Linear Algebra Notes

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*r

l__,_

lIhh_[IfA-Lr,se
,f

@
-{zrro
A vecloR., spoce N o\ep- a fi"U F opewtbns folbd
clnsists ofi
6Adrhm end scbba rnu\tipticaton, ?csgech./c[y) acc desnrd so +t4et'
f-g- scln p"lrr, r[ etsrerrl-s ",9, in V +hcpe iS 3 utnir{t e\emcrrf,
7t5 in Vl mA fro- esh clcilernt p in F cnd esch i:ler'nen+ rx ,r)
V .-thepr is p, uniqye eleh.ren| oI in V, suc.ln fkpt +hq $ttoS,n1
C,ondrdu^Sh"tcl ' '
:
(vS q 6e aI\ zlq,t in V1 - 6i+.t)iz. xt(LttA' A(Jo w{;rih4
I
(vs a) evr ebrry.ir in V dev'o{tdh D suc-tr-+I4+ tfio=v foR Vx6.V
(vS+) Vx€\ fuerj surch +hst- ot^=^ ztq-e
!

iu. oi a'J
(VS ej top-,
*#;;*i
exln pril " * v,
(ter)
elon"nis c,b in rF cnd cod^ eterT'tcnt z in V
(ab) x,- alba\"F :

(Vs +) {q eF d V a,q eV a(ztr4)--azta14 ;

(vS 6) V o,b gF :nd Viev, (atb)X= or+bx"

€zarnpks rf vulon 5pc.es


il n-t 'r'n
R (*,"n R\
' '- :{,,J n€ N 16R
^pt".s
trq x, -

Lr, z^{ +,tg,, - '- U.J- [xtgi - -- x^+gnl


c€JR c.h, '- '4^J l[c',; c^;l
f) G is J veclon- sp{e "*t.s R
stl \= D
, + ae$rcA $ aAd"lm DNc-rL Cowrp\ex nrtrn5",ps,
' dehne-A JS rnuUng\alion !s hsi^ot '"lttn R g R cnA c 6 0"
l) mfurrorn,e[ in one voR,{b w,th pta\ cdhAenrc evqA R,
'x-*'p,l {q*o,fft-"+onAn[n€N t ar€,83
(o,ro 3,i , - -l t(b.t b,r - " * tb* z-ll&,*.)t6,.b)n,r. 'r(a.nb"\r"* ' tu-/\
"o-i")
c6 R ,'G"r
{
+\lst ,84 'h shatr (cN=cA e€F
;

/cfin) il't1 t{ *unsprc :

{trtr,hrn ,( nu/hp /,'uian


5incc Ait = 4il.
,leftnih'ah of tnuk;pf|cth'on:

'

"fnace
,{ J,stwAe wrl*l
,

'

+R Mn*nG)€,F I

1B A)= A,,t A,,-f.- . + An^


i

LR-(*)= L Au
J=l
,

,Leu^uw' Teace is s rlivre-lp


L

Drfinitiun, A linue ,fiinction ig J' rnap f ,V--+ F wheRe V 'iJ J fc/'bp Jprce_
o\cq tr nrdn thrt ri

D (c^*1)=
fcr) tf
,D +@zf = ef G), Q)-
i' rl

Pprof o{ tbave {e4tw, ,


'/rt e NL.,rn ,

A k) '
,onr/, c€tr
':,i:
'

thv toftA)= 61n,


l.

Ftrt,t/ ,1, c: '

rR(( 4)' /e$:niJron ,t


t
Z , a)n
: ; ;-
Iaa*, ,

' ,/''l .:
,? cAij
f,
, 7't :

: ;h:
i( t' Ai)' ;.'' i

,+ tlr'sfubntlrt b*
';
=iL,a [p(ft) olcfinihn ,f fi2arc.
1* (il
:

a, b €M^r,
nced :t>'shw
' tn-Gt v)--fu4p)d{L(B)
i7qrl, ,i,fr'r2+w);;
' 'fr hr;|V) .. $1)
^ .,lf ,*u^l"tri/ 4
-,2^ (Ai;+ t ;n f'
J:l
:

+ac ' Twnspoge mrp is lineaR


@ ,Auo,' /n,mi)=*Ainj

hGr):
fr i^o), \
:ll
'.

,'

hr Ye(jw<
frq aver< a fe/d tr
A subs* W rs catred' , (An"l J"ryr, /, ar;l/t ,regoul zL //te
sil.thov1 ml c"tlnp na/fi,p/rcph;n /cfincl;n t i ;.t;, ;;, ehnr
ofbrJ J ,er/*, sperc rytR f
' Th[ obvi4ls condl,tin fin W 4 k I sarbpace k /lat' ll h
uarcq unctee. saalfion
clwel .unaeK rabc;;;;;;;"',"it)*-ioo
at,/ t/Jblz
add,'hon ahl mulhplazh)n - ohen.attre ,.lle
*,
opercthus JtLt ral wel;dert.ned m W. '
-

' I+ tt/, i, clud,,rt ts'trrL{ {" cl,te& lf,r- srt,oms rrnct


eveat4 ,

elevuenf nl U,l is plso *t einenlr of V. ,;tt*p, ,r,rtr')r"i),


h '{r,
ntd, be chefual, Jl*.r3N,iovrn( ab *airrigl. :

The onlq attirms jtn f nc.d {p De clecLed .rse rlsg end us4
Lel', Jlsur4s vJ ,s non-cnp/,/ Jf w i, in reer/ c/ased on/ep-
alk."h* ar/ /rted mu/t1t/,c4ir' j/ron' slaBhw n)ti antl
onol 0€r,
, ""' at€
-vv V v
0.ro=o o, pr*n, orrl ;;ri. fni) ,
fo,il,w V5+, picB ,7W.'A"W suoh *roi u--eD.w ,hc.ntte
r./
p chsed wddl scabn W/Ap[c.*n. If /N!
W
(r).w=-(t.w)"-w,JL-w€Writi) --'-1
"ttrc+f 6o ptuveh llat
:

therrcrn' A sr^bser W ,{ s,ytcloc- s\Fde V DV€e 4 F &


fie{cl ,s sulsyace
rff W js closed l;inc)a! add^7on ,o,nA sosle,?. )ru^tfipt^cr+i on ernd, r s
n6n-e^rnp{
:

tx*nplc, F= R. Vff =? h,"l ,L)ln l,Le Rl


De(''ne V.tg V s t. W" 5 h,:l , z)C V lo=o1 \! ic a sthspcc,

h{-trre UE\ rr y{=?co,,


l,z)ev I"nX = o) Wis d swbspncC
:
l
i

\
I

, .f
?
F;r,qE,f =?b,,a,,er-- ) lo, ekS .

aefir,e W th,)l An+z=&n,r'ftn Va>, ll


oew'
/t* e, , b,' €W
Lc'fz = Qt'r, *4r'
l;ro ; 6,r, t br'

*,,r, * b;rr' (o,r, rb, r,) r(al l,) v{ c/nsud -wtlen acldr'6'on
-->

St*/ar fo{ fr" sabz ru/,tV/ri:tn Vr/ is a rulsTace .

fTanrgle' V= lRt W,'|-k, o, o)l


ovc? W is a rz^bspecg F .

w, = I (O,7.1, oY it a subsp"ce
\,L ' W, U W, is $r r
subspace . Not- clDsrl nrdea ildtt''lbn.

W' Jn fheRd, s uhion of ,fubsyces ts hb+ J SulST"tce-

Th,"rzeqlt Tl're lnlensectim ,+ nnrl rHmbtt o{ oubspro Wq gV is p subs;xce


rri;-cv r'nsft7

-Pbot'Nu
T,iilxl'li';ls*: "+
Ift,s lo//s beuuteud W; ;, a .,ubspze(( d,td undeB dl^so,t)
'll a€F w e ]til; + q. oo en Nt ( W a'De til, )
Agou, , lhis hoAt c,r,ose 6?4 v(' I a tubVtce (/clotul ulclee scalqz
be mulh'yt rt",q)
ou o
e,W $t ecch L ) 9o CQ,nW;

&hro!*' Lel- V b. e vettDe spe oven F .

/u ' 45gV A veclan weV is c"r//er/ J


b+ //neo< cur'lincA>'t
,f \,.--T ( 3 d,t...a,tf a^cAnlAi
N'Lt\f -- - *ahvh ' Aa;fr'

Eru^ytr; V'lR' F=lR


(o, O, t)
{t- (1, 0, rt) \ = b, t ,o) 1 --

Va rr-(ht,, wr,r,)..ur,.(l ,o,d + u"(o,t,o) ttsu(o, o, )

Io Dao\te D im'f ) L*oo c-vuhingto,1 of '!r,.--l,';alo{.re uJnJ+


,* "l- --{r, 'blL
wedors ltol [inerr cmnb;wsfisnS &'/<r- shol
yo;wf ow+ lL Wrad'dbY:
1:\
lilt lN spo,6)cV u a nl7*t
^ +hr+
N,nL +,v* i lsFrn(s)
t
inp+hntt1; H't,+ -/M*l subsTaa W 4 V c,nMrdng S n^,rt d^-ra.,,i
,, !*tqysn()
,il + J/"1 ?/, by a'srkToL nr cb/ ?,1,htu dlthbwq { rrolr,, vrrutl,p.
t&tca"tt
[lo*, ,f' q,. - + tis th 1a| lten Jh/ anlina/r* tf D; lalzn ls iq q.,t
as tteil. J,, nlko.
lldt, sy,l &rt{pt? W un}tins + e 5 cmlains tTtr(l)
'wbsyou
uheh lntLa: tyu,k) U h^tu'vii *^Jo,'=^A S.

[**^l n A* ;, { ;t a' (+orn ,r*rt+, "/ tb,*,tL it J.


,-c_
{hi' ,nnfli.., +1.6r{- i9 U &'r,.4/ f//*HU.
C,xu5ertrl fueIcl p/ (ou l'00-/:48 ph- /t4J 217)

0 bt lf= fa"tapxtdrr'f - - . +ahxh lrt l\J , oteF Mlt


tflov V ;s a rcchn ,Iz?cL.
?--o i
?o*' l/ /ns/ ,1'np- , F [xJ is a vecbn 7ta{C
uV eFExl

h shont V n r ''ubTztcz- FfrJ ,


"f ? ,ful7zace /treorron
'" nct/ lt s,1aur
i) o€V
ii )V elowl uhda\ rhl/h'rn / fahp rn
^lhfl^cph
;) oev bec"tnote 0 ht ha xj fu:zs ul,enc t'{
/ ^//
;;) t* A,b eV
&=&otQ.x't-- *Qrxh
l=bolb,o|, - rlnT*t /La [n"p- cr,(tt tt,tr.t€^l
afb'Q, y'arr'|. . . +ar2r" lb, !j"tr'f . - - +b^z* ^ai, bLe F
-h,tb)t6,tb)z'+.- - *(ar+6^)z'f, '- * b-v' (ft" n2n)
''/nA#;;
Jo arb€v stut- arbe FrtJ ,^#: ,:1,-
,f
owl lt* odl aefficict,ts dpr il zaat: ' ,

Lr ce T. ]t*, t Carx't \- - + sAqVz t'y


C.a' C4 /.t 'P 0)
f o C"a eV (r. +t* SJ*u ResJon-f

q!, \/ r'r a absyzt" n/ llr.tfr* is r valn y.trt-


I
rl
? Il *lq
' U N, onl xv,, k t&poui tf J vecfirz lpac,c V, Vpnw "l^J, p'h), ir a
'v0, 6p-
Subrpa (e- f v' d( '1,c, e
, Nrglq
' PR4'
+ iv, UtL is a nbpre * o6*,7hn .

