1

.
.
; ,
; .
,
( ) (
).
.
.
,
,
( ) .
,
,
.
.
.

,
. ,

,
.

, ,
,
. ,

.

.
. ,

. ,
,
, .
,
.
1890
William James . James
: .
, . ,

.

.
,
.

Hermann von Ebbinghaus .
Ebbinghaus, (
),
,
, . Ebbinghaus
,

.
,
sir Frederic Bartlett Alfred Binet.
1 Ebbinghaus


. Bartlett
,
( ).
.

,

,
.

.

, .
, James
, .
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) James
,
.

(multistore model),
:
1. (sensory store),
2. (short term store- STS),
3. (long term store- LTS).
Atkinson & Shiffrin, :
(sensory register).

.
( ).
,
(.., ,
.).
,
(iconic) (echoic)

(Neisser,19XX).
, .
, (
) (Broadbent, Cherry).
.

().
(Sperling, 1960, 1963)
.
,
(short term storeSTS).

William James

.
.
, .

.

.
, !

, ,
.
, ,

,
W. James.
(
),

1.

Atkinson & Shiffrin.
.
, .

.

.
.
,
.
;

.
(Morton, 1967).

.
,
.
Atkinson & Shiffrin ,

. ,
,
.

10

, .
, ;


(free recall task),
.

, , 2 .
,
()
, ().

(Murdock, 1962).
(serial position
effect).

11

2
.

.
.

(primacy effect),
(recency effect) {, 1995}.

.
.

. ,
( ) .

12

,
, ,
{REFS}.

,
( Milner),
( ).

.

.
:

,
(.., 4, 34, 475, 1297 .). ,
,
. 7 .
,
, . ,

(chunks).

,

13

.
;
. ,

, RAM
( ). ; .

!
,

!
,
.
,
.
, ,

2.
Elman (REFS)
3 . ,
2

Newport, Elman
Newport
.
3

.
.
. ,
,
.

14

.

.
(
) .
Elman
.
, ( )
,
. Elman
7
. ,

!
,
Elman,
.
Elman .
7 ,
2 3 . ,
,

.

.

15

7
(7 ).
, Elman

!
,
Cognition,
4.
,
!
, Elman

.
Elman (
) ,
, ;
: ( !)

. , ,
. ,

( ..).

The
importance of starting small.

16

Elman

. (,

.)

,
.
!
, ,

,
. ,
.
,
7 ( )


().


. ;
. ,
(

17

)
. , , .

( )
.
, .. , 4
.

. ,
2531821 ,
.

(25-3-1821),
.

; .
, ..
,
.


(..,

).

18

.

.
;
. Baddeley.
, ,
. ,
. ,
. , 3 (
) .

19

3
.

,
.
.

(central executive).
,
(slave systems): ) (articulatory loop)
) (visuo-spatial scratch pad).

.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
(visual
imagery).

.


.

20

,
.

,
.

, , .


. !
. ,
,

.

(box and arrow).
, ()
,
. ,
,
.

.

, Atkinson & Shiffrin,

21

(consolidation).

.

.

.

.
Craik & Lockhart (1972) Atkinson &
Shiffrin
, .
,
(levels of processing) .

.
. ,
, , .

. ,

22

()
.
Craik & Lockhart

. ,
,
.
,

. .
. ,

:

.

,
.
Craik & Lockhart

(Baddeley XXXX).

23

. ,
, Craik & Lockhart !

.
Morris
Craik & Lockhart
(transfer appropriate processing).

(.., ,
, .).

. ,
,
, , ,
,
.

;
,
,
. ,
,

24

.
.
,
. ,

.
. ,
( ,
, .).
Morris
. ,
() . ,

. ,
, . ,
.
, Morris

.

25

, ,
:
, .
,
Ryle (1949) ,

(knowing how vs.
knowing that). , Tulving (1972)

(semantic vs. episodic memory)

:

2+2 =4

, .
, , :

26

.

(, , .)

; , .

,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,

,
.
,

Tulving. ,

() ,

27

. ,
, ,
,
, . ,

.
,

, .
,
. ,


.
,


.
.

.
Squire
,
(declarative memory).

28

. ,
,

. ,
(,
.). ,
,
.
Squire
(procedural memory).
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ;
.
,
,

. ,
, .
, ,
.

29

. Squire
.5
. ,
Tulving . ,
.
Squire ,
. ,
.
.
. Squire
.
. ,
, Squire . Squire
, (
). Squire
,
Squire. Squire
, .

.

5

O Squire

.

30

(,
).

.

Schacter
(implicit, explicit memory).

.

,
.
, :
.
( ) .
, , ,
,

. .

. , (..,
;).

, !

31

,
.
,
()

.

. .
,
. , , ,
.
: , , , .
.
,
, ,
(..,

).
, ,
.
, ,
.

. , ,

32

.
,

.

.
,
. (
-)
! ,

.

.


.
,

;

,
, ., .
,
.

33

,
,
: ,
;

;
.
Squire


.
,

.

; .
. ,


. ,
. ( ) ,
.

34

.

.
;
,
Penfield.
Penfield
. , ,

.
. ,
. Penfield
. ,
! ,
. Penfield
!
Penfield

. , ,
. ,
Penfield . ,
,
.

35

.

. ,
, .
, .

,
,
.

; :

().

().

, ,
.

.


.
,
,
. ,
,
.

36

,
.
,
, .

.
.

,
,
.

.
, ,
() .

.
.
.
.
;
;