age was the theatre, and the very ‘ullding stself could serve as the focus of a city's cultural identity. Monu. ments were erected to those who funded the often lavish productions One such monument is associated with a marble statue of Dionysos, the fod of theatre, wro is shown seated weating a ¢hlton (unie) with ther skin over his left shoulder (Fig 12). In his left hand he probably held a kithara, a stringed musical instru- ment, The head snd left arm, now missing, were msde from separate pieces of marble, The back was hol: lowed out, perhaps to reduce welg Probably originally placed in the The atre of Dionysos at Athens, the statue was later moved to the so-called mon: uument of Thrasyllos further up the slope of the Acropali In S20/19 BC -thrasylios was me choregos responsible for financing the chonts entered by his tribe in a dra matic competition, Victory entitled the tbe to set up a commemorative ig 10, Bronze head of « poet, shought to Te the Ste comtury HC Athen play ‘writ Sophocles, 300-100 BC MINERVA 30bronze tripod, and Thrasylies built the monument to display it. In 271/70 BC his son Thrasykles added two vietory-tripods of his own, The tripods had probably already disap peated when the sta was placed on the monument, p haps atound AD 400, The monument was destroyed by the Turks in the Greek War of Independence, but the statue had fortunately been remov already by Lord Elgin, with whose e Tection it entered the British Museum in 1816. In the Classical period Athens hat enjoyed unrivalled status as the arts This role was shated with other cites in the He lenistic age, principally Pergamon in Asia Minor and Alexandria in Egypt hhroughout the Hellenistic period however, Athens remained the mos important centre for ancient philoso- phy, continuing the traditions estab lished by Plato and Aristotle. In the fourth century BC Plato and Aristotle had set out the essential systems of K thought. In moral and politica ‘of Dionysos te centre of Greec philosophy they had taken their lead from Socrates (469-399 BC), bes remembered for his penetrating examination of the human mind and questioning of the nature of know fxige. Plato's Academy also specialised Jn mathematics and astronomy, while Aristotle's Lyceum became renowned for ts work In botany and zoology Aristotle was tutor to the young Alexander, He witnessed the tise of Macedon, the creation of Alexander's empire and the great political, social and cultural upheaval that these events brought about. The iy all this was felt deeply at Athens among the intellectual descendants of Plato and Aristotle. These included Zeno (335-263 BC) and Epikouros (241-270 BC) who responded with the new philosophies of Stoicism and Epi: codes with that wete in tune, respectiv the cosmopolitanism and individual: ism of the day, and were to enjoy a long life, both in the Hellenistic age and in the following Roman period ig 13), @ MINERVA 31 ig 11. Marble seley showing the ‘apotheosis of Homer Signed by Archelaas of Prine ti sculpted by im 228-208 Be Fig 12. Marble statue of Dionysos, robb original place inthe theatre at Athens dnd subsequent tos. €. 300-100 BC. het of Anti themes (6 380.370 BC), founder of the Cynic school of sos. Roman the tate ppl, tome Dr lan Jenkins is Department of Greek ‘ad Roman Antig Museu,ganised by Dr Dorothea ‘Arnold, Lila Acheson Wallace Curator in Charge of the Department of Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, ‘An Ancient Egyptian Bestiary’ reveals hove extensive the collections of that department are. Approximately 170 representations of animals in a variety ‘of matetials, from alabaster to obsid fan, and size, from delicate, miniature amulets to monumental stone sculp- ture In the round, have been drawn from the department's callections, ‘The individual animal representations have been presented in environmen tal groupings showing which beasts shared the same Rabitat tn ancient times, be it desert, marsh, or farm land. The forthcoming spring issue of the Museum's Bulletin will feature most ofthe objects in the exhibition, The ancient Egyptian fascination with and reverence for animals has Jong puzzled Western man, accus tomed to asserting human superiority to and dominance over beasts, as elo: quently argued by Sophocles In his play Antigone. The Greeks, and partic: ularly the Romans, were horefied by the ancient Egyptian practice of ven exating deities In animal form, % the Robert S. Bianchi vituperative Fifteenth Satire of the Roman poet Javenal demonstrates, Such sentiments, however, were not confined to the criticisms of pagan, covreligionists ~ the writings of the early Christian fathers are peppered with condemnations of many’ pagan practices, foremost among which Is the worship of animals, Scholars have, therefore, long Sought to identity what motivated the early Egyptians to associate their deities with members of the animal kingdom. In seeking those causes, one must always bear in ming, as this exhibition clealy demonstrates, that the ancient Egyptians did not recog nise any great division between the animal kingéom and mankind, as did the Greeks, Romans, and Christians As carly as the Badarian Period (before 4000 BC), the Egyptians had burled cows, jackals, and sheep, each animal wrapped in'a shroud, in the same cemeteries in which they buried thei dead, The practice seems to have con tinued Into the Roman Imperial Period, to judge from the dogs and birds excavatee in the tombs of peo: ple in the southernmost reaches of the Oasis of Dousch, Throughout the history of pagan Egypt humans and animals were considered partners, perhaps even ta a certain degre: equals, because each was a living being. However, unlike mankind, it has been argued, the successive genera tions of animals appeared to be indi Linguishable fiom those which came before. This gave the animal kingdom an immutability which reflected per ‘mantence and stability, characteristics ‘which the ancient Fgyptians, it would Appear, ascribed to their deities, Nev trtheless, not all animals were assoc ated with the divine; Pharaonic Egyptians do nat seem to have vener- ated the elephant, the gizalfe, or the thinaceros, nor the horse or cockerel ‘The nature of ancient Egyptian philosophical discourse, rooted as it MINERVA 32 — —| ~ Egyptian Art | — | AN ANCIENT ~ EGYPTIAN BESTIARY _ Animals in Egyptian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Fig 1. Gazete of tinted ivory, wood a blue pigment inlay. Dynasty XVI, ©1400 BC. Ht 11-8 cm ig 2 Tinted ivory tose frm Thebes (etal). Dynasty XVII, ‘c1400 BC. He 18cm Pie 3 Tinted tory comet containers in the shape of mallards (Dynasty XVI c. 1400-1300 BC: Hi9 9.5 cm Fn Eeewas in hieroglyphic notation, Fis Faience demanded that any one visual mot ‘baboon from Men Serve @ number of different, and often in Dynasty kv 068-528 Re, contradictory, purposes, As this exh er bition makes clear, an uninsctibed representation of a lioness-headed female might equally represent the goddesses Bastet, Sekhmet, or even Wadjet, so that one must be wary of making definitive identifications of any such representation. Furthermore, this also explains why several deities, Thoth the god of wisdom for exam- ple, might be identified with a baboon 0: an ibis, because all deities were thought to possess a multitude of characteristics which were revealed fone at a time, while the remaining facets remained concealed. The most sophisticated visual reminder of this feature of ancient Egyptian religion is the proliferation of different forms of Sobek, the erocodile god, in the Late Period, each of which represents just fone characteristic of a deity This harmony between mankind and the animal kingdom Is perhaps best appreciated by looking at the composite figures in which the head of an animal is joined to a human body. The figure of Anubis Isa case in point (Fig 6). The transition between the physical neck and shoulders of these tivo disparate beings is so hare rmoniously achieved that the effect is nelther jarring nor disquieting to Western sensibilities. One does not Fis 5. voy apis recoll in horror fom such a beast, the FES Mor ap way one would from any of the xxVENXIN 664 shoulish monsters created nowadays 80 HC. Hi 6.1 em. for Halloween, The aesthetic concerns ‘which govern the design of the hieto glyphs are the very same which gov- xn the composition of such figures. Because the hieroglyphs admit the presence of composite signs in the form of common objects in uncom- mon combinations, 30 too are repre- sentations such as these acceptable. The care with which objects such fas these are crafted has led several commentators to wax eloquent about the inherent naturalism of ancient Egyptian animal representations, ‘Whereas this might be true in individ ual details, it # for the most part Impossible for a modeen scientist to achieve exact zoological identifica tions of the beasts represented. In the figure of Anubis, one 1s not certain Whether the animal head is that of an Egyptian jackal (Canis fupasten), oF of a wild dog. In general, the Egyptians did not portray the species exactly when they depicted the gods Anubis, Duamutef, and Wepwawet, and it is because of these problems in the visual representations that some scholars have engaged in a futile debate about whether Anubis was a ‘wolf, a jackal, oF a wild dog, Indeed, the question of naturalism must also address the Egyptians almost total disregard for the true colours ofthe skin and hides of many animals. & faience baboon (Fig 4) in the exhibition is a case in point, Per- Ihaps to identity it as a representation of Papio Hamadryas, called ‘the Great White One’ by the Egyptians, the beast is here an apple-green colour, no doubt for the symbolic values Inherent not only in the colour but also in the materi. The statuette ofa bronze cat (Fig 7) from the Ptolemaic Period once held the mummy of a eat, Cats were inten MINERVA 33 Egyptian Art | tionally killed, a practice started at Teast as early as Dynasty XXX, In order to be snummified and placed as offerings in temple sanctuaries, Foren. se examinations of numerous speci ‘mens of cat mummies reveal that in general the animals were young, less than two years old, and were killed by the deliberate twisting of thelr necks Several mummies were made up from parts of different cats. Recent research has shovin that the intentional killing fof animals, which was not limited t ‘ats, was ritually motivated, the beast being considered an emissary to the {god Osiris, When dedicated in sane Tuary, the animal mummy could serve as an intermediary, conveying prayers to the deities beyond, ‘The exhibition contains & notable group of animal sculptures in ivory. A gazelle of tinted ivory and wood with Inlays of blue pigment has been the subject of some discussion (Fig 1) Often cited as an example of “art for art's sake’ in ancient Egypt, for which there is no evidence whatsoever, this gavelle is now considered to have formed part of the funerary equip ‘ment of 8 rich burial of Dynasty XVIII (1570-1293 BC). The gazelle was often associated with the idea of renewed life, to the extent that an actual gazelle mummy was found buried with a Theban woman of Dynasty XXVI- In this example, the ears have been broken and the missing horns ‘were originally of a diferent material Also of tinted ivory are a pair of cosmetic containers in the shape of wild ducks (Fig 3), which are also dated to Dynasty XVIII, Scholars have assumed that the hollow depression formed by the body was a receptacle in which costly umguents or perfumes ‘were originally stored. To date, how- lever, no traces of any olntment have——— Egyptian Art —— —_— fee stameucot oc ound in any of these socal let wil 8 wae aon to the go Amabs at Gosmetie spoons Such abject appear any Bgyptologa bar. ‘mime wood ve ore pt he eal ui ih aete ad Signings of opulent tombs of the Fane rom. period, the dead water Tow perhaps “adem. Symbolsing the forces of chs over wich the deceased aspired to tr 7. Bronze cath otapgecs, the third object of tinted Ivon latmaierisa, also dated to Dynasty XVI, 3 ho ‘tio Res tyed an 8 tying gallop {Fig 2). ae eyes may have been added glass lays THe form of the Howse ite well Inte the andy which emphasises ts functional value, and indicates tnigna use as the bande fora whip. ‘the inal plece fs an ory bull Get con a modern bast) (gS), which has peen Identified as a representation of Bp Apis Bull on the bass of ts mack | ings which Include a white tangle tn the forehead, and incised images ofa valle and winged sere fa An Ancient Inga blanket. on is back. The pce Is Egyptian Bes- dated to Dynasty XXVI (664-525 BC), taryisatthe when the cult of the Apis Bull at Metropolitan ‘Memphis enjoyed a revival, venerated Miscum of At, asaving emborinent ofthe ceaor Now York