il'e u2 6^ w'LtD'
J:ry,ti'Ir-#,i:3,
i- ,e d,. drJ ,y'il,
*tf?,uy#,wL
so N,()No itle
fo \tq e /,O/ tL I tD- oo 6ol, . 2 ffirl;n ,f
z+T unian
I zr7 e(d,, taren hiy)-, e h), t td {tr'
a canhed"ht;7,
,{ x+7 € N,, Jr*n re Nr, ., ,-t*ohffn'
It), e u), ilL tU, € ,u, A aJrttafn
+- Vta^?E
' J,= lc,, iJ s v= iR' f=R
spart 2e,,e"\ " [(n y, o)l

ltL v€V v, A ,i, o)


tlr^ fe,, e' , rJ = SPen 6, ,e)
D$'nition ln V h l uuctoo rlac wrnF d 5"1n,,.--.,ni t stl- of vuhns tn V
Dc s1 Il'* S t intlcycndchf ,f lfu nly ,a'1 h yt- 0 c, d /'aae anbnaaa
,p -fk eluntqlr 'f f ,t'lh li,tt/ '"v,1
^lrryaNX .

t
i.e. I,lhneva #o;w' 'o , ai. p fac lz t'Lrn h, eR)
"!l
Artmd^'rv[, {he 5el 5 c,l[{e/ hrunlX depn dunt ;( 'lhep, cnrElc 4,' e F , 'a,'to
rurhlhat u2 Aiv;:o,
t-_ I

F.'unphi ce( lbfi,Sisaludys depude#.


lL S conlpi # I vedu*.s 'S is lneirelX deyendey e>;f ohe ved',z tt
(tst =E 4 saldra 'tutlhplt ,( ahe ofheK-

4t
-2";
i

1,,r,roz,. e".1' eiRJ c\rc , liv1gr ztL4


'Ertro,rple' 'A,-td, I
l4 a^e l^ ,lach, /fut }
&,E,toztz* f Ahe\= 0
, Qn)
4,i tQz=ftr=
;

: =4r;O
' '

f{)nt.tS is e liwelg inleynden{ r/, J*l I


t;rctn\ indeyen/enut.
'l

"T]lgfg4, Le,t- 5,1 f ,- ,,.$gV be s set t vedta


ft. 6ttr"rf sffu<mrnts on 3 apa-
rybnt,
v
,l ,rd\ir*il1 d.?."denL
n)
Ilu; th J
;hih is a Lrrln ewnbtgfnn
lr) 3 v, in 5 uhioh 6 a lrne* ambinahan
?'t(
t rv)J & tpTrp rubrel S'gS such +het
*'*t1 x rrqu;vrtetirns x t L,qacinqi;nction ,f fl* ."'s.
39 t/g v)l'OepxLs'l h-iy" la,ffcr.r.r
P?4' -^:i\\ pwe *hat + nr:\ ue tv+ f I

l+ tl[ ?,oe hat- -f it (twan\ Itpt*tenl,W dL{'' Jor€F sw| /**'not


tcnu e/ }
a1' arw rcl^6 nl
fr aiy-- o
U/- '/,
J //r beTes* ;nr/et t'htch /M + il h6n-&Ro
Jt'i ,D
0,'V,*or.4+- - - *ol v,a
I '7 oiui =
l'= l
d-t
r-r)
J '/ ir a ,t*on'
f 'tcd-lthafin
,f A" fryn)t r)
"/
v*lvo.
lll+11 Trn; t ts obn^nt| -
.:

,ll 9tV fp !fi4irnpt^m, Jve S $ut l/Nl- v-{a, vt ,nb* v/V. frr"- t1 ,-4n.
lttf- 5'=ln; I t4 ,*n)
fcl "t s'ufu)
'M ^,1
'''I rhuil 6)' Spnr-(s')
sysn
J+ iI ob-'rnr fM spn (t')9 tp 6)
N* *hafe S'c ty'(s,) a^/. {v\ ( t s/ar,(s')fzl\
.$
^
6')ZW 5, md sru (5') ts 3 fu?"ct-
lLrr\tr
ftn6'
hh p .df lhil ,f 4. snblyaa- c$0 lang S,' il lna:t bnluvl
e
\n G)
5\'4n|6))t rp; (s) i
{his pnrYt, Span (S';; sprn(5)
lr
fnf
ttw'{ &c 1.4 "l a-P, 2,? a-er4a-e, 4a,-e,6,6, tor,x,l4,,L
Secl.6 I o-(, 2a-e,j,{r to) 12, 14 rt?.

Jrqsf-ernn t t[ erp,ehms -

A, +2+- Vri*.= { '1 E,


7,t4tr-34tF3)/q=+ € E,
/-x,* 7+ - 2r, l4re = Q ,V,
llrg ,ds tu sdv'n1 $es<- is qeWrq ad * w- vadablc at a hrnc.
tcr+, e^bfu* 'lt,e hnsl e4 Foryn llry- :"uol eL, Artl twp/acz //,t tcAn"l eg uilh l/<-
pLettt /rrl lD on */ to fuih

t V, V,2 Lzr-7ao* Aia-L I fl^e Y\uD kf o{ .lyfrMr


) Yr- LE r-- - a2 r 2la= -\
? V a,l?lr- 77 1a
,= +=q
l
Tk^ e0^^inole- V,

7,t 27"- VJ+v+ = f 2lr- 27v-4ro =2


2( -7r*2tu) = 2Fl
7 , -/u1{V4- 7 -2vt

v,-v rr{l*=3 Vt=-q419


v1= Q vz= 2zol I

-V2 +27^-'-\ 7u= O


a, t4/r= V Vq=Ta

ll'. sr0u*ior aLC rt +lre t-""- ( + 4+l t 7tn+1 , O, z.)

J;r*oo b^b-,nshmr
^/f
furnl, TL>y;

Vetltrt { is e
n
An*no emh'aJfrny) ,( f-, , ^"J ev
Jinv" 'T',=
ft aidno fiz ry a; etr t+ e f u,, ,^Lj

l7*',y)g' J: (2, z, t) J linean anbtwh;n rf 0,r,.-l) onol Gz,-2,1f;


Asrr^ n^'Q-. r{- ic. Then (2, 2,2)' a(t,7,-t) t bG,1,-3,1)
.-2. a-3b )
L.2*-3b J'>W=6 b=2t a-6--1. a--4
2 =-a+?b CtuL- y'hs equahin L= -( )tJe) /
l-la- s1s'ton is consisltrTt, il,ptz,t is o srQ'rclfn. Ttt aWnphh il urrulf .
irr.fL Pnrre |hrr 1e,,.- - e.\ Jpt tircnl1 inc\rca1*n 0$ ti u o t." i ,ttr,s)
Pn{, Sypore e, it ,t /.c d le ,, - $_, , ejrr,... e,1
fuJ, = Z av \ 6LeF ano( 5*e lt,,€zi- ui,, e j tt r -- g^1
L=t

lve l,oov (e )r"l


/m hn
(i a*',)i n-Laujt)i
lc -'( { =Z6,r,o
l
ic=
5ina (so); ,o

=Q
l/0 ? -ro€ have e anfra/ich',rn

C*,,lrsion ' Jt, Yn , 2ut ).- e nJ rre. &ru:"Q indqenr,lent onc/ J, "l v€/ is
l huz"ra amhn,than ,f fe,,.-- erj.

Xhew Jddrhon +D Thr.n bf n lZ {^,

Jt S is tirun\ d*@tnr ) l ve sfrn(s) hsvinl lwo va?r.";-:stntatru'^5 AJ

^ brutoy=brrTlo;nrlfrh ,t t4& r, 's .

t
Zolvr. Zb; v; /tgf nr-I b,' fua Suln^e-12
sl/ch c

"ur vcrlop (',.t lht


Tht jafis
frn mttlhow v.

Ya*, llne thn, wc pwul f->nt->u44V


'ltJt w,f nw ppove 4->r +1.

lv+v bl' vg thar ,/5'


5 5u41 nch ltcl yn (s)"span(s') (ornot v=t, tt. ttv.tn)
0n ,re lran,Xl u, has a 5;npb /.nrart corapinahn Vz - l.vo +
,/o A.V-
a,'/ t,no u" € sp;tnft) , uo € spn (s')
Jo vs a.tso it ayal to L,or4 wA;ch )t
a di{ercaf Ptpeltenlzh;n
v|e' srnu v, / s'.

V=)l Lt+ V€tp"n1) snch llraf v2 ZorY :2t,l


i./
b,'y'r' so&h tha t b,' t{r'
/"" Jo*t, c -,

(1,"n
Q=* h, -br'>4 a'rd {tu totne L) L, lel .

tth; tA thzdhs fi" ratue. e 4,'-4^/Ot


A)oh ,r[r hzt lhdf -f fu l|ruat/7 &ft,ent
It
turtoarT' Jf [gv ,'s /twe/r/ nlEenlm*:an/ v€v #en {ur,7 ,r lu"Rl/
)^^-.-)-;L: ,fF
,'rf v€spanG) '-7
' dcpw,/ort*'
, ^-r -. -. r-\

Propf , ,

e'+,iu,a, vGspa,h). Then i-Su|r3 h, ttn frfqq /hf or.. * rts (

' uctJae-s (v) ir a l'-{, ambiuhau '1tttt


/ f4, al-l-teps. t; E ti ;s l*n! /e7,n*n t. I
:l ii:
:) J=)v,..,',*l :a+d J-f r,,--.va;yS :
Deno/e ,, I
Aar,r* i u lncaep oleTtnalcn* |
0X fi|,. l sornc reclpe ;n i ul,Z/, tr a httcf,L tonh'nah'a 4 /1. przon.rtrz -
or'!3=t'rnJr/,:'#.;;t,;:: i' a L,erL tombinahoa ,/ /k',t*'- o,a;. |
I

,l
Ara *r^ar v is a !)nutr or^'uiru+r* ,P
v7syn6) : 1-r,, - - 1,..4 impl;es 4ur
.rl
Cr,l*"1',3,f %, frr,y sul,rd Se V , g asuisef S'aS saoh lhaf ,f-,6,Ip(g I
;d S'
is"horrp/rl indepondcnt
t\, lJsrhf
7r{" 1t coil|loo'V.-,,t
(lv );
t
t-

V (!() holdj, i.e ./3 p*Joo s,.hre:f |'gs s,r. rpnk'Prp*G), s r l'r,^ue *r-a^o.|
Jf (Mlr.t1,'t
rf lo{, s.f.'rr'L'ruazl1
Uvapzsrf hofl, rt ttruazlt tndfrildetlt,
in/rynlent, J'=) , JS'ir
S=S', ir hrunlq ,rAry^Xrrri
/,trnQ ;ndpp"&*tl- . : t
Attqrrcflvlhll,^r1Le 5'95 syn(5')=sptn[f)rtr,rn aut Qv)' !r/d,
sue6'+,ficf
qt;i: - ] f
/1rcp fu<'"g unh'l
1/^ ryf
lhe snallerr yosifte seL ncJ, ttut ft; ) - a
tyan 6"), tp*(59' r
. 'splntY).tlilr-hnl ltaf 'lh;, par6or) tnsi- 4iel.l a auk 4h(/)
in
tL,;; ;; ,:;'*+ 5;;:,1'iiu",ST
:
De(-,nihu, h hs.is r! , \f ,i a: s,* fteV suclt haJ- V=ryen6) f S V) t
J is ,rfu,rf*
iincaal{ : , Urr*,
^/ :nlciu,rbnt
tlwlen,tf t tn'lv), ,SQv is e bs,s iff w*l veV cat l" *t/k--, a
wiXtutX'u! an Lncaa co-lirtzhrn 4 ,"/*, ,.n j. , Q
e
[nnpla ot' a bsis, Lr* {,ip' *,/ f-p e
Itt e; It l/c u-luph uh hat a. / * /tL ilh an/ a 0
weaayheae else
Vf, 2
!
l'I"n 1t,,.-- t,\ r a bfii; ,"f k" n I
Al the dsnwtrs ( lt" is 'f 11" ft.,," |nro.. C
Jz is
lc;J ulW hhe sfafupcl bssis.

l
Tuul*y 0t+ i- 2 to Pno ilJ4r+ (fl,t' tArtnry ry-A{) e

2 - I .+f
'r., ill S z.lfl
1L*ut 0t+ I'lf-/'10 Hs2qfl
r4{ ! r; (: in rn(/
) r : ;) , (: i),(; :)il
?

