L I C H SIT - V A N H O A - X A H O I C H A U A U

T i l
Q U A

C O N G

B O N G

T R I N H

H O P

T H A N

T H E P

N H A T

C H A U

C H A U

A U B E N

A U N H I N

E U - 2 7 :

T i f L I C H

SLf

PGS.TS. T r a n T h i Vinh
Khoa

L i e n m i n h Chau A u (European U n i o n -

Sir - Dai

hpc

Swpham

Hd

Npi

Phap, Italia va Ba Lan da viet ve mot chau

E U ) v o i 27 quoc gia thanh v i e n la m o t l i e n

A u h o p nhat n h u m o t giai phap de cham dirt

m i n h cua n h u n g y t u o n g , u o c m o va thanh

cac cuoc chien tranh, x u n g dot keo dai g i u a

qua cua qua t r i n h hoa giai, h o p tac

cua

cac quoc gia d chau A u . D a i van hao Phap

nhung the he da t u n g song, t u n g d o i dau, trai

V i c t o r H u g o da de cap den " m o t quoc t i c h

qua hai cuoc chien tranh the g i o i tan khoe

chau A u " cho cac cong dan ciia luc dia nay.

duoc bat dau t u chau A u t r o n g nua dau the k i

X X . L i c h sir h i n h thanh va phat trien cua
L i e n m i n h Chau A u trai qua chang d u o n g
dai, gan lien v o i l i c h sir phat trien ciia chau
A u va the g i o i t r o n g nira sau the k i X X va
thap nien dau the k i X X I .
1. Y t u o n g ve m o t c h a u A u h o p n h a t
Y t u o n g ve m o t chau A u h o p nhat co
mot qua t r i n h l i c h sir lau dai. Cac de che n o i
tieng trong l i c h sir chau A u tir t h o i co trung
dai den t h o i can hien dai da tirng diing chien
tranh va v u luc de t h o n g nhat lanh tho cac
quoc gia tren luc dia chau A u va thiet lap su

Thuat n g u " H o p chiing quoc Chau A u "

( U n i t e d States o f Europe) da d u o c cac c h i n h
tri gia chau A u va ben ngoai chau A u de cap
den tir rat s o m . Sau C h i e n tranh the g i o i t h u
Nhat, sang k i e n ve viec thanh lap m o t l i e n
m i n h toan chau A u de k h a n g d i n h su hoa giai
giua hai quoc gia Phap-Diic duoc de xuat.
N a m 1923, c h i n h t r i gia n g u o i A o R i c h a r d
Coudenhove - K a l e r g i m o dau Phong trao
Thong

nhat

Chau

Au

(Pan

Europa

M o u v e m e n t ) . R i c h a r d d u o c cong nhan la
n g u o i sang lap p h o n g trao v a n dong cho m o t
chau A u h o p nhat t r o n g n h u n g n a m

sau

C h i e n tranh the g i o i t h u N h a t .
1

thong t r i ciia m i n h . B e n canh do, m o uoc ve

mot chau A u h o p nhat t r o n g hoa b i n h va hop
tac ciing xuat hien tir rat som. N g a y tir the k i
X V I I I . M o n t e s q u i e u da tirng n o i den m o t
chau A u n h u la " m o t quoc gia bao g o m
nhieu t i n h " . T r o n g the k i X I X , cac nha van

David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 2(f

Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and
Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr.
276.
h

44

NGHIEN CUTJ CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

viec

len ciia c h i i nghTa phat x i t v a n g u y c o chien

thanh lap L i e n hiep C h a u A u gan l i e n v o i ten

tranh da k h i e n cho d u an ve chau A u thong

t u o i ciia A r i s t i d e B r i a n d (1862-1932), N g o a i

nhat r o i vao quen lang.

Du

tracing
Gustav

an c h f n h thuc

Phap

rihung

Stresemann

dau t i e n cua

nam

1925-1932

(1878-1929),

va

Ngoai

t r u o n g D i i c t r o n g r i h u n g n a m 1923-1929. Ca
hai duoc nhan giai t h u o n g N o b e l H o a b i n h
nam 1926. D u o c su i i n g ho ciia T h i i t u o n g
Phap luc bay g i o la Edouar H e r i o t , N g o a i
t r u o n g Phap B r i a n d va n g u o i dong n h i e m
ciia

minh

Diic,

Ngoai

truong

Gustav

Stresemann da xay d u n g d u an ve viec thanh

lap L i e n hiep Chau A u t r o n g b o i canh chau
A u t r o n g thap nien 1920 dang tran tre h y
v o n g vao m o t nen an n i n h tap the sau chien
tranh. N a m 1929, N g o a i t r u o n g Phap B r i a n d
da t r i n h bay truoc H o i Quoc l i e n d u an ve

C h i e n tranh the g i o i t h i i H a i ket thiic da

de l a i m o t chau A u hoang tan, do nat va sau
do b i chia cat thanh hai phan D o n g va Tay ke
t u k h i bat dau cuoc C h i e n tranh L a n h . Chau
A u m a n g m o t d i e n mao c h i n h t r i m o i cung
v o i n h u n g han t h i i g i u a cac dan toe sau cuoc
chien tranh I o n nhat t r o n g l i c h su nhan loai.
L a n dau t i e n sau n h i e u the k i , chau A u khong
c o n la t r u n g t a m q u y e n l u c ciia the g i o i va
t h a m c h i c o n t r o n e n p h u t h u o c vao c u o n g
quoc

ben

ngoai.

T r o n g b o i canh

do, y

t u o n g hoa g i a i h a n t h u , gan ket cac dan toe

v i s u phuc h o i v a h u n g t h i n h ciia chau A u
lai t r o i day.

viec thanh lap L i e n hiep Cac quoc gia Chau

A u (Federation o f European N a t i o n s ) tren co
so su lien ket v a h o p tac ciia cac quoc gia
chau A u ve k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , x a h o i . Cac

T h i i t u o n g A n h W . C h u r c h i l l la mot
trong so cac c h i n h k h a c h chau A u i i n g ho
cho viec thanh lap H o p c h i i n g quoc Chau A u

chuyen gia k i n h te, t r o n g do co Jonh M .

n h u m o t p h u o n g t i e n de g i n g i u hoa b i n h va

Keynes, da i i n g ho cho y t u o n g nay. N g a y

an n i n h chau A u . N g a y tir n a m 1930, trong

trong nam sau do, N g o a i t r u o n g Phap B r i a n d

bai viet n o i t i e n g dang tren tap c h i

da hoan thanh B a n g h i n h o ( M e m o r a n d u m )

Evening

ve viec to chiic he t h o n g L i e n hiep Cac dan

rang, viec t h a n h lap m o t cong d o n g chau A u

toe Chau A u . N a m

1931, cuu Thii tuong

t h o n g nhat la d i e u co the thuc hien duoc tren

Phap Edouar H e r r i o t (1872-1957) xuat ban

c o so su h o p tac ciia cac quoc gia 6 chau A u

cuon sach v o i tua de "Hap chiing

chdu

luc dia. Sau do, C h u r c h i l l da soan thao mot

i i n g ho cho d u an thanh lap m o t L i e n

B a n g h i n h o ve H o p c h i i n g quoc Chau A u

hiep Chau A u . T u y nhien, n h u n g bien dong

n h u m o t p h u o n g t i e n de g i u g i n hoa b i n h va

ciia the g i o i t r o n g n h u n g n a m tiep theo, cuoc

an n i n h chau A u . N g a y sau k h i C h i e n tranh

dai suy thoai k i n h te the g i o i b u n g no, su n o i

the g i o i t h i i H a i ket thiic, t r o n g bai phat bieu

Au",

qudc

Post

Saturday

ngay 15-2, C h u r c h i l l lap luan

tai t r u o n g D a i hoc Z u r i c h ( T h u y ST) nam

John McCormick. The European Union: Politics
and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the
Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr.26.

1946, T h i i t u o n g A n h C h u r c h i l l m o t lan nua

k e u g o i viec thanh lao m o t " e i a d i n h r h a u

(7u

&p4iQ

(Tfhirj

\/lian

45

&hcfi....

