CH 2

Chapter 2
Matrices
2.1 Operations with Matrices
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix
2.4 Elementary Matrices
Elementary Linear Algebra
R. Larsen et al. (6 Edition)
2.1 Operations with Matrices
Matrix:
a11
a
21
A [aij ] a31

am1
a12
a22
a32
am 2
(i, j)-th entry:
aij
a13
a 23
a33
am 3
a1n
a2 n
M mn
a3n
amn mn
row: m
column: n
size: mn
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, pp.46-47
2/61
i-th row vector

ri ai1
ai 2 ain
j-th column vector

c1 j
c
2j
cj

c
mj
Square matrix:
row matrix
column matrix
m=n
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.47
3/61
Diagonal matrix:
d1 0
0 d
2
A diag (d1 , d 2 , , d n )

0 0
0
0
M nn

d n
Trace:
If A [aij ]nn
Then Tr ( A) a11 a22 ann
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, Addition
4/61
Ex:
1 2 3
r1
A

4 5 6
r2
r1 1 2 3 , r2 4 5 6
1 2 3
A
4
5
6
c1 c2
c3
1
2
3
c1 , c2 , c3
4
5
6
5/61
Equal matrix:
If A [aij ]mn , B [bij ]mn
Then A B if and only if aij bij 1 i m, 1 j n
Ex 1: (Equal matrix)
1 2
A
3
4
a b
B
c
d
If A B
Then a 1, b 2, c 3, d 4
6/61
Matrix addition:
If A [aij ]mn , B [bij ]mn
Then A B [aij ]mn [bij ]mn [aij bij ]mn
Ex 2: (Matrix addition)
1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 0 5
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 3
1 1
11
3 3 3 3

2 2
2 2
0
0
0
7/61
Scalar multiplication:
If A [aij ]mn , c : scalar
Then cA [caij ]mn
Matrix subtraction:
A B A (1) B
Ex 3: (Scalar multiplication and matrix subtraction)
1 2 4
3 0 1
2 1 2
0 0
2
B 1 4 3
3 2
1
Find (a) 3A, (b) B, (c) 3A B

8/61
Sol:
(a)
3A 3
(b)
1 2 4 31 3 2
3 4 3 6 12
3 0 1 3 3 3 0 3 1 9 0 3

2 1 2 3 2 31
3 2 6 3
6
0
0
0 0
2
2
4 3
B 1 1 4 3 1
1 3 2
3 2
1
(c)
3A B
1 6 12
3 6 12 2
0 0
9 0 3 1 4 3 10 4 6

4
6 3
6 1
3 2 7 0
9/61
Matrix multiplication:
If A [aij ]mn , B [bij ]n p
Then AB [aij ]mn [bij ]n p [cij ]m p
Size of AB
n
where cij aik bkj ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ain bnj

k 1
a11 a12 a1n b b

b1n
11
1j

b
21
2
j
2
n

ai1 ai 2 ain

ci1 ci 2 cij cin

bn1 bnj bnn
an1 an 2 ann
Notes: (1) A+B = B+A, (2) AB BA
10/61
Ex 4: (Find AB)
3
1
3
B
A 4 2
4
0
5
Sol:
(1)(3) (3)(4)
AB (4)(3) (2)(4)
(5)(3) (0)(4)
2
1
(1)(2) (3)(1)
(4)(2) (2)(1)
(5)(2) (0)(1)
9 1
4 6
15 10
11/61
Matrix form of a system of linear equations:

a11 x1 a12 x2 a1n xn b1
a x a x a x b
21 1 22 2
2n n
2
am1 x1 am 2 x2 amn xn bm
m linear equations
a11
a
21

am1
a12 a1n x1 b1
a22 a2 n x2 b2

am 2 amn xn bm
Single matrix equation

Ax b
m n n 1
m 1
12/61
Partitioned matrices:
a11
A a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
a14
A11
a24
A21
a34
a11
A a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
a14 r1
a24 r2

a34 r3
a11
A a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
a14
a24 c1 c2
a34
submatrix
A12
A22
c3
c4
13/61
Keywords in Section 2.1:
row vector:
column vector:
diagonal matrix:
trace:
equality of matrices:
matrix addition:
scalar multiplication:
matrix multiplication:
partitioned matrix:
14/61
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations
Three basic matrix operators:

(1) matrix addition
(2) scalar multiplication
(3) matrix multiplication
Zero matrix:
Identity matrix of order n: I n
0 mn
15/61
Properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication:

If A, B, C M mn ,
c, d : scalar
Then (1) A+B = B + A

(2) A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C
(3) ( cd ) A = c ( dA )
(4) 1A = A
(5) c( A+B ) = cA + cB
(6) ( c+d ) A = cA + dA
16/61
Properties of zero matrices:

If A M mn , c : scalar
Then (1) A 0 mn A
(2) A ( A) 0 mn
(3) cA 0 mn c 0 or A 0 mn
Notes:
(1) 0mn: the additive identity for the set of all mn matrices
(2) A: the additive inverse of A
17/61
Transpose of a matrix:
a11
a
If A 21

a
m1
a12 a1n
a22 a2 n
M mn

am 2 amn
a21 am1
a22 am 2

a
1n

a2 n amn
Then AT
a11
a
12
M nm
18/61
Ex 8: (Find the transpose of the following matrix)

1
1 2 3
0
2
(c A 2 4
(a) A
(b) A 4 5 6
)
8
7 8 9
1 1
Sol: (a)
2
A
AT 2 8
8
(b)
1 2 3
1 4 7
A 4 5 6 AT 2 5 8
7 8 9
3 6 9
(c
0
1
)
0 2 1
T
A 2 4
A
1
4
1 1
19/61
Properties of transposes:
(1) ( AT )T A
( 2) ( A B )T AT B T
(3) (cA)T c( AT )
( 4) ( AB )T B T AT
20/61
Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is symmetric if A = AT
Skew-symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is skew-symmetric if AT = A
Ex:
1 2 3
If A a 4 5 is symmetric, find a, b, c?
b c 6
Sol:
1 2 3
1 a b
T
A
A
A a 4 5 AT 2 4 c
a 2, b 3, c 5
b c 6
3 5 6
Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.68 & p.72
21/61
Ex:
0 1 2
If A a 0 3 is a skew-symmetric, find a, b, c?
b c 0
Sol:
0 a b
0 1 2
A a 0 3
AT 1 0 c
b c 0
2 3 0
A AT a 1, b 2, c 3
Note: AAT is symmetric

Pf:
( AAT )T ( AT )T AT AAT
AAT is symmetric
22/61
Real number:
ab = ba (Commutative law for multiplication)
Matrix:
AB BA
mn n p
Three
situations:
(1) If m p, then AB is defined, BA is undefined.
(2) If m p, m n, then AB M mm , BA M nn (Sizes are not the
(3) If m p n, then AB M mm , BA M mm
same)
(Sizes are the same, but matrices are not equal)
23/61
Ex 4:
Sow that AB and BA are not equal for the matrices.
1 3
2 1
B
A
and
0
2
2
Sol:
1 3
AB
5
2 1 2
0 2 4 4
7
2 1 1 3 0
BA
0
2
2
1
4
Note:
AB BA
24/61
Real number:
ac bc, c 0
(Cancellation law)
ab
Matrix:
AC BC
C0
(1) If C is invertible, then A = B

(2) If C is not invertible, then A B (Cancellation is not
valid)
25/61
Ex 5: (An example in which cancellation is not valid)