( 'r'o) '^(:, tr(, I

)+t(; ) o )

or,')
= (':
a+C=l 3+C=( c=-2
b+e=2 4+(2)=2v
-a= -3 -\ ar g
lr" 4
{"
i 4.tl Dow 5frn (ttrl) --70^ lorr\
P7, yen (/xt)= /# a,si lne N getr r1 e lrll
or,::!g::: ,4)' ? F, t; f^J
J" r.u rayre ^d, €

h6w s; n jrj f o rj =tr ft ea{h


J
J'o drx = ir,# ";)z hrl y 5 A rr tttt- - il rb-'/rl'n)
v,:
fi
trn .:,
p^,/ ,2ore
1-'l
r to v€forl" €FT

,frn ft ril s7",lo e rJ i

tet v€ fonf o€Fj to V=A/ #" f'?tn4e- ott F -

ft.L n= | a,ndl &,=0 ano/ 5, =X

v' ois; 5o ' v


fr e W'ftr|)
spn (t rl) 2 Tortla e rl
|
fu', ?*ftxi)=fotlae rJi
D
lt "2.- l' , : i ; t lt
P+'rc s7*, (s, rls) S s7*, G/ n 5f* ( s") , 4.r .zne .h-/ .qrr,/
Pf, /"* r r rry, {s, n ii, , .

5t (=
,'r: djsj #t sht,c n?rN, %€tr, , rj€ S,nS,
::l

S,nS- lLi
5,ore g€ h\e&rt, ',s; €51 anl s|€5, f* ,eact, j
h Yo sp?t G)
-r/ re }rot G-)
) 5fan (s, n s,)C sltcn (s,)n ty^(S)
/n/ Ib,& D{ f(" ./e* 9, , S, g F-
i /r* t=f(tto)l' ,

tr
sTan(9, ns-)/*rn (t,)rl
'faG) :

l.f. li /r*.f, f o,,,uz)- l+ j1r- J


Pa*e 5;r /tnan! $p*c{r,n/ ig
'

7,= O 6k ,rLr,, € :, u. l)
rytn G art.-- f. lon--.
Pf'
il r,?!'!!
"
;,;
1u,l rr /tnrae/y
'4i)
,tr il,= o "
4-
Lln
I
P{" /u,l errY*7 Y, e (D 7an ,
q Tln

/r- \r
(''=*"
:,=f ^/
JH Asfun<- /z-t &
fru , . Paorc fr" n+ I .

J^1"*" h/- S)"r,rez-- ,ilnntj


\yilu, , F Assur* S' is fi,u*\ /*p endvw* .

&* s,, ?v,, , u'n


g 'l

l"I 7*, S' is ldae/ /"7 ,;{f 4= a aK kor,€ spa 6o,,,- . aQ Lan
&Lse /' S ' ;, /in /cV
//,en=0 62 ke*r € ,f* (5or,; u-I) fra
xt . lz <n
Sa %t=D n- uL,e ,fh(fro,r_ -4u) rv4 L <n+ I
tase J' S' '! inclcp
a oo/ ur*, / cpanr (2u,,- - = u.j) W lcLn
flnn 'u,/
E s'TIrn /-+ , r;rou s---t'LJ ? ztn*,j on/ st Ci,- ,o/?,
is /'a /"?. ,-/f u,*t e :|an(s,)
S)rrc s 4n 4, un*, €iyrn Cs,) =sprn (ir,.-- ,.1)
J, , ut. 0 cz, uut e tf\( lr,, -- ,ri & r'^4 t tn7 /
f
(h*r, twt *r L-n\
? inslea/ ptrre co+lzo7anlrc.'
,f ,, l, -/r/ Jr,r'a ur,r, A'you (fo,,' ob tll lr <211'
^/
,[slur*. S is l*ly ,+,4Lo i' ,, t,uroog ttcy'e7- (Do- /, a)
lf ,'o&.ch'rc n{ro-pir- tttdo t^d %"r, / sp:a(/2,,.--z.l) L(o
" ua+1 € t7*, ( S')
\it,
"ft., ,S ;s lr,zaafl *fa"/zt* bAAr*n

Deh'nih',n, V h t ved* rptu ortu F. A, htt* t I l/ B z s* 4 ttchnt ,ilaf cVu


h[
Ltutpy 'i,tdelendenl //Hf s7m V. 6pn. n = V)
fo'wlcnllX, eve&l v6y' /*t a uniqtu- Repnerrttlahin ^rc t Itrrno aubh"q/)7o
,t lte clemeft tf b./t*jw refrzs h /h" srale' ,aro/rc:c/)
eJ. fe; I r+i"a\ 9tN"' ^ Leti's ttilh n'eltmetls. i

'[hrnn' Ut- ( fuild,l ge*ntk/ yechn t/io 6e 3 fr'n;/L "cf S uil yan{l-v)
h,
Then V las a /|ri* lasit. & f*t, lle f{/n sltkaufi /rU.
^,/ -ilz6hf/"'
t 4 T eV Tanenetes V ilen g"T'cT us,.rh
*tet T' ;s o basis I t/. ft fi";+e)
2) Jf T ;s ,'F-! nc/epcnduf, lhen T cat, bo e//ade/ !, a hsis "f V
3
alilnq vtrhu {*, Sh it.(Tlou no{ .quezafe (;n fto's rase)
-,'^f ,) N, fpovel ag a zoet/ln7 i dc A- AolihLnt 7]n lha/r
$" V A'n;te TSv !T'-cT suoh lhaf syn(r')-syr(r) aarf T' ;s /ir"**t
in/efcndcal.
Jn *his cav iFrn ff)=V 4 JT'4r' s.t. tf tT') =sf on (T)'V
' snd T' is lntmlt indefa,clot. (17 ltz a-//7 )
'
$7'isJbasr"lV'
l)l*r T e V le luoalX iaolcTenchnt. T=7il,,...u,J.
lcl S'?v,..- url an/ spn(s)=V i

Uc I *1" r T ,rurl fl,* te 4 '/L


/taccts MV rcrlw: fun /o
,f S

lbp"o+,1 "/ /,heen mle7afleno " f* /ht ft{ck anh'l .tftrl (r )=V .

Lh,l" 121 *r/"o of {r' 's.


'Do

T*il b ila u: h T. Arlc"i, Tt)?t,l L'nualzl deyen,l"nt"Jf .;lrt, tt"n.A7 ,


d pptv,'61^5 aeollanX, Y,€ sfztl(f).J, ,/1,s peil, u( tlt nol "// V zf T ft'--f)
Ollerwirt, ( ruli3 is lirwdy ;,taleyndent) xe rdl vt t" f , /c.fri';,yr
1,"T ulVl . 6nhtvtt' 4,L iwa;s t^'wh Vrr l4tus clefi'niryt f, ^/ ",, -t. T,{r-
patuls t{tu k *lt, tirra 5 it qhxrs/td-
"nds
N,k h.rt T, att inr)epenknt fu- dt ;.
Ne dan lhr+ spn (lr)=V. l,loh'ce Jh"r ip', (T,) zlni d,elhea- T;22,iJ o>
not,(f6p euh Ti anrl vi, ulhep. 5fdr1(r;-,)22v;l encl T;/t"rJ n\ sTtn(rr-,)2trJ
onol T;2rn5, onl )n hth c;rc: tp*,[T;)/tni1).&oon T eT,e|;Q...9Ttn, it fr/luj
lru+ tll (i 's rb ;h tp, (f). t; f* (f) z syQ)= V i. c T X*,ortc; V.
h.e JQo)
ttryt
h+ U,, t^l J, abspaces ol ve**. slztce l/ ab* N,, N, aaL c/r-nc, :f,;t^
" fntk
Th, h),*t0, is fn;k l,wnrtrnz/ a.ro/
aLr" (w,+ Nr)= fu. (,0, ) td,4(t'J.) -e^ (ru,nd,)
ilea//, N,fN"= 7N,r*"/ t^t,€N,, r"€n)J rs a tuLsTacc.'.
Wl-. b+ S, , $ h hset fnn U,, A), rzes/edre!.
(WS , stL/Sa gnzeaft t),*H")
/firrl lle nfu"f i/ g,rs. ,SL'ot, ir
" /"r;, /* Tta)
J-"t^" syan (5,U5,)' syan(3,)+spen (S)
lr+ veW(r,tlsr)
A*.n ,=,+aiS,
1'
a;eF

LT 4,, 1i l';n ql At" 7 il t;e s,


, stl s,t

Jo v= z 4j, r a;s;
.i€4,
tf
rt"
,Pvr, ( 5) tPm CS) 5'6 v€tftn(5,)rtphG)

{e+ Y € rf* fs,) tsyn 6,> -} v= x o(J, sotl lUf 7 € sF* (5 ) ye tF 6^)

v: 2a;s;
')=J )-l tZ bri
o I
d;,breF sleS, treS,
t'l

J'o si, ty€ S, US^


lio y 6, 5f * ( S,,U Sr)
o

tl n) oln^(N,)= 15,l
n= ctnn hvl*)= I 9 rl
tut'Tkrbasisfr"D,Ohl,
ttl- t i drn (N, fi't)r)- lt I

The 144 + t**rd T wh,ch is lrnepdV l efnAenr +, r hsis fro ?),


o

b,1 Arfi*?re4t TheonerT, J H,


e5, 1,, TuH, is s bru f. 1)t
o
on,l l4,l,l 5,1- lTl' h-t
.L'h-r:;se Sfrt ,. :,
,(':huT)"trtr, Ll,or L*',1/ ;dt7., ltl"P*-t
,<lon b/- 6' TuH, Ut|, Gftu U)UffUl]il
{t en spanG), sltn (fUH; +TanhUH)
o 'N, t D,
\ett, ,tblr f is Ltrda/ wlcT"nclcn*

4.i
-)r3

k+ V'y ",vcrhz yez- ar?/ T'f v,,...vnle


V a (*eezhnX nf. Thrn
"?/ l<rj,
S= ? il,,.--. up.,\ oI n+l vcfucs is LtreelX cleTcndeot.

bF, frnst ohecL fr* 4, I .

V' Span I v,l ,' vt fo


Ihcn ny 2 vccbas itt V arc l;welr elcpaden* sihLe-

V'l t-v, I terl lhen i{ u,,u,€V t),=l,v, anrl il,= t,v,


c, ( t,y,) + c,(t,v,)' o
\
\ v, (c,t,+ crt,)+ o ' thtn c,t,-- -cze , )! u,' I il, dnaretX depndeat.
b,1 \nol,ch'ont/ef' Ah 4e' r{ ,/ a// ryluwl nuakps n foe Nl,ioh ft) feils.
Thrn * s*"c- yectfo. sprcc V, ,rot <. T suh /he* /r l= n an// rfrn ff)- V
'*,/
Jono I e V tu(h +hd 15 t -- nrl n^ch ++r* S is ';dqendrrr b .

by assump*bn fu d ancl n>t f"z e/l n € A


/el, h7 be /be rninirvu / hunht in A
'
.

'
Ne Lnvr +ha+ mVZ.: tJe t,ill 00u rRque ll,dl tn -/ ' t t eko in A , cpcai'or/rl J
a V
confue/;ch'on htuR Jrtunph'nn ,:i

Jnrlced ,4/ : r|Suqyh7p we cen ulih ;


.