A u thong nhat", m o t " C h a u A u H o p chung

muc t i e u duy t r i hoa b i n h , dan c h u va nhan

q u o c " de k i e n tao h o a b i n h , an n i n h v a

quyen d chau A u .

t h i n h v u o n g 6 chau A u . O n g c u n g d u a ra

2. C o n g d d n g T h a n T h e p C h a u A u -

de n g h i ve viec t h a n h lap H o i d o n g C h a u

nen m o n g dau tien cua qua t r i n h h o p nhat

A u ( C o u n c i l o f E u r o p e ) t r o n g bai phat bieu

chau A u

cua m i n h .
3

Cac nha lanh dao chau A u luc nay cung

t u d n g thanh lap C o n g dong

Than

Thep Chau A u gan l i e n v d i ten t u o i cua Jean

nhan thuc duoc su can thiet cua viec thanh

Monnet

lap H o i d o n g C h a u A u n h u m o t buoc k h d i

Phap, n g u d i d u n g dau H o i dong K e hoach

dau cho qua t r i n h h o p nhat chau A u . N h a m

k i n h te Phap sau C h i e n tranh the g i d i t h u

muc tieu do, nam 1948, cac c h i n h t r i gia va

H a i . N g a y tir n a m 1943, k h i con la thanh

nhung nha nghien c u u hang dau chau A u da

vien cua U y ban G i a i phong dan toe thuoc

tien hanh m o t cuoc h o i thao tai Hague, H a

C h i n h p h u Phap T u do, M o n n e t da xay d u n g

Lan de thao luan ve viec thanh lap H o i dong

m o t ke hoach ve t u o n g l a i cua chau A u h o p

Chau A u . N g a y 5-5-1949, H o i ddng Chau

nhat sau chien tranh. N a m 1949, xuat phat tir

A u chinh thuc thanh lap v o i su tham gia cua

quan d i e m cho rang, d i e m m a u chot tao nen

10 nuoc chau A u t h o n g qua viec k y ket H i e p

su cang thang t r o n g quan he g i u a Phap va

uoc L o n d o n . M u c t i e u hoat dong cua H o i

D u e bat dau tir v a n de k i e m soat v u n g Ruhr,

dong Chau A u n h a m vao viec bao ve nen

v i i n g cong nghiep than, thep quan t r o n g d

dan chu va nhan q u y e n theo nhung g i da

chau A u , M o n n e t de xuat m o t ke hoach h o p

duoc xac d i n h t r o n g C o n g uoc Chau A u . H o i

tac g i u a hai nude de k i e m che m a u thuan,

dong Chau A u bao g o m 10 nuoc sang lap:

tranh nguy c o b u n g phat chien tranh.

Bi,

Italia,

t u d n g cua M o n n e t da nhan duoc su ung ho

Luxembourg, Ha Lan, N a Uy, Thuy Dien,

ciia N g o a i t r u d n g Phap luc do la Robert

A n h va cac nuoc t h a m gia sau do, dua tong

Schuman

so len t o i 47 thanh v i e n t i n h den nay. H o i

giua hai nude m a n g ten Schuman duoc soan

dong Chau A u la m o t to chuc ngoai L i e n

thao.

m i n h Chau A u ( E U ) , danh sach cac

Schuman, duoc su d o n g y ciia T h i i t u d n g

Dan

Mach,

Phap,

Ireland,

nuoc

(1888-1979), c h i n h t r i gia n g u d i

(1886-1963). K e hoach

Ngay

9-5-1950,

Ngoai

hop

tac

trudng

thanh v i e n H o i d o n g Chau A u k h o n g hoan

Cong

toan giong cac nuoc thanh v i e n E U v a hoat

Adenauer, da l o n g t r o n g doc T u y e n bo ve

dong cung k h o n g g i o n g nhau. T u y nhien, cac

Sang k i e n hoa giai g i u a hai nude lang gieng

hoat dong duoc p h o i h o p v o i nhau

t h i i d i c h va viec thanh lap m o t co chd h o p tac

nham

hoa

Lien

bang

Diic

Kondrad

giua Phap va D i i c t r o n g nganh cong nghiep

John McCormick. The European
and Policies. Sdd, tr.28.

Union: Politics

than va thep, n h u m o t n g u o n luc chii yeu cho

cong cuoc tai thiet dat nude sau chien tranh.

46

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

T u y e n bo Schuman da m a d u a n g cho viec

t h u o n g m a i cua cac quoc gia thanh v i e n va

thanh lap C o n g dong T h a n Thep Chau A u

chau A u n o i c h u n g . T h u o n g m a i g i u a cac

nam 1951.

nuoc tang gap 10 lan U o n g thap nien 1950

N g a y 18-4-1951, H i e p uac Paris g o m

do viec d o bo cac hang rao thue quan, gia

100 dieu k h o a n d u g c k y ket v a i n o i d u n g

thanh ha v a tiet k i e m c h i p h i san x u a t . Viec

thanh lap C o n g dong T h a n Thep Chau A u

U y ban T o i cao t r g g i u p tai c h i n h cho cac mo

(European

than da tao t h e m 100 n g h i n viec l a m m o i ,

Coal

and

Steel

Community -

E C S C ) v o i su t h a m gia ciia sau nuac chau

Au:

Phap, Tay D i i c ,

Italia, B i , H a L a n ,

giai quyet v a n nan that nghiep sau chien

tranh va nang cao m i i c song n g u o i dan. Mac

L u x e m b o u r g . E C S C c h i n h thiic hoat dong t u

d u E C S C c o n chua dat d u g c m o t so muc tieu

thang 8-1952 v a i 4 ca quan chuc nang c h i n h

de ra n h u ngan chan anh h u o n g ciia cac doc

la U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h A u t h o r i t y ) bao g o m

quyen than thep I o n t r o n g viec d i n h doat gia

dai dien cao nhat ciia cac nuoc thanh v i e n ,

ca t h i t r u o n g , c u n g n h u chua hoach dinh

Hoi

of

dugc m o t c h u o n g t r i n h phat trien nang l u o n g

T o a n the ( C o m m o n

t h i c h h o p , n h u n g ve c a ban, su thanh lap to

A s s e m b l y ) va H o i d o n g Phap luat (Court o f

chuc nay la m o t b u o c dot pha t r o n g tien trinh

Justice). Cac nuoc thanh v i e n t h a m gia se co

h o p nhat chau A u .

dong

Ministers),

cap

Bo

H o i nghi

truong

(Council

mot t h i t r u o n g chung ve than va thep dat

E C S C la to chuc quoc te dau tien tren

d u o i su k i e m soat ciia U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h

the g i o i d u g c thanh lap dua tren nguyen tac

A u t h o r i t y ) , M o n n e t la C h i i t i c h dau tien ciia

ciia

U y ban nay. M u c t i e u ciia E C S C la tao ra

(supranationalism) v a san sang m o ciia cho

mot ca che h o p tac c h u n g n h a m thiic day san

su t h a m gia ciia cac n u a c chau A u khac. Su

xuat phat trien, tang t h e m viec l a m , nang cao

thanh lap E C S C

miic song n g u a i dan v a m a r o n g su hop tac

mang t i n h each m a n g t r o n g tien t r i n h hop

giua cac nuac thanh v i e n . T h i t r u o n g than

nhat chau A u , b o i v i cho den t h a i d i e m nay,

chung da dugc m o ngay 10-2-1953 va sau do

l i c h su the g i a i c o n chua c h u n g k i e n su ton

thi t r u o n g thep chung m d ciia ngay

1-5-

tai m o t m o h i n h h o p tac quoc te nao dua tren

1953. M y la nuac dau tien cong nhan E C S C

c o so viec c h u y e n giao m o t phan chii quyen

(8-1952) va m o v a n p h o n g dai dien hop tac

quoc gia cho m o t the che sieu quoc gia. Sir

chu

nghia

sieu

quoc

gia

tao ra m o t chuyen bien

ciia m i n h a Brussels. De d o i l a i , M o n n e t da
David Sumler. A History of Europe in the 20
Century. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and
Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr.
289.

m o van p h o n g dai dien dau tien ciia E C S C 6

thii do W a s h i n g t o n D . C .
V i e c thanh lap E C S C da co tac dong
dang ke d o i v a i su phat trien k i n h te va