mili god, Pa 15 October The exhibition will more than Ree vat repay a sit and the accompanying Classical Coins of Exceptional Quality Ancient, Medieval & British Coins THE ADA ee ANTIQUITIES eee eee PAIR THE INTER-CONTINENTAL BRITANNIA HOTEL Grosvenor Square, London W1, England Annual Subscription £30/845 (250/875 overseas) Con p) Seaby Coins Eric J. McFadden, Senior Director 4 Old Bond Street, London WIX AIL Sunday July 2nd 1995 (17) 495 1888 Fax: (0171) 499 5916 10.00am - 4.30pm ® Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. ADMISSION £2.50 Victor England, Senior Director ADA Fairs, London 91585 Fost Office Box 479 el: O18 Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608 USA. (717) 390 9194 Fan: (77) 390 9978 MINERVA 34THE SACRED TRIPOD Kroton and its Coins by WL.Gale EGYPTIAN & CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES A new book about a very old city. The first numismatic survey of this mint available in English. We offer the collector a varied selection of fine quality Ancient World Art! ‘GLASS + BRONZE SCULPTURE JEWELRY ‘SCARABS + AMULETS + WEAPONS + POTTERY *STLLUSTRATED ANTIQUITY BROCHURES M12 FREE Send your cheque for £17 ($US 25) “FULL YEAR SUBSCRIPTION §5. OVERSEAS 0. incl. postage to the publishers: Ocean Spray Pty Limited 4/10 son Street, Mosman ANCIENT WORLD ARTS, LTD. 50 West 76th St. + New York 10023, N.S.W. 2088, Australia Gallery by Appointment Phone: (212)724-9455 » Fax: (212)595-1107 WANTED TO PURCHASE: FINE ANTIQUITIES OF ALL PERIODS We are prepared to travel world-wide to acquire select works of ancient art for our rapidly expanding clientele. We will purchase collections of any size, act as your agent to sell your objects on commission, or exchange them for other select pieces from our extensive inventory (see our advertisement inside the back cover) Send photographs and full details if possible with your letter. royal athena galleries [ \ yrk eon kile-tonon 153 East 57th Street, New York, New York 10022 ‘Telephone (212) 355-2034 Fax (212) 688-0412| Museum Acquisitions GAULISH AND NUBIAN MERCENARIES IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT Two terracotta figures recently acquired by the British Museum Donald M. Bailey MINERVA 36,the First Syrian War was fought with the Sefeucids; both no doubt used many mercenacies. During this wat, the King’s half-brother, Magas, Viceroy of the Cyrenaica, determined to invade Egypt in 274 BC, but was deterred by a rising of Cyrenaican nomads, Four thousand Gaulish mer- cenaries in the Ptolemaic army took this projected invasion as 2 signal to revolt, They were somehow per- suaded onto an island in the Seben- nytic branch of the Nile and kept there until they starved to death, committed suicide, killed each other bor were kulled trying to escape, It was probably Philadelphus who intro {duced the institution of the cleruchy, whereby soldiers, including ex-mer- cenaries, were settled on the land in smallholdings, but required to answer a call to arms: this was more cost-effective than having mercenat- les permanently employed, @ drain con the Treasury, and it allowed more land to be cultivated and available for tax purposes ‘The Battle of Raphla in 217 BC against Antiochus II] of the Seleucid Kingdom was won by Ptolemy 1V MINERVA 37 aha eT Museum Acquisitions Fig 3. Egyptian tr ‘cot ure of "Nublan eal. Phot: Betrce roti Museum ur Kunst und Gaerbe Hamburg. Philopator, but he found it necessary to use not only his standing army of ‘Macedonians and Greeks, and to call up his cleruchs, including, as Poly- bius tells us, 4000 Gauls and Thsa- cians, but also to employ for the frst time since the reign of Ptolemy 1 Soter, a century earlier, a large num ber (20,000) of native Egyptians, These battalions of Egyptians were trained in Macedonian style warfare and thenceforth realised thelr own Strength: subsequent to the battle there were various rebellions and parts of Egypt became ‘no-go’ areas to the Ptolemies for considerable Tengths of time. One such revolt took place in 186/5 BC under Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Gauls were amongst those that besieged the rebel city of Abydos: four of them seratched their names on a chapel of Horus there. But Egyptians continued to be taken into the armed forces and this was 2 privileged status for them, Funerary Stelac of Gauls of the third century BC have been found at Alexandria, and Gauls were recorded in the garti: Son stationed at Hermopolis Magna late in the second century BC and early in the frst The sudden need for troops that the threat to Egypt by Antiochus engendered could well have acca- sioned the engagement of Nubian mercenaries, It seems probable also that Philopator had very close ties with the contemporary Meroitic Pharaoh Ergamenes, their reliefs and Inseriptions occasionally appearing in the deep south in the same tem= ples. The recruitment of a Nubian Fegiment of mercenaries in these per- llous circumstances would not be unlikely, and in this Philopator, if indeed he did so, would be following Pharaoni precedent, such troops being employed on occasion during the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms. But there Is apparently no clear state- ment in the ancient sources of the use of black Africans as mercenaries Jn the Ptolemaic army. Two terracotta figures of Egyptian ‘manufacture recently acquired by the British Museum represent a Gaulish and @ Nubian wartior. While Celtic Gauls from the fourth century BC ‘onwards came violently nto contact with the classical world of the Romans, the Macedonians, the Seleu lds and the Attalids of Pergamon, and were often depicted in their art, the Nublans as warriors were less involved with the Greeks, and their fighting gear Is not normally shown in sculpture, The Gauls were teri: ing and appeared suddenly in the midst of civilised lands, and every- one knew of them; but the Greeks ‘were divided from Nubians by the length of Egypt and were familiarFRAGMENTS OF TIME Specializing in Greek and Roman Antiquities Complimentary catalog & book list upon request Internet "Rapid Response": JohnJ5505@a0l.com John Ambrose P.0, Box 6777 Carmel, CA (ace) 624-7118 21 USA Worldwise ox Antiquities _ € Dealers in Ancient | Swriily by Ormate AF) sony lis -agponimentorly, | | & Metall | availble on equest, Fax: 01202 31401 Cfattsm: nship Ss For futher information please contact: Mr & Mrs 9 Elwys Road, Bournemouth, England BHI 4 ANCIENT FORUM @ Chris Belton PRE-HISTORIC + PRE-COLUMBIAN EGYPTIAN + NEAR EASTERN ROMAN *ANGLO-SAXON, MEDIEVAL AND LATER ANTIQUITI ROMAN COINS * BRITISH COINS 17TH CENTURY TOKENS Monthly sales lists-19th year Sample list free - UK only POBox 356, Christchurch, Dorset, BH23 2YD Tel: 01202478592 By Laboratory Ralf Kotalla since 1979 Thermoluminescence-method for all kinds of fired clay Please contact me for detailed information brochure Kiting 2, D-72401 Haigerioch, Germany ‘Tel: 07474-2319 Fax: 07474 - 2336 Handy: 0171 - 6228521 Save with a subscription to MINERVA 2A issues (years) £64.00 7200 12 issues years) uK £18.00 64.00 EuRoPE £20.00 £38.00 USA, CANADA and rest ofthe world Surface 20 or $33, BB or S62 Air 27 or $44 £50 or $82 G issues (yea) or $118 20° $150 30 issues (5 year) 7.00 £87.00 YOUR SUBSCRIPTION WILL BEGIN WITH THE NEXT ISSUE. BACK NUMBERS SHOULD BE ORDERED SEPARATELY; FOR DETAILS, SEE THE ADVERTISEMENT ON THE NEXT PAGE £87 of $148 £110 or $180 ayment can be made by cheque or any of the following credit cards: Visa, Mastercard, Access. Name Address, T enclose my £/5 cheque value MAKEA CIRCLE AROUND THE SUBSCRIPTION RATE YOU REQUIRE PLEASS ENSURE THAT ALL- DETAILS ARE CCLEAELY PRINTED, for subscription circled above, Please charge my credit caed for subscription clcled above, Caed number Signature SEND TO: Minerva Magazine, 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 3DB. Tel: 0171 495 2590. Fax: 0171 491 1595,with them only from mythology and is slaves: the militant Nubian was Taegely unknown. It Is thus very use ful to have figures of Nublans bear ing arms modelled in terracotta. Fig {shows such a warrior, dressed in a tunic with short sleeves, In loose trousers reaching to mid-calf, and high boots, holding a short-hafted double-axe against his sight shoulder and carrying a small pointed-oval Shield with a central boss: these are his entite weaponry. The top half of a similar terracotta is to be found in the Graeco-Roman Museum In Alexandria, and the Fouquet Collec tion had another, similarly clothed and holding a double-axe, but ‘depicted without a shield. Some frag- mentary examples from Ehnasiya were excavated by Petrie in 1904, fone close to ours, but two, possibly three, are without shields, one with a short tunic and two wearing the Chlamys, or short cloak; another wears a himation, a kind of shawl (One was found in a context of the fourth century AD, but is presumably residual. Another similar figure In ‘Alexandria also has @ chiamys, but appears to be wearing shorts and no upper garment: all these hold the Museum Acquisitions — double-axe to their right shoulder but show a wide range of clothing. A very interesting variation, In the Museum fir Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg, apparently a cavalryman, has the shield and double- axe, but is dressed in a Greek-type cuirass over a short tunic, and wears Phrygian cap (Fig 3). It is impossible to determine ‘whether he is an officer of company of soldiers such as that shown in Fig 1, or is @ member of a cavalry troop recruited from the same area and comfortable with Its weapons. The Gaul (Fg 2) is largely naked, but wears @ long. Cloak; lis hair is long and rises from hls head in a fashion well known from the ancient literature and in sculpture: Strabo mentions that Gauls often whitened and stifened their hair with Time water; hls phallus is outsize a5 befits a wild and potent personality. He has a long-sword slung from a waistbelt and carries a large oval shield, the details of which MINERVA can be bought at the British Museum, the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Sackler Gallery (Smithsonian) and many other fine museum shops and bookstores. If your local shop or newsagents does not stock it please ask them to order it. 22009 “The Greeks were divided from Nubians by the length of Egypt and were familiar with them only from mythology and as slaves: the militant Nubian was largely unknown. It is thus very usefitl to have figures of Nubians bearing arms modelled in terracotta...’ part of a wider question terracottas of the Period are something of an enigma They differ markedly from figures are typical of the third to second century BC. Here is no wounded or ying Gaul, or a captive, so often represented in Hellenistic art, partic lularly that of Pergamon, but a bold ‘and fearless warrior, arto- gant and convinced of his invincibility. Similar Egypt jan Gauls, but not so finely modelled and not so proud, are known in other collec: Hons, and their Celtic shields have been passed on to other beings, t0 the God Bes, for example (a change from his normally round shield), and to Eros, always ready to dress up in other people's gear. A terracotta figure once In the Fouguet Collection shows the latter not only with the shield but with a tore and the Celtic trumpet, the earnyx. Why should Egyptian coroplasts make models of foreign mercenaries in the Ptolemaic army? This is as Egyptian, jeco-Roman made elsewhere, and although the ‘majority have a religious significance as votives or designed for household shrines, a large proportion are not explainable in this way. Some may be toys and many were apparently decorative, and several of these may be commemorative, the Staffordshire figures of their times. Such national- istic representations may be part of the world view of the Mediterranean peoples, on the one hand the huge blond or red-headed Celtic warrior, heroleally naked, on the other the black African, both so very different from themselves. The Nubian and Gaul were stereotypes, such as were also found in the theatre, where actors played parts identified plainly by the masks they wore: these, too, were modelled in terracotta, The Gaul was probably e during the last quarter of the third century BC or a little later (the mercenaries of Philadelphus seem less likely), and the Nublan could well be of the same date: Philopatoi the reign of Ptolemy IV who Was proud of his victory at Raphia, may have been the time when such figures were first produced, Dr Donald Bailey is an Assistant Keeper in the Department of Greek and ‘Roman Antiguites ofthe British Museunn, He Is grateful to Peer Clayton for bringing these teracttas to the Museum's attention, and to Dr Carmela Ewigleben for permission to MINERVA 39 publish Figure 3THE ANCIENT COIN MARKET Exchange