A he Anxiety of Freedom Imagination and Individuality in Locke's Political Thought Uday Singh Mehta " Cornell University Press : Iehac n Laon118 The Anwity of Freedom ins dete a an infant before he she has “reson, reflection or memoy” with which to ounterpone and props ress he cfects of his molding. Isto this arcing thst ce inthe net chap, For Locke or the madpercn ii the imagination and the seams accorded t i that uleinatly determines the pla esti of what ie means to be different The fact that the ‘madpersca and the imagination cam serve a8 cor on the Jaeger quesons of individuality and pal onder ietesimany ‘othe simple pain thei ishrogh the iaginaon that we oct just he madperon) fans, an turfs tha fit. ‘ar values, our inet, ou eanitment, nt hence the par ticular content of or freedom, All this Locke undentoed lng befor ie wns commonplace. But in his response this econ ‘ions evident a puilainiy of vison and a wedknes of nerve in what diferent imaginings an faa may bing forth Locke pcs his stamp on ebesien forms train bth ‘he noble esgh ht ns imagitaton with freedom and uno nately, neue to crete wagon nd close alo from iterent imagens tht cane comprehend or oerwise toler, ‘Molding Individuality: Direction and Compromise . ns Hotter ‘The fous of this elaptr 6 Locke's largely neected Some Thoghs Concerning Bde The work comprise sees of Jeers Locke wrote at the equest of his fiend Edward Care vo ‘acta the edation of Cakes son. These lens were pl Ihe in book form during Locke's etme and, even thoogh Locke chareterincaly wield reveling hie sthorship fom the tide page ofthe ast ein, he did scold it ia the Epil” and hus appears to have bon lest cacti nd er sive ee this work print thn he was for most his ter wok. The fc that education was deeply iputan to Locke spd hat mporanc, in gest meer, tarned on mal and Petal considerations viv erent nthe vex and fo the Dogrphial dei is ite" In che present comet, I vant t poinc te significance of ‘education fr Lack by reference © two theoreti problem Ska. The it derive from the dicuson ofthe ind ad nore ‘pecially of the imagination examined inthe prevnur chapter saree Tay cape Uti Cage Pe id es Maes nn Le Bagge Langa’ Gre 95 19,120. The Anwiety of Freedom “The second, although utinately lo inked with eonsdertions of the minds famed by reference to Lacie's understanding of rutufl Feces, seston, and he ls of naar, and hence it flor diely fom the Toe Tati ‘Letine begin by ensderng thelr of these rv pole ates On the fce oft, Locke’ eli that human beng ar rurally frei paling: f i elaborated in ers of conve ‘onal psi for mach redo au of varios preconve ‘onal obligations human beings ae boul by. Ths, a the cute ofthe Send Tei, he states that "all men ae natal in. ante pret fade to onder thei atons, ad dispose tf ti pomeions, and persis ae they think ft, within the ‘bounds of dhe aw of ature, thou asking leave or depending ‘pon the willof any oer man” ip. 287. Despite de expe tems in which Locke elaborates the potent of natal ‘reedom onde thei actions, dpa of thir posessioas and parsons), te condition s nevertheless abounded one, Kate by the obligations of natural lw: Two paragraphs Iter, Locke ex lily sms tat although the aaruralcondon is one of Freedom, ies oea state fens todo sone wishes (288). Hence the purl: Locke nse on characterizing a condison in which be slows human beings to be sbjet to oblig ‘Sons atone of pric freedom, To the extent tat this puaze canbe resolved without com ining sour Locke's use of ters the esolton the follow {ng. Whar Locke means by human Geng being ntl fe is ‘hat they ae fee in the specie tenses which Fie denies, freedom, namely, that they are fe with respect 0 masters of pola! author. The various oigations of raul fw ‘which we ae indeed obligated donot inlue an obligation with respect to the sb of poltcal goverance. Asi well known, Locke mes polit sushary eomingent om the consent of ‘hone over who ths authority i fo be expt. Ths, cotrst to Filer, fr whom scrip sutborey presen, Molding Individuaty: Diestion and Compromise 124 mong other obligtins, the paral for of pti autor ly, for Locke we iecur no sach poll ebligtions through ‘ther naar! a divine pose “The cli eh natural feedom ivolves being fee of any ital obligation clas the conras between Locke and Fimer: But without lowing what he blgntions ad int of saul law are, one can caret give pei content to tral freedom. Without knowing the bounds within which we are hia, we canoot know the speically poll sens in ‘which we ae fee. Acces aural therefore isn ee {alec fo reazng our narra freedom este dha the ceotrlty of rexon becomes evden. The human capacity to reason the basis four knowing the elisions af atura lst tau, by implication the mite beyond which we re fee of sch ckligaions. In his Reausdlnes of Crit, Locke poe {rea lengths Yo emphative the basi congrty between the de ‘und of natal lw andthe potetlites of human nar, Specie of human reson, to understand these laws: "Gand hath, by the igh of eason, ened all mankind, ho wuld mate a of ta ig, tat be was god tnd eecifel, The sme Sparkof te dvine natsread knowledge in man, which making him man, showed him the nw he wae under aa man,"® ‘ech passages a several sil reference inthe To Tr ti undersote te importance of reason. But i al these Ine stances isthe capacity to reacn hats ata, soit cea ‘verse. For exp, inthe ire reference inthe Send Tree Tnking ean to natal law and othe state of mature a bing governed by shat ns Locke ster “The ate factor a {5 gorem which oblige everyone: nd ren, which i that lew teacher ll mankind who wl bt cons (p85). Si iar, “the aw ofrarre... fend cs erin theres soch an, eb Loc, eRe of Cin 1 Ray Sat ssa tay ra prong ne122 The Ansey of Freedom and that to, asinteligible and plane ronal eres, anda ‘sai of tha a 293). The use ofthe word pai’ is ation ante misleading nlessieis read asthe text present, inconunsion wth the requirement tarts inne depend on the stay af the law of tre Ie the absence of such study, ot when motivate by willy perverse purposes, hen-—despite Gal's having implanted this capaciy—we dot rurally ave acces tothese awe My purpose here is w draw out te lose Hak between fee om, fw, and reason. To the extent at bing natura fre turns kcming atural law and thas is, bic in involves actaining the capacity we have to reson, we ae fered to acnowedge as Locke achoowleges, che importance of educations the process through which the capacity toteson is actualiod, Noewithtanding those who come toa koowledge ‘featur aw ehrough fh ether than reason, appears het Locke til i comaited to dhe view tha feeder request son, Ths he sys "He that is ot come tothe we of i ese, ‘nna be salto be ander bi and hus ot presen fice" (p.323- Again, more coil, “the fai ten of an nd ibery of acting according ta iso il graded is ving mae” ps 327) In terms of Broad evidence rom the Steed Treat, te pone being rade canbe undercred by the face tha isin the chapter "Paternal Power,” in which Locke cexplicl speaks o the dry of parent educate their eid, ss a Rea hanya Tce See street il hg a reo cpl tnd hear anes ede oi cmt th Pp Se Molding Indvidaley: Dizcoon and Compromise +33 that he, mote than anywhere ee, deus out the coneepton linking easia, redr, admiral a As withthe caper ia he Send Trani, where parental utes ecend beyand merely training or ctuaiing the natural ‘apuciy wo teason, the Toapei lo more comprehensive ‘worn which he discsson of reason i par of wider and ‘more complex scheme forthe edeston of young ciire, Io ee itis clea thatthe proces of emoning cannes oF what Locke sys in the Ting, be ditoguthed rom te comprehensive pedagogical sehena, Within this problematic, ‘ny concem with the Thule lok at this cinmpechensive pedagogical sche with view to understanding the craic tion ofthe capacity ro reason, which the Hinckpie berwccr aural fedora natural a Let me rear to the other peobematic that pois co the imporance ofthe Thy and Locke's views on ebation ger ‘ally. Ate roms eve, my purpse isto elaborate Locke's response tothe coiiveconsigraons and attending antes refered o inthe previous chapters. fhe problem t0 which {Locke responding ist ley nor even primary one which individuals maniferstendecytoinvadecachother ete ant he pai to themselves in the pursuit oftheir own mre but nthe nein which indo eiplay aac facta a ‘ansany, ad ab a esultan episode bt never harardus sence of moderation, then i nltely we can nd the concerns addreed by focusing simply on Lace’ plea ant ‘estima propos. This ino sogest that och proposals fl by the wayside rls he perenne, ater, thei r= rence is acknowledged by reference to an akerative set of ‘modes and considerations, have evo gous dealing wih his parol probsmatic The fst to make ear how Lack sees the ind of whosesag The Ansley of Freedom evi excesses [have dscoied inthe previous chapter. In ole ere stings than the ging of indivi, 2m individuality that, forthe moat par, presupposed within the azuralistie problematic bur one, sugges, tha isthe object of fmventended und detailed conerotve efor. The deal ofthis {fore cca my second goa, which i 0 revel how, while forging individual, Lace samtaneosly tress i each, ‘singularity, independence and nee nts the ikelhoed fits bing authentically fee where he reper of rach Feedoo. Is not merely the aca apa to consent opie! a thoy ot rither ma nee, ate mini, an acceptance of will ecentrcy. Tbe tht bea plies al. But it ‘where Locke ener the problem, in the mind, that its eso tio tanned or beomes Fly viene in what one ight Tool cll ck’ social and edeatinal thor. Locke’ seduc ‘ional writings on which fons giv as