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Requirements for two components

to react with each other:
1. There should be collision between the
reactants
2. The activation energy supplied must be
sufficient
3. They must be in the correct position or
orientation

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Activation Energy

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Requirements for two components

to react with each other:
1. There should be collision between the
reactants
2. The activation energy supplied must be
sufficient
3. They must be in the correct position or
orientation

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Activation Energy

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Collision Theory

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Kinetic Energy

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Transition State Theory

The activated complex is a hypothetical
species lying between reactants and
products at a point on the reaction
profile called the transition state.

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Catalysis on a Surface

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Enzyme Catalysis

E+S

k1
k-1

ES

k2

ES E + P

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Saturation Kinetics
E+S

k1
k-1

d[P]
dt
d[ES]
dt

k2

ES E + P
= k2[ES]

= k1[E][S] k-1[ES] k2[ES]= 0

k1[E][S] = (k-1+k2 )[ES]

[E] = [E]0 [ES]

k1[S]([E]0 [ES]) = (k-1+k2 )[ES]

[ES] =

k1[E]0 [S]
(k-1+k2 ) + k1[S]

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Michaelis--Menten
Michaelis
d[P]

(k-1+k2 ) + k1[S]

dt
d[P]

dt

d[P]

k2[E]0 [S]

dt

(k-1+k2 ) + [S]

dt

d[P]

k1k2[E]0 [S]

k1

d[P]

k2[E]0 [S]

dt

k2

= k2[E]0

[E]0 [S]

KM

KM + [S]

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Types of Ideal Reactors

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Stirred Reactors with Heat Transfer

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Bubble Column Reactors

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Concentration Profiles in Reactors

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Arrhenius Plot
N2O5(CCl4) N2O4(CCl4) + O2(g)

-Ea

= -1.2 104 K

R
-Ea = 1.0 102 kJ mol-1

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Application of A:

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For more details see Levenspiel 3/ed pp109

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Backmix Reactor

Plug Flow Reactor/Batch Reactor

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Comparison of Backmix and Plug Flow Reactors

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Reaction behavior in a semi-log plot

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-rA

CA

For some isothermal rate equations and

Their integrals, see Table 7-2 & 7-3 P/8ed
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For higher order or complex reactions use graphical method.

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Graphical Method: Series of CSTRs

NOTE: If the number of reactors in the series of CSTRs approaches

infinity, the entire system will behave like a plug flow reactor.

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CSTRs with Unequal Volume.

If the volume of the unshaded rectangle is maximum, the sum of
the volumes of the two reactors is minimum.
The concept of Maximization of Rectangles can be applied, i.e., if the
slope of the diagonal of the rectangle is equal to the slope of the
tangent line of the curve, then maximum area of the rectangle is
obtained.

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Discussion of Review Questions and Problems

Next

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