4,= 4,,rV, lAttrvrf -- '. *4,r^V-


' 'ilo+,= qmttrt {,tarr,,rv, I 'llrnttnvm

Cas, I, All lta sulans A;r^ 4t2c zct2r (re l4m+)


Thir inf t,u /h"l /r,,... d^r,'| €, Syn /'v,, _-. . v__,1 , ,

Jn
Tach'oube,. lu,t.-.u-i
isa /'nenlXt intlependenf: tg ;nti/e a yechz
Fr,
trr)'- fpanlv,,.- vm-r1 olri4 ,t' 0*"*A Ll t *n, of a-l elenenfi.
-
[o n-t alsn leknys l, +t* e A. '

Cwe l, N* oll tabRr Ai,r,t rt&. v€rtt (, lt'lmtt).


Aelauc. l'ht ondep a( t ,t/ /oe,l u* nptlca ih /l'roap ;ileyn/cnq az -7au44,
(
del, f", anvoqiau w ,na/ Jiturr<. atn+,,2n./o. fllen ,r'o, fol o -{tO-
n, *th *hp/ o,-l,r-,€ $an l",r--. Vrn_,i, /,- a,,- 7ar.r,tn .
{|mi/att/X. ,(ud P,- frB .t(. t 4 [1nz sac/.t lhcl u; - f{rntt e Sf.?a fr,., "A
ThB npla /*a+ fie a// /1t4n /h rec{azJ
Ur'i= tt;-Fiil^rr
vhsf,1 N; € Epcn fv,r.- -- vr-,J. pefi'"ity 1,0=gn fr,. V--,J ) lL
tn':hihvh'U + 7h rcryilze: lhaf fr,,-.- b-J aA'L L'oe*77 4tFea c/ent .
2E

V c^d tA) la. w(fo- sp:o' ovu- +l"e srrt'e-


Def,..ihnn, Lcl- S"Utrk -"1 fu ooo!!.tjonl *rr)
J V-+W it calrd J ' /,n.ru *w"slvr"vfian ;+ if
: salrsft'es tl*t 2 pRopeRhes :
il Yv, v. € V T ft,+v.) *T (v,)+ f (v.)
) Vc' eV VceF -Tcc.v)
= cTc")

fu\'plrq .J+ N=V -ll,/^ f=ida,,ht/ T(n)=,


4 &'n^epn /rantfr2n:lin fluti't r,t/lc/ '//" tlc*tht7 fun rprr"rtru,,') .

o V v, T) -T
&):= 0 rs 6,- /,""-rt, tfuar/ro,.?hdr)
?uarfiort.?hdD art/ i}
*uar, t"&rl
l/*, "lc
lero |wotfio^tho4".
, V= IR.' F= R-
Th, !)'' (-t,l) Srflcc/r'an owt t/v- uf-ax,i.
t*u h choclc lh,t is e linc,ttt 'f,wrrfin ehh.
"' Lel-u o t yh?Jt- - Ll T, tR.z-; lR' h +b nrfa/zrn tv tg/t'E
'Lel V' P^ Lfl * of AY 4n (oneo rrsrl nu^WY
frlyorn,dr
T(f),'={' 13 J l,,ro'tR twn$n62Aon
o Lel V= l*^(n ) ,

r(a): AL is J t*dt hansfruaehm .

hpsi c Pnofphes ol /i;nen,t *Twntfre^,4nnt'


t) T(o)"s
z) (v-u)' T(i-T h)
T
:

3) Y a; €F v; €y Ge;,;) I ? 0,, r(v)


s
/;**u lrzcntfoenh6v
/NIuA& ltusx ernlnTrahoni-

@B' hf T'V->h) tx s t r<rn +ratn$o* ,h'rn .

Deh:u: BcT)'= Re?f


t T. 6tWc)
LCT),- f lt; I :u e\t t.t ut=T(01
"e
n sPace
^[\
N tr),= ha{hf fucnrufl ,f T
Nft)'=fre{ul Trv)=ol
Tbn RCrT rs s sukpr(t 'f A)
"n/
N(r) it ? tu /rS7cc. / "
(Sx , fto y= Pn l^J A.A rq),=f ' , l2(r) = Pn ,C^7 , Ni ti-) = P, c^l\
tp ck* t6r-4t' e ,f, ft ttzx-", (-z' *7'l)
-tt
(lrt6t-'h') = a( /*z- z-) t l (l-zz+z)
-l'atl/, ( L*-l a=T
lS'2o-2( )
-q---atb l+YF+-qv
5o ;/ is )n Jt* r,
)S n-{ ht"a! ;neftyndetf t nof lasis -

[rtrn?le' S" f (t, -u,-2.), (-v,r,3'), (t, -tol'z), (1, a,6)j


i5t'4 anftR.').3 -,' an'L bc p htts anl 6 c.tnf h &wa/nlclen/er,t
Js Jlup a tubr* 4 S tt"* ir t /asir ?.

Lt f,,a
N 0,-1,-z) inro T r, Iu In,-24\' T,= 1(r,-2,-z)l
eLaL (J., !, t)e s7-ff,)
(1, t, l) =o (1
, -3,-z-)
r*e o fao
lo ,folal;a , h* in /tn yn .

Jr,ro i/'sr'/ ,i llz t7'n, *l T tl l(-1,1,Lfi=T,


ro 7r, 1(t,-1,-z), (-1,r, ,1'ffiffi
hop ctuttc ( 2, -/o, . z) e s76n (Tr)
[-2, - lo, -z) - (: - lt' -h*t' - /^ t I Ll
'
/"2 o'7 '214)tt'2'-2 'V
f,o Lz,-tlt-z)esynCT,) , F( sh'p ;t-.
n*t cL^,1" h,+,4e sp"U,)
(a ,4 , G)- ([u, -zorE,
d''2 b=-t 33)
-2t2)rJG2)=-z/e
. .

nol in lln spn


t' 5ef T, U 1ft,4,t)1,Tr'1(t,-1, -z), (t, t;t), ?t,4) 6)t
'[7 l,*oq .*t lTtl'l
a,t+krt-
.fv * o t,rr,, f^ {
)efi'nifun' hrert 5,,"'
l."i V le n rctbespau a,/ tuklau.t N,, il, nc/, llat QJ,nQr.fo!
a,rt/ lt), tNr=V'
(Recall,,W,*frr= lro,t*" l-, €'r,D,, b,€rrq t) (il^ {al,rrt,)- dan(ul,)t1;rhD- a^(unu)i
TLn, 4re 6dl \f N +h &'rxcf tun 4 A), on/ 7)"
,u^/lU *1., ts o'ru*e, V=+0,0'q
o M' A Theryttu1"; din (v)= kr(N,)t cl;- (d.)

--t'€
2g
Emas;ri- :

' 1.6 16 laf ',V.,'II),@N^ , ;


!
:

,(r+ (, a lro.a,r lr* W,


^1 A q hir fi" Ztl, .

"Jl*t p,r)P"-d anl (?,,U0, js z hni fu /,


j-
:

frw+ shw (r, fl [J,= g


W re[t,1p" 44 to/r, on| ,te:h "

. {l^ t e N, .rr; xe:,?),


lc zeVl,llYJ- : r .

i- :

<^ --n i

' hrf /l"n 0e (, ar/ f,


a Laa./L> ,i 4 tc.rtz4dtzbr""
ir.
fr'no 0 i, ,l,,ao 4'M,rU/ e*a** ad o,h^i.

"/v"t/ ti,,n,e' h { ut grJa ,-!r*no,/-,,


,fenr/ theJ P,tJp, i, o hrf fu',(. ' / , '
),erJ 1, ,lror,t f U(,
,is 14 ;*/r/roct"r,f
P,1/ iFr, (tt,UP)"/

nN trr'(/r, F-

/ LenwaJ
> eyen U
Jyy', ve(b,'U (t, m v e 5F, (p, U{i,\ f vi)
tuel've p, ':
'Jk" n/ P, $nq F, n p.- gl' , :

lt ,e tpr((F,ltuilu rt.) :

{ o ,€ si*(f ,\rvl) t ,p-,(e.)


{o v = zt{
f. p* o? rF- (,rf
rf,J iett\
"l) "Xe
syn{?)
- 0a*
, ,_^^t
kh/,
, -
v_7 rcd_
o) v-v=\=o o (r,r" W,nnl*:f"g)
!4
llon v,s(
so
" tpp,Ua)
lu* v€1t, and. 19, rr td/ ;rde7"n{url tb lUt', i! a Cntftotuft,a., {*,

h, ?"*ir;ler
9:,
-fLttf,
o y', ;' abeh ,>dq e,tcat^.
/b, UF, iS a br{., .
L
X lI\1 fl4 . all,ahs +, errn gesticn:
km;rdee' 7'{aW is,phcl hncatt lreenrf"rail,A il * 'auy'cB" lhe aldrh'on atl scCap ^
nwlhplicahon Tk,tvJ =I(u)*TCu ) , Tkv)* cT&) Vu. eV ) ceF
q de6'r.{ I{,,Q. r,rtt I{,L Nft) = 1*VlTc0'+1 an/ #,e prrye Pff}f n€uolln p=Tqn '(
T era ynnurcl )herv l, h tubpaw

pft,,h-' h(f)'= rt, (ttfril ancl r(T),d,n(Rn) '.Jrcrrc


Nn) and Rfi) aw- fr,ry F*nt
tuhsytw.

lhuteut hf T'V-rhJ h n iinexe fuufa,'ztrn' Tt-r, lL itor;"/ 1pz- cga)uaba/.


l7 is ol.-h-ete, if # v,/v* tftn Ttv,)ltt"r) (^c-hnre =ln'Fckve)
z) N fi)'1ol
fl)'o
3) n _:.

Pgft I *,r) 3 aue egu'whht _+ 2 suhsyo ilct/ has d;^utrtoD o iff il=703

f1/'s Taaw () ;npltu Q).


Asw* 'T is l-1. Lct v -he rU vrelo* V p'ith T(v)'l. ,

1'Jt Lnw T(o)eo i

TI,Ln 1b)=rh)
inplics lt,y* v,o.
bl't poo* k)r-pt et (t)
Asrur* +h* Ntt)18 Le+ q,v. e V L. s.b Tft,)-T(u,)
'fhrn Tfu)-TG,).6 '

't (v, - Vr) '- o 4 V,-Ve eNfi)=1o\


'=)vf-v"=o
=) yt=vz
:

Theownr, kf:,in sinibp nohh'n,TI" fillwing aa e4wuahnf .


r) T is onla. (VweN Jver/ Toi--w) (onn=sue\echvr)
t) Qft)' y1
fl ru)'d,* fu))
tuf-' tt)+>b) clfi,nitron. : :

(z)-43) LXH \
,lrf nihon r(T):= drn (<ft)) = d,'n @)
uDrnok
b)€) b) Ll= Rft); Tl,ert Ll CW is r tubsTot* a:t t&r(
FlJt/Orl
-

/v") Lr",(Ll) = rff) tr qua! 'h ct'n(N). Tht4 A=N


Ne pre*"/ 'ilus l'1 lh<- lht, atn on P'
24
Jc

V
I

Eg^phr , h)= T = ilo i,lor,t;tV txdnsfransh'n -

r-fi)'d, n N) vrit)= Q- '

T= 4h, z(a' lwnsfrznr"/ron r


2>r
r(T)=o nft)=d"n(v).
..i
i

let V P,
-- (r) )

aV
T;rl
' f tt'. i

R trV V', po|nowr;ek


Q ,dr7e& 4n-l
rft)= din fu)'l
N tr); nnsia,t Tolynonials
a (T).t
I
i

Theosem' '' Diryyhrion Thco(Lern' ,


tt+ V' l, J fi;;k chwntne I y+ Tt*_
ov4- trl
.,

., 7 V+ W n ['neen lwn,tftretwh'on, T[c4 r(fl*n(T)=/r^'(Y)


- ('ta)c'l ilssurna h) * n/t, /n;kl1 ,frr*fd, bal- {his is nol ne@sseZ.)
L*tt Let v,, . . vL be st Aa:is 4 Nfi) 5 t -- Yr"'€ V.