Show that AC=BC
1 3
2 4
1 2
A
, B
, C
0
1
2
3
1
2
Sol:
1
AC
0
2
BC
2
3
1
4
3
1 2 2 4
1
2 1 2
1 2 2 4
1 2 1 2
So
AC BC
But
A B
26/61
zero matrix:
identity matrix:
transpose matrix:
symmetric matrix:
skew-symmetric matrix:
27/61
2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix
Inverse matrix:
Consider A M nn
If there exists a matrix B M nn such that AB BA I n ,
Then (1) A is invertible (or nonsingular)
(2) B is the inverse of A
Note:
A matrix that does not have an inverse is called
noninvertible (or singular).
28/61
Thm 2.7: (The inverse of a matrix is unique)

If B and C are both inverses of the matrix A, then B = C.
Pf:
AB I
C ( AB) CI
(CA) B C
IB C
BC
Consequently, the inverse of a matrix is unique.
Notes:
(1) The inverse of A is denoted by A1
(2) AA1 A1 A I
29/61
Find the inverse of a matrix by Gauss-Jordan

Elimination:
A | I Gauss
-Jordan
Eliminatio
n I | A1
Ex 2: (Find the inverse of the matrix)

4
1
A
1 3
Sol:
AX I
4 x11
1 3 x
21
x11 4 x21
x 3x
11
21
x12 1 0
x22 0 1
x12 4 x22 1 0
x12 3x22 0 1
30/61
x11 4 x21 1
x11 3 x21 0
(1)
x12 4 x22 0
x12 3 x22 1
(2)
1 4 1 r 12(1) , r21( 4 ) 1 0 3
1 3 0
0 1 1
(1)
x11 3, x21 1
1 4 0 r 12(1) , r21( 4 ) 1 0 4 x 4, x 1
12
22
1 3 1
0 1 1
(2)
Thus
x11
X A
x21
1
x12 3 4
-1
(
AX
AA
)
x22 1
1
31/61
Note:
4 1 0
1
1 3 0 1
A
I
1 0 3 4
r (1) ,r ( 4 )
12
21
0
1
1
1
I
A1
Gauss JordanElimination
If A cant be row reduced to I, then A is singular.
32/61
Ex 3: (Find the inverse of the following matrix)

1 1 0
A 1 0 1
6 2 3
Sol:
1 1 0 1 0 0
A I 1 0 1 0 1 0
6 2 3 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
6 2 3 0 0 1
r12( 1 )
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 2 4 1
(4)
r23
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 4 3 6 0 1
r13( 6 )
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 2 4 1
r3( 1)
33/61
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 3 3 1
0 0 1 2 4 1
(1 )
r32
1 0 0 2 3 1
0 1 0 3 3 1
0 0 1 1 4 1
(1 )
r21
[ I A 1 ]
So the matrix A is invertible, and its inverse is

2 3 1
A1 3 3 1
2 4 1
Check:
AA1 A1 A I
34/61
Power of a square matrix:

(1) A0 I
(2) Ak AA

A
(k 0)
k factors
(3) Ar A s Ar s
r , s : integers
( Ar ) s Ars
d1 0
0 d
2
( 4) D

0 0
0
d1k
0
0
Dk

d n
0
0 0
k
d2 0
k
0 dn
35/61
Thm 2.8 (Properties of inverse matrices)

If A is an invertible matrix, k is a positive integer, and c is a scalar
not equal to zero, then
(1) A1 is invertible and ( A1 ) 1 A
1
1 k
k
(2) Ak is invertible and ( Ak ) 1 A1A1
A
(
A
)
A

k factors
1 1
(3) cA is invertible and (cA) A , c 0
c
1
(4) AT is invertible and ( AT ) 1 ( A1 )T
36/61
Thm 2.9: (The inverse of a product)

If A and B are invertible matrices of size n, then AB is invertible and
( AB) 1 B 1 A1
Pf:
( AB)( B 1 A1 ) A( BB 1 ) A1 A( I ) A1 ( AI ) A1 AA1 I
( B 1 A1 )( AB) B 1 ( A1 A) B B 1 ( I ) B B 1 ( IB) B 1 B I
If AB is invertible, then its inverse is unique.
So ( AB ) 1 B 1 A1
Note:
A1 A2 A3 An 1 An1 A31 A21 A11