rate fluctuations play havoc with market Eric J. McFadden Fig i. Slvr tetradrachm of Akragas, 6 414413 BC, brought SP1S0,000 aginst an estimate of of $F100,000 inthe NAC sae. ollectors often ask me where in the world they can buy ancient coins at the lowest prices, The answer is that it usually does not matter much where fone buys, and exchange rate flactua- tions can be as important as any other Influence on relative current prices Due to the ease of transporting small objects in the jet age, prices generally do not vary greatly from place to place. For the price of an inexpensive airline ticket, a dealer can travel halfway around the world and return ‘with a large value of coins. As the cost of transport is a minimal percentage of the value, prices naturally tend to ‘equalise in different areas. If prices are higher in one place, dealers will ecog- nise the situation and bring items from places where prices are lower. Moreover, many dealers sell diectly to customers throughout the world land the ease of communication and transport make the market truly inter- national, The movement of coins to areas of greater demand isa constant process which results in an approxi- mate price equilibrium in different counties ‘As prices are dependent on supply and demand, it often seems logical that coins should be least expensive in the area from which they originally ‘come, where they are ordinarily most plentiful. However, demand Is also Often the highest in the place af-ort- gin. For example, itis logical that Fig 3. Gold aureus op Agustus, struck 18, sold for [520,000 against fan estimate of SE13,00 the NAC. se ig 4. Gold aureus ‘of Domine wife of Domitian, ‘against ar est mat of S58 000. ig 2 iver tetradrachm of Rhgion, 310.360 BC, fetched $50,000 agent ant ‘stimateof 148,000 in the NAC sale Roman colns from the mint of Tuer in Germany have often been fosnd near the point of origin. Yet it would be a mistake to think that rier mint coins are less expensive in Germany than ‘elsewhere; the Germans are enthusas tie collectors of their local coinage and will pay top prices for interesting types. Likewise, I know of collectors sho go to Israel to buy Judaean coins, but despite that area being the origi ral source of supply the prices are at least as high there as elsewhere due to the keen competition among Israeli collectors. Recently a large number of Bactrian coins have come onto the market, but the Pakistani collectors and dealers who bring them to Europe are often surprised that the prices in the West ate little or no higher than in Pakistan, where avid and wealthy collectors have been paying strong prices for items relating to the local history. ‘Another factor in relative prices, and one of current importance, is cur rency exchange rates. If one currency fs particulazly strong, t becomes easier for buyers in that currency to pur: chase colns priced in a less strong cur reney, In recent months, the Swiss frame and German mark have increased in value by up to 20% in relation to the Italian lia, the US. dollar, and sterling. In afield of com: petitive pricing where dealer margins are often only 209% or les, this fluctu ation in exchange rates makes « great MINERVA 40 ~ Numismatic New: = difference in the matket, All of a sud. den, the Americans, British and Ital- Jans find it difficult to buy coins in Germany ot Switzerland, The Swiss and Germans may now turn out in force for the New York International Coin Convention in May and the London Coin Fair in June to take advantage of the exchange rate, and the flow of supply may shift towards ‘those countries with strong curren. cies. However, although a quick change in exchange rates may skew relative prices for a short time, the market does soon compensate to restore the usual equilibrium, The problem of unexpected exchange rate fluctuations was ev dent in the Apuil 24 auction In Zurich by Numismatica Ars Classica, whose sales are regular highlights of the spring season. Auction estimates are always determined months in advance, and with the rise In the Swiss franc many of the N.A.C. sale estimates seemed high to bidders ‘whose currencies had not been so strong. Although the Americans arrived in usual force, many of the Halians were noticeably absent, and even those Italians in attendance were not strong bidders. As a result, a higher than usual percentage of the specialist Itallan series ~ particularly bronzes from the Greek cities of South Italy and bronzes from the Roman Republic - were left unsold, Despite the strong Swiss franc, competition at ‘the Numismatica Ars Classlea sale was fierce for better coins, and the sale foverall was a success with total sales In three days of auction totalling more than SF million. The individual highlight of the NAG. sale was a silver tetradrachm of ‘Akragas in Sicily (Fig 1), ¢. 414-413 BC, depicting on the obverse two eagles perched on a hare and on the reverse.a crab and the figure of Syl, Estimated at SF100,000, this master piece of the engraver’s art fetched 150,000. It was underbi by an Ttal- Jan dealer and sold to an American dealer, indicating that the strong Swiss franc has not completely elimi: nated major buying from countries with weaker currencies. A silver tetradrachm of Rhegion (Fig 2), ¢. 310. 300 BG, depicting an elegant head of ‘Apollo and a facing lion head, ike the ‘Akragas the finest known ofits type, Drought SF50,000 against an estimate of SF48,000. In the Roman series, 2 magalficent gold aureus of Augustus (ig 3), struck c, 18 BC, with obverse portralt and reverse Victory holding a shield, sold for $20,000 against an estimate of SF18,000, A rare gold aureus of Domitia (Fig 4), the wife of Domitian, with obverse portrait and reverse peacock, brought SF37,000 against an estimate of $36,000. gtConference Review SILVER PLATE IN LATE ANTIQUITY Peter A. Clayton gathering of just under 100, scholars met at the Butish Museum from March 2-4 to participate in an interna- onal conference on Silver Plate in ate Antiquity. The conference was the brain-child of Catherine Johns, Curator with responsibility for Roman Britain in the Department of Prehis- toric and Romano-British Antiquities in the British Museum, and of Ken- nth Painter, formerly Deputy-Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The welcome to ‘the conference was made by Dr lan Longworth, CRE, Keeper of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities, Ashe pointed out, it was an opportune ‘moment for such a conference in an institution holding such great silver treasures as the Esqulline, Mildenhall, Water Newton, Thetford and, most recently, Hoxne treasures. The dele- gates represented many nations and most of the prineipal world museums With collections relevant to the con- ference subject. A total of 14 papers ‘were presented (including three each in German and French) of a diverse and stimulating nature, ‘Kenneth Painter gave the first, wide-ranging and seminal lecture on ‘Silver Hoards from Britain in their Late-Roman context’, Britain has a reputation for being a relatively pro- Ile source of Late-Roman sliver, espe cially over the last fifty years or so. However, whilst groups had been studied in detail, no general survey of the finds, their significance, relevance to other finds, and whether they had ‘been hidden in an emergency, a sav ings or as votive deposits had been attempted, Not least was the question of the evidence such hoards have pro- duced for religion, pagan and Chst- jan, sometimes even mixed, from their Inscriptions (notably on the spoons} and their general iconogra- phy. Such an overview was extremely Welcome and went a very long way to set the tone of the conference "The myths and messages of silver plate’ were examined by Dr Richard Reece (Institute of Archaeology, UCL) in applying the ideas from two puli- cations, Die Domane als Weltbild (Schneider) and Modemisierte Mythen (Raeck), that deserve to be more Widely known, Whilst outlining the main thesis of their arguments, and stressing that he did not always agree With them, Dr Reece was able to raise many pertinent points regarding the interpretation of the designs on the plate, many of which were taken up by later speakers. Dr Stefanie Martin Kilcher (Basel) took up allied ideas in discussing the function of Roman sil- vyer plate. Dr Max Martin (Basel) drew attention to the ‘magic’ date of ‘400, so recurrent in the literature, and wondered about the apparent gap ‘which then ensues, especially n Gaul, ‘until the seventh century. The question of continuity between fourth/fifth- and sixth/sev- enth-century silver in the Pastern Empire was examined by Dr Malia ‘Mango. An apparent anachronism exists between the large body of silver plate that is either dated of stylist! cally ascribed to the fourth century, largely from western ateliers, and a second body which can be identified by Imperial control stamps as origi- rating in the sixth and seventh cen- huries, There are few objects fiemly dated In between and a view needed to be taken based on the combined evidence of control stamps, inscribed silver and, not least, che find spots. Dr ‘Mango's own recent noted work on the Sevso treasure has highlighted a number of these points Sill Tooking to the Fastern Empire, Dr Ivana Popovic (Beograd) examined the official and private products of the ateliers at Nalssus and Siemium and particularly drew attention to the simi- Tarities between the omament on a number of silver plates such as the Eutichius plate that was definitely macle at Nalssus and the close parallels with the decoration on the foot of large cruciform fibulae. Hoard evi- dence of coins and examination of the plate hoards led her to suggest that the differential between official workshops for precious metal items, the mint offcina and those workshops produc- ing private commissions was difficult to identify and that Sirmium ceased production before the end of AD 317. Michael Vickers (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) examined the ‘weight standards in relation to gold and silver plate and came to the con: clusion that prior to the frst century Peter A. Clay. BC precious metal plate had been ton, FSA, isthe manufactured against currency stan- ‘author of The dard weights, thereby in effect render. Treasures of ing the plate as large denomination Ancient Rome, coinage. Subsequent to the develop: MINERVA 41 ment of Roman silverware in the late fist century BC, State legislation lim- ited the hitherto close connection between coins and plate and it would appear that a pre-existing standacd in ‘Asia Minor was introduced into Rome by immigrant craftsmen, together with their traditional techniques and pattern books. Janet Lang and Dr Michael Cowell of the British Museum Research Labo- ratory presented some case studies of the scientific examination of Late- Roman silver and outlined some of the methods used, including X-ray tTuorescence spectrometry (XRF) and Scanning electron microscopy. They cited specific cases such as the exami- nation of the ‘Risley Park’ lanx and the problems that it had posed before scientific techniques and detective ‘work could postulate an answer (fin era, Nov/Dec 1991}, and the exami- nation of objects from the Hoxne and Mildenball treasures, Professor Frangoise Baratte (Sor- bonne, Paris) presented two papers, jane an overview of recent silver trea: sures from Gaul and their content where a notable feature was the occurrence of some splendid large Scale silver statues; the other investi- gated those who commissioned plate 8nd those who owned it and some of the thoughts that arose from such an examination ‘Dr Roger Bland (British Museum) examined the changing patterns of hhoards of precious metal coins in the Late Empire and summarised some 300 hoards containing gold coins and over 150 with silver coins. He noted the breakdown of the fixed system of relationships between precious and ase metal coinages leading to a change of pattern in third-century gold coin hoarding (more are used as ‘ornaments, followed by a fousth-cen tury resumption into the fifth where the hoard evidence suggests that gold coins had returned to become a sig rlficant part of the currency. Catherine Johns, who had worked fon the jewellery from the great Hoxne hhoatd, took it as a case study not to reiterate the contents of the hoard but to look at the background to it, such as the manner in which it had been carefully packed in its container chest. The benefit of the hoard having been professionally excavated will, upon Study, lead to a re-evaluation in many instances of earlier finds and their Interpretation. It is intended that publication of the conference will take place In vol 5 (1997) of the journal Antiguité Tar dive, in association with the British Museum. It vill