A.U defi'nrhn nff)'lrr/Vff)=L.


v
Drfi* R'ef\(r)?il, and &+ a),,--'um b J ht,t lv^" lJvr--
A/ /ef ",hDr?, rVr)=tn
ii, Theopern tqt +het &n(V) Ltw bz/'
6o edch lt t t^ , hn; eV s f . T(a;)' Dn :

lYt'---
ilrrr hael lhal t/,,.--yz,t,r---'u,q is I btis fn V. 4 s, ? bo ( l/
,^n^11 ho* wl, elrw*it , end uc'nc 4l5xg - : : :

/e/ n= Vr,,..- vttrltt.- - u*,t


JhN B li l;no"utX inclcy*t dq t.
.&.r- f, o,v, (r# bi' n; = e ft)
rw/ lo irow c4; "6 i = o fi" Vn, j

fuoU 1"b 6x) rk;)=o fr* Vi 'iinea 'vr' hxru dfrert J, k { ht, & fht lzepnel f
ltJe ,et,n!T(9ni,i)=
tfir a /n- m

0 *r, T(u;) =r+ bi'; + b;=o fro v) sinu- 2


o)ti ,Ph ,uilze clufn h h 6-

11
anl s& taaa/ ,riepnt/en t,
bags
Vr' tnu y.t^x/ze chafeo J, L.
Za;v; -c -
ll)
J bc,r" ,rrd y), - - uh ahl Lneaa/
t'nkpufut+,
E
3t
'Jl;,l n s/>ans V.
/et veV l

^),=TQe Pff)
Fnsl- lef ,*-
lfucons. Dj sf*,s R(f) J , 15 $uclz llzrf .^) 3 Zli, j
i

Ttn)* Z t; T/u;)
T("- 2 t;u 3)=o
.l l<

v- 2 Ljui '- Ldr'v,


ot l
J'
tz 2aiv; tbral

!ra.r!,V=lRr') h)=lK^"'
Tloon lhc Dimenrigh lVwze^ irnplal Ntut fie_
b/o thV'5 or4 r-(T) 4 *.n, t).{
n c,*td nffhrff) * dr.n V
F-uklhcenop.e, T cln' { h inTech"x .

ficaent Lc* T.V+|A) a &'ne* t'ztnshc*atz>n. Asrr,n- 10.,1- A.^ Vr*,* ttS a-^o/
tha* 'tlu alnastnt az" la't , A s|sea'el carc is ulorn Vil. Tt*a 7 rs airb if'eaal
t,tlX
q r/ Tr iaVctve.
nD,orn,,rn
W, ry Tln*l- w( l,*" ntr)tr(r) '6b^ V.
Tin ;{ n(7)=o->t-ff)./;n V= aLn y'. lhm Tzs )ntz,
/\l,il ;{ r(tl l'^ G ahn tO '+ nnY O /fu n T us inTetl'rc
fu lfu +uo lhcnnenr on rt,24
f4^ro,!, trl, ,,rolff$,4 dhe4 V i, nor : fia;kfi ftatctktt -
thtowm ,does
Et,kt- V--,P&l1 tatt p,gno.ab) *d ,/or, T, V 4V' k T/p)=pt,.
T*" T ;s mto , buf f ;5 a,t ,njeth've.
, q V n'l _ fr'n;fe Aivw-nrrnat lurt cJm alual l^d c"T (le- uhtct +t"L
;s
th*ne^ -il fa( :

&fucatia^ thetc€n' Lt+ r,,t, , ry gn- bt *l ffiucnt rrtJl numbeeS .

Thc.n' fu V 3
X,,/t,/, ek.> 1 A pfiln*n,al + dranee 12
s,^ch lhe'1. n h) = al'tbz le A. p6,)-X, f*, dt z, 3l ei.t, :

P*f , Le+ V= P, h)
L=L+ T' V
zR-o s-i- Th)= { hr,)), (p {x.D , (ph, D)
4,
'This is s Linu*
{ptrtftrtwrt,on kq fD ct"rt).
&rt ilaut T ls l-t. rtu ,f T(l)=(0,0t c), ilqn p-o
&=0 fia ,Wn:arc a.r'tbrtc,o les qLmatl ,7 a&^h;*, lxt p(x,1.ph),VQrl=O
b-- c= o fo,n
,2
'Ntt+ tlrf ,d,in,V',h^ P,h)-3 prl, 4n ti,&^ R.''- 3 ,

The, Nc''Laqt afpll


fun*t, ilruBcn ld dcilu,p ltat T n :,onto, sincz .t{r'y<
pnwed lhef T is' iLlctt;w.
.Tt"*fn*3Pe.?,li^u:rcfl.fi1x,,!,),.D;1'dcrtn;hihof.T, (}

I fQ). (po),pht,),pht)).

I Ttr**^, k* ,V'ltt.t :veclpc,sfau cye? F, Ot,"iur'. n^J o blu,, ,f l/


Gircn g
T'V 4N. sa+isfitnX T/v;),e4 * tztlh (*;,aoni;1 lw h h troetl iodtpador)
fuf-, , Ax,rnJ ? V n W is 6, l,araz -liz*trrtetn nen . ,

Thn
r (Z atut)= 2 o. rtu)=
fi.,:
[hrr? T(v;),t4s; tYt it ani4uc, if f+ ttisf
:':_!li
Ltivcn ang vEV , J un,qr+ scabps ,e,,.-.an. !.t. y, fu;vu-.
T(v)t= Z- 4; rt '
,Dc/rne, '

r ' lr/ot ;t'5 caul l, *c fu*Hfl lWt T[v)'u,; Tfu.;).tw;) ,Vi. ]


: arrl Check d,nctlg lhet T ;r i;ncarz. (n;t )t easy)
l

P,emi"dete'hlt pvut lto*;f ft-\r,,.--r,3;, p hst f V */,,'n ' hJ rye cltnra


ry h)t ,t 'T(vt)' h)o' ,

Adg4gq' Thetzc'rq , h+ V, D It #"*tl 1a;ceakl vcche fi1wizr ry /t'e"- e'lilf:


J ne-h-onc, an/ nto l'pcan lr*th"i""*b4: frV+td ,{f d,n V=d'^ ?^).
fuf,lAst",* ltet T ctruh. i V
Y
I
,

Tkn tl ft) z ? o1 anel , so n (T)=a i

ad Rt7).61 a,,/ s r(f),din h) €

& U A'*rfuon Tktpo" t"re l*,v-<'


d
v
&^ V"nff)tr'(T)= 7tar"rN=d,"tnh) d
? Ayrr^*. d"-Ii =d;nV ?z/""
lc* n'rtmy'-dr.W, t* {a'l V,--.v J }rc ,, hrr; rf f eilc/ cbte
aa*,phta * d,- WeLa /d)
7ru,,- --ort oF A), kx,ik

Ty fiu;a,u Th- ;nyt;a>


f, j ::-:
+h* 3 T"V+nJ, t"+ Th;)=rd
I
N* we ?"1/;t ,thw #"* Tis ArtL-lO *or,t- A*l bnh c .
T is onc-tt-orrc -) Chc& //frl,?o3. '

Lt wNtr)
unih
"v.
. llrn O=Tfu) "T (/o;r;l= Zo;:f&) ' 2ai No'.
Zoorn'
D't [u;J ;t o bts and ltuSoz Ll,radX ;nckPendznf, /wh4 e;=o Ut
Thi; inTL'u v.Za.vi z o.
7 i> onta +
A ua$ h ag Eu?A
Aheil ta sbu Jiev ttttg Th),nt
hut' l"+j t e lasi attl Ahqzfu- tphs all t' 7O, /rurrz : rLe 6?n l.Ipite'
-. ,4 Ba b),.

n
M,l defi* v= 3 Qi Vo' , Tlvn , ar lefr'rc
i rli

Tfu)=TEa;v;)= 2o, T(v;)' fle;fi;,'ut

hfi.rfh'n-. /c+ T, ,f, z \l


-, lil fu (tneAz funsfon.?hbns ',

fhen Ie dc$'ru- +1, ! V:+ tA/ dt


T, J/,L ttb?p nt/tnl
(T,+T-)ft)'=T kjtT._(")

W'ht T, , Pn GtJ->
T, ' Prh);a Pn-r,hl
PrrhT l.
Le
T,
T,Q'P"
b)=P'

W (T,tT,)-(y)'f
'*P".

Pewnl' T,+Tz 'Tr+T,

l4l"u ebe nolafi{t'.Tlrrn


Tlttwurn'. (f tT2) )s;r ", /,re'a
nohh*t.7lren /T*Tr) /w2 lwnsftanah'on:
J*rtfrc-tnah'on,
Puo{, (T rT") (v a)' tr h r u) r T, (v + u) . \ (d t f, h) t T, ft ) t T, 1y) A lnean,S
.'T,(rhT(r)+T,1,1)'f,lu) ly unn'*tt;wf,/ 4 + .

- (t +T,)f',r) + (T,,tT.)b) '" dt( '

r(
tl
Jn;ie* lP. Fo t*t'o alt;pL'ah\n .
,l
trfrit;r' C*nps;h;n I l*sfu-r*,"n
Lrcae ,
"l
q
>;dl
[ii*n V j+ U+d :

T
v --) V lw
7h drhne ,f,T : V -+ d ev
S, Tfu) := S (roi) e il
€p*, V= P^r^l l)= Dn_,Ct1 h), ?rrz,J

T(pF p, Slptil)= t ph)


t'T : l,[tJ
-;P,bfl
,f 'T(yat)'fr.f'(te
l

n-*leonpsihco is nl- eotulrulofiye I io rh ytnt*a/ & T / T, S


T'S tf acnep{/ ,o/ ev.en. LrLf u' ; ;,1 fu
.trLq .
rtfi;rsd ,
d

ry' *n:, F^rut nolahbn. Then 5.7,y-+y1 is 3 i;xss1z lp.tnsfic_mohon,


l!ryf:. uts4
v
>'qn'ri
fu:-fut4,
l

>?e*- hpnr4psrrns (} t>'i''r


0 T,*7).TzaT, V'
2) R, (s. r) = (R.s). r arya>hh.{ n:: ,:-:V:Iryl frf + canpsihtn + c;
r, s.(r,+t) - r.T,rr-.r: ,ffi;qfu#*6htn
a;
1) (s,+s,'l,T't,T tS",T J|F,^ V

bfo'{tq , ./ frV* il t6 6rc-h-Dre ,ahl lhfut r,k Ell T' i nvephhie . .:Jf- j jrtvrtuh"bt<.
T' V-+\r/, we t
/ th* V "rn/ uJ ,* 6onnp1tc ancl T ,s {n ilornrzpArth ,

{P* V, W .*L
itf !;,P;:l-:ff Hr{uftuvtokl
"eh*a itttnazpl,t"c-

Jn V.i|-: /r"R) e> il,rV=n


fn-ttulae,
iyrdcthder.rt- 5ctg, :

(Wt l&"r.!n../uenat (rlroo T t.r n* il,€-h-ci,re) JaV is


w-,'' Arul- T -tafuY' /.r. xls /, f.r. M
rVced + rw Nftl'fol ,

A v€il(r) wn* h ;fiot^t 'v'O.