,h

(Jit

Qjp4ig

oTdnq

Qluttt

47

&kefi...

thanh lap E C S C co tac d o n g c h i n h t r i - x a

ca hai ke hoach deu k h o n g dugc thuc t h i .

hoi to I o n t r o n g viec tao d u n g m o t chau A u

D o n g t h a i , de phan d o i cac d u an nay, Jean

hoa giai, h o p tac va hoa b i n h . Y t u o n g thanh

M o n n e t , dai d i e n ciia n u a c Phap tai U y ban

lap ECSC cua M o n n e t va Schuman bat dau

A
sir hop tac giua cac nuoc chau A u t u m o t

T d i cao E C S C da t u chuc C h u t i c h E C S C va

ITnh vuc cu the se la k h o i nguon cho m o t su

cac cong d o n g khac dua tren nen tang k i n h

hop tac a cap do cao h o n , tren rihung ITnh

te. That bai ciia viec thanh lap C o n g d o n g

vuc rong I o n h o n va c u o i cung se dua den

Phong t h i i Chau A u cung n h u d u an day

mot

tham v o n g ve viec thanh lap C o n g

chau A u h o p nhat n h u m o uoc

ciia

nhung the he tien b o i t r o n g l i c h su chau A u .

T r o n g y nghia do, M o n n e t va Schuman duoc
danh gia la n h u n g k i e n t n i c su dau tien ciia
Lien m i n h Chau A u .

chuyen sang viec thiet ke cac d u an thiet lap

dong

C h i n h t r i Chau A u cho thay n h u n g y t u o n g

dua chau A u d i qua xa t r o n g t h a i d i e m chua
t h i c h h o p se k h o n g the t r a thanh hien thuc.
T r o n g thap n i e n 1950, n h u n g sir k i e n

lap

Cong

Ion ciia t i n h h i n h the g i a i va k h u v u c , co lien

r
'
A
quan den hai c u o n g quoc d chau A u la Phap

d d n g K i n h te C h a u A u ( E E C ) v a

Cong

va A n h , da t r d thanh n h u n g tac nhan quan

3. T i r H i e p u d c P a r i s d e n cac H i e p
uoc

Roma:

qua

dong Nang

trinh

thanh

l u o n g nguyen

tir Chau

Au

T r o n g so do can phai ke den hai cuoc k h i i n g

(EAEC)
Sau k h i C o n g d o n g T h a n Thep chau A u
thanh lap, cac n u a c thanh v i e n tiep tuc day
manh va m a r o n g qua t r i n h h o p tac tren cac
ITnh vuc an n i n h va c h i n h t r i . N g a y 27-51952,

Cong

(European

trong d o i v d i qua t r i n h h o p nhat chau A u .

dong

Defence

Phong

thii

Community

Chau
-

Au

EDC)

dugc thanh lap v a i muc tieu thiet lap quan he

hgp tac an n i n h quoc p h o n g g i u a cac nuoc
chau A u va tao dieu k i e n de cac nuoc thanh
vien co the k i e m soat T a y D i i c ve quan su
trong he t h o n g p h o n g t h i i chung ciia chau
A u . D o n g t h a i , d u an ve viec thanh lap C o n g
dong C h i n h t r j Chau A u (European Political
C o m m u n i t y - E P C ) cung dugc cong bo. T u y
nhien, su k i e n Quoc h o i Phap bac bo viec
nude Phap t h a m gia E D C vao nam

hoang da l a m thay d o i chau A u : that bai ciia

thuc dan Phap d D o n g D u o n g (1954) va
cuoc k h i i n g hoang k e n h dao Suez d A i Cap
(1956). T r o n g sir k i e n t h i i nhat, chidn t h i n g
D i e n B i e n Phii ciia nhan dan V i e t N a m (51954) da kdt thiic cuoc chidn tranh D o n g
D u o n g v d i that bai ciia quan d o i v i e n c h i n h
Phap. Sau D i e n B i e n Phii, phong trao giai
phong dan toe l a n toa nhanh chong n h u m o t
phan u n g day c h u y e n bao hieu sir sup do
k h o n g the c u u v a n n o i ciia thuc dan Phap. Su
suy g i a m u y t i n va n h u n g kho khan ciia Phap
sau k h i mat D o n g D u o n g da tao ra ca h o i co
mot k h o n g hai cho su hien dien ciia M y d
khu vuc Dong N a m A .

1954

H a i n a m sau, t r o n g sir k i e n t h i i hai, ket

cung n h u d u an thanh lap EPC da khien cho

cue ciia cuoc k h i i n g hoang kenh dao Suez

NGHIEN C t f U CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

48

nam 1956 eta l a m thay d o i can can quyen luc

k h i i n g hoang k e n h dao

a T r u n g D o n g , k h i e n cho A n h mat d i v a i tro

k h o n g nho den c h i n h sach d o i ngoai ciia

ciia m o t c u o n g quoc hang dau the g i o i t r o n g

n u o c nay. T i r cho tap t r u n g n h i e u vao cac

viec giai quyet cac v a n de quoc te. K e n h dao

k h u v u c t r u y e n t h o n g n h u A u s t r a l i a , Canada

Suez, n o i l i e n B i e n D o v a D i a T r u n g H a i , la

va N e w Zealand, A n h bat dau tang c u o n g x u

con d u o n g hang hai co v i t r i chien l u o c

the h u o n g ve chau A u luc dia. Cuoc khiing

k h o n g the thay the ca ve giao t h u o n g lan

hoang k e n h dao Suez da tac d o n g t i c h cue

quan su nam tren lanh tho A i Cap. T u sau

den qua t r i n h h o p tac chau A u va k h o n g co

k h i kenh dao Suez k h a n h thanh nam 1869,

g i dang ngac n h i e n k h i cac H i e p u o c Roma

A n h va Phap n a m q u y e n k h a i thac kenh dao

dugc k y ket n a m 1957.

huyet mach nay v a t h u ve n h u n g m o n l o i

k h o n g 16. C h i n h v i vay, quyet d i n h quoc h u u
hoa kenh dao Suez ciia C h i n h p h u A i Cap
Nasser thang 7-1956 da k h i e n cho A n h va
Phap bat b i n h . De tra dtia, A n h va Phap
k h o n g c h i ho t r g cho Israel tan cong A i Cap
(10-1956) m a c o n dua quan vao c h i e m dong,
thiet lap v i i n g d e m 16 k m a k h u v u c k e n h
dao. V i e c L i e n X o d u n g ve phia C h i n h p h i i
Nasser va de doa t h a m chien da k h i e n cho
cuoc k h i i n g hoang k e n h dao t r o nen n g h i e m
trong. D u o i ap luc ciia L i e n h o p quoc v a M y ,
nguy co b u n g no x u n g dot g i u a hai phe da
dugc

ngan

chan.

T u y nhien, cuoc

khiing

hoang da giang m o t d o n m a n h vao n h u n g

tham v o n g va uy t i n ciia A n h va Phap 6
T r u n g D o n g , m o d u o n g cho M y dam nhan
m o t v i t r i n o i bat t r o n g k h u vuc mang t a m
quan t r o n g chien l u g e tren the g i o i .