certainly be a most welcome addition to the literature on this intriguing aspect of the Late Roman Empiee. utTADAA The recently formed International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art, a group of leading dealers in classical and pre-classical antiquities, is the first international trade association devoted to this field. The association has a comprehensive code of ethics and practice which it believes will aid both active and potential collectors of ancient art. The association will encourage the study of and interest in ancient art and contracts between museums, archaeologists, collectors, and the trade. It will promote a more liberal and rational approach to the regulations in various countries on the import and export of ‘works of art with the ultimate aim of the protection of our cultural heritage. For a list of members or further information please contact the chairman, Tames Ede 20 Brook Street, London, WIY IAD, England ARETE Galerie fuer antike Kunst Seit 1966 Greek, Roman and Egyptian Antiquities Galerie ARETE Augustinergasse 15, CH-8001 Zurich Tel: (1) 211 6050 Fax: (1) 212 1905 BADER OP SWITZERLAND raped statuete of a goddess ‘Marble, Height: 40cm Hellenistic, nd-Ist century B.C. MYTHENQUAI28, CH-8002 ZURICH. ‘Tel: 01-202 1997 Fax: 01-202 1945 Whiteground lekythos by the Athena Painter. Alli, abt.470 B.C. Height 30,5 em HAC Herbert A. Cahn Malzgasse 23, CH-4052 Basel Tel: 0041 61 2716755 Fax: 0041 612715733International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art HADJI BABA ANCIENT ART Fine Arts of Islam, The Ancient Near East & Antique Carpets 34A Davies Street, London W1Y ILD Tel: 0171 499 9363 Fax: 0171 493 5504 DAPHNE AND EMMANUEL KOUTOULAKIS ‘lack Figure Nook Arora by she BMINpner (chsh Musca Group round Mikothoes Pinte) sD) 7esninaers GENEVA, SWITZERLAND (022) 310.62.52, 4rue de "Echelle, 75001 PARIS, FRANCE TEL: (01) 42.60.6563 9 ruede THolel de Vill, T i cca Classical, Egyptian and Near Eastern Anti Anslabasorragmentary head of King or Amun with oid inlays eyes and eyebrows. yp Dynasty XVIM, ca. 14308. Ast size (1:1) An exceptions pose MICHAEL G. PET Zurichbergstrasse 26, hs Tel: 01/252 06 20 Fax: 0 can SASSON ANCIENT ART Marble head of an empress ora goddess Roman, Julio-Claudian: 14-68C.E. 40cm Gideon Sasson King David Hotel-Annex, Jerusalem. 94101 ISRAEL Tel & Fax: 972-2-24948Announcing our New Catalogue of Egyptian Amulets and S Green stone heart scarab for Faience amulet of Pataikos protector of children Send for our new free illustrated catalogue featuring hundreds of scarabs and amulets pric $9,500. It shows jumber of scarabs and amulets from three old collections, includingthat, of Albert F, Pagnon (1847-1909) of Luxor royal athena galleries [ : 153 Bast S7th Street, New York, NY 10022 Tel: (212) 355 2034 Fan: (212) 688 0412 Monday - Saturday 10t06 332.Nonth Beverly Dr, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 Tel: (310) $30 1199 Fax: (310) $30 1395 10t06 Tuesday - Satur Royal-Athena at Seaby 4 Old Bond Strat, London W1X AIL ‘Tel (44) 0171 49S 2590 Fax: (44 0171 491 1595) Monday-Friday 10 GALLERIA SERODINE CH-6612 ASCONA Tel. 093/35.18.61 Fax. 093/35.28.20 Kandila, White marble. yeladie, 3000 - 2700 B.C 13,5 em height. KKUNSTHANDEL M. ZILVERBERG ANCIENT ART ANCIENT COINS ‘Septimus Severus, Aureus, 198-200 AD. Reverse: Viet. Parthicae. Rokin 30 EN 1012 KT Amsterdam - Holland Tel: (31-20) 6259518 Fax: (31-20) 62595180008Off the Shelf Peter Clayton reviews the is four titles Ina new series from British Muscurm Press It is well known in publishing that publishers like books in series ~ it Ihelps to have a series format from the costing side, it czeates an ‘image’ in the book buyer’s mind and, hope- fully, it will encourage people who have bought some of the titles that Interest them to buy others just to Keep the set going. In theory it works ‘well, in practice pethaps not so well since book buyers, in the main, buy ‘hat they want, not what they might be coerced into spending money on. With the incredible resources of the British Museum literally ‘on their doorstep’ (as well a being a company owned by the Trustees of the British Museum), British Museum Press (for- merly Publications) have a head start in virtually every field of antiquity and the fine atts. In 1973, when the present reviewer became BMP's frst Managing Eaitor, the idea of books outside of those published for and on behalf of the Trustees was a delicate topic; the Colonnade imprint for such titles was only discreetly introduced and any efforts to expand that area lunduly rapidly were not met with ‘obvious enthusiasm, Now BMP has @ very flourishing alter ego of non ‘Trustee titles, not all of them written by British Muscum staff, an obvious gold mine of authoritative authors. The frst four books in the newly launched ‘Bookshelf’ series have two Egyptian and two classical titles Papyrus, by two curators In the Department of Egyptian Antiquities, rs Richard Parkinson and Stephen Quirke, is very suceinct, well waitten and well usteated. It examines that curious plant upon which the life story of a elvilisation was written {once Champoltion had ‘cracked the code’ of Egyptian hieroglyphs in 1822) from specific viewpoints: Nat- sural History and Manufacture; Practi- ‘al Usage; Contents and Storage, and ‘Usage an Survival Outside Pharaonic Egypt. Illustrations throughout, both fof papyti themselves, representations such a serial statues and reliefs, and line drawings to show how the sheets are put together, are very carefully chosen and well reproduced (includ- Ing the eight colour plates). The final act of the story, usage outside Egypt, an area often overlooked, even notices (and illustates) Tony Harri son's play The Trackers of Oxynynchus to show how much classteal literature only survives through the papyrus copies once in the libraries of wll read Egyptians and recovered by => Book Reviews +-_—___— PAPYRUS D PARKINSON QUIRKE devotees such as Grenfell and Hunt ‘Working in the Fayum area, ‘The second volume in the series, Boats, by Dr Dilwyn Jones, is a much needed text. There has been little published of substance that takes an overview of Egyptian boats since Landstrom’s Ships of the Pharaohs (1970). Here boats in titval and belie, the sources of the evidence for boat ‘building, and Egyptian boats through their long history fom Predynastic times up to the Late New Kingdom, are looked at in detall. The text is very technical and so, a Word of warning, the reader would be well advised to read the Glossary first ~it will save a lot of the frustration of continually SSICAT“BOOKSHELE, Choe OEM MINERVA 45 Lai _ PWN on sy flicking back and forth. There are plenty of photographic illustrations but the numerous Line drawings are a considerable help in clarifying nauti cal details. On page 30, the golden ‘model ship (actually on wheels) from the burial of Queen Ahhotep at Thebes enters the realms of fay tale when its dimensions are cited as about 4.3m in length’ (as against 43cm)). For the reader prepared to persevere through the technical pre- entation of details, this is obviously a very useful book, Professor Richard Tomlinson’s Greok and Roman Architecture spreads its net wide but it is a much shorter text than the two Egyptological titles (only 37 lines as against 46 lines per page, but still within the 128 pages series format). Moving from the ori fins of classical architecture the text i a very readable and balanced exami nation of the development of classical architecture through the various forms and derivations often dictated by the buildings’ use and, not least, ‘geographical environment. The illus trations are well chosen so that they ‘complement the text to give a very ‘concise and meaningful overview of very complex subject. The numerous colour photographs by the author are a distinct advantage, along with the black and white location views and selected plans and elevations. Histo: cally one notices that Alexander the Great was only 33 when he died in 323 BC (not aged 38, page 48), and Octavian/Augustus was the nephew and adopted som (not son, page 68) of ‘the deified Julius. Images of the Greek Theatre by Pro fessors Richard Green and Eric Hand: ley is the weakest volume of the four,IMAGES OF THE GREEK THEATRE HCPA ORC] DDAS LPO TA UNLEL EL) despite having two extremely capable authors. Essentially the text consists of a series of long captions to the ‘usteations, strung together by a few linking sentences. Consequently the actual captions to the illustrations are very meagre and uninformative, often not actually identifying the subject of the representation, The reader is forced to cull through the text to find a reference to the figure number to find out what is represented and wy. A Tittle more explicit identification in the captions would have been of great assistance, Three-quarters of the illus trations (Some 60 out of 81) ate from relevant object, vases, etc, in the British Museum, supplemented by & few from other institutions and site photos, The text is very short, the illustrations in many instances over lauge In order to fll the allocated 128 pages. This s very sad as itis great ‘opportunity missed - the authors mention that they ‘are also at work together on another, more compre hensive study’, and that Is something that will indeed be welcomed from their pens. Meanwhile, the present offering hardly accords with Pindar's dictum quoted that People blame you less if you tie up the ends of numer. fous subjects in brief’ ~ this is all too brief and has many floating ends Peter Clayton is the author of several ook on Egyptological and Classical subjects THE HOOKS All four published by British Muscurm Press, Landon, 1995. 128pp. Heavily ilustatedin Black and white and colour plates. Paperback, £9.99 each, Handsome New Egyptian Books Egypt: Splendours of an Ancient Civilization by Alberto Siloti. Thames and Hud son, London, 1994, 292 pp, 300 illus, 272 in colour. HB £29.95, ‘The Egyptian Book of the Dead The Book of Going Forth b translation by R.O. Faulkner; com mentary by Ogden Goelet. Chronicle s, San Francisco, 1994, 174pp, 80 colour plates. PB £16.99; HB £25, Alberto Siliot’s book is @ lavish vol ‘ume, beautifully produced, It begins with an outline history of Egypt to the present day. This is followed by a section on the rediscovery of Egypt, Ihighlighting a few key figures. This is an obligatory section In any general ‘book, but here the choice of iMustra tion (and the slight Italian bias) add something new. There are also several handsome pages of archive pho tographs of ‘the clearance of Tulankhamun’s tomb, Some impor tant recent discoveries are then noted, Te core of the book is an atlas of ‘main sites. Another currently popular graphic, the ‘exploded’ diagram, is Used to illustrate the tombs at Tanls, the tomb of Tutankhamun (inevitably) and the tomb of Nefectari, amongst others. There ate a couple of bird’ eye reconstructions, such as the Theban region {in which the distant temple of Luxor Is, bizarrely, larger than Karak). Actual text is brief, but ives the Key information accompa- ried by small but clear plans; more detail is given in the fairly lengthy captions, The main pleasuee of the book is the large-scale photographs which are very fine, Some will be familiar (uch as those of Jurgen Liepe, used in the Cairo Museum catalogue), and, it must be said, most are farly standard images. It i$ good to have a wider selection of the Tanis treasures than, fone would usually find in such a gen eral book (this, along with the Valley ff the Queens, reflects the author's long association with the French Institute). From a scholastic point of view this type of volume ean be very useful if the Images are unusual tombs, reliefs oF objects not often photographed. Unfortunately, this is rot the case here, Nevertheless, this handsome volume is rather more than a coffee-able book; itis compre hensive and will doubtless appeal to visitors who want a souvenir, and to those who appreciate large-scale pho- tographs. Because of its eautiful vignettes, the papyrus of Ani is very often used MINERVA 46 Book Reviews a — for illustration. The Egyptian Book of the Dead reproduces the whole papyrus, using Budge’ folio edition as Its source. The layout is excellent, with Raymond Faulkner's translation of the appropriate sections beneath each plate. Faulkners translation was of an ‘ideal’ text, and occasionally, where Ani differs markedly, a new translation has been supplied by Ogden Goelet, Despite the merits of Faulkner's translation, st might have been more valuable to have had a complete translation of the text a8 it appears in the Ani Papyrus, with all of lis anomalies. Goelet supplies a com: ‘mentary on the papyrus and an intro- duction to the Book of