,u/eptc*nf"

arl v= Ze;q er;€F hreQ


j

So at"Tk)=T(Za;b;) Zoi f0): $tta T is lr'rc$


=
- i 2o, rfti) €tF"nftrrt))
"tryR(r)
;t lT /(p)
Tctudcd a

.J, T(lt)urr r 6asis rrt- Rff)


*ol lrrrrll = lpl rb ',/''m(i{,tri=/i^V
:

fm +fu ,llrep $/et Asturtv T;s


Tlnn d,m (kfrD=d;n, V
/z+.fgV h t inra:U rn/epn/crh st ,tt"w TG)
Erl"^d J t? s htsis f; foz V ?' T(fr) .clont-ilct
Tt^-, lpl=/,mV: d;n RfilElT@)l v
l,+ lrrrtlll lnl
Jhrn lrtt= lTfill re T&) it lnta"ly, ,&pon/ar/. l

itoen T(5) sT(o) is 6ne.n5 udef/"rt ,'


i

.!
,i
,l

Eaeecitr''
2.1. lD I'r, rn\"lfn :

4"ycat\,,
.:
t,
stcl, +lref
I
:l I

(t, t) -? h,q)
Fn4 ;Tk,')). Js T: tu-h'uh. ?
Jpen l,(t te) , (1, l) S -lR.t s, :T
-T(2 : Q, o))
,v):T (,1 (t, r)
.r- 3 r(,
D -T7 t, o) (q , lr)
is T a,e- b -oke ? F,'ncl NCr) i

'

ot'^ t/n)=al,in IP'- drn R$) *J-d,tn Rfrl,


Kr,""t (t,4), (2,q) € R(r) ,a,,ol 2,*e#y dep4en*
i
4in Rft)12, ldr; fua)=l
thca /t'vn Nm=Q' aT'iis a""7h'one., l

!l:'
,6
2.1.13 ,find ewn/e of . TiV-=+V : btcpa-, /vl?o,

& ,,*rrt &'n N177-ol,'et UfrS


Thqn dt^V hs h be, rvcn,
, : 'lrrl
.<l
V=R'. .

ilJn wft &n,Nqr1-4


I

, ,

I.
, i .u2* Rn)=,fjro\,
l
, .j . r- , , I
, . $c ne*ol Thro),: /p, o,) ) :

I v*R. 3r,y € R' -t (^'il = (2,, o) r ,

Ad Th,11),(t, o),
oi,ue,*,
Ct,eoL f ,,

V*V the ,gru


i

' -l 1

.
i:
r ; . i .j r i :

2.l.1o Lrl l t il 'h ,rrrloz


lpu
+, V' * whprtz ,tiV :, lo' o tu^6ypta o,f t,O-* o
Dpot ,z i!) T (v,) ,il suhsprt, rf b ,-
; . i "
, i4 1v(llf..r-.)eW',3 istafisyatz4+V
,

Wfu-',&th;ehonlhtp , ;l i

4t" 7' V+ tal L'nr;,t< I

r , ,end V'.gV,',t.&tht:pat1 : ; , .

t'lt'1-T1"1
'E
eall il ll&
, rc.steith'ch oP T h \/ .' ,

,) T(V), E(U),is r subspcc


*) lv eV l7(") ew'! =V'l
St-r"^, V " ic c{osd ar"dte ,addut ov1 , ;sarfee
,lrf Y,, V,$*/ ",
:

i.
''
.',
,bn '"T(r,),dfu) €Uot l

so Tfu,tu)€t/J'. ,Theo 'v1tv2 gv


.(t+ veV" ceF
Lttov,t
,
Tk) e N'
T(cv)ghJ" Jtten , cv€V-
tt

lt)l,cn T'V-+4J is' r'hvcefib/c, 'lhpc eltys 3 S,N*V; drfr*'l A


n'
'ohb, a^/
Hc ;t )t 1ui //,
i

J (4= ll- unr


\ut- v€V h/ T(")=d. V elrs{u T trht
i

i r i i i. i Tri ctle'b-crl-

Th"*tnt Qs+sn n*ah'on:Tbn ,S ic l'neap '


Me '

1-g*A. 0y *fi'rnrn ,, ,f ';s orci-h-arc a;/ bro: fh| 'is t sdl {xorzeA'e f fV
g{a+ {,,n, aV^ tr ^Tfur)=
r,t; ie fu, zl to, € il'
-' T/rn ,',ox: dr6,rr4,o, Sfu)t v; ' i

To ho{ ,5fto,+ur),,f(u,)tStd u lk 5ri,1e 4,t thoohT


T(S(r,tr*Jl'T(Sa,)+i.*t...D eJna T' tu att-to'aic' ;

tNz LY cle/'n;yn
7\,Sfu,t;ri',l)'= ur
i?srilr s,d) ' Tftal,1 rTG(uz)) sha T lwac-

', nrh J aui/:,'* t-t.


O RescrL, X)1,11,

S'"T
7'V4'1il
h h]+V j, lhr
i V
isonwpAis,n
; /en
l S,Uf+t/
hA . -fwa r tfr*
itdry&?/u"trn
eh o'')

Tog: Iil>VA\^J I-' JI^E ic{cnh't7 @sfteft',ahon


Jn {he paeharh eri. :lrhon lr)# we denok lho' wriEo S d',ifoa /h\,, f
ts ,atktt 7'-' , tl\e ihftzrc ,t T.
'

&{rn,r*' lf
-f
'{-N i.r *aeae a'd '' *€F , lheo

(el),.,ir't= a.'l(v) -
,

ir , '
I

i
i :

V.r, lo R".
\L' Ui l;o* lt d{ ,{ V o
\+h€h
V;s iromepl,,c
Urryt /
(*u oAtlee is i*F/*r)
, P fu t ias:is of V 5t
/Lal'
Vu€V 1! n-tuplei (a,,"''a,^)
I

t s dnoR2 {n
fhan {r{-+R' S,t, fftrt) .an/ :

lenaruP /L'Jtr. -

6, , dzr- -'r ar) is 'loao/ul td r, (/t, c""rz&n!kj 4t v


Arhl
uith ,*nfrct lo fi )
1A
T
L;*
birih,t!' ,L61 V, D h ucefu ,pas "/ rd.- Qrr?? rutpec,#V,
fl''ott trclcar/ hu', P, i tV, ,f t/, U *er1>cc/t (il/ >P-
, 0r=fv,r---vrl Bor, l-,)-..w*l
(t'vcn 4/ -/r'rrcJe T'V-?W d#* fle
'.
r

L>E!tt*

ryHz ryur:!/d';n ",rt f


---- -*-:--._+-
, wiltr
-*tfr*rb,
0n, Bw /.a //ivt
T(Vt=.4 h4)gpfr ragi of wn 1l >
rnpfxra A,
u-
u-
c-
Vv
>t-
U>-
.Ft an p,lu, T' zeon 1*rro fro*rrno-r bt--
T'V-tw ^^^, H)),- -- 0 (o-,*a, ,n , N
,, @) >
=
i.,,
i-i.
>
Jn t."'s ca,te
^f- fr-
palo' = f n'i = h,jiirt,- av
I : I tI* t i=s' v
:: "r;i{
l v
Itl V
-,b, {-E
[rJ , N:_er"] a*,cl Te)=p,
TF
Te,t" , fr, =' i, T, 7,1 ,.2(ti [iD ? I l, J(' , zf ,l aH
T(t): o
>
T(x) = t
tr
T (x)' 2r( V
TQ),3r'
.J

Uf-,!fia' Q;,,"nV*q sp",us V,Wi' d*o*. ,\


tJv,O 6-thnft,bil), :

-/hc siraa # .tlt hirau larcfrnrhans' r V-+ W


o l, .7 i

;!
Fir basts't 4gV ,, 0*cilvv {y2 a,,/ fn ,rrrl* *v*.[a+nt,u
"lt'Tlr
wpt 8", &n d.fv,? fury ,o
I ?p h /,(nrn F) '
!V,D i i

- i y'uaf- :'t i
L(v, ta) a M^r, (.R.)
1--'- 1 ,- ' l'
I

: . i ,
ij,ii
'fhnwm
Ltv, ohfa'
Pf' fhil an/ ffJ^Bw 'ak4.
(Js

4r"nte,'<

t
:,
,8, T{,b_
'., ,V w :

:[ I
fr 4d
rvl tr"l b*'l'
I t

-Lo
.I
IR '*-
t=nfiR-
i

.l

I
I
:

th#/1.1^"6rr',,
Thr, wr, dfni (e ,Lne&
Ea,7n1
,L.A,t

4.f
R" -R.t
avi
, la ft:F O,, it
lf=

ffR' v
, 'f.0)), '
I i 't I I i :
-ilh
.-. r , :. - j
:
tV
!ryvt+'-r;:t!s o]
4 }
*'lo "'Ffl
i Lo o , al , lrl
-i: ,v Lr) :

, v''- 6f ,*!6r,
Au={i,Ut] = i,Aqrro,,^ tfi)",r(ilil)
,=
t d,",t L+ k $n4 a li,rr< +*rc&mrirn ,
=

J+i *.1 , :

-i:

Xt lt+ V,N L wrlw sryui NM br'2r,, , t/nl */ 6^1=:Iou,,.--wm \


t

r'i.:
l

, t,v +r^l 6,* ) A=r.tI &$d'g,, Tk), V^ur, , A =hr)


i .l

'rri
i

l
.ta 4t
.: I :
i

-lhcorcq.
Jn,,f n fle fftk orl cph D
ft-^ V +o R-- fi
,4!Y W, 0
i" i,l V5w-{ 6L :

a,,l+trl ;rh%*-
[rt"ilu, = t["J,) =n,l"rr,)
'

e,rarpU ' V =?oC^J W= ?,rA T(P)=P' br, g, a&


:i
a,/.
(
8n =i [, o, {^J
Bn= f t, x, z'l
We ,l^ht'l h=FJl' 'f o t o o\
'rY I ooL ol
\oooI
pta Y27t-T Q{
T E)=h")6r) wilh Fy*d lv h*"

Lva*,
tl

: I

'

$ n Jhs ak L^(q(il1 n)'fTQaDJu*


t

[rft)Jr, k exar*l,q lk 'r' 'kf;uov\


fu t* olr ik, r,e grr A,ffrh wAirn\<,

//"
-r'z [il N ila bRdM( + i; 'ut nt Bv
(,:i
4L
f 'ft* ftno' h
.:
.:
J t4,4, ?w;q,b $uranr, lel- VW arrf ''6J'R" ,*,1 cl*su {1" h,tu I l.
ila tler[tid bs^.The rtV* beenbsi ;

K-V \W,R"
tuhu
t ,, 1 "d*#\
J, I

.t:r
l-A -.
R'n
ffi.
:' 7''6v
,'
/R"

't

Ttintt' I , Jlv ttrpllrt irrpha


,yhw'W A-v v€R.'
Tfu)=

il:'
Th' w,gttrur t,i c/ed<, ) J/c ;{ A{r, A/L,
::
:i':.

Ai# Yhuw |,,'lf - 2,4f frl s z4f I --


I
,t

t-

tt
;

':
FW'A€M*r,G)
r
o
..'a i

De;;rn, LA , Fo -?
F' '

, fu LA(x)=A.A , ,

hy.) Ty+
E:,ry] = 6

i.
h'rno* -

A,;i (ot y) i
G,*g;) l"( + r;n F'
FA,ix;
+L
j*l
nt
A,jgj , ctiil".
-r/ conb,
.fh
/v2 f I
(t^ Gil; t (u|1.D), ,t+ + L4
n n t
tlr rk (/*Gr); =
F Aij (cz)ro fr A5cxi
.i
tt
=

JC Z
7'-t
A,;
J
ri : 'c/-Ah))r,.

.nrro f/,c.:< Irtl ft. Vi,


LA(x+y)'LoG)+ LAQ
anil L*kr) = cLah )

so U '.r Lr,,'au.

&,,,anL: T, ftLPba 1 b,l m:: t neeel /, h"x Fu


' fJ*
e! Th,y)- (t*y, y)
TJ:J:N il :

),+ tr]
H|,:,r,,,,),,,,,i = E

77aon o, lc+ A e p(n,*, G)


a 9W{ ' fts6ur,,z Lt ii rTbrn *f"sr\.
tff A ls scTuJbe or,/ ihweh'bJe-

.$ LA t Fn -t F- o,,{w-h-otv-, *1'b .

so,L^)- o
anl .(Ln)' n
=) Lt. n (Le)rr(L^)
h^ Thn
J'6 h= ttt . 5o A is ftuaRen .

