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Virtual Particles in Electromagnetism: Marcus Reid
Virtual Particles in Electromagnetism: Marcus Reid
Marcus Reid
Published in 2014 by
www.vakuumenergie.de
Contents
Foreword
Introduction
24
49
63
73
6 - Experimental Examples
76
95
108
9 - Implications
111
114
123
Acknowledgements
136
Bibliography
138
References
139
ii
Foreword
Today the scientific community has the opinion that there is no free lunch. This
terminology is used in relation to the law of conservation of energy, which states that
energy can neither be created out of nothing, nor can it be lost. The problem with this
view is that the energy that exists in the universe must have come into being from nothing
during the big bang, since nothing existed before that time. This can only mean that it
is possible, that Something is created from Nothing, or that there is no such thing as a
Nothing domain in the sense of being not anything at all.
For example in quantum theories the nothingness of seemingly empty space-time is not
considered to be an energy and identity free domain. According to these theories, spacetime is filled with an unlimited and never-ending form of energy (in the form of virtual
particles) that exists in every conceivable point in space.
A practical concept that has developed from this view is that material objects themselves
are made up from this space-time energy, and are directly connected with it. As the energy
density of seemingly empty space-time is practically infinite, the notion came about that visible
particles, e.g., atoms, exist as an energetic pressure difference of infinite energy densities.
If this idea is applied to an empty car battery, then there is an infinitely large
electromagnetic field at the negative and positive pole. If, however, one measures the
voltage, then the display on the measuring device will show 0 V. This is due to the infinitely
high electrical fields at the negative and at the positive pole exactly cancelling each other
out. If the battery is now charged and, subsequently, a voltage of 12 V is measured, then an
energy difference of 12 V has been created. This describes an energetic pressure difference
within the infinite energy density of space-time. Hence the electric voltage is a measure
of the degree of an energetic pressure difference (broken symmetry) within the uniformly
distributed infinite energy density of space-time.
Quantum theories show that it makes sense to assume that all forces and energies
presuppose such an energy difference (asymmetrisation) of space-time. This means that
all energy we deal with is derived from seemingly empty space-time in the first place.
Subsequently, all systems that we know of are energetically open systems that exchange
energy between the material aspect of e.g., an electric system and space-time.
At the same time, however, it is clear that the observable energy components are
conserved. Therefore, it looks as though all known electromagnetic systems are in relation
to the energetic exchange with space-time closed systems. This can only mean that although
these systems are in reality energetically open, they just behave like closed systems.
The Research Laboratory for Vacuum Energy (RLV) has participated in developing
a new model based upon an idea which comes from quantum electrodynamics theory
(QED), where the so called virtual particle transfers, and creates the electromagnetic
1
Foreword
interaction. This new model explains why electromagnetic systems behave like closed
systems, meaning that it defines the mechanism which leads to the conservation of energy.
Leading on from this a new theoretical and practical concept was developed showing
how an electromagnetic system can be built that also behaves like an energetically open
system in relation to the energy contained within space-time. The result is an energy
conversion system that extracts energy from space-time and converts it into a useful
form of energy.
Therefore, these new Asymmetric Electromagnetic Energy Conversion Systems are
already showing that a kind of Free Lunch does exist.
Now, just imagine that such a technology were to be introduced into the market.
We would have unlimited access to a form of emission free energy at low cost,
everywhere and at any time.
Many everyday goods could be manufactured significantly more cheaply.
Even the basis for greed per se could be removed at least partially.
Impossible you say? Well, the belief that there is no (Quantum) Free Lunch will
probably not persist in the 21st Century.
Introduction
Whenever a new electrical system is built, Maxwells equations are used in order to
manage the flow of electromagnetic energy. However, these equations, which were first
presented in their original versions to the public back in the 1860s, are no longer up to date
because they do not harmonise with modern scientific findings. Modern theories e.g., the
QED theory, show that the electromagnetic field exists as a broken symmetry of spacetime, and that the virtual photon transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction.
These experimentally proven facts are simply not considered in the Maxwellian approach.
Virtual photons generate all electromagnetic forces and energies. As virtual photons
simply pop into existence from seemingly empty space-time, one may conclude that
space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium. This approach has far reaching
consequences regarding the entire energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems
(as well as chemical and mechanical systems), and leads to a new understanding about
where the energy that we deal with on a daily basis comes from in the first place.