the Dead and many aspects of its contents, all of ‘which will be of value to the’ reader, Particularly useful are the black and white key plates with each chapter ‘marked. These plates also allow a view of the whole, now sadly dismem bered, papyrus, and one can appreci- ate the ordering of the chapters. A tuanslation is also supplied of all the missing chapters This is a very attractive produc tion, which will doubtless be of immense value to students of these texts, and might stimulate a more detailed reassessment of this impor- tant document, The familar, and oft reproduced vignettes can now be seen in their context, and the less well- known ones appreciated as well ‘Thee is also considerable pleasuce to be had from looking at the pages without vignettes = the clear and cet tain band of the seribe has produced remarkably elegant text. It is a pity that nothing more Is known about the owner of the papyrus, allowing it to be put more closely into its can- text. Robert Morkot A Scottish Selection Scotland's Hest Settlers by CR Wickham:Jones. Historic Seotland/t.T. Batsford, London, 1994, 128pp, 10 eo. plates, 90 bw ils, Paperback, £14.99, Scottish Abbeys and Priories by Richard Fawcet, Historic Seotland/B.T. Basford, London, 1994 144pp., 15 colow plates, 100 b/w iis Paperback, £14.99 Batsford has now published the sec ‘ond pair of volumes in the series pro: duced in association with Historie Scotland. They continue the explo tation of the sites and buildings which form so significant a part of Scotlana’s cultural story Historie Scotland is accountable to the Scottish Secretary and is taskedwith protecting the Scottish built environment and promoting its nderstanding and enjoyment. The Batsford collaboration Is apt, allowing 1S to display its spectrum of knowl ledge and experience against a spectac- ‘lar illustrative background, “There is a welcome promise that the series will be extended beyond the sixteen presently scheduled. The story Of Scotland's archaeology and history is much longer and more complex than may appear to those who have only seen it compacted into a fraction of the average British history book. Under the general editorship of Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments David Breeze, HS have assembled ‘competent list of authors, This is a intriguing series which undertakes 3 Useful role in amplifying the record. ‘The enthusiasm with which the ‘opening volumes in the series were met ~ the first, Viking Scotland, is already reprinted ~ suggests that the project has identified a need and is fling a gap. Caroline Wickham-Jones, author of Scotland's Fest Settlers, tsa freelance archaeologist. Any volume on Scot- tish prehistory must cover stone extensively, so her lengthy specialise tion on the technology of stone tools is particularly relevant. Her innova- live archaeological techniques and hher current work on the earliest Scot tish settlements ensure that her vol- sume is up-to-date ‘Ms Wickham-Jones acknowledges ‘hat evidence for Scottish palacolithic settlements is seant and sometimes indeterminate. The position of palae- olithic-era ice fields kept wandering ttibes away from the northem zones, and though some hunters may have follovied the herds northwards as the Ice receded, much of the evidence they left has been dislodged and buried by subsequent ice movement, ‘She maintains though that palae- olithic settlement was more side spread than the available evidence suggests, and that much will appear some day from under surfaces which have changed across the millennia, That justifies a digression into a study, fascinating in its own right, of the pan-Bitain palacolithic story, set- ting the Scottish aspects into place. ‘The mesolithics form the main platform forthe tale, using as planks a group of chapters on the origins and environment of mesolithic settlers ~ the first recorded on Rum, in the Hebrides, 8800 years ago — and noting the incoming of thelr successors from present-day England, Ireland and Scandinavia, There is a helpful mix- ‘ure of instructional and informative input, and examination, in manage- able detail, of the background to what is outlined elsewhere in the volume. Book Reviews b It would be easy in this context of scant and sometimes controversial tvidence to drift into conjecture, Ms Wickham-Jones's study, though, often With reference to specific sites, is eon- ducted chiefly In the light of tool design and use, and of Ithic artefacts. It clearly benefits from her extensive expertise. A useful glossary, bibliogra- phy and index complete a worthwhile Acquisition ‘This ls not a book for the spectalist academic. Ibis, though, one which in a well-reasoned and carefully-stepped way introduces an intezesting subject to the enthusiastic student and to ‘many who have progressed some way along the road towards an under Standing of archaeology and of Scot Jand’s prehistory. Many such readers will find the reiteration that much emains to be discovered an intrigu- ing prospect. There are thousands of Scottish actes which have never been ploughed. Who knows what some Future fleld-walker will discover? Scotland’ Fist Settlers should find & home in every municipal and schoo! library ~ not just the Scottish ones ~ and on many other bookshelves besides Dr Richard Fawcett, Principal Inspector of Ancient Monuments at Historic Scotland, has especial interest in medieval church architecture, an interest continuing through current researches. Unsurprisingly, his contrl= A summary outlines the philoso- Dhies of the various orders discussed — from Augustinian canons to Domini can friars to Valliscaulian monks. A generally helpful gazeteer of the monastic sites where there are signifi cant remains, with useful annotations indicating those still used for worship, and a bibliography and efficient index complete a worthwhile volume, Tris unfortunate that only about a third of the floor plans face photo ‘graphs of the same buildings today, ecessitating much page-tuzning t0 ‘compare one with the other. Its dis- appointing too not to find a map to help in identifying sites of some of the lesser edifices There is much here for those at the threshold of an interest in the subject and its period. For the second-stage ‘enthusiast a wealth of material guides easily towards more advanced levels of the study, We citicise current generations for the apathy which allows our built henltage to detesorate ~ though His toric Scotland is slowing that deterio- ration. Modern man is less blame- worthy than those zealots who used the Reformation for a programme of destruction, We have the consolation that much survives to form the sub- ject matter of Dr Faweett’s fascinating, study. Geoffiey Borwick bution to the Batsford/Historic Scot- Books Received land series, on Scotland's medieval monastic heritage, 1s a mass of Theinclsion ofa tein this lst does not preclude ts rview in a intriguing facts about Scottish monas- ater issue of Minera tic history, architecture and Iifesyie In successive sectors he moves Giitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800, through a meticulously detailed by KR, Dark. Leicester Univesity Press, Leicester, 1994. xiv + study, century by century, of the mil- 332 pp, 60 fig. Hardback, £42.50. A concise and useful su Jennium from the dawn of Scottish yey of the continulty of the British sub-Roman kingdoms (Chiistinity to the Reformation. ‘which throws light on the old accepted ‘end of Roman Dr Fawceit uses his wide knowl- Britain’ and thee place in the “wlight thereafter. edge and obviously painstaking research to review the Influences on Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire, by John Blaie. Alan Sutton, church development begun by Mal- Stroud, 1994. xxv + 230 pp. 102 lus. Hardback, £25, A con- colm III and his pious wife St Mar- cise, well presented and printed study of the development of garet and continued by later kings the society and landscape of Oxfordshite from the beginning And their leading subjects of the Anglo-Saxon settlement to the twelfth century. The He highlights the trans-national author makes fll use of archaeology and archives to present influences introduced by years spent 4 rounded pictute that wl be of interest to all Anglo-Saxon at the English court by David I and students, not just those concemed withthe county. thers, by the pan-European nature of many of the orders involved in the Cruelty and Chvilization: the Roman Games, by Roland Sota church end by he Cstercan SoU aaa ceca 195 ooo oe ats whic progewel the tans’ £35, paperback, £12.99. An examination ofthe Roman love tion of Scottish church architecture OF Bigg entertainments, especially those involving human from the Romanesque to the Gothic, blood, and the mentalty that made such great spectacles a "here is discussion of the people pare ofthe city lf M. Auguet makes full use of the iterature who entered religious life and of those who worked with them. Expla nations about the rooms in which ‘3s well asthe material remains of objects and so many of the substantial upstanding monuments, amphitheates, etc, to ppaint a broad picture of an ‘entertainment’ that was pecu- they lived and worked = sactisty, ary Roman, and highly political when one recalls jvenal’s chapter-house, dormitory, refectory ~ advice on keeping the Rorman mob happy: ‘Give them bread are illustrated by textual and photo- graphic details from specific bulld- Ings {and circuses’. MINERVA 47 Peter. Cloyton— —{ Excavation byeen eroded since 1990, and the low MOSAIC 'S IN shelf in the water beside what sur wives tas remains from various Class cal and Byzantine buildings. The traces of what were presumably PERIL FROM deeper water. Given that the level of the Black Sea is known to have risen, only one metre since late antiquity, it 's clear that the ground Is subsiding, ‘with the result that the sea is washing Away the soft soll. which was Geposited in the valley bottom in i ¢ against ti is antiquity Last summer, in a race against time, archaeologists managed Te asia Sohective alee are to remove Byzantine mosaics from a cliff top in Turkey which season was originally to study the remains ofan early Byzantine church, were on the point of collapsing into the Black Sea below. ton the south side of the stream which runs past the village of Cite down Stephen Hill Die bie the se, and coal eo son has cut a section 1.5 to 2 metres high through the building and its rmosale fos. The primary intention was to conduct a study of the buil ing in order to prepare a longer term research plan for its future excavation and conservation, but upon arrival at the site t became clear that there was a lacger and more pressing problem ‘on the north side of the stream. The rea’s action during the winter had removed a large stretch of the cliff at this point, exposing a section through, a second building with a mosaic floor, fragments of which were lying on the beach five metres below. Theze had 'been tno intention whatsoever to lift mosaics this season, even though ‘conservation in situ is unlikely to be a realistic option given the unstable marl subsoil and the coastal erosion, In the case of the north building, however, there was no altemative but to immediately remove the mosaic to the safcty of the Sinop Museum depot, and, accordingly, this extra new archaeological rescue ‘The remains at Ciftlik Ile at the project to survey, excavate mouth ofa valley on the west side of And protect the femains at the great bay in the Black Sea which a Classical and Byzan- runs in south of the Sinop peninsula tine site near Sinop on the Turkish (Big 1) The remains of two buildings, coast of the Black Sea, began in a church and a villa or small palace, August 1994 under the direction of were investigated in 1994, Both were the author. The work was a collabora- originally bult on sity soil which was tive project involving staff and stu- washed down to the bottom of the dents from the Department of Classes valley over thousands of years. The and Ancient History of the University project is very much concerned with Of Warwick, and staf from the Sinop fescue, since the coastline in this area ‘Museum and the British Institute of 1s being seriously eroded by the sea. Archaeology at Ankara, which has At east 1.5 metres ofthe church have adopted the excavation a5 a new in house project. The Department of Fit (above). View ofthe ste fom the Archaeology of the University of New. sath showing the collapsed apse ofthe Archaeology of the University of Ne Church inthe sea. Sinop Is vite the castle upon Tyne collaborated with Gt tna a the ike of the ance the postexcvation workin procure sng compte imsges of Me {QPOR: - ys eqns. tespee the Can hs phiyand the moss designs, PO es le ack Se MINERVA 48Fig 3, The mosaic in the North Building