16-8.

The Doppler Effect

Liu UCD Phy9B 07

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Wave Fronts
Top View

Wave fronts
Point Source
2-D

3-D

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Moving Listener & Stationary Source

Speed of sound:
Speed of moving listener towards source:
Speed of sound relative to listener:
Source frequency:
Sound frequency received by listener:
fL =

v + vL

v + vL v + vL
v
=
f S = (1 + L ) f S
v / fS
v
v

v
vL
v+vL
fS

Moving towards source,

away,

Liu UCD Phy9B 07

+ vL, fL> fS
- vL, fL< fS
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Approaching Source & Stationary Listener

Approaching Source
Listener

' = v S T = vT v S T =

v vS
fS

Frequency received by a stationary listener

fL =

'

v
v
fS
=
(v v S ) / f S v v S

Liu UCD Phy9B 07

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Receding Source & Stationary Listener

Receding Source

Listener

' = + v S T = vT + v S T =

v + vS
fS

Frequency received by a stationary listener

fL =

'

v
v
fS
=
(v + v S ) / f S v + v S

Liu UCD Phy9B 07

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Moving Listener & Moving Source

fL =

Signs:

v + vL
v + vL
v + vL
=
=
fS
'
(v + v S ) / f S v + v S

Separately consider the source & listener

Whenever source / listener approaches the other, fL>fS
Approaching source,
- vS
Approaching listener,
+ vL
Whenever source / listener recedes from each other, fL<fS
Receding source,
+ vS
Receding listener,
- vL
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Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Wave

Taking into account relativistic effects

fR =

cv
fS
c+v

v positive: fR<fS, source is moving away from receiver

v negative: fR>fS, source is approaching receiver

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16-9. Shock Waves & Sonic Boom

Mach number
vobj/vsnd
>1 for supersonic speeds

Credit: Ensign John Gay

USS Constellation, US Navy
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