The challenge with this view is to shift the point of perspective from the material aspect
of the electromagnetic system into space-time. The entire space-time surrounding us is
not empty, but is filled by an invisible form of energy. And at those places where a volume
of space-time is occupied by a mass, this invisible energy obtains a visible, or in other
words a mass-like, characteristic.
Empty space-time can be seen like something that is filled with transparent water that
is invisible to the eye. A mass existing within this space-time can be compared with an
iceberg floating in this invisible sea of water where all that we can see is the iceberg. Both
the iceberg and the water are made up of H2O, and the only difference between the nonobservable liquid water and the observable solid iceberg is the differing state. This is similar
to the transparent energy within space-time and the visible mass. Space-time energy exists
everywhere, and where there is a mass, this space-time energy manifests or freezes into a
visible (observable) form. Therefore mass is a quality of space-time energy.
Applying this view to a common electrical circuit opens up the possibility of viewing
the entire energy conversion process from the space-time point of view. Consequently,
all electromagnetic systems are energetically open systems, with respect to the energy
within space-time. However, they behave like closed systems and if one follows todays
established theory of how electromagnetic systems function (Maxwells Equations), then
one must also view them as systems, which are energetically closed, with respect to the
energy within space-time.
It is the aim of this book to turn the tables and present a model that is based on a
different point of view, i.e., with space-time as the primary energy-carrying domain and
the starting point of our perspective.
3
Introduction
Time energy
as source of
observable energy
E=mc2
Co Phy
mm sic
un s
ity
Introduction
Established physical theories are like a gigantic castle built by numerous scientists who have
accomplished truly masterful achievements. This castle, like any other building, has been built
upon a foundation.
Due to the complexity of physics the RLV did not want to attach another theory to this castle,
and therefore decided to build something completely new. At present this may be just a little hut
to start with, but at least it is standing on its own foundation.
The RLV is aiming for a fundamentally new approach that explains the energy conversion
process in an electromagnetic system from the virtual particle (space-time) point of view. As
soon as this is understood, it becomes clear that an additional class of electromagnetic systems
exists. I will also show that it is possible to utilise space-time as a source of energy in such a way,
that there is a higher real (observable) energy output from the system than was previously input
in an observable form. The missing energy comes from the virtual particles that originate from
space-time. Independent tests prove that these experiments are a reality.
In this book a schematic model is presented that shows the energy conversion process in
common electromagnetic systems from the virtual particle and broken symmetry point of
view. Additionally, it describes both, a theoretical and practical approach to the extraction
of an excess amount of observable energy from space-time. In this respect new terms and
concepts have been developed.
Note: in this book terminology is used which may already have a certain meaning in physics. For
linguistic reasons some of these terms have been used to express other meanings, which will become
clear from the context.
Enjoy the read.
Marcus Reid
Munich, 2014
Maxwell spoke of a material substance. His statement about a material ether has lead
to a peculiar situation. If the ether had material characteristics, this would have important
consequences e.g., with respect to the energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems.
Let us imagine a simple, ideal electric motor. In this motor the electromagnet is placed
on the outside of the casing and the permanent magnet is connected to the rotating axis. As
soon as electrical energy is supplied into the electromagnet it is converted into a magnetic
field. This magnetic field subsequently exerts a force on the permanent magnet, and the axis
begins to turn.
This
is exactly the
way I know it, this
makes sense
Picture 2. Motor, E-magnet, permanent magnet on axis with direct
transfer
This is exactly the way I know it, this makes sense
Following
Maxwell,
the
electric
input
energy
is
converted
directly
into
mechanical
energy.
6
We shall now look at what happens in the air gap between the electro- and the
permanent magnet with reference to Maxwell. Maxwell applied the notion of a material
ether, so the electrical input energy is assumed to be directly converted into a mechanical
form of energy.
Here is a comparison. If the ether is meant to have a material characteristic, one could
also insert a piece of material, e.g., a chunk of rubber into the air gap. The rubber would
then convert the electrical energy directly into a mechanical form of energy. When
examining the behaviour of an electrical motor, this idea of a material ether seems to be
consistent with reality. What goes in at the front comes out at the back. Furthermore, the
energy is conserved since in an ideal system the mechanical energy exactly matches the
amount of electromagnetic energy that has been put into the system. Hence, this seems to
confirm the idea that the electrical energy put into the system is directly converted into a
mechanical form of energy.