seen rom the south, showhng deep setlement cracks near the edge of the Smcie igh if ig 4 Centra pane of the mosale inthe North bulling Fig 5. Border of swastika pltae inthe mosaic tn the North bullding. Ths section ofthe [pavement appears to have been rela an the clumsy central lement mares the pont "witere the devin a tobe fed order to fol the pleces together. work had to be undertaken immedi- ately. ‘The North Building (Villa?) Work here was extremely dangerous with material constantly slipping over the edge of the cliff. The floor of the building, when exposed, proved to have very deep cracks extending sev- ral metes into the clay, and its very ‘unlikely that this section of the struc. ‘are will survive much longer (Fig 3). The entice east (seaward) wall had recently fallen onto the beach, and the remaining walls had suffered rob- bing for stonework. The stability of the site had also been weakened by the digging of a recent deep trench, which was apparently the work of treasuze hunters, The robber trench, had the effect of cutting diagonally ‘through a room some seven metres square, and we were able to retrieve the triangle of mosaic floor from the north-eastern section of the room. In these emergency circumstances the main concern was to rescue the floor itself, and it will be necessary to conduct further geophysical survey land excavation in order to ascertain the nature of the building as a whole We intend to retuin to this problem luring the next season. Our frst pri= ority had to be to concentrate on retrieving as much as possible as quickly as possible without loss of lie Since it would have been completely unrealistic to attempt to protect a five-metre-high clay clif, The mosaic, ‘when exposed, proved to have a com- plex stratigraphic history. The original central panel (Fig 4), which has a complex scroliwoek pattern, was sup- plemented by the addition of a broad — Excavation = border with macander patterns, waves, and swastika pellae with ul Toche knots (Fig 5)- One of the later was particularly poorly composed and tious (white, red, blue and yellow), proved to be a repair over the collapse the execution, especially of the cen ‘of a dzain which had been cut by the ‘ral panel, is of good quality. Compa north wall of the room which con rable examples ate known from late talned our pavement, Furthermore, “antique sites in the eastern Mediter. the north side of the pavement had ranean, but these are often less subtle been altered by the Insertion of a in theie use of colouts. threshold panel and the reclaying of Lifting the mosaic was relatively the section against the north wall. simple, since the Instability and mas- Upon lifting the mosaic, turthes 7ES,Plmafthe se subsidence of the ste had broken tesserae, presumably from a'predeces- Mahe muauig it into numerous small pieces, and the sor, were found in the mortar beds. amm by ran mortar forthe pavement ston 3 lev ‘Mthough the patete weds anamb, “Wiles” Ging deposit of loose beach sand. GIFTLIK MINERVA 49ANTIQUITIES Pace ee ee circa Ist century A.D., 20 Y4in.(52am.) high Nias Conte New York, 2 June 1995 Arce Pa ees ned fees earn COR OIOM DAL cmt) Cereerted London, (0171) 389 2820. New York, (718) 784 1480 eee a eee ens reese omnes CHRISTIE'S eae eta creas SCE eT ater LI)The mosaic was bandaged with calico attached with water-soluble glue, the whole marked out with a grid, and then cut into sections along the nat ural cracks (Fig 7). With the tesserae held in position it was a simple, ‘though perilous, task to lever up the fragments, complete with all their original bedding material (Fig 8). The mosaic is now stored in the depot of the Sinop Museum and we hope to re- assemble it next year The Church The assumption that the south bulld Jing was a church was based on the ‘observation that large sections from a curved wall, presumably an apse, had fallen into the sea (Fig 2). Closer st of the exposed section and tral exca- vations have proved that this assamp- tion is well-founded. The fragments of wall in the sea can be joined together Jn plan on paper to form an apse with an internal diameter of seven metres, ‘Atrial trench at the eastern end of the building revealed stylobates for colon nades which divided the building into 2 nave (8.2 metres wide) and two aisles (each 3 metres wide). The west end of the building could be dis cerned from the results of the soil resistivity survey, and atrial excavation revealed the north-west comer of the north aisle and the north end of the narthex (entrance porch). The main dimensions of the building are 28 metres from east to west and 17 metres from north to South, tnaking i€ unusually short and Fig 7 (above left). The mosaic inthe North bmi was Pandaged with calc held In ‘lace with watersoluble hue preparatory to being fed. ig 8 (ot), Lifting the mosaic bv the North Dulin for storage and eventual reco struction inthe Sinop Museu, lg 9 (above). Mosaic border and panel at ‘he north sie of the nave ofthe Church The column has aon from he galery of the buldng MINERVA 51 squat when compared with the famih lar longitudinal basiicas of southern and western Asia Minor, bat it may be ‘compared with a few carly Byzantine churches known in Cappadocia and Lyeaonia, Excavation revealed the presence of subsidiary chambers on the north side of the church at both east and west ends, and the resistivity survey suggests that there are also subsidiary structures agalnst the south side of the church, The identification of ‘these subsidiary chambers is uncer tan, but it seems most likely that the matched side-chambers projecting t0 north and south atthe east end of the church served as prothesis (to house the Eucharistic elements) and diacon- cum (to house sacred vessels), Their unusual positioning ~ against the alste, rather than flanking the apse — ‘may represent a regional variation in the standard plan of early Byzantine churches, Fragments of a marble chancel screen were retrieved from the east end of the church, and if this was originally placed to the west of the doors into the side-chambers the main body of the church to the west of the chaneel screen would have 110. view along the tench at the cast fend ofthe Church looking ft south fo north the edge ofthe masa he sou sl (sien the foreground of the pc ture) was cat by the sea, and spol fom the excavation has been pled agalnst It Por protection Fig 11. Tracing the design ofthe mosaic i the morth alle of the Church onto acetateExcavation Fig 12. Pan of the Church, showing position of trenches and the fallapsed seetios ofthe apse us they cou be Jotned together anaurs by Boast Willan). Fig 13 (above eight). Pier capita fom: the Church found in the sea. The capital has en wor smooth by the action of the sea, and small pebbis ca be seen lodged tn the details of he carving. been nearly square The building history of the church has so far proved relatively straight- forward. Worn floor surfaces and blocked doorways in the narthex sug: {gest a lengthy period of occupation, but only the north-east side-chamber shows clear evidence of two floor lev cls. A butted pier against the west wall of the narthex appear also to be a later addition, The church was very expensively. equipped with geometric floor mosaics and marble wall veneers throughout. Glass tesserae of many colouss were retrieved, Including. gilded, red, blue, brown, white, and Several shades of green. These tesserae were found at both ends ofthe build: Ing suggesting that glass mosaics were not restricted to the apse of the church. This possibility Is borne out by the observation that building debris found in the west trench may hhave come from vaulted structures, Architectural pieces from the main part of the church included a pink marble column from the south colon- nade at ground level, fragments of capitals and screens and a large num- bet of thin cut marble slabs from walls and floors. A complete marble column which had fallen from the gallery was found! lying on the mosaic Of the north side of the nave (Pig 9) The presence of galleries may explain chambers at either end of the narthex, which may have housed staircases (Fig 14), The chamber at the north end of the narthex was found by excavation; its southern equivalent can be seen on the plot from the soil resistivity survey. ‘The floor mosaics which were uncovered in the church were exclu: sively geometric, but there was con: siderable variety of pattern, Both ‘The mosaic panel from the Church (north sie ofthe nave) this colour {mage ofthe mosaic was produced by Richard Bayliss and Mark Gillngs of the Survey, CAD and GIS Facility of the Department of Archaeology, Uni- versity of Newenstle upon Tyne. Dig tal reproduction was By Arlene Rakin ‘of Ravensworth Design. Although the ‘mses were carefilly trace onto acetate film, we also took photegraphs ‘with fined reference points accurately surveyed int the overall site plan “Through a combination of image pro- cessing and vector digitising tech niques, the orginal photograph ofthis Section of the mosaic was converted to ‘9 GiS.based digital map. The image, produced using spcially-wrtten soft ware, marks a ew approach to the technical problem of recording masa designs. MINERVA 52 aisles had relatively simple designs with lnterlocking cirees, but the nave was decorated with a mass of different panels with scrolls, macanders, and chequer board patterns enclosing panels with elaborate circular and quate designs employing a wide vari ety of colours. As yet no figured {esigns or mosaic inscriptions have heen revealed, and the mosaics can be seen to have patterns resembling those of textiles. The mosaics of the aisles, which were presumably pro- tected by the lower roofing systems at these points in the building, are rela: tively well-preserved, but the small area of nave mosaic which was texposed has been heavily damaged by fallen architectural members, The whole building has suffered considerably from stone-robbing, some of which took place about 60 years ago for the constauction of the oad south from Ciftlik village. The robbing has seriously disturbed the post-church stratigraphic sequences, and burning associated with the fextraction of marble and other bull Ing stones has damaged floor surfaces, ‘especially in the area of the narthex ‘The church appears to have been buat. atone time, and was constructed with walls with faces of cut stone (or Deach-stone in the foundations) out side a mortat and rubble core, with regular tile bonding courses which stretched through the width of the walls. In view of the need to leave floors in position, analysis ofthe pre church archaeology was only possible in a small area of the south-west chamber where stone-robbing had cut through the floor surface. Larger mosaic tesserae than those employed Jn the church were retrieved fom this area and presumably originated from an earlier structure. In the same area were also found small fragments of Hellenistic and Roman pottery and two pieces of Hellenistic hlack-plazet ware, These earlier artefacts were found in silty deposits and were ass0- clated with no obvious earlier struc tures. It seemed Ukely that they had been washed down fom other sites in the valley before the construction of the chureh, The same silty deposits with fragments of earlier pottery and ‘even part ofa small limestone column, ‘were found immediately west of the north-west chamber‘The mosaics in the church were left in situ, covered with sand and backsiled for protection. A consider- able amount of time and effort had to be devoted to protecting the church from further erosion and the whole seaward section was protected by sandbags, rock, and, where necessary, dry-stone walls. ‘These defences should provide the temporary protec ton necessary to stop further damage in the short term, pending the deci- sion on what to do with the mosaics Given the geology of the site, preser- vation in situ seems highly problem [ Excavation ee atic and it Is therefore likely that these mosaics too will need eventu- ally to be removed and taken to the Sinop Museum, ‘AS Well as the walls of the church, the sea has cut through two further walls to north and south. These related to a crop-mark which was clearly visible in 1994, and appear to have been the external walls ofa cor- ound which surrounded the church to north, west and south. The exis: tence of this compound is also suge ested by the results of the analysis of the geophysical survey ofthe site, INTERESTED IN ANCIENT, GREEK, ROMAN, CELTIC, HAMMERED COINAGE? THEN YOU SHOULD BE READING. COINNEWS a Be sure of your issue, order from your local newsagent - or subscribe today ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL * MODERN NEWS + VIEWS © AUCTION REPORTS (plus new ANCIENTS supplement) Ifyou are unfamiliar