Thn l"lTa- t Il ;{ p */ br,,s ft^ F


tL"J; = A
L|' b/c isoyuyfri(yn,
tt6w

Th* z ta ,a,
t-L;;T= ftt^li;)-
t

.f ,V-
frr, ft* hu, (V,\,\/
{r+ 1"J
fj vr f 4,u"*)
f ia'r<tliblc
TLn Er-Jrn*" : tTJ::)_,
.r, tt; J: = 4-' st: A-t e vis*o .
.t

I
" l ' ' - -t
rl

';':
lt
I

l
' -'f -1(

--f
.,
'I
i

o
{r
- ' -:- -
Itl

lVJ'Qrn 7wr.j=6*ry fun J=Ool


--'
i

"M nutl h f ,l ltu scabx, coi wAicr,

V; tT h j)= cni Lt6


Z
Tl"n C=Qr;) nl( kyutnl- 6"7
I

f 7('j)- S(r&;)) = S (+ L;, *r) = ?brt s(,,-) e'V b;j (f ,ci r)


= fi Zi gU4t,; dv

' t+ lL
[iJ'%' ttu .

+(7, n',\
l

= Ao, Uu

Tk is lhe nil;,s6tn $a thc d$nii,cn


'P
*dhf{;,utt ,,P rnata'czt r,r fttl-s

w-' Jr Aer|.rrr(il , Be fntr*^(f) lhen r-t^L


7niluct- Ab is
|
d.firol awl + is

rl)

wuW ( el1srn.}) defr*d \ e: ;=


* &r; bt.t'

lie pe"'*s e4,atian qrveo #,t qFrt1 d; tt*ffl}.


[Jt hve, (nU)C'A(Oo) allenc,ver l]rere rnr^'\Ua+r",r arc &$,*ri
!S-gg!rt,
.BD(.' LL* !,s, R nryau*d q
g, b, A ' (T,5,.k 5'pn lw,'ftm"tns)
V jJ Wt'; Ll *- Y uW C uryu*ttts T, I ,-pz,t.*1 I o^"1 A pf,x-,* P

Tt"n kn) rbyruxnf.t nS 4 &DC <7at^vnrt RAf lif l+1. rn^th'p€.'cehb^r.7e.-


,t
Cuc) " sT 4 Atad ' Rcst) / aufo*.t.
\16 v'^N (n,ltt = K(sT), hua lh,,vl*rc,-.t elnts<ahy
.*A#=rr #r,
}lbep pnry"e suth as rt@+a) --qEIAC s h. rinab*l pw- .
:i4
:

{}
''p/rn;v A
is 'rn"erd,bh
iF AeM*,,Cr) a,,a J sdn^4- D"nb^(r)
i

lbt Ab=I
AB=r
H v
l

lrqw'4( tr;vr, ffi dnq ,ult, U is vdqt*, hrrcn qn h duukd


,q A-',
?RDt'
.-f-

0*, k+ I ayu,tai-T, 0 *yrurc* J V*>V*v v


.

iH-'J
l
v
TL neln.z bA w+*uo* Sf tf.. Jfc-
k {/- ,fuA lp^rfirfoq"nh*-r, ,
2=;
,imphea W S *rJ T qr- iaveqa; ,+ *
it, lefaraiepl q /+8, . so AB-I ^*,
Tlh 7,5 ,? alro + ,hA? :/-,r,r - V'
,$w a$u4q. rtA=I aa/ AC,J
.

l:=
;lrrc bn* tT'A =f ,fo V
1>
v
v:
v
v
'
Wonz, lc|:vo(, tvJaF 0. ,uJo i uhc" tf2 v uiil *t/d h F;.
M,Tht )t n,*tr;oi ft*; d6n/,bn :

Ta,bt, T,I/ : , : ,
:

[r"Jo, =;T$,' ,[uJ i


.

ot

'fhry, , 0,r ftAJ: is )nv*{ibtp and . ff-, = g21D;'

!t*^,:l s,f &P"r, C(;', p,[ilt"


*

Dcbnntnanu,

A mcnck Vutl krv-' U {ttvr€ K,z A '( iYr,.(R)


?
ti,))€
n;, Al=t/, c&eet7/
LAt
l/f,. potfrfu*- ilr* hts ndts V., uz.
,?e'cw. Th irptcstia^r'f'r^o { +h/,e acet
lremturE,nL.
ri*to^J, in R,' A w", (t'R)
(l
)"€ HItlTA,
Al = yr%bL

()cnewl Ae$nihn- ol a cleteehrn anr Q' n76 ,nrfq( Retfi\l4 q ,a/tufivt


f"n"rr/*.
(Doi a,, d*t{r, )
4ct A,= i
fhopehcal D$iin- 4 rf. Dtcr ir,*rt,'
tht ;l a uruqtg functiort D' ll/tn,, W)+F ,^,th flu pilu,^'iy
fpolreehcs: :

t) D is tnsr. in epsrr Rrr^/ foTewdly


,.c ;f ftr frz dlt afltet< n'l dws 'f a n+t<tr f saTTase llraf
_,b\rnl
D n.ly ,h l6e ith nrw . Jf ,+ 4h utw t'! d/"i /.'cl l-/ a tu/a.n c)
/k, /t''4 ,l^J 4 D ;.r t,*thpl,,vt !-,1 c olso 'Uu 4t A',/1" hn+k o,,u
exu,pl tt'v ith Asw, anr/ At A /Jv 4't vr" ,n lltc t./A Rrt{ "rr/ /. l/re
J> A' , A" ,yulvee ebe . Tka Dtil=D A')tDfA")
l

e) D k 3few- sv1lnr".z-frr,^ c . t e. )f I n*s ar nhacltagre/, /A"


{7n 4l fTr'
g) '[Jnene I
is +l.r ieterrtrlt *iwvt Dcr) =!.
, (.J "enl^mn rr ts teuh-fecr
Ibmonlt. Jn @& ttakrrc4f tbtvei neplaary "R6w" b1 nry

Gilisoffyh h /eha-n";nprr* , o cofacfnn ,ryahh'rh f"do obq vil J,.-


irv.t 6l( cofumn (ht Le
^"J ldwen'

lcl A :=' Gt)t'rJ'4i,) ,/et (4, j)


16

W:-dt,'/) c{etA+O 4-->4is )avcie}rle t

Rttn, ,/ A hl o, novvr/r:o,lurn 4 ,e% r 4{,r+ A=A-


I

z) d& (4s)= QctA) (rlet D) ;


:i

, Asume A is jrrvenfible - Then a*(a-), hr+A)-i'

4) dc* A+ - tle,t, A

q) *rlhy a *ale* wlhyL d rn rlsrv h anut,,,e* cfus wl-


clr pS vt uehu,e
+ A* A,
V= %(n) f?=l t, z,x'l {,,12{1t, 4t-l, rrr1 i

f,{ luetftr-V i ,- l
I

fr;l A _fueff 4 cnnd,uatar wh,zr ft"^ d t (3 ,

i^

{a Q = E/J';
.''
n 2.4' aEr;'v|n = Q [uJr I

ln.Tenenol + fnd ,nl;


I

fu ,acl seY ,.nile Tls),A'/<*r,rt o/ T


/2
'J

2tuileY :
'

IdQ{+t)=22'+l = l. l+,O.zry.x? tft rcfiaenh .tp aaays6 L/c {, rt /"tr,s


Idhtr-i = '1.i+4-x+o-7'
I|G+D, i l.t+I.^ro.r'

;
.

'='*:;[', ',tW'r^'t ::fri,:!i,ir| (z+t) :

, , .J . ,
I
. [uJ7u=(r,trz);
'

,:

t
'hI u, n*q /A,s ft, .th anhraaqlt v -- ailtr "z' ,€ V
[.]:= Q-' nf, a =) Jn ytnuwl".g-' eris*s ht +vr idenhfr1 ndtu/
has pn irrvcRte U
.
o
;:
Dele\llr,i nrnF,
o Thggouo' AeM^7c^(q) I ,
I

de+ &)f0 ;fp A is :inv,enSrblc


bg-, Ass\wv k ho* invcefibte
is-
-[t"?_yt L*_
ic rrot invebfible, -'
.l

Thtn N(l.")t Io]


ILvn dqulR(La\) zn
'lt/chow L^ G+l lasr) Xtnpskt R(La)
)x-r+d lE is ---n
, t-(Ln) cn : L

lo L* k+l U"rr) is 0;"ean!4 a+"tJenL.-


-LA
(1,0,-.--- & L,
o))= hotr ro%ri
TLa lbl e&umw 4 A ac b^a!/ depa'lcnr
,.s apee:h'6ttJ c?h th&z. 4 h vx t/ A co/urrrn
+
to(;, ?*orhr :don'r cl"Cf l" /etcar;*al
&,d*c*),o -

: :
A<nrrtt A rnVen-labtc.
'J
& A-' eristr 4 AA-'= {d
dot Ga-:)= /l-od>- |
,{rt &4-')= dr+(4),drr (A) = I

4 del- A)t o r

h@' v
Qn a wfkiv)' Lelt' AL[4nrr(n)
I

-Ucfuhe!.
Jr t€l;l
q/c
l:' i

lr'
I

7 A is an e-gc.nvahrq- + r+ k gn 4qenvec,loz
n)dina'u ?
v:
fu^pb' /+=i
f' li
.t

l"l 1 j

: TuI [r nf,
lo Ly
i

o I

. '"ti,LJ'V{
L1 '7j
"\H--
+
:

q=0,orl' Zr!,
n Jn.is ,nl [rt l rjer
d, rn c1w't.tlru.
.
ly J u'

;
I

Jr 4ob
d
7-Vl
7= Q ru- 7-- I

Asstlms' 7 /o L/, (r, y)- (0 , o) is fajvia I -

)*l rn oil Vz€F.


;r
Zltorah+ hl , z/o:

I
tl/tnvec/za,
I

Ihe
Wehvethes
trc alwls
',, /^a h lnlt t bx. Lhe
I
tryn f avrcft;V 'foJ.

be"pJr' h ,1 'I

,J
.i

f,,

[, :l[;] '^0] , r,,Zyl=B;l l,t + z,

/=2 j on- )= I ooJ


/'
o
)-l
x'- (z-il/
:'
L-
]

v'2 oA- il=


d
O

)-t I

t, )=0 6v )=9 I

:,
' V--o c;rc + vrJJ"o
n--l rrr. +
/=o
-7"1
'A=3, cere -f i
.

Tt, olckrentnphl 'lr'(/ zeu: sckws crcrr/r|,y yr- I

, Ca,n'j hve /ro*nnan


Xf*,uala< W
pdpe.

!4*4U, Lep t, ( , , ), ,lrL}k) and ansideq Lo' K-R'


\t t/
q), (',y
L^ (tr) = =:,

;) 0:'rt ) ^
,Nhr,, n* 'tw1i;";;'l'+f:rH: tunspo,",et;n tA?
v
a*, h,o
LA" n u by? ^br*td,
4lo,t yb"
Th't kinl & quzthn d";*" tur;th Al*, oL I*s - & 's,$t"n' *-,ce'/./
"'Drnti
I *n,ebbr 'r,,i lln 1*n,', *'4* llrgt, * nlbl* (;9t -A:)
^/
(') 'n
r6ry {; "=(")
^[,lY'3tl'T#ifr:;u,"'
fl
q rve ]a Le d ?At/vr/". lasr',r pr, lv,,v, l Ik' I
I

'-
l*tr,)= -2v,,
Ln&,-) = {', rLn&')
L^&,)

J, lLnl
1Bt = v,
l-t
vtLo I )a /'1rd natru/ ii
i

,f
Tton
$o

^( fuis
t ro//tal
(Tlc-

@vE'/+=('*) ft'f0,G) j .l

D6g, LeF T,V.+( Lx ,{rrnoB A n6t*,pr uethn ,,e V ir rtllcd Jv) .0*,uec-toe- "f T

"t{. J ascalaz,A s:t. f'v'A.{


A sce laru v e tr ,( 'calkd er) e7enveke "? T ;f 7v€ V iJ. d V/O 'ancl
T v =)' v . (Tt'rta, ,6 rto rrcs lw'ch'tr-, i 64' i it- ,r*t be' z.n)
(; ",) :
;

^
fu*P!' A = v,=(-,') r,, T= La
(l)
,
vz ar4 afltnveclops tf T, on[
vr o^rl - 2' or/ { Jzt
u !/'c Wvafrus
' asspa'tk / n/'lh v, a"/ v" , flr tptchvcfit ,

Lrt V= ?, lnl T'V;V TtQ-{ I


I

JMrp!,
'Tle,
' .

fto. Vc/o : Jtnt conslar* rl;qhm)d f=C€tr


I

it: 4n eg*uecho + T
rvrlh
W*{cuc i
:

S.unontz' Jf , lv d 'is bn 'Eiqgnverhrz'


J + T, scal"lp I .'rrz,f',plr oP v is {4
+Qtxlttetha ,t6lb, .
t.