Of course,
this also complies with the
conservation of energy which says that
energy is only converted from one form to
another and is neither lost nor does it simply
originate from nothing. This is very clear
Really? Do you
and 100% proven!
truly believe this is
Picture 3. Motor as in Picture 1 with rubber in between e-magnet
the case? and
permanent magnet
Of course, this also complies with the conservation of energy which says
that energy is only converted from one form to another and is neither
lost nor does it simply originate from nothing. This is very clear and
100% proven!
Really? Do you truly believe this is the case?
Squeezed
piece
of
rubber
However, there is a problem with this approach. There is neither a piece of rubber nor
any other material object between the electro- and permanent magnet. This situation has
motivated a number of physicists to find out whether such a thing as a material ether
really exists. In 1887, for example, Michelson and Morley tried to find a material ether by
conducting the famous Michelson and Morley experiment however without success *.
through this space-time in a fast way was altered. The greater the speed and/or acceleration
the slower the time flow in the moving object. The slowing down of the time flow was said
to be a characteristic of the space-time curvature, which impacts on the material object.
Wow,
Picture
A planet
this5.Einstein,
an with space-time curving and two clocks. The clock
incredibly
idea
but than the clock in space.
on
earth isbrilliant
slightly
slower
somehow
also
quite
abstract.
How
can
Wow,
an incredibly brilliant idea but somehow also
space-time
be
bent this
whenEinstein,
its absolutely
quiteSomething
abstract.would
But how
empty?
have tocan space-time be bent when it is absolutely
there, right? would have to be there, right?
empty?beSomething
A
curved
space-time
has
an
influence
upon
the
time
flow
of
observable
particles.
However, a completely ether free world brought diverse problems with it, because in
fact there is an interaction between the material object and space-time. A few years after
publishing the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein introduced the General Theory of
Relativity, which had a requirement for metric ether.
Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural
quality of the field.
(Prof. Albert Einstein, Nobel prize in Physics 1921, 5. May 1920)
9
We may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed
with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an aether [sic]. According
to the general theory of relativity, space without an aether is unthinkable; for in
such a space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility
for the existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor
any space and time wise distances in a physical sense. But this aether may not
be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as
consisting of particles which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may
not be applied to it
(Prof. Albert Einstein, Nobel prize in Physics 1921, 5. May 1920)
Quantum Theory
In fact a world without an ether does not make much sense, as e.g., information and
electromagnetic energy move through space-time and interact with it. This implies that
there must be a medium that carries these waves and energy through space-time. As
scientists tried to get a better understanding of what this carrier medium may consist of
they decided to divide the field in space into units; in other words the field in space-time
was quantized. The quantum field theories emerged from this idea.
To
divide space-time into
units is a good idea. One can
also imagine how these units
interact with material
Pictureobjects.
6. Spacetime with structure and virtual photons.
- To divide space-time into units is a good idea. One can also imagine
how these units interact with material objects.
- I agree.
I agree.
Space-time
can
be
quantized
into
discrete
units
-
each
unit
is
a
virtual
particle.
10
Quantum Theory
According to quantum field theories space-time is not empty but completely filled with
so called virtual particles, which just emerge into existence from nothing and shortly
thereafter disappear back into nothing. The concept behind the quantum field theories is
that all forces and energies are created from the interaction between virtual and observable
particles. Even matter itself receives its mass through an interaction with virtual particles
(e.g. through the Higgs Boson).
The meaning of quantum fluctuations is that even empty space-time is filled
with virtual particle pairs. These virtual particle pairs emerge from space-time,
then the two charges move a little bit from each other and then again come
together. After that they annihilate each other. One partner of the virtual particle
pair has positive energy the other partner has negative energy.
(Prof. Stephen Hawking, The Universe in a Nutshell)
Electron
Proton
The
quantum
vacuum
is
like
a
multi-dimensional
domain
that
includes
everything
one
can
imagine.
13
One can imagine the vacuum as an energy reservoir - virtual particles are
those that emerge from the vacuum and momentarily borrow some of its energy.
Their existence is fleeting and they disappear again into the vacuum taking the
borrowed energy with them. Maybe this energy returns to its source or maybe it
is transferred to particles at a different place.... Hence virtual particles function
as transmitters which influence the interaction of more durable, stable particles.