Suez da tac

dong

N h a m m u c d i c h tang c u o n g su hgp tac

/
A
k i n h te g i u a cac n u o c chau A u , t r o n g cuoc
gap ciia ngoai t r u o n g 6 nuoc thanh vien
E C S C tai H o i n g h i Messina (Italia) thang 61955, cac ben da t h o n g nhat ve ke hoach
phat t r i e n m o t the che chung t r o n g m o t lien
m i n h thue quan, thiet lap m o t t h i t r u o n g
chung cho cac n u o c chau A u tren co so su
dong thuan

va v i nhirng l g i ich kinh

te

chung. M o t u y ban t r u b i cho viec thuc hien

ke hoach nay d u g c thanh lap, d i m g dau la
N g o a i t r u o n g B i P a u l - H e n r i Spaak (18991972). U y ban Spaak da tien hanh cac buoc
d i can thiet de x a y d u n g m o t bao cao hoan
c h i n h , d u g c g o i la Bao cao Spaak, tao co so
cho cac v o n g d a m phan g i u a cac nuoc ve
m o t t h i t r u o n g chung. C i i n g v o i su dong gop
ciia nha k i n h te hoc T h u y D i e n B e r t i n O h l i n
( 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 7 9 ) , cac v a n ban nen tang cho viec

N h u n g g i dien ra 6 D o n g D u o n g v a

x a y d u n g m o t l i e n m i n h thue quan (customs

kenh dao Suez da k h i e n cho Phap lo ngai

u n i o n ) v a m o t t h i t r u o n g c h u n g da dugc soan

h o n luc nao het ve su m o rong anh h u o n g

thao. N a m

ciia M y cung n h u nhan thiic ro h o n ve tain

N g o a i t r u o n g Spaak, H o i n g h i lien C h i n h

quan trong ciia m o t chau A u h o p nhat va doc

p h i i ciia sau n u o c thanh v i e n E C S C dien ra

lap de doi pho v o i M y . D o i v o i A r m , cuoc

tai lau dai V a i Duchesse ( B i ) da ban thao v<

1956, d u o i su dieu hanh

ciia

(Jit

(&}4Uf. (T()4iq

(Jkan

49

(Jhdfi..

nhurig n o i d u n g cu the chuan b i cho viec k y

lire sieu quoc gia ciia cac to chuc nay, v d i

ket hai H i e p uac R o m a vao ngay 25-3-1957,

m o n g m u o n cac c o n g d o n g chau A u se phat

thanh

trien theo h u d n g t r d thanh cac to chuc l i e n

lap

Cong

dong

Kinh

te

Chau

Au

(European E c o n o m i c C o m m u n i t y - E E C ) va

c h i n h p h i i n h i e u h a n la m o t to chuc

Cong dong N a n g l u g n g N g u y e n tir Chau A u

quoc gia.

(European

Atomic

Energy-

EAEC

hoac

Euratom). V a i n h u n g d o n g gop mang t i n h

sieu

4. Q u a t r i n h m d r o n g cac c o n g d o n g
chau A u

nen tang cho viec h i n h thanh E E C , Spaak

dugc v i n h danh la m o t t r o n g so n h u n g n g u d i
co cong lao sang lap L i e n m i n h Chau A u

C i i n g v d i C o n g d o n g T h a n Thep,

su

thanh lap E E C v a E A E C da thiic day k i n h t l

va t h u o n g m a i cac n u d e thanh v i e n phat

ngay nay.

trien. C o n g d o n g K i n h te Chau A u nhanh

Sau k h i cac H i e p udc R o m a co hieu luc,
tren thirc te da ton tai ba cong dong chau A u :
Cong dong T h a n Thep, C o n g dong K i n h te
va Cong d o n g N a n g l u g n g nguyen tir. V e the
che, C o n g d o n g K i n h te Chau A u va Cong
dong N a n g l u g n g nguyen tir Chau A u bao
gom cac c a quan chirc nang c a ban ciia Cong
dong T h a n Thep Chau A u n h u U y ban T o i
cao, H o i dong B o t r u d n g , H o i n g h i Toan the

chong m d r o n g cac hoat dong ciia m i n h va

t r d thanh cong d o n g quan t r o n g nhat t r o n g
cac cong d o n g chau A u . M a c d i i viec xay
d u n g m o t t h i t r u d n g chung

chau

A u da

k h o n g dugc thuc hien d i i n g t h d i han 12 nam

n h u H i e p udc R o m a q u y d i n h , n h u n g viec d o
bo cac hang rao thue quan m o t each nhanh
chong da cho phep sau
(Phap,

Tay

Diic,

nude thanh v i e n

Italia,

Bi,

Ha

Lan,

va H o i dong Phap luat. U y ban T o i cao va

L u x e m b o u r g ) ciia E E C tidn t d i k y ket m o t

H o i dong B o t r u d n g dugc m d rong ve so

hiep udc l i e n m i n h ve thue quan vao thang 7-

l u g n g cac thanh v i e n va co quyen luc l d n

1968, dong t h d i cac han ngach vd xudt khdu

han trudc. H o i n g h i T o a n the dugc thay the

hang cong nghiep c i i n g d u g c d d bo. N h d do,

bang

(Parliamentary

san xuat cong nghiep cung n h u t h u o n g m a i

Assembly - A P ) , v d i sir t h a m gia ciia 142 dai

giua cac nude thanh v i e n tang len nhanh

bieu den tir cac n u d e thanh vien. N a m 1962,

chong. T h u o n g m a i n o i k h d i E E C tang gdp

H o i nghi Quoc h o i dugc doi ten thanh Quoc

ba lan so v d i t h u o n g m a i giua cac nude E E C

hoi Chau

v d i ben ngoai t r o n g nhirng nam

H o i nghi

Quoc

hoi

A u (European

Parliament). H o i

1958-1965.

dong Luat phap c i i n g dugc m d rong, bao

Toe do tang t r u d n g ciia san xudt cong nghiep

g o m cac t h a m phan den tir cac nude thanh

ciia sau nude thanh v i e n dat m i i c trung b i n h

vien va hoat d o n g t r o n g n h i e m k y sau nam.

5,7%, m i i c tang t h u nhap quoc dan b i n h quan

T u y nhien, viec tang c u o n g quyen luc cho

dau n g u d i tang 4 , 5 % t r o n g thap nien 1960 va

cac co quan dieu hanh da k h i e n cho C h i n h

dau thap n i e n 1970. V e n o n g nghiep, viec

p h i i Phap e ngai va t i m each han che quyen

thuc hien c h i n h sach n o n g nghiep chung tir

50

NGHIEN CU"U CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

nam 1968. t r o n g do co mure gia chung cho

C o n g d d n g T h a n T h e p ( E C S C ) c h i giai the

cac san p h a m n o n g n g h i e p . da thuc day san

vao n a m 2002, C o n g d d n g K i n h te Chau A u

xuat nong nghiep phat trien. Cac nha k i n h te

( E E C ) dugc thay the bang C o n g d o n g Chau

hoc cho rang, day la " t h a i k y tang t r u o n g

A u ( E C ) n a m 1993.

vang"' cua cac nuac E E C .

T u y nhien, c o n d u o n g phat trien ciia cac
Su phat trien va m a r o n g quan he hap
tdc giua cac nuac thanh v i e n da dat ra n h u

cong d o n g chau A u t r o n g b u o i ban dau cung

k h o n g hoan toan e m a. T r o n g t h a i gian nay,

cau hop nhat cac cong dong chau A u t r o n g

cac nuoc thanh v i e n phai d o i mat v o i "cuoc

mot thiet che chung. Sau qua t r i n h dam phan,

k h i i n g hoang ghe t r o n g " ("the empty chair

cac nuac thanh v i e n da tien hanh k y ket H i e p

crisis") d i e n ra tir thang 6-1965 den thang 1-

uoc H o p nhat ( M e r g e r T r e a t y ) hay con goi la

1966. Cuoc k h i i n g hoang bat n g u o n tir rihung

Hiep uoc Brussels ngay 8-4-1965. H i e p uac

bat dong x u n g quanh viec thuc hien cac bien

H o p nhat co h i e u luc tir ngay 1-7-1967, theo

phap tai t r g cho C h i n h sach N o n g nghiep

do, ba cong dong E C S C . E A E C va E E C hop

chung ( C o m m o n A g r i c u l t u r e P o l i c y - C A P )

nhat trong m o t thiet che d i e u harm chung cua

g i u a C h i n h p h i i ciia T h i i t u o n g Phap Charles

cac

(European

D e Gaulle ( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 7 0 ) vcri cac nuoc thanh

