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4 Refraction at Curved Spherical Surfaces and Lens maker's Formula

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O : Point object, OP = u = Object Distance
P : Pole, C : centre of curvature, PC = R = Radius of curvature I : Point Image, PI = v
= Image distance
i, r, a, b, g are small enough for sin i ~ i ~ tan i to hold etc.
n1 and n2 refractive indices of rarer & denser media (with respect to vacuum or air as
incidence medium) ;

Note :
(1) The formula holds for concave refracting surfaces as well.
(2) The formula holds even if the incidence medium is denser and the refracting
medium is rarer i.e. n1 > n2
Lens Maker's formula

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Initially medium of R.I. n2 is assumed to extend to infinity, then for refraction at
surface I, we have,

where v' is the distance P, I' of the intermediate image.

Now, the medium of R.I. n2 is cut off beyond surface II, therefore the medium on the
rightside is again of R.I. n1 , the intermediate image I' will behave as if it is object for
refraction at IInd surface, due to refraction at surface I the final image is formed at I.

(iv) Unlike mirrors where f = r/2, there is no unique relation between f and R of a
lens; for, even if R1 = R2i.e. bi-convex or bi-concave lens