with COIN NEWS send for ‘@FREE sample copy ‘TOKEN PUBLISHING LTD, 105 High Street, Honiton, Devon EX14 8PE. Tel: 0404-48414 Fax: 0404-45313 Pig 14. Excavation ft the west end of the Chueh, show. ng the mosate oor of thease wel asthe norte ses sidechamber, which may have contained t stair Dr Stephen Hill fs Lecturer in Archaeolegy at the University of Warwick Post-excavation Work Richard Bayliss and Mark Gillings of the Department of Archacology of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne produced the rectified drawing (vla GIS and CAD) of the nave mosaic based on oblique photographs and the results of the topographical sur vey, Site plans and publication draw. ings from the tessera by tessera drawings of the mosaics which were made on the site have been prepared by Bran Williams, Rupert Howell from the University of Warwick has analysed the findings from the soil resistivity survey. Preliminary Conclusions Sufficient information about the church has been retrieved to demon- strate that it had an interesting and unusual plan and superstructure and was elaborately decorated, Iti a type of bullding which has not been excavated In this region before and it is thus of importance if only for that reason, 'AS well as Its tessellated floor, the north building is presumably the source ofa large statue base which fell fonto the beach in 1993, and it most have been a structure of considerable pretension. Immediately to the north And south of the ste there are wasters from the production of the characters: tic fatbellied Sinopitan amphorae, and a French team is excavating one of these deposits. Given the agricultural wealth of the valley, and its industeal activity, it seems most likely that there ‘was a rich estate here in the Roman and Late Roman period. The church, with its precinet, may well have been added in the fouth or fifth century. If 50, it was mos likely @ small monastic compound of the type which was established, at Annes in the Pontus, in the family estate ofthe great Cappado- clan Chutch Father, St Basi, Future plans We intend to return to Giftik in 1995 In order to continue the excavation of the church and the north building, to extend the geophysical survey, con- dluct fleldivork in the Ciftlik valley and to survey the surviving under: water features. The author is currently earning scuba diving for this purpose. Acknowledgements {As well as those already mentioned, Wwe are grateful to the Turkish Min istry of Culture for permission to excavate. The work at Ciflik was sup- ported by grants from the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara and the University of Warwick. As well as the collaboration of the Direc tor, Ismail Tatlican, and the archaeol- Cogist, Fuat Dezel, the Sinop Museum provided local transport and accom: ‘modation,UNITED KINGDOM Eee aces a the Cu x VUgmu ‘the most. eae oes Weteet een unl 3S, iy, Sar ‘intngin HR" Fha"on Fed ew hn ‘,Sep/O 1998; pp. 68) BIRMINGHAM “CHINA: 7000 YEARS OF INVENTION AND Biscovegr 400 able rom the ands yep aoe oe SHAN nbn Haw MUSEUM AND ART GALLERY (0121) 2351968, Crate ‘COINAGE OF THE TWELVE CAESARS. & Sec ae RNS fs Casa Goran {Nstute uxivensiy OF aiMNG: Aa 02}) 472-0962. Uno kt sr tren 99h, Catslogue £8.95. Src Mien Sept 1985, pp. 17-18, CAMBRIDGE ‘EMME ART AND PATRONAGE: TREA- SURES FROM KUWAIT An exhibition ere eees ee ci een re ane ee ra eae ioe New pean gles ui vc bre a ar ihe water ihe Span iveRPOOL MUSEUM (051) 207 001 crib 1380, po 2 ae He anus cee Be Hae HE cua mono: aay ne ee soya ere Sat “nite MEXICAN i eae as the ts nee eel FROM THE NEOLITHIC 1994. ( [Bhifeb1985"pp- 6.1) ey reason ct, et ae oe Secs Aiea MORONS Ber 1 anon ano se caer Beaune to tk serge arate ods iarenetoerasente, Sek SAI Calendar be of Us THE BRITISH MESO?) S's ee re RAugu 605 pp.4020) TEXTILES FROM MASADA. Ist-century AB tec tages rom te Hie Museum's excavations of 19665, Treen elened ond conserved 3th Hoale Conanaten Cones a Court Pance THe SRT WOREOM Gi, 6369558129 Oder eaters: nent exhbiton of the Unies Neneh caleeon eee te nae ae ae Beda fost 2753838 pene, Mayikne 1994 pp. 40-43, UNITED STATES AUNT cor ST Bn en eee ges tatiana seat SL aia ceaeae si @ Bas ca a BOSTON, Massachusetts ACN Scares ihr Mass fon eee ee ee Erste Roman Peed, Seta ae fears tories BROOKLYN, New York, [ANDEAN COLLECTION REINSTALLATION eae rgrenive calecian fem ee si ea {Ghancy aseton cnet en yw THE SBROOKYIN MUSEUM (718) 638 300, CAMBRIDGE Mosarhsets oe ioe een tee ae ‘aac lee acs th to 3rd cen Teter See aas ear acnnonar Bese! LIMPRESSIONS OF MESOPOTAMIA: SEALS ROW THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, An romero eae Rall ete AN INTRODUCTION TO BYZANTINE CONAGE.A seston of gol, siter, and throngs cine om the stssum's ite: Known Whittemore colecton of over $00 "byzantine coins dating fom AD 491 co'1435. ARTHUR MoSACKLER ‘MUSEUM (617) 4959400. Unt 27 Moy IWORIES ROW THE ANCIENT NEAR the histones and sot contest of the Fea, focusing on nine Wares from Samira ond Nt ARTHUR We SACK LER MUSEUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY (7)4985005, avenger ota THE PYRAMIDS ANO THE SPAIN: 100 ens (OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AT eyo the excavllons ond done by Ares excamts Si senor n te twentieth century, ining ome ‘ cee 463) Taga 195, CHICAGO, tins eS nacre nr. ne - san, ad ran ene Macrae Peas a THE ‘slp Gichco el s- e998 CORNING, New York BESS IN sslTURE: THE sToRY OF Het chee Shenson truseurs n-th ried States and icpe” a ion ee | onan Unt Sich ee SR PCS a ns oe DALLAS, Texas Erennal ceyer lu aie Nui fr he Manno ne A oa Includes monumental om sie, Bae wore joule, and 2 ‘ol as GOLD OF MYCENAE. colton of 20 cele Mreacanievch. oa 2 cy se NEW ore al “eon to. GUEPSF "a v0 Sia 2500, 2 ine Nate Beh Erste day te Eiement ofaavaaton it rep) eae ee Soliton ar ‘ia colection of over uae Agung ey eae ate ees Gaui ig epee fimacyor sear DUNS MSE OF ‘AT 19) 925:1300 opr 6 Ne. TE PEACRRUL LBETATORS: JAIN ART Poe gag Cee es aa a eest fancies: oan site iaia eas | HONOLULU, Hawai He A coma: He ht oPane eat Sanco at SOE si om thrten mesears eta ematerctd Rese ead! Bia eka SAP che ts tee Seas Bam et Huon, Tam RGR Te Ot Hae egies ee ee Sits oot ‘ycapons, carpets, Tete, Koran and ee ett MINERVA 54 EINE ART 2713) 69730, Ura KNOXVILLE Tennessee Meanie rs a cei ie * uh a oe scar as: see ee Seenwes LOS ANGELES, calforia Gren sulnta ei 3 Sey esa dies ree elo ee i ta sn, 10s ANGELES COUNTY Kae Aa as sri cor aera eS EAR vw ne sas dient nd eh Ses Suara ety she te owen os it Seo nea re Tena Me ae USE is ea eee Santa B op NEW YORK, New York ANATOLIA Te LEVANT, AND THE BAST {nw MEDITERRANEAN WORLD, CROSS: ROADS OF AS 2400450 BC, Anew eranen italian enteozey Set ey abject ed materials f us, the ean, and Siem tree Opie of te cra teraction an rte Severna othe ran Te METRO: BOUTEN Museu OF AT (212) 879 5300 ee Era Sei museum. 9H ee GRILL ANCIPNT RUAN MANTLES: THe rl fear ake mens armen fomerocting yo to ten eet Incline guest ad gant fom ‘evra museums moon southem Pers reer BC apd AD 200, tute Gecewpmen canna ee iereet ania Searls ART AND EMPIRE: TREASURES FROM ASIAN THe Bi MRED on fenrum BC paloees at Nimud and Ninel wi de extibed wih 9 aes Musil Gr att (212) 873-5500. Unt TE Agu. Calogse ae oo ‘ee ony resell tees ee Seite EARLY CULTURES OF THE LEVANT: CHAL. COLITHIC ART ON LOAN FROM THE Ishact ANTIGITES AUTHORITY. {etm loon of fteen objects, 4508.3800 8G, Including ivory and stone fg. ates am te the Beenebe and Git se ped but (oe heat Soup eae Natal TERA at wae ‘THE FLORENCE AND WeRDERT IRVING Galas OF Sout AN souesT ASN an gel fe Sif Rihana an, Ne 2 an eta ar ai a Tadao Raita RURURr rae et SE os Mine bata 1994, pp. 33 aay an ees uments ‘have been cleaned and Now see OA Re cer of ie Sone IEW fiNDs, OLD TaEasunts ean eas he Me IAS (lero semen ithe Unies Sates oh Sar aeted hye om pte Exopeen cl suing ine seal Sina fon peony shew Hert Secier chit TES GIS balsas PaVDE HM Pee FERRE. on feces uneg ane rie cena EAs e ae Hnisiotsa since ie REBT aan IMUMINATING THE Bast: ART AND ARTISTS OF THE BAN cite PRojecT. Sey chaclogia asta om ‘xcivatons conducted m the m:1970 tis fomed sen rr-aster Tal THEUNIVERSITY OF PENNYLVANIA MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (213) 8989000, Ur ST Augen, TIME AND RULERS AT THA: ARCHITEC ‘TUkal SCULPTURE OF THE MAYA. © ‘enialtion of ths 1986.87 extn ening oy nen mau jor excbetons at Tikal In 1986.70 Gilet onde i enc er en Be ate alee een eg Saute weedy Aoiamitertest a seioe osaigedten SAN FRANCISCO, California ANCIENT ARTS Of MESOAMERICA, CEN. TRAL & SOUTH AMERICA. A ni en ‘ated permanent satiation of about 130 eects, many oF whch have never ‘vie MH DEYOUNG MEMO RACNMUSEUA (413) 750-3600, SANTAANA, alfa BMG URES da Sag ee eter a Ser re cone reas Petes REO Seahcr Si Sgt? aera ASAINGTON, ea TP os Sacra soe © eh Sao Rea cae feces daa (eee anes Eee Varna ‘irae 080" An 0090 ivania MD & con: Calendar ENT NUBIA: EGYPT'S RIVAL IN AFRICA, Ov So ate sala ies tei fine fe aaa, apd te Ca. Tene air Dbs pe 2835)" Ea gf ra ur Seamoracurency MAY EE Surotaans! re, Ei cuyan gusta uate ini ag reactant joss Bice" s imeem Heise sts ited CANADA RAPE one Rea e Pe coutne Sat aa aoe te eb, one ipa ron Spit Croatia Muséum Gg 5 PLANET PERU: AN AERIAL JOURNEY THROUGH A TIMELESS LAND. 71 serial nett of PrecColumotn Ben picid dire rd nae nua fre Te roy TaNO Ni seuM see SS then oss THE SAMUEL & AYALA ZACKS caLLERY neuen: newen gil cl archi dhe cy bc i VICTORIA, British Columbia GENGHIS KWAN: TREASURES FROM TANER MONGOLIA. A landmirk eth ton featuring over 200 wor oat, most of than never befe shown Gu $ise china om the tard mln BC ya rg gl tvs spire ect Yom the ie oe Hanae essa eae ROVACERIS es. seats EP eee tar se beck Se pene rene eieceare Rag ees oma, CAnthace: tHe nsroRY, 175 TRACE AND HS ELA eeteey lth Eathgin coiaton and is eels ‘pon ter European wes an atts lies rae ra ot ar are moe seep ‘presen an ‘comer ie ae east See oe GERMANY Be xc yn mn S Botner tetas ister al at conta coe Siscltay sate oe ae bern aera KUNSTHALLE, Unti Sjune, - GREECE IAN ANTIQUITIES ROOM 280, eer jay meee cane See re endo we ‘ile eden Sennen BES ves ISRAEL. JenUsatem FOMB OFFERINGS FROM TEL NAMI. ake a aoa rN EL iE ee Labatt ITALY Want FROM 1000 Bc To AD 1000 ReasuRes AND PEOPLE FROM THE BLACK SEX © eo ‘compreverae exhibition of Suet om the nether felons othe Back Se elle 9 sof cyto gold egures, never oer SRIOnU NCD € PALAZZO 96. OBES Unt) 23 Hey Catsogue. See potas, ROME ALA: THE ORIGINS OF URBAN civizA- TION, PALAZZO VENEZIA (3730879) pet ne NEFERTARK LIGHT OF EGYPT, PALAZZO USP 835201 76eCb6724 Ort & MEXICO MEXICO CITY, TREASURES FROM THE HOLY LAND. & special exibition of objects from the ‘ae! Museum in lervslem, including {he voleaic stone fgutine of 9 female, Ie a eee amin 1981 wh TURAL CeXrae FOR CONTEMPORARY (ART. Unt 14 May. ‘THE NETHERLANDS, clk, Sm or conor, tee cn Sree ee iameeoresc irae LEIDEN THE HEROIC BATTLE FOR TROY. A smal nhibiton ef ancent abject decorated ‘tn scanes fom the lied and ©) AijksMUSEUM VAN BUDHEDEN GY) Me 31-8 Une 30 ay DJENNE The Histon ae archaea Ee ey nor as mh ISMUSAUM VAN VOLKESGUNDE HHS ANY ot NUMEGEN. Une 27 ase IMAN TABLEWARE. An exhibion on oman eating habit and utes now ej epg che tans force te ‘seu kaM(31)80-220042, Me ROTTERDAM. DREAMING OF PARADISE ISLAMIC ART PROM THE COLLECTION OF THE MINERVA 55 ARH imegen. HONING r tnt ‘Museum oF ernvotocy, RorrEnDAM. fa eunve calecton fume ot aoe ee a aeen jeererneos GOSS boars abe, SPAIN. SEAM, Sets or cxaaon a DAios the ethibon pat ot Totter ee ae as aoe one ae is ‘on the re Jah Sea ee Barone oneal wv EDE! Hecate ried eae ass ee es pd Vining levee. 8 a ee sve inc Wain SYMPOSI 22.25 Moy. INTERNATIONAL syMpO- ‘SM OW RiGRATION ART IN THE MET. ‘Deborah morale fet Seana ae ele oo arti se as fe Cee aa THE IMAGE AND Reaury OF ENN ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN Soe oe Exum fr z ceue ‘Sen Ue sets Prof ES if 00) 86 meri eotoceat 5 eo an ss es ire By on hte AND He Mos. gsr orjunton vine Une De SL aeSeaby antiquities gallery ‘umapished 1725 art of the ancient world ayptin stucco relief plaque: bust of «priest, possibly Imhotep facing right, wearing ap. ‘XXVith-XXXth Dynasty, et 664-343 B.C, Height: 8/2 in (20.6cm) Send for our complementary antiquity catalogue 14 Old Bond Street, London W1X 4JL Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595 Open Monday to Friday 10 am to 5.00 pmCarinthian pottery ldded pis by the Painter of Athens 263 ae Iie a a CT tate ana OR eM ct a Eee) We are pleased to announce the 1995 edition of Art of the Ancient World, ee re eee ed Cee eee ee Islamic Art, European Sculpture: Old Master Prints and Drawings: (CPePn Gh Ae ide ce ee a en Member of the International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art RO eae