C o m m u n i t i e s ) . U y ban E E C va H o i dong

v i e n E E C . Cac dai d i e n ciia Phap da phan

EEC se tro thanh ca quan dieu hanh chung

u n g bang each k h o n g t h a m gia bat c i i cuoc

cua ca ba cong dong. V i e c k y ket H i e p uac

hop nao va n i t ra k h o i cac co quan dieu hanh

H o p nhat da danh dau m o t buoc tien m a i cua

E E C , gay nen cuoc k h i m g hoang I o n nhat

qua t r i n h hop tac chau A u . M a c d i i cac cong

trong l i c h sir phat t r i e n ciia cac cong dong

dong chau A u van tiep tuc t o n tai n h u nhirng

chau A u . Cuoc k h i i n g hoang cho thay chii

to chuc doc lap hop phap. n h u n g viec c i i n g

nghTa dan toe v a n h u n g m a u thuan ve l g i ich

nhau chia se m o t ca quan thiet che chung da

dan toe la n h i r n g rao can cho qua t r i n h m a

tao dieu k i e n t h o n g nhat hanh dong v i muc

rong h a p tac chau A u . Cuoc k h i i n g hoang chi

tieu chung la day m a n h qua t r i n h hop tac va

ket thiic k h i T h o a u o c

hoi nhap ciia cac thanh v i e n tren cac ITnh v u c

1966) g i u a sau n u o c d u g c k y ket, theo do

cong

dong

chau

Au

khac nhau. T r e n thuc te. cac cong dong chau

A u con tiep tuc t o n tai t r o n g l i c h sir phat
trien ciia qua t r i n h h o p nhat chau A u n h u
mot trong ba t r u cot ciia E U ngay nay (hai
tru cot con lai ciia E U la C h i n h sach D o i
ngoai

va

(Common

Chinh
Foreign

sach
and

An

ninh

Security

Lucxembourg ( 1 -

cac nuoc thanh v i e n d u g c su d u n g quyen phii

quyet de bao ve l g i i c h quoc gia. V i e c k y ket
thoa uoc nay, tren thuc te, da han chd quydn
luc ciia U y ban E E C va tang t h e m q u y d n luc
cho n h u n g thanh v i e n ciia H o i d o n g E E C .

chung

Qua t r i n h h o i nhap ciia cac nuoc chau

Policy).

A u ve c o ban k h o n g vap phai su can t r a nao

(Jit

Q&nq,

itatiu

51

(JIUJUL ( J f a ' f i . .

t u phia M y . V i e c M y thuc t h i K hoach

chien l u g e k h o n g can bao truoc cho

Marshall n h a m tai thiet chau A u sau chien

nuoc

tranh va thanh lap T o chuc H i e p uac Phong

n h u n g lanh dao than M y ciia E E C , da gop

thu Bac D a i T a y D u o n g ( N A T O ) nam 1949

phan thiic day cac nuoc chau A u tang c u o n g

da tao ra n h u n g co so thuan l o i cho qua t r i n h

qua t r i n h l i e n ket de co tieng n o i chung, co

hoi nhap cua chau A u . T h a m c h i , nam 1962,

trong l u g n g h o n tren t r u o n g quoc te t r o n g

Tong thong M y John F. K e n n e d y con bay to

viec bao ve l g i i c h ciia c h i n h m i n h .

thien chi k h i n h i n nhan su h o p tac cua chau

A u v a i " n i e m hy v o n g va su n g u o n g m o " .

thanh

vien EEC, tham

cac

c h i cho

ca

Sau k h i A n h va cac nuoc D a n M a c h ,

Ve h i n h thuc, M y coi E E C n h u m o t d o i tac

binh dang va t i e m nang. D o n g t h a i , M y c o n
hy v o n g su h o i nhap cua Tay D u e vao m o t

Ireland, N a U y nop d o n x i n gia nhap E E C

nam 1967, cac cuoc t h u o n g l u o n g dugc tien
hanh

ke

Georges

tir n a m
Pompidou

1969,

khi Tong

(1911-1974)

thong

len

cam

EEC l a n manh se gay ra ap luc l a n cho D o n g

quyen a Phap. Sau cac cuoc dam phan, d o n

Due va L i e n X o t r o n g b o i canh C h i e n tranh

x i n gia nhap E E C lan t h i i ba ciia A n h da

Lanh dang tiep dien. T u y nhien, tren thuc te,

dugc chap thuan c i i n g v o i cac nuoc

sir noi len cua m o t chau A u h o p nhat cung

M a c h , Ireland va N a U y . T r o n g cuoc t h u o n g

tao ra ap lire canh tranh ve k i n h te - t h u o n g

thuyet keo dai 12 g i o d o n g ho v o i T h i i t u o n g

mai cung n h u c h i n h t r i d o i v o i M y .

A n h E d w a r d Heath (1916-2005), T 6 n g t h 6 n g

Dan

Ve phan m i n h , mac d u c o n le thuoc vao

Phap P o m p i d o u cho rang viec chap thuan

M y ve k i n h te va c h i n h t r i , cac nuoc E E C to

nuoc A n h cung n h u cac quoc gia khac gia

ra khong ung ho M y t r o n g viec M y t h a m gia

nhap E E C xuat phat tir l g i i c h k h o n g chi ciia

Chien tranh T r i e u T i e n (1950-1953), trong

rieng nuac nao m a la v i l g i i c h ciia toan chau

each thuc giai quyet cuoc k h i i n g hoang ten

A u . Sau k h i cac hiep u o c gia nhap dugc k y

liia 6 Cuba v o i L i e n X o nam 1962 bo qua vai

ket,

tro ciia E E C , t r o n g viec tien hanh leo thang

Ireland c h i n h thiic t r o thanh thanh v i e n ciia

va m o rong chien tranh 6 V i e t N a m trong

E E C ( n g o a i t r i r N a U y k h o n g g i a nhap do

thap nien 1960, cung n h u viec c h i n h quyen

nguai

N i x o n tuyen bo tha n o i dong dola M y nam

t r u n g cau dan y t h a n g 9 - 1 9 7 2 ) . D o t

1971, gay k h o khan cho t h u o n g m a i chau A u

r o n g E E C l a n t h u nhat v o i k h o n g it n h u n g

va the g i o i . V i e c M y co n h u n g quyet d i n h

trac t r o , c u o i c i i n g da hoan tat, dua E E C - 6

thang

dan

1-1973,

bo

Anh,

phieu

Dan

chong

Mach

trong

va

cuoc
mo

tro thanh E E C - 9 .
John McCormick. The European Union: Politics
and Policies. Westview Press. An member of the
Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr. 125.
5

D o t m o r o n g E E C lan t h u hai va lan t h i i

ba dien ra vao thap nien 1980, h u o n g vao cac
quoc gia 6 k h u v u c N a m A u bao g o m H y
Lap,

B o Dao N h a va T a y Ban Nha. T r o n g

NGHIEN CDU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

52

cto, H y Lap la n u a c da co y d i n h t h a m gia

Cac nha lanh dao U y ban E E C h y v o n g rang,

EEC ngay t u thap n i e n 1950. T u y nhien, do

v o i viec t r a thanh thanh v i e n E E C , B o Dao

nen k i n h te H y L a p con a m u c k e m phat

N h a va T a y B a n N h a se co d i e u k i e n de thuc

trien so v a i cac nuac Tay A u va dac biet la

day nen dan c h u , 6 n d i n h k i n h te va x i c h lai

n h u n g bat 6n ve c h i n h t r i dan t a i cuoc dao

gan h o n v o i T a y A u v a N A T O . Cac cuoc

c h i n h quan su thang 4-1967 da ngan can qua

d a m phan gia nhap d u g c bat dau n a m 1978

t r i n h h o i nhap chau A u cua nuac nay. Sau

v a i B 6 D a o N h a v a n a m 1979 v o i Tay Ban

k h i c h i n h p h u dan su t r a l a i cam quyen n a m

N h a . N a m 1986, hai n u a c c h i n h thiic gia

1974, H y Lap nop d a n x i n gia nhap E E C .

nhap E E C , d u a t o n g so thanh v i e n E E C len

T r u a c su lo ngai cua U y ban E E C ve viec

12 nuac.

nen k i n h ie H y L a p con qua yeu, C h i n h p h u

H y Lap cam ket v u c day nen k i n h te cung
v o i viec thuc day qua t r i n h dan chu hoa. Qua
trinh dam phan gia nhap bat dau t u nam 1976
va den thang 1-1981, H y L a p c h i n h thuc t r a
thanh thanh v i e n t h u 10 cua E E C .