(Prof. Lisa Randall, Harvard University, -Warped Passages. Unraveling the Mysteries of the
Universes Hidden Dimensions- Nov. 2006)
PictureReally?!
10. Virtual particle transfers force to the electron, noting that the
Its been proven
virtual
emerged from nothing.
that
all theparticle
electromagnetic
energy
comes
- surrounding
Really?! Itushas
been proven that the entire electromagnetic energy
from
nothing?
And
I
was
surrounding
us to
comes
from nothing? And I was looking forward to a
looking forward
a
relaxed
book!
relaxed book!
Well, I am sorry but this was only the warm up round.
As with all theories the QED theory is a theory thought up by people. Therefore a
theory never really describes how the world truly is but rather how we see it. Because of
this fact it is important that experiments are carried out in order to confirm that theories
are as good as possible. And since the QED theory has been well approved it is thought to
be one of the best theories in physics.
length and volume of a virtual particle alignment process in space-time can be considered
as a classical photon. And to visualize such a real photon as a donut like alignment process,
which is made up of many virtual particles has turned out to be helpful.
Picture 11. An Electron surrounded by many virtual particles positioning
these virtual particles
So, you cannot actually see the material itself but rather the virtual
particles around it?
Indeed, the real particles are, in a way, shielded by the virtual
A
photon
is
made
up
particles
from
several
aligned
virtual
photons
The
electron
acts
as
a
trigger
that
brings
order
to
the
virtual
particles
in
space-time.
The connection between the field and its source charge has always been and
still is the most difficult problem in classical and quantum electrodynamics.
(D.K. Sen., Fields and/or Particles, Academic Press, London and New York, 1968, p.viii)
16
So, when
I look at a flower I dont
actually see the material of which the
flower consists of but only the energy of the
quantum vacuum, which surrounds the
flowers atoms
As soon as a virtual particle comes into being at an electron it is rotated and aligned.
The negative side of the first virtual particle will rotate the next virtual particle in a way
that the positive side of the second virtual particle rotates to the negative side of the first
virtual particle and so on. This orientation process moves through space-time and as soon
as a few virtual particles are aligned, the first virtual particle at the electron has disappeared
again. This on-going virtual particle alignment process represents the steady radiation of
the electromagnetic field. Once the electromagnetic field has moved away from the source
charge (e.g., an electron) it exists independently from that charge as a function of spacetime. And when looking at this on-going process the number of aligned virtual particles
decreases with the distance squared. This is also the reason why the electromagnetic force
decreases with distance squared.
17
Picture 13. Virtual particles, two electrons, transfer force onto the
electron
Ok, so this is how the electric potential flow moves through spacetime. This view makes sense because one can now imagine easily why
the strength of the electromagnetic interaction decreases with distance
and why it moves through space-time at a certain speed the speed of
light.
Correct. The virtual particles only seem to be turned and aligned
with a certain speed.
In empty space-time, where there are no source charges and fields, quantum
fluctuations (virtual particles) emerge in a completely chaotic and evenly distributed
way. I call this steady on-going process virtual entropy. Chaotically distributed, means
that the orientation of the virtual particles charges point in a random direction. If you
now place an electron into this empty space-time, it will start to align some of the virtual
particles (order out of chaos). So one can view the electromagnetic field as a steady virtual
negentropisation process of space-time, proceeding at the speed of light, which decreases
with the distance squared.
The
density
of
alignment
events
of
virtual
particles
decreases
with
distance
squared.
For
this
reason,
the
electromagnetic
interaction
decreases
with
distance
squared
as
well.
19
If a second electron is positioned near the first electron, the aligned virtual particles,
emerging directly in and at the second electron, will exert a force. With this picture we
return to the question of why the QED theory is considered one of the best confirmed
theories in physics.
it is known to be one of the most precise confirmations of a theory. Hence, it seems that
the hypothesis that the electromagnetic interaction is transferred and created by virtual
photons matches reality pretty well.
The fun only begins once you know the rules. Currently we are still busy
reading the instructions manual of the universe
(Prof. Richard Feynman)
Maxwells equations, which are still in use today, do not take into account modern
findings from QED, nor do they consider the fact that there is no material ether. Having
this in mind one may ask whether the Maxwellian equations still describe the energy
conversion process in common electrical systems correctly? When using the hypothesis of
a non-material ether - as suggested by QED a new possibility arises of how to describe
the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system.