37/61
Thm 2.10 (Cancellation properties)

If C is an invertible matrix, then the following properties hold:
(1) If AC=BC, then A=B (Right cancellation property)
(2) If CA=CB, then A=B (Left cancellation property)
Pf:
AC BC
( AC )C 1 ( BC )C 1
(C is invertible, so C -1 exists)
A(CC 1 ) B(CC 1 )
AI BI
AB
Note:
If C is not invertible, then cancellation is not valid.
38/61
Thm 2.11: (Systems of equations with unique solutions)

If A is an invertible matrix, then the system of linear equations
Ax = b has a unique solution given by
x A1b
Pf:
Ax b
A1 Ax A1b
( A is nonsingular)
Ix A1b
x A1b
If x1 and x2 were two solutions of equation Ax b.
then Ax1 b Ax2 x1 x2
(Left cancellation property)
This solution is unique.

39/61
Note:
For square systems (those having the same number of equations
as variables), Theorem 2.11 can be used to determine whether the
system has a unique solution.
Note:
Ax b
(A is an invertible matrix)
| b A1 A | A1b I | A1b
A 1
40/61
inverse matrix:
invertible:
nonsingular:
singular:
power:
41/61
2.4 Elementary Matrices
Row elementary matrix:

An nn matrix is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained
from the identity matrix In by a single elementary operation.
Three row elementary matrices:

(1) Rij rij ( I )
Interchange two rows.
(2) Ri( k ) ri( k ) ( I )
(k 0) Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
(3) Rij( k ) rij( k ) ( I )
Add a multiple of a row to another

row.
Note:
Only do a single elementary row operation.
42/61
Ex 1: (Elementary matrices and nonelementary matrices)

1 0 0
1 0 0
1
0
0
(a ) 0 3 0
(b)
(c) 0 1 0
0
1
0
0 0 1
0 0 0
Yes (r2(3) ( I 3 ))
1 0 0
(d ) 0 0 1
0 1 0
Yes (r23 ( I 3 ))
No (not square)
No (Row multiplication
must be by a nonzero constant)
(e) 1 0
2 1
1 0 0
( f ) 0 2 0
0 0 1
No (Use two elementary
row operations)
Yes (r12(2) ( I 2 ))
43/61
Thm 2.12: (Representing elementary row operations)

Let E be the elementary matrix obtained by performing an
elementary row operation on Im. If that same elementary row
operation is performed on an mn matrix A, then the resulting
matrix is given by the product EA.
Notes:
r(I ) E
r ( A) EA
(1) rij ( A) Rij A

(2) ri ( k ) ( A) Ri( k ) A
(3) rij( k ) ( A) Rij( k ) A
44/61
Ex 2: (Elementary matrices and elementary row

operation)
2
1 1 3 6
0 1 0 0
(a) 1 0 0 1 3 6 0
2
1 (r12 ( A) R12 A)
0 0 1 3
2 1 3
2 1
(b) 0
0
0
1
2
0
0 1 0 4
1 1 0 4
1
1
1
( )
( )

0 0 2
6 4 0 1
3 2 (r2 2 ( A) R2 2 A)
3
1 0 1
3
1
1 0 1
1 0 0
(c) 2 1 0
0 0 1
1
0 1 1
0 1
2 2
3 0 2
1 (r12( 2) ( A) R12( 5) A)
0
4 5 0
4 5
45/61
Ex 3: (Using elementary matrices)