V i e c nhan d o i so l u o n g thanh vien da

k h i e n E E C t r o t h a n h m o t k h o i k i n h te lan
nhat tren the g i o i , co anh h u o n g k i n h te va
c h i n h t r i ngay cang I o n tren t r u o n g quoc te.
N a m 1990, sau k h i b i i c t u o n g B e r l i n sup do,
lanh tho ciia E E C d u g c m o r o n g do ket qua

B o Dao N h a va Tay B a n N h a da bat dau

cua qua t r i n h t h o n g nhat n u a c D i i c . C i i n g v a i

k h a i dong qua t r i n h h o i nhap chau A u t u

viec thiic day k i n h te va t h u o n g m a i phat

nam 1962. T u y nhien, che do doc tai t o n tai

trien, t r o n g t h a i gian nay E E C chii t r o n g vao

a ca hai nuoc neu tren da can t r a qua t r i n h

viec tao d i e u k i e n cho viec t h u hep khoang

gia nhap E E C cua ho. M a c d u H i e p uac

each phat t r i e n k i n h te g i u a cac nuoc chau

Roma khang d i n h , bat c u quoc gia nao

A u , tao c o h o i cho cac nuoc ngheo d khu

chau A u co nguyen v o n g deu co the t r a

v u c D i a T r u n g H a i h o i nhap va phat trien

thanh thanh v i e n cua E E C , tuy nhien, tren

trong nen k i n h te toan cau. H a n g loat cac d u

thuc te, nen dan c h u la d i e u k i e n tien quyet

an cai t h i e n ket cau ha tang, ho t r g viec lam

de

do

dugc thuc h i e n n h a m m u c tieu h u o n g t a i su

Caetano a B o Dao N h a sup do n a m 1974 v a

phat trien can bang ve k i n h te g i u a 12 nuac

sau cai chet cua Franco a T a y B a n N h a n a m

thanh v i e n . D o n g t h a i , E E C da tien hanh

1975, d a n x i n gia nhap E E C cua hai nuac

cuoc bau c i i N g h i v i e n true tiep dau tien nam

m a i c h i n h thuc dugc

chap

1979 v o i 410 dai b i e u d u g c l u a chon t u cac

nhung k h o khan ve k i n h te cua B o Dao N h a

nuoc thanh v i e n . C h i i t i c h N g h i v i e n dau tien

va Tay B a n N h a cung n h u x u h u o n g d i

ciia E E C la ba Simone V e i l , c h i n h t r i gia,

chuyen cua luc l u o n g lao d o n g o hai n u a c ve

luat su, d o n g t h a i la B o t r u o n g Y te Phap.

gia nhap

EEC.

Chi

sau

k h i che

x e m xet. Bat

Tay A u de k i e m viec l a m , E E C da chap

N h a m h u o n g t o i s u m d r o n g h o p tac da

thuan d o n x i n gia nhap cua hai nuoc nay.

dien ciia cac quoc gia thanh v i e n , thang 2-

c7' (&}41U it04lQ

(JIlXUL

1986,

chung

Chau

Au

SEA)

dugc

ky

Dao

luat

53

(Th/fL...

(Single

luat chung C h a u A u , de xuat viec thuc hien

tai

dong t i e n chung chau A u va thuc hien hang

L u x e m b o u r g va bat dau co hieu luc t u thang

loat rihung cuoc dam phan ve viec m o rong

7-1987. N o i d u n g ciia S E A tap trung vao

hop tac da dien g i u a cac nuoc thanh v i e n .

muc tieu hoan thanh viec xay d u n g m o t t h i

Jacques Delors la m o t t r o n g so n h u n g C h i i

truong chung t r o n g t h o i han cuoi cung la

t i c h H o i dong Chau A u thanh cong nhat, ong

ngay 31-12-1992, d o n g t h o i cac nuoc thong

dugc coi la m o t t r o n g n h u n g n g u o i sang lap

nhat ve van de cai each the che, m o rong su

ra d o n g Euro va la bieu t u g n g cho qua t r i n h

hop tac tren cac l i n h v u c m o i t r u o n g , nghien

lien ket chau A u t r o n g thap nien 1980.

European

Act-

ket

cuu va phat trien cung n h u cac v a n de ve

chinh sach k h u v u c . D a o luat chung chau A u

5. T i r C o n g d o n g C h a u A u d e n L i e n
minh Chau A u (EU-27)

dua ra n h u n g quy d i n h m o i ve cuoc hop cap

T r e n nen tang ciia D a o luat chung Chau

cao ciia dai dien c h i n h p h i i cac nuoc thanh

vien cung v o i H o i dong Chau A u , ve viec
tang c u o n g hop tac t r o n g c h i n h sach d o i
ngoai, tang them q u y e n lire cho T o a an Chau
A u cung n h u hang loat n h u n g quy d i n h ve
viec xoa bo chii nghia bao ho mau dich, ve
hai quan, ngan hang, v i e n t h o n g . . . Dao luat
nay danh dau m o t buoc tien m o i ve mat the
che trong qua t r i n h h o p nhat chau A u nham
xay d u n g m o t k h o i k i n h te, m o t t h i t r u o n g
chung Ion nhat the g i o i . S E A da dat nen
mong quan t r o n g cho viec k y ket H i e p uoc
Maastricht nam 1992.

Au,

ngay

7-2-1992,

H i e p uoc

Maastricht

(con dugc g o i la H i e p uoc ve L i e n m i n h

Chau A u - Treaty o n E U , T E U ) dugc k y ket
tai H a L a n sau qua t r i n h dam phan giua cac
nuoc thanh v i e n d u o i su dieu hanh ciia U y
ban Delors. M u c t i e u c h u yeu ciia H i e p uoc
Maastricht la m o r o n g qua t r i n h hop

nhat

chau A u , t i e n t o i thanh lap L i e n m i n h Chau

A u ( E U ) tren c o so l i e n m i n h k i n h te - tien te
v o i dong tien chung ( E u r o ) va lien

minh

c h i n h t r i bao g o m viec thuc hien m o t c h i n h

sach d o i ngoai c h u n g v a an n i n h chung. H i e p
uoc Maastricht lan dau t i e n c h i ra ba t r u cot

N h u n g thanh t u u ciia qua t r i n h m o rong

(three pillars) ciia L i e n m i n h Chau A u , do la:

hgp tac chau A u co phan dong gop dang ke

cua n h u n g n g u o i cheo l a i cac co quan t r o n g
bo may lanh dao, dac biet la vai tro cua
Jacques Delors, n g u y e n B o t r u o n g T a i c h i n h
Phap, C h i i t i c h U y ban E E C t r o n g ba n h i e m
ky vao n h u n g nam 1985-1994. D u o i su dieu
hanh ciia ong, U y ban Delors da tien hanh
nhung buoc d i quan t r o n g t r o n g viec cai each
the che, xiic tien viec k y ket va thuc t h i Dao

Tru cot thu nhdt:

C o n g dong Chau

A u ( E C ) , la sir tiep tuc cua C o n g dong K i n h

te Chau A u ( E E C ) , n h u n g tir " k i n h te" dugc
loai bo de the hien sir h g p tac da dien tren
cac ITnh v u c k i n h te, xa h o i va m o i t r u o n g
giua cac nuoc thanh v i e n .
-

Tru

cot

thu

hai:

C h i n h sach D o i

ngoai va A n n i n h chung ( C o m m o n Foreign

54

NGHIEN CU*U CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

and Security P o l i c y - CFSP) bao g o m sir

H i e p udc c o n bao g o m cac quy che ve phoi

phoi hop t r o n g viec hoach d i n h va thirc t h i

h o p harm d o n g t r o n g cac hoat d o n g t u phap,

chinh sach d o i ngoai va an n i n h cua cac nuac

c h i n h sach nhap c u . q u y e n c u t r u . t h i thirc

thanh v i e n tren ca sd bao dam chu quyen

cung n h u viec thanh lap quy t r g g i u p d o i v d i

quoc gia.

cac nude thanh v i e n co t r i n h do phat trien

Tru cot thu ba: C h i n h sach H o p tac

ve N o i v u va T u phap (Police and Judical

Co-operation i n C r i m i n a l Matters - PJCC)
the h i e n sir h g p tac t r o n g cac ITnh v u c xet
x u t o i p h a m . g i a i quyet cac v a n de t i nan.
nhap c u va h g p tac t u phap t r o n g cac v a n

k i n h te d m u c thap h o n . Theo H i e p udc

Maastricht, c o n g dan chau A u dugc co them
n h u n g q u y e n han m d i , theo do, tat ca cong
dan cac n u d e t h a n h v i e n deu co quyen d i lai,
t u do c u t r u tren lanh tho cac nude thanh
v i e n va co q u y e n bau c u t r o n g cac cuoc bau
c u cua dia p h u o n g v a cua E U .

de dan su.