parley unguarded ‘iw of both the purposes that inform thie chapter, the com Servction of iniviuaiy aking with i simlaneods abridge ‘ment eal thisclai, am yng note han sil that ‘ccaonisimpetat. This true, and Locke, perhaps more than any other mer write, espnsble fr his lam hing the overailitand rie connotations i us. Bu further, the ‘aly of education ise to» specie ned co modify the rural lf—a madieaton that can oly be effected, as Locke Fepetely emphasize while the nd comple, zp, and rey the eof ena a een. Tne inthe previ chaps eat che Lackean self ners natal capacities, diplay a atrpolegial poten {al that constantly threstenst@exend beyond che bounds of tcinet ee steno peg ee hese os Sd cet se ee gsi tote tegen spn epee heey Molding Individuality: Direction and Compromise 125 pola efficacy. Thus, bir “busy end” has to be cationed int “meddling with things excending hie compeebension ‘The creative potential of his imagination has to be dip and anchored by ehe"memay" of objects it fre se ina demented exraagnce. Ia the use of words, fe cou nt presume on “any natural coanenio with heise and certiny ot between those words and the Meas they might excite fn ohersBsy, pp 405,40) Inany case, his minds anbeto that peculiar ureasnablnes in bic ia that neers are otaall oncom toes nite in see Mens Minds, (uch) that Wis very hard separate them” 395) Iino uprising then hat despite "Reason" beingthe"Law of Nar,” alaw that Go as implated nu the Locke e's natural feed > cede his actions and dispee of his porsesions without asking leave of anya as tobe creamed bythe eu quaiicee ‘on witha the bounds ofthe Las of Near” How should ove iaeprectis and numerovssmilar qualia tions fram the Ty Tran? Ie eld be taken as ts sry intended in one sense ar an indication ofthe nrnaive its ot aders within which we are fie ar! beyond which we incr the precmventnalobigans af the laws of naar. But it cent also be read thot denying the Former reading) point ing toa Fundarental and marive pedagogies project in which resin, fr itt be “Rese” mur, despite divin origins, be “ound” and mali. Tis or what Lock xpi tats in -schaperon paternal powerin the Sd Trait the dry of parenestoecate te "nnage” wal ero shall tke the ‘lice. The implications of his ter rein spgest an aera five emphasis to har usualy encountered within the neturliic problema. Although the capac to reason iso doubt nati ‘al resn~ inthe ene Locke deploys here whileportay- ing the tat of ature and the conitons tee for the coe smonweslh—ie nt only malleable ba in the absence of an ppropriate mold, highly tansgressie hee126. The Ansty of Fresdom | “Two striking features andete the examples Ihave recalled ‘om the previous chapter. The rats thatthe eer tonite tendencies in he ata sel and thar contrast with the cman, ‘ophass om interests and appetites, The send, claly eee to the fist is tha the igcance ofthese exatpes soo a sessed by vite of the dete manner in whieh they late snare persons propery orgs. Indeed tire te sence of design and ditetion tat gives them, in Lock’ view, thei socially dzeatening potential Foe instance, in he impor tant chapter “OF the Ancatin of Idea rom the By i whic Locke discuss the maces tha so univers ifs Mankind," his examples re coapicunly devoid f let aed polaly deleterious ees. They involve misine who ean parlor without regard the notes, aman obese with tng honey such that the very erenton of che word conrules his stomach it sickness, goblins and darkness. Ye, despite hee pparadyinnoevous examples, Locke cncades bis dcasenn ofthe aociton of dear ad anes withthe aim hati the “Youndation ofthe most dangerous or nthe work” (p.go0. ‘Ths copie lings dohave norms ial conequences for Locke, bt these consequences Jo not em fom the pole nancy ofthe overriding tote hat ight be conceal behind ther ees Instead isthe absence of any motive, the sheer randomness and lack of contol they evoct, that gives them, in Locke’ view, tei scaly grave potenti. And thie in suggestshe ditions ad misplaced emphasisivalvedia thinking of Locke as concerned soe or primary wih he basis ints on pica author. ‘The pire ererpng frm dese empleo tha of india ell posesed of mate capaci, and croogh them of iateres, and svolved in the single prt of petites; rather, that of an nderdeveloped individuality ‘thor internal mooring, habits, or dteton~aost po “Molding Individuality: Diection andl Compromise 137 sessed by natural capacities that arena uly fathom or con trolled Such person sin needof dineton of eld ha wil supply individuality ‘When oe accepts the foundation asumptons of freedom, rational, and equality as denny the individuality of the ockesn self who now requis only pliclsviery to ensure peaceand order, on oveloks te depth and suiyo thi ed, For Locke a8 foe liberal, india isan epcation, proces of coming, an