Find a sequence of elementary matrices that can be used to write
the matrix A in row-echelon form.
Sol:
1 3 5
0
A 1 3 0 2
2 6 2 0
0 1 0
E1 r12 ( I 3 ) 1 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1
( )
E3 r3 2 (I 3 ) 0 1 0
0 0 12
E2 r13( 2 ) ( I 3 )
1 0 0
0 1 0
2 0 1
46/61
0 1 0
A1 r12 ( A) E1 A 1 0 0
0 0 1
( 2 )
13
A2 r
0 1 3 5 1 3 0 2
1 3 0 2 0 1 3 5
2 6 2 0 2 6 2 0
1 0 0
( A1 ) E2 A1 0 1 0
2 0 1
1
( )
2
3
A3 r
1 3 0 2 1 3 0 2
0 1 3 5 0 1 3 5
2 6 2 0 0 0 2 4
1 0 0 1 3 0 2 1 3 0 2
( A2 ) E3 A2 0 1 0 0 1 3 5 0 1 3 5
1 0 0 2 4 0 0 1 2
0 0
2
row-echelon form
1
( )
2
3
B E3 E2 E1 A or B r
(r13( 2 ) (r12 ( A)))
47/61
Row-equivalent:
Matrix B is row-equivalent to A if there exists a finite number
of elementary matrices such that
B Ek Ek 1 E2 E1 A
48/61
Thm 2.13: (Elementary matrices are invertible)

If E is an elementary matrix, then E 1 exists and
is an elementary matrix.
Notes:
(1) ( Rij ) 1 Rij

1
( )
k
i
(2) ( Ri( k ) ) 1 R
(3) ( Rij( k ) ) 1 Rij( k )
49/61
Ex:
Elementary Matrix
0 1 0
E1 1 0 0 R12
0 0 1
1 0 0
E2 0 1 0 R13( 2)
2 0 1
1
1 0 0
( )
E3 0 1 0 R3 2
0 0 12
Inverse Matrix
0 1 0
1
1
( R12 ) E1 1 0 0 R12
0 0 1
1 0 0
) E 0 1 0 R13( 2 ) (Elementary Matrix)
2 0 1
( 2 ) 1
13
(R
1
2
1 0 0
( 2)
) E 0 1 0 R3 (Elementary Matrix)
0 0 2
1
( )
2 1
3
(R
(Elementary Matrix)
1
3
50/61
Thm 2.14: (A property of invertible matrices)

A square matrix A is invertible if and only if it can be written as
the product of elementary matrices.
Pf: (1) Assume that A is the product of elementary matrices.

(a) Every elementary matrix is invertible.
(b) The product of invertible matrices is invertible.
Thus A is invertible.
(2) If A is invertible,
has only the trivial solution. (Thm.
Ax 0
2.11)
A0 I 0
Ek E3 E2 E1 A I
A E11 E21 E31 Ek1

Thus A can be written as the product of elementary matrices.
51/61
Ex 4:
Find a sequence of elementary matrices whose product is
Sol:
1 2
A
3
8
1 2
1
r1( 1)
A

8
3
3
1
( )
( 2 )
1 2
1
r2 2
r21

0 1
0
2
1 2
r12( 3 )

8
0 2
0
I
1
( )
2
2
( 2 )
Therefore R21
R R12( 3) R1( 1) A I
52/61
1
( )
2 1
2
( 2 ) 1
Thus A ( R1( 1) ) 1 ( R12( 3) ) 1 ( R ) ( R21
)
( 2)
R1( 1) R12( 3) R2( 2 ) R21
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2
3 1 0 2 0 1
0
1
Note:
If A is invertible
Then Ek E3 E2 E1 A I
A1 Ek E3 E2 E1
Ek E3 E2 E1[ AI ] [ I A1 ]
53/61
Thm 2.15: (Equivalent conditions)
If A is an nn matrix, then the following statements are

