ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Refrigeration
&
Air Conditioning

LOCATION & ATMOSPHERE OF GUJARAT

HIGHEST TEMPERATURE IN SUMMER
46 C
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN MONSOON 26 C TO 32 C

REQUIRED LOWERED TEMPERATURE FOR

FOLLOWING PURPOSE
FOOD PRESERVATION
LIKE DAIRY PRODUCT, VEGETABLES, FRUITS, MEATS,
FISH, ICE CREAM PRODUCTS ETC.

REQUIRED LOWERED TEMPERATURE FOR

FOLLOWING PURPOSE
TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD STUFF
LIKE DAIRY PRODUCT, VEGETABLES, FRUITS, MEATS,
FISH, ICE CREAM PRODUCTS ETC.

REQUIRED LOWERED TEMPERATURE FOR

FOLLOWING PURPOSE
COOLING OF WATER

REQUIRED LOWERED TEMPERATURE FOR

FOLLOWING PURPOSE
FOR MAKING ICE

REFRIGERATION
THE METHOD OF REDUCING THE TEMP. OF A SYSTEM BELOW THE
SURROUNDING TEMP.AND MAINTAIN IT AT THE LOWER TEMP. BY
CONTINUOUSLY ABSTRACTING THE HEAT FROM IT.

PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION
High Temperature Reservoir
Heat Rejected

Work Input

Heat abstracted

Low Temperature Reservoir

TYPES OF REFRIGERATION
NATURAL REFRIGERATION

MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION

THE COOLING EFFECT IS

PRODUCED BY EVAPORATION
OF LIQUID OR MELTING OF
SOLIDS

THE COOLING EFFECT IS

PRODUCED BY EXTERNAL
SOURCE OF MECHANICAL
ENERGY OR HEAT ENERGY.
IT HAS THREE TYPES

VAPOUR COMPRESSION
CYCLE

VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE

AIR REFRIGERATION CYCLE

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

Condenser

High Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

Low Pressure
Side

REFRIGERANT
IT IS A HEAT CARRYING MEDIUM WHICH
ABSORBS HEAT FROM SPACE WHICH IS
TO BE COOLED AND REJECT IT TO THE
ATMOSPHERE. e.g. NH3, R-11, R-12, R22, R-134a, CO2, AIR etc.

PROPERTIES:HIGH LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION.

GOOD THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY.
NON-TOXIC, NON FLAMMABLE.
IT SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL.

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

Low pressure liquid
refrigerant in evaporator
absorbs heat and
changes to vapour
3

Condenser

High Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

Low Pressure
Side

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

The superheated vapour
enters the compressor
where its pressure is
raised
3

Condenser

High Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

Low Pressure
Side

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

The high pressure
superheated gas is
cooled in several stages
in the condenser
3

Condenser

High Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

Low Pressure
Side

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION

Liquid passes through expansion
device, which reduces its
pressure and controls the flow
into the evaporator
3

Condenser

High Pressure
Side

Expansion
Device

Compressor

Evaporator

Low Pressure
Side

DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
IT WORKS ON VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE.
FRONT SIDE

BACK SIDE

P-h & T-s DIAGRAM OF VCR SYSTEM

T

P2=p
3

P1=p
4

CONDENSATION

EXPANSION

EVAPORATION
h2=h3

T2

CO
MP
RES
SIO
N

2
3

T3

T1=T
4

1
h1

Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h)
Diagram

h2

s3 s4

s1=s2

Temperature- Entropy (T-s)

diagram

UNIT OF REFRIGERATION
TON OF REFRIGERATION
IT IS DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO REMOVED IN
ORDER TO FORM ONE TON OF ICE IN 24 HOUS FROM WATER AT
TEMPERATURE 0C.
LATENT HEAT OF ICE IS 335 KJ/KG
REFRIGERATION REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 1 TON (1000 KG) ICE IN 24
HRS.
= 335X900
24

KJ/HR

=210 KJ/MIN
=3.5 KW
1 TON OF REFRIGERATION =3.5 KW

ASSESMENT OF REFRIGERATION
CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE

COP = REFRIGERATING EFFECT IN KW

WORK OF COMPRESSOR IN KW

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

Low pressure, low temp vapour NH3 coming
from Evaporator enters in absorber where it
is absorbed by weak solution coming from
generator.
Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

Strong solution enters
into generator, where it is
heated and NH3 seperated
from solution.
Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

NH3 vapour coming from
generator rejects the heat in
condensor and transform
into liquid state.
Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

Liquid NH3 is throttled
through expansion device
and it enters into evaporator

Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

NH3 evaporates by
absorbing latent heat of
evaporation to produce
refrigerating effect.
Generator

Condenser

Hot Side

Evaporator

Cold
Side

Absorber

AIR REFRIGERATION
AIR REFRIGERATION IS WIDELY USED IN
AEROPLANES

AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

BYPASS RAM AIR

AIR TO CABIN

RAM
AIR
IN

COMPRESSOR

HE
FAN

EXPANDER
AIR EXIT

ADVANTAGES OF AIR REFRIGERATION

1. AIR IS CHEAP & EASILY AVAILABLE REFRIGERANT.

2. AIR IS NON TOXIC & NON FLAMMABLE.
3. COLD AIR CAN BE DIRECTLY SUPPLIED TO THE

REFRIGERATED SPACE SO THERE IS NO NEED OF EVAPORATOR WHICH RESULTS IN LESS WEIGHT OF

THE SYSTEM.

Air Conditioning
WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONING?
The Air conditioning is defined as the
simultaneous control of :

Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Air cleanliness

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

FOR HUMAN COMFORT

To provide cooling or heating and conditioning of air as per

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

FOR HUMAN COMFORT

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

FOR HUMAN COMFORT

APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING

FOR COMMERCIAL USE

To provide cooling or heating and conditioning of air
as per required in some engineering manufacturing
processing. This is known as industrial air conditioning.

HOW DOES A WINDOW A/C WORK?

HOW DOES A WINDOW A/C WORK?

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

THANKS