H i e p u d c M a a s t r i c h t danh dau m o t budc

Viec thiet lap ba t r u cot neu tren the

hien m o n g m u o n cua cac nude thanh v i e n
trong qua t r i n h m d r o n g cac ITnh vuc hgp tac,
tao ra ca sd cho viec h i n h thanh L i e n m i n h
Chau A u . D o n g t h a i . H i e p udc Maastricht
cung dua ra 16 t r i n h cho viec xay d u n g dong
tien chung chau A u - Euro va N g a n hang
T r u n g u o n g Chau A u ( E C B ) . N h u n g dieu
kien de tham gia vao l i e n m i n h k i n h te - tien
te cung dugc chi ro. do la: T i le l a m phat
thap. k h o n g v u g t qua 1,5% so v d i m u c t r u n g
b i n h cua 3 nude co m u c l a m phat thap nhat;
T h a m hut ngan sach k h o n g v u g t qua

3%

ngoat quan t r o n g tren b u d c d u d n g nhat the

hoa chau A u , h i e n t h u c hoa n h u n g ITnh vuc
hgp tac m d i c u n g n h u de ra 16 t r i n h de dat
dugc muc t i e u h g p tac t r o n g cac ITnh vuc cu
the, dac biet la t r o n g viec thiet lap dong euro.
T u y nhien, m o t so n u d e thanh v i e n , nhat la
A n h to ra n g h i ngai ve kha nang m d rong
quyen luc cua cac thiet che t r o n g E U va van
de c h u q u y e n quoc gia cua cac nude thanh
v i e n . M o t so nha n g h i e n c u u con cho rang
H i e p u d c M a a s t r i c h t la " s u t u nguyen tir bo
chu q u y e n quoc gia chua tirng co t r o n g lich
sir" va n o i d u n g cua no " g i o n g m o t dieu luat

G D P . n g nha nude d u d i 6 0 % G D P va bien

do giao d i c h t i gia g i u a cac d o n g tien o n d i n h

t r o n g H i e n phap h a n la m o t hiep udc quoc

t e " . C h i n h v i vay, qua t r i n h phe chuan Hiep
6

trong

hai

nam

theo

ca

che

chuyen

doi

udc Maastricht dien ra day k h o khan, nhat la

( E R M ) ; L a i suat k h o n g qua 2 % so v d i m u c

d cac n u d e A n h , Phap va D a n M a c h . Ci Dan

trung b i n h cua 3 nude co l a i suat thap nhat.

M a c h , t r o n g lan t r u n g cau dan y dau tien

Hiep

udc

Maastricht

md

rong

trach

dien ra thang 6-1992, cac cir t r i da bac bo

nhiem cua E U tren cac ITnh vuc m d i n h u

H i e p udc nay. Gan m o t n a m sau, cuoc t r u n g

chinh sach bao ve n g u d i t i e u dung, cham soc

y te. giao thong v a n t a i , nghien c u u , giao due
va cac c h i n h sach xa h o i khac. D o n g t h a i ,

John McCormick (2008). The European union.

Politics and Policies. Sdd, tr.92.

(Jit

Qpiicj. tto4iq.

CThajL

55

(Jkep,...

cau dan y lan t h u hai m a i dat dugc chap

ITnh vuc hop tac va m d r o n g so l u g n g cac

thuan cua da so cir t r i v a i 4 ITnh vuc bao l u u ,

thanh v i e n m d i cua E U . D a u thap nien 1990.

trong do co viec D a n M a c h chua gia nhap

v d i su k i e n nude D u e t h o n g nhat, lanh tho

khu vuc sir dung dong euro. T a i Phap, cuoc

ciia E U d u g c m d rong, mac

trung cau dan y d o i v a i H i e p uac Maastricht

dien ra thang 9-1992 cung c h i dat dugc t i le
phieu thuan sit sao la 51,04%. T r o n g k h i do
a A n h , de H i e p uac nay d u g c phe chuan,
Chinh p h i i cua Dang Bao thu, d i m g dau la
T h i i t u o n g John M a j o r , da phai k i e n t r i dau
tranh de v u o t qua phe chong d o i trong H a
vien A n h .

d i i so

lugng

thanh v i e n k h o n g tang len. Sau k h i Chien

tranh L a n h ket thiic, co it nhat 18 nude chau
A u co nguyen v o n g gia nhap E U , trong do co
7 nude D o n g A u , 6 nude cong hoa thuoc
L i e n X o c i i va 5 nude thuoc L i e n bang N a m
T u c i i . L a n song cac nude co nguyen v o n g
tham gia E U dang cao da dat ra yeu cau x e m
xet lai ve mat the che rihung tieu chi gia
nhap E U . T r o n g cuoc hop ciia H o i dong

Sau k h i dugc 12 quoc gia thanh v i e n

Chau A u tai Copenhagen thang 6-1993, cac

phe chuan, H i e p uoc Maastricht chinh thirc

nude thanh v i e n da thong qua Cong

co hieu luc tir thang 11-1993.

Copenhagen v d i cac dieu k i e n tieu chuan de

Trong

qua

trinh thuc hien, H i e p uoc Maastricht dugc

sira chua va bo sung bang m o t so hiep uoc
khac n h u H i e p uoc A m s t e r d a m va H i e p uac

- H i e p uac

gia nhap E U . Theo do, cac nude m u o n t r d

thanh thanh v i e n E U phai dat dugc 3 tieu c h i
co ban:
-

Nice:
Amsterdam

( k y thang 2-

1997, co hieu lire thang 5-1999) co nhirng

sua doi va bo sung n h u n g dieu khoan ciia
Hiep uoc Maastricht ve quyen co ban ciia
cac nuoc thanh v i e n , ve t u phap va n o i v u , ve
chinh sach xa h o i , viec l a m va ve c h i n h sach

udc

Ve chinh

tri: Phai la nude dan chii,

ton trong nhan quyen va luat phap quoc te.

-

Ve kinh

te: Phai co nen k i n h te t h i

t r u d n g t u do va co t i e m nang v u g t

qua

nhirng ap luc ciia canh tranh k i n h te t u ban

chii nghia.
-

Ve tu phap:

Co nang luc dap

ung

nhirng nghTa v u va yeu cau ciia he thong luat

doi ngoai va an n i n h chung.

- H i e p uoc N i c e ( k y thang 2 - 2 0 0 1 , co

phap do E U q u i d i n h .

hieu luc 2-2003) bao g o m nhirng dieu khoan

Qua t r i n h dam phan gia nhap E U ciia

bo sung ve cai each the che de don nhan

cac nude thanh v i e n H i e p h o i M a u dich t u do

nhirng thanh v i e n m o i , ve viec tang

( E F T A ) dugc bat dau tir nam

cuong

1990.

Tuy

quyen luc cho N g h i v i e n Chau A u va viec

nhien, sau k h i cac cuoc dam phan ket thiic

thanh lap lire l u o n g phan u n g nhanh cua E U .

vao dau n a m

Sau k h i H i e p uoc Maasticht co hieu luc,

nhirng tien bo ve the che va c h i n h sach da
tao dieu k i e n thuan l g i cho viec m d rong cac

1994, chi co 3 nude la A o .