equivalent.
(1) A is invertible.
(2) Ax = b has a unique solution for every n1 column matrix b.
(3) Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution.
(4) A is row-equivalent to In .
(5) A can be written as the product of elementary matrices.
54/61
LU-factorization:
If the nn matrix A can be written as the product of a
lower
triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, then
A=LU is an LU-factorization
of
A triangular matrix
L
is
a
lower
A LU
U is an upper triangular matrix
Note:
If a square matrix A can be row reduced to an upper triangular
matrix U using only the row operation of adding a multiple of
one row to another row below it, then it is easy to find an LUfactorization of A.
Ek E2 E1 A U
A E11 E21 Ek1U
A LU
55/61
Ex 5: (LU-factorization)
1 3 0
1
2
(a) A
(b) A 0
1 3
1 0
2 10 2
Sol: (a)
1
2
r12(-1)
A
1 2 U
1 0
0 2
R12( 1) A U
A ( R12( 1) ) 1U LU
( 1) 1
12
L (R
) R
(1)
12
1 0
1
1
56/61
(b)
1 3 0
1 3 0
1 3 0
(4)
r13( 2 )
r23
A 0
1 3 0
1 3 0 1 3 U
2 10 2
0 4 2
0 0 14
( 4 ) ( 2 )
R23
R13 A U
( 4 ) 1
A ( R13( 2 ) ) 1 ( R23
) U LU
( 4 ) 1
( 4 )
L ( R13( 2 ) ) 1 ( R23
) R13( 2) R23
1 0 0
0 1 0
2 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 4 1 2 4 1
57/61
Solving Ax=b with an LU-factorization of A
Ax b
If A LU , then LUx b
Let y Ux, then Ly b
Two steps:
(1) Write y = Ux and solve Ly = b for y
(2) Solve Ux = y for x
58/61
Ex 7: (Solving a linear system using LU-factorization)

x1 3 x2
5
x2 3 x3 1
2 x1 10 x2 2 x3 20
Sol:
0 0 1 3 0
1 3 0 1
A 0
1 3 0
1 0 0
1 3 LU
0 14
2 10 2 2 4 1 0
(1) Let y Ux, and solve Ly b
1 0 0 y1 5
0 1 0 y2 1
2 4 1 y3 20
y1 5
y2 1
y3 20 2 y1 4 y2
20 2(5) 4(1) 14
59/61
(2) Solve the following system Ux y

1 3 0 x1 5
0 1 3 x2 1
0 0 14 x3 14
So
x3 1
x2 1 3 x3 1 (3)(1) 2
x1 5 3 x2 5 3(2) 1
Thus, the solution is

1
x 2

1
60/61
row elementary matrix:
row equivalent:
lower triangular matrix:
upper triangular matrix:
LU-factorization: LU
61/61

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CH 2

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Chapter 2

R. Larsen et al. (6 Edition)

2.1 Operations with Matrices

(i, j)-th entry:

i-th row vector

j-th column vector

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.47

Then Tr ( A) a11 a22 ann

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, Addition

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, Addition

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.47

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.47

Find (a) 3A, (b) B, (c) 3A B

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.49

where cij aik bkj ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ain bnj

a11 a12 a1n b b

bn1 bnj bnn

Notes: (1) A+B = B+A, (2) AB BA

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.50

Matrix form of a system of linear equations:

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, p.53

Single matrix equation

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.1, Addition

Keywords in Section 2.1:

2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations

Three basic matrix operators:

Identity matrix of order n: I n

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, pp.61-62

Properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication:

Then (1) A+B = B + A

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.61

Properties of zero matrices:

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.62

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.67

Ex 8: (Find the transpose of the following matrix)

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.68

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.68

Note: AAT is symmetric

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.72

(Sizes are the same, but matrices are not equal)

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, Addition

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.64

(1) If C is invertible, then A = B

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.65

Ex 5: (An example in which cancellation is not valid)

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.2, p.65

Keywords in Section 2.2:

2.3 The Inverse of a Matrix

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, p.73

Thm 2.7: (The inverse of a matrix is unique)

Consequently, the inverse of a matrix is unique.

Find the inverse of a matrix by Gauss-Jordan

Ex 2: (Find the inverse of the matrix)

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, pp.74-75

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, p.75

If A cant be row reduced to I, then A is singular.

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, p.76

Ex 3: (Find the inverse of the following matrix)

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, p.76

So the matrix A is invertible, and its inverse is

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, p.77

Power of a square matrix:

Elementary Linear Algebra: Section 2.3, Addition