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5822)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1093)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (852)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (610)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1717)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1105)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (898)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (349)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1025)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1867)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1948)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (403)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4771)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (809)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1903)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2522)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3973)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (880)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Mythology of Bullets Psychology

  

  Document8 pages

  Mythology of Bullets Psychology

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• 1996 Vol 7 05

  

  Document68 pages

  1996 Vol 7 05

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (105)
• 1998 Vol 9 03

  

  Document68 pages

  1998 Vol 9 03

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1999 Vol 10 03

  

  Document76 pages

  1999 Vol 10 03

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1998 Vol 9 05

  

  Document76 pages

  1998 Vol 9 05

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1991 Vol 2 02

  

  Document52 pages

  1991 Vol 2 02

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1998 Vol 9 01 PDF

  

  Document68 pages

  1998 Vol 9 01 PDF

  Waldemar Bednarz

  No ratings yet
• 1993 Vol 4 03

  

  Document52 pages

  1993 Vol 4 03

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1996 Vol 7 04

  

  Document68 pages

  1996 Vol 7 04

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1991 Vol 2 06

  

  Document52 pages

  1991 Vol 2 06

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• 1994 Vol 5 03

  

  Document60 pages

  1994 Vol 5 03

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Taschen Ce Catalogue 2013

  

  Document237 pages

  Taschen Ce Catalogue 2013

  poisonrouge2

  100% (3)
• 1990 Vol 1 05

  

  Document52 pages

  1990 Vol 1 05

  poisonrouge2

  100% (1)
• 1990 Vol 1 02

  

  Document56 pages

  1990 Vol 1 02

  poisonrouge2

  100% (1)
• 1990 Vol 1 01

  

  Document60 pages

  1990 Vol 1 01

  poisonrouge2

  100% (1)
• Chocolate Tart Paris Kitchen

  

  Document2 pages

  Chocolate Tart Paris Kitchen

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Inspector Morse Lewis Endeavor Episode Guide

  

  Document31 pages

  Inspector Morse Lewis Endeavor Episode Guide

  poisonrouge2

  100% (1)
• Figs by Alison Prince

  

  Document1 page

  Figs by Alison Prince

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Yamaha RX-V375 AVR Owners Manual

  

  Document8 pages

  Yamaha RX-V375 AVR Owners Manual

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• List of Inspector Morse Episodes

  

  Document5 pages

  List of Inspector Morse Episodes

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Inner City Books Catalog

  

  Document8 pages

  Inner City Books Catalog

  poisonrouge2

  No ratings yet
• Jung and Aion

  

  Document39 pages

  Jung and Aion

  poisonrouge2

  100% (9)
• New York Central Art Supply General Catalog, Spring 2013

  

  Document205 pages

  New York Central Art Supply General Catalog, Spring 2013

  newyorkcentral

  0% (1)