Phan L a n , T h u y D i e n gia nhap E U vao thang

1-1995. D a y la lan m d r o n g t h i i nam, dua so
thanh v i e n E U len 15 nude, v d i dien t i c h

NGHIEN CLfU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N 0 6 (129).2011

56

T r o n g l i c h sir phat t r i e n ciia m i n h , E U

lanh tho dugc m a r o n g t h e m 1/3 va lan dau

tien t r o n g l i c h su, E U co d u a n g bien g i a i

hoat d o n g theo n h u n g the thirc dugc

chung v a i n u a c N g a .

d i n h tai cac hiep uac, b i t dau v a i 6 nuac

E U tiep tuc m a r o n g ve phia D o n g t r o n g

thap nien cuoi cung ciia the k y X X va hoan
thanh qua t r i n h nay vao n h u n g nam dau the
k y X X I . Cac cuoc dam phan gia nhap E U
ciia cac n u a c D o n g A u dugc bat dau t r o n g
nhung nam 1998-2000. V e c a ban, qua t r i n h
dam phan ket thiic vao thang 12-2002. Thang
10-2004, dot m a r o n g l a n nhat trong l i c h sir
E U dien ra v a i viec ket nap cung m o t luc 10
thanh v i e n m a i . D o la 8 nuac D o n g A u
(Cong hoa Sec, B a L a n , H u n g a r y , Slovakia,
Slovenia, Estonia, L a t v i a , L i t h u a n i a ) va 2
nuac thuoc D i a T r u n g H a i (Cyrus va M a l t a ) .
H a i nuac B u n g a r i va R u m a n i mac d u da
dugc E U chap thuan n h u n g gia nhap m u o n
han, vao thang 1-2007. L a n song m a rong ve
phia D o n g la dot m o rong l a n nhat ciia E U
ve so l u g n g thanh v i e n , tang t h e m 2 0 % dan
so, nhung neu xet ve k i n h te, G D P chi tang
them 5%. Qua t r i n h hucmg D o n g ciia E U da
dat dau cham het cho su chia cat chau A u
keo dai tren niia the k y do cuoc Chien tranh
Lanh gay ra. Thuat n g u chau A u (European)
da mang mot y nghia m a i . N e u n h u truac

quv

thanh v i e n d i n nay da len t a i 27 nuac. N h u

cau cai each the che E U dugc dat ra va ngay
cang t r a nen cap

bach t r u a c

n h u n g bien

chuyen nhanh c h o n g ciia t i n h h i n h chau A u

sau C h i e n tranh L a n h c i i n g v a i qua trinh ma
rong

EU.

Thang

12-2007,

Thuong dinh E U a

tai

H o i nghi

L i s b o n , H i e p uoc ve

H i e n phap C h a u A u sira d o i v a n i t gon, dugc

goi la H i e p u o c L i s b o n , da dugc k y ket. Tuy
nhien, H i e p u o c L i s b o n can phai dugc 27
nuoc thanh v i e n E U phe chuan de t r o thanh
hien thuc. T r a i qua cuoc hanh t r i n h gian nan
keo

dai hai

nam

(2007-2009),

vugt

qua

n h u n g t h o i d i e m t u o n g chirng n h u hoan toan

be tac, c u o i c i m g , ngay 3-11-2009, Cong hoa
Sec, m o t t r o n g so n h u n g n u o c thanh vien
cuoi ciing t r i hoan viec t h o n g qua H i e p uoc
L i s b o n do lo n g a i ve c h i i q u y e n quoc gia, da
quyet d i n h phe chuan H i e p uoc nay. Hiep
uac L i s b o n , bat dau co h i e u luc tir ngay 112-2009, m o ra m o t giai doan phat trien m o i
v o i n h u n g thay d o i quan t r o n g ve the che va
p h u o n g thirc hoat d o n g ciia E U - 2 7 trong the
ki X X I .

day, t r o n g l i c h sir the g i a i t h a i k y C h i e n

Qua t r i n h h o p nhat chau A u tir y tuong

tranh L a n h , chau A u dugc hieu la k h o i cac

den h i e n thuc gan l i e n v o i n h u n g thang tram

nuac Tay A u t u ban c h i i nghia, doi lap v a i

ciia l i c h sir chau A u n o i r i e n g v a the g i a i lich

cac nuac D o n g A u x a h o i chii nghia ve he

sir the g i a i n o i chung. T r a i qua 60 nam phat

thong k i n h te, c h i n h t r i - x a h o i , t h i ngay nay

trien, chau A u da t i e n m o t b u o c dai tren con

chau A u dugc n h i n nhan la k h o i thong nhat

d u o n g nhat the hoa, v u o t qua m o n g d a i ciia

bao g o m ca D o n g A u va T a y A u d u o i m a i

n h u n g n g u o i sang lap ra no. Cho den nay,

nha chung E U .

xet tren cap do l i e n ket k h u v u c , E U dugc

(Jit

djp4up

(td*iXf\ (JfaatL

57

CJhJjft,..

danh gia la m o t m a u h i n h hop tac thanh cong

gop ciia r i e n g m i n h vao qua t r i n h hop nhat

nhat tren the g i o i . K h a i dau tir m o t cong

chau A u , vao sir d n d i n h ciing n h u nen dan

dong hop tac k h u v u c c h i g i a i han trong ITnh

chu va t h i n h v u o n g d k h u v u c nay.

vuc than thep v a i 6 n u a c thanh v i e n , sau qua

T a i lieu t h a m khao

trinh phat trien v a i 6 dot m a rong, Cong

dong Than Thep Chau A u ( E C S C ) da phat
trien thanh E U - 2 7 v o i so dan 500 trieu n g u a i
(2009) va G D P t u o n g d u a n g 1/3 t d n g G D P

1. B a r r y
Economy

Since

Capitalism

and

thirc the co tam anh h u d n g quan t r o n g trong

nen chinh t r i quoc te, d o n g gop 7 0 % v i e n t r a

2. B i l l
TwentiethFirst

nhieu nhat cho k y n g u y e n hien dai, E U da va

quyen con n g u d i , t u do ngon luan va t o n

giao cung n h u xay d u n g n h u n g nguyen tac

trudc, nhirng n g u d i m o m o n g nhat

cung

Beyond.

Century:

Princeton,

NJ,

20:21

Lessons

Farra,

3. C o l i n
Western

Vision.

for the

Twenty-

Straus and

Giroux,

Croach.

Europe.

Social

change

in

O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y Press

Inc., N e w Y o r k , 1999.
4. D a v i d Sumler. A History
in

the

20

th

Century.

Homewood,

The

Illinois

of

Europe

Dorsey

and

Press,

Irwin-Dorsey

L i m i t e d Georgetown, Ontario, 1973.

ve mau d i c h t u do p h i bien g i d i ma cac quoc

gia tren the g i d i tirng m a udc. N i r a the k i

Coordinated

N e w Y o r k , 2003.

dang no lire x a y d u n g cac gia t r i va nguyen

tac chung cua m i n h n h u de cao dan chu va

European

1945:

Emmott.

Century.

nhan dao cho the g i d i . C i m g v d i viec n o i len

nhu mot trong n h u n g thuc the co dong gop

The

Princeton U n i v e r s i t y Press Inc., 2007.

toan cau. T r d thanh m o t sieu c u o n g k i n h te,

thuong mai toan cau, E U dong t h a i la m o t

Eichengreen.

5. D a n i e l R. B r o w e r . The World
Century:

From

Empires

in XX

to Nations.

Upper

Saddle R i v e r , N e w Jersy 07458, 2002.

khong the h i n h d u n g ve m o t chau A u k h o n g

bien g i d i v d i m o t d o n g tien chung duy nhat
cho phan l d n cac nude chau A u . Sir h i n h
thanh va phat trien ciia E U la m o t trong
nhung sir k i e n l d n nhat ciia l i c h sir nhan loai
thd k y X X , dem lai rihung thay d o i to l d n
tren ban c d c h i n h t r i quoc te, dong t h a i m d ra
thdi k y hoa b i n h dai nhat t r o n g l i c h sir chau
A u hien dai. De co duoc thanh qua hop nhat
trong suot

60 nam

qua,

van de

co

tinh

nguyen tac hanh d o n g ciia E U la hop tac va

lien ket v i l o i i c h chung ciia cac dan toe, v i
hoa b i n h , dan c h i i va p h o n v i n h ciia chau A u .
D d n g t h a i , m o i nude thanh v i e n deu co dong

6. Duroselle J.B. Lich sic ngoai

1919

giao

(tu

den nay). H o c v i e n Quan he Quoc te,

H a N o i , 1994.
7. Geir Lundestad.
and

Western

Europe

The
since

United

States

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