#*€F i T(^ v)= eTfu)= o,. vV = v (av).


,i,.i:

Q=1rde, ' Lel. T,|R.'-+R' b. {he iz#h'oo i lu;ntfuv*rh}n; -ifh ' arrnlc , dz Q < E
TWa T hrg rr0 gipava0ucr T'L* ,, A cav,'J bt d,Y6malit d
i
i
ThcpRnh L* TV+V v,--.vney hu,q',,',ralu.r+ T*
b:r [nua*,Le[
'{itFrrrlf u1cn.,lt es v,,.-.A, h;r a; y iti ) orr6u /hr/ , Tn, = A; v..
uri{h
hu 7v - - - n'7 tue lircaely rnleynhnt.
! f' //tet fiourone h / lltc thconca fo,tt.
W* /ha/ rtz h=/, the lheann hr//s)
Mt aI lhe ncntnFeA cxarrryhs' h 'hhe Jhencn +d" *he one 'w*h
ru^n#nol h. hJ. Iuut lh* nvl anA 4ea"'s h corryrtcn evenpte ui*h
n-l uqunva(nes. , ,,

.ffi, we hrr ,+4,;v; = o Vn, e f t.t nul o// ac az( zcea .

l/ vrunynt[ y' +, 17/ w azh Assz/^e. (a.,' a,- y'o.


ihr, tffuO
| :r' 614 n//es
: "/ r (rflor'v1), Tb) : :
I
'

*/ a(,;o,r)-4 oeo i ,t4''An'Y-: o


'
'14
ro Z (o,-A1) a; v, 0/ !, m,n,nlV
'
l'= I
- c ' v =e
f o,
l

/hl /'t s aorlrfuadchh

*rd.*'A T,V-*V Le r linear ]usns v €V is an aqenvethe + T f v/o onol


1 n,eT uctn +W Tv --Av^ Ihis ) is colnd ,n e ;qLuaAr,w o( r
he s nahiz AellL (r) hrc defir* *he,lc ,r, firnY stnnjlt ha6n6
V=f" a^J I.LA V \
.i

th.occa' La+ A€m^Cr). Il,.n ls'pn cgen\rll^, o* A ;.p o.,lJ'nl1 ,( clt+6-iln)=o


W*' L* (, tr) ^
^=
de+ (e -a\) = dc+ (t-,t, : A" - J^- to - (z-s)6t z)
\ + 4-z /\ so v,.{ WII ond v,=_2
lhc ,[e th ei.pnvrtuts + A-.
^t,,
The vcniFcdho\l /hrl'{,.r, cne incleed ergenwlaes flA g6a h
fr*d
rh p.fo, in {he ercpr.rse at +1,,e lo'llrnnt $t p+q.
}nce we dehvn;re +k eiqtnvorues'rl- t l"Hfur,
ftaiu +r,.
eiqcnrtt/uns ttrd- rne Jtsodekl tlli+{. -lhese etopnualues iJ +
s'1"r11 a s3:t r + tir,rern elurhons, in *Y, 6se "'*4"u
ly
,

A(^) ''(i) ^^d ^(i)"'Q) .


dl)y€h
Plo$'
-) Lel A h "tn eiaenvdltlc tI *.
Thc n 1v €#' "ruch +hat - L^ (u) = At='z'',/ .sdr fho{-, v is mft&c .

Then (e-zt)V ' A'v- (zl^)y ' Av-z'v' O


DtrrolQ A-zL, = b.
-Ihtn,
A v' gFn s.t v/ D ancl B'v = O
in.itrhb\e. (Lr] is' not
:no*'
This imjlies +laJ+ J) is @
wre-h-^e Srnce
v is in thc LtEncl a'nl it nunaft)'
The r, d*b=o=dtt(a-ar).
e Asw* ,d&(A'zT^)= 6'. Agtln denok A-rfn t g fi. cotrven )en ce

N*, A'rc h* invwhbk.?hrn Ln,Fn-Fn t's no* in,ftRhble


then Lb ear'* bc or+r-fo-one ,linct i{ rl wcae , lt v,rou(cl h )vrveB fible
Then ?v eF, srrch thal vl7 ancl La &)=O
i

So B.v=O
so (n- i,.)
v'D
Av- (zf )v = Av -vY = o
AV= 2V :

.!, 7 is rn Vchvalue A definihon

hb$EC-' Lr* A e fl4n (A


fl.c p,lr1n ovwatl {({) t= del (A-+r") t:s cdlted +he

chap-ncferri sh.- d,Unwvilal + A anA ir ,c\enokd bA l^(t).

M, This ttrfinihrY )npltes thst V' is an c,Jtnialut of A if "xhd '"lT (


{^ (i= 0 i: ,e n is t Pool +hc chapecleRuf' c
'( Punoh)al + +
-TlnoB.r*,
T'V-V h o line+R4rurtfozrtnsfion, Tl,tn fta. evcey'nCpaesentahbo
Lcl choice { a
[csis P 6 V, {he ghaprrlc.aisfr pt1r,'omial ol A, neirzizr
,f- T , A= Lt7^ is *he ssrhe fi,Y polrlnornial I is cahd +* choRscfeRishL
P(,Jnon^iel "f
T t"A i$ dcnute/ f, Cty'
lgnpt' Ler- b,,\, A Vr" ,? V o^d defi'n, A" LIJ,, C'= [T]o,
t*n be
-?iM$ 'rn',Nv
wsis &.hn B' b'
Reca\l +hpt
'A g - (g'.+ g - a-' t r, g ) d. a (e-'Oq - tl") q)
Now, +, ay = ai(ff t r,^ ) = de+ =

= d*(Q-') Atb G-tl.)c{*(e) = rteu (q-')d.tfa)a * C*-tl")


= deL(q-,a) de+(ktt;) = | . l o Lt) -1u tt)'
51

[inn.lb, br T, P, [o)-+ P, h) h Tff)='f'.


Finl {rt)
i

I* ft=l t,z;z'\ h e bas;s + P"rA


Thn LtJo; A= ( 'o I o \
\3 ? ",)
Jo +^ &;)- dnr f;; o \ : Gt)'= 1t?.
lo -t z I

Err-,rrplq, f: F ' -+ F'


T (0,g, L) = htg 7 -z-J,
-l-
^-r)
0F;n4 eyehueluu., r \
^
enam q,7 Ae M^Cr) :,
, , ) tff der (n-aI)=o
fitnualw o( A
ra)= de* A zt)
' ' to
.l

BerngnP

f^ , F +,F ' chawcla.nn: prUo*ia,l '( A-


P;ut {3 slynrbtd l"ss
[rJo= [llo -l111 : Tu,]a)=(t,o,r)
: -l[ Thrt,o)=(l,-t,o) :

..', LI o -lJ + T(01 o, t)= (o,-t, -r)

':.
:,
ril
l

.fc# n- v"- 7u,7 o


0
'

7 = O"|O- 1..= O

..l v=Jt,(F ".-lJ'tf


I

/ :t
o
'"1-
i .'
I

n
Jo e iret udiacs JPh in lt ct/ts T rr hol-
J
ohe_ /o _atz .
(r
lrt ) h rn ei1ehdee fi* f L

Th uU1 ,,y, { A ,too T,fs N (T-2r)


v d N (T -zl) e Tv-)v= o
?> Tv =.)V
H v is rn .:r*uecfuq F" 7, T
v
@(;nA coRnsponl,nJ e/fnvechns
n,= O
N ft-ol), N fi)
7(t,g,L)'-fu,o, o)
tt!-0 -Z-I=O .x-Z=O
(r, -x, x)
(l )-t, \)J
Ncr)= s
lt, ?

Vrz-lt.F
2t,'
N (T - z.I\
'f h,y,z) - z,(n,g,z\ (0, o, o)
-Z-l-7,9=o
,-Z'A_7=O
^ry-^zv=o ,
s'ef /'1, M 4tl U=z-llz-l-f,
fo (t , v,-l,i-z)",, ,, .'iEnvedLe F- 4.
Nok +h;s tbo' waBLs f.. ir= --t)E

3r, N(:^l,I)=rpr', I (l , z,-r , r-zl)1


Nft- zrL)= s1n f (1, 2"*1, t-t)\
()c.cL tts? u^; 0, -1, l)
't4-- (t, v;l' l-vl)
v4= (l , v5-1, l-a') arzt ltneazl! indtpendenf .

trl' t.lvo, , !A, , !vr\ k r fu;s fie it.


Th., lo = [' o O I r6tn,)= o in,
0 I T(v^) -- h Va,
LT? Ar) T(v n)" Vt,{v,
$, 1 is d^e,ryone L aeb le 4 flre cynvehei rrc w1 $r di1.ru{.

Theoncrn q.l'& 1 is dr'.qnoaplia]blc, the dn'rqord enfrres;Bc e,ycnvehcs,


b*,s is Yr,e aes"o.rhd q31,E.toar.

-$r.
t
I

q.l 14
r(
flcRciSe LeF A h
a sryJRe rno'fnia.
Peu.o A, A+ ,hovs -[E .ghe cigelrolre-.)
l'

-&&,€.,
V $o A"ff {o 6)= o
cgenvalue
V ugcnvalue f"" A" '{+ ta'(t= o
l,
{A rbY det (e'- 7.I)
AebCA t-
(z,I)*) (bu zr is def.al)
?- dc+ (
te-h l)*) &L {ncrrpp ii r hrera *ap)
( pn"pa\ F+ dekarn,r"rr*)
=to tt
to {n* 6)= fa (^>
'

'
I

f", dK +he Sav^Q-. i

ltu' AUhryh A,4t i


l'teve ++E d* 'f hrYe
I
'
'

&rvus 6,i.l4u la T livrcaa opF-fuc s\ veche s,WV.:


ld- reV h'o_{^ve{ra 4 T 'asras}v\Aty v€F. -1.

Ppeue fra" enl posiliu, i*!* tn ) v ir ,g"frrdpu ,r'T*


i bftpts?ndipa ,,
r5 , Aa ,
l
ttU

rhse n=l ', Th)- )7( divc h :

ftssuwv- il hulds ftn- *, tu*) n" )or,


:

Tnr'(t)'T(T-b)) and Tbcl)- v-v,

';
.

'lv*us 5'l; 12r L+ A ,'b h siv,n,,len rtfila-ices ' i


'

Ppotu A, D We +rr s6tne fuewclaisfi,c :


irr
polu rrsvrtial
fJ
, : .-
i

.l

A is i sinrt?R ,t" D rn
j

it,grA< icttsl inudblt wtuir q sud l+rdf

0 ud, itt^et l)=,q-' 4 g .

h) '",drl Crt-Af)
e,det f0-tr+g - Zf)
= dct (s-'(A-ar)S)- ht (rq-')det (A-ar)d.rGD
=d&,A_ar) ={e cil

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