not foundational given ha i alpaca inition ae sere designed 1 reglte and secure. To understand ad jude libris simply by reference tothe pli pd juries i places. individ in the course of regulating and securing thei indivi is to overunk the eonrrctive aged, also + pat of liberalism, trough which his individu is aoe nthe fs place Thepcturofiberlism san leslogyandehicofsobey end activism, of individual and ellecve seer, an of individ rights nd goverment este may’be,as such summaries go, ap adequate one. Bu, nctwithstning the appealing gos, doesnot vate the lam tate appeeaches ti setement by respordig to ep nsx rgeding he Heine exces ‘which human beings are naturly prone. Once one acknowl ges this peasy, i becomes imperative wo cme the ‘rious and not merely poe! proeses though which this tetlemen i achieved aeation and the Malls ofthe Mind ‘That human mallebiley and odocavion ae dhe most decisive factors in the proces of forming the ming is eonspitous fm {he ote of Lake's hugh Cmtrning Edin Hi ropented emphasis of och pnts rakes the lave neglects work bat recrted punling een beyond what it any are would be on138 The Anxiety of Freedom the bass ofits concepeual centrality: Locke pens the The, aving readin the ep sd that ‘rors in edn should eles indulged thin ayes like fouls inte st eoncction, that ae never vended in the secondo third, cary thei ater ‘wards incorrigible un withthe,” wih the allowing 1 hin Lay yh al he men we ee with ine pa alten re what hy ae goer eu weary he ‘ston, That wich mses the rea diferencia an Sind The ead alos insersible impressions ox oar te ef, hae ery porn and lasting conscuence nd here's, arnthe ounnso some siver wheres ale ‘plc ofthe and tr the eile waters at cht ‘hat make the tke ite contrary couss and by ts ee ‘deco given them a fs in he wre, they recive ferent tendencies ad aie at sat ery emote and dita shes 1) imagine he minds of cite a esy earned thio ht seay aerial Pp 14-18), 1 gue at length bth becase of what Lock says andthe way he syeit Ina workin which te emphasis o regioe and sip ‘al ring singly Tove, erely aking if moe ‘apes for Lasko god ad ei hei depen denton edvcstion. Sine even if ane rlgaes sony appro [rine toaster interprets shin and ec te ieplietons ‘falling othe sos isenible impressions on ou ender infncie long with he sera eveateiagey of eduction “the hand he] rare the Bribe wate: info chanel” Locke's language i ill surely striking. The ase ofthe ver metaphor even mare than he Bank te, whitepaper, and ak tae imagery of the Bay suggests an acte ned for erly intersentim inthe abence of whish the effets on the mind a Aire and incorrigible. The reference otheve effect 8 decisive Molding Individualcy:Ditecon and Compromise 129 ven when the inpresions ae sillinsensile parclarly given the absence ofan elabonte teary of erly inant Sevelpmnent, seems only temphasize he pinta theless of ection 20 allthe way down, Whereas the mallesblty of cite’ minds fue akin to water, thee bodies are “lay cotages” and hence Similarly i need of parental molding and this “not to bene ected (p95)? ‘What the above pusige doesnot make fll evident, even ‘hough eis ina sence the moat vivid eta of the Tag, tow thecllenge of edcaton Become adele and mundane reoceupation withthe minut paral everyday ene Atbogh the work was arguably the most influential source far anges in Brith chidrearing practises and eduction more generally ll chrough he igherenth entry, tinunce dd noe Sem from any announced abstract piciples In 4 leer wo ward Clarke, Lacke says tat “there ae «thousand other ‘ings ha eed consideraton"(p, 36) Even cursory reading ‘ofthe Tages clea the range ofsses ad the Jt with Which puesta guidance bad to cncem elf, The work anges, overs Gancer ith ale tring the typeof bed que rather ‘han festhered the appropriate feds tobe conramed at aos ‘ims the prance of wearing shaped and igh-fting bx ice the importance of knowing how to dane, fence, and de the appropriate camporent toward servants and oters of Tower rank nd the sigifcanoe of being able feign hur, ange, en eoacern. Keo urpeising that dhe work ase ployedasa veritable manual by generations of European pares The significance ofthis etre of he Thaaghe that wher ‘mucaa be asesine othe weed cn yi hrm 8 1) ‘Senor A ce nd il ee Tag ps130 The Ansety of Fresdom scorethe importance of onteatal paticularsas decive 0, nt aly asus of beading cas alton and whe goes unde the several heading of character development, bu als the deter atin of good oF ei, ang nd, moet impoctan, what i sean tn be e ‘Anemphacison context deals ln gies oncretecedence to Lace crue of onste ident snd prapes inte Ey, In hallening he dispostonal and inatis rdoy eepresnted by Sgurer each atthe Cambridge Ptonat Ralph Craworth, ord Herbert of Cherbury Libis, and Henry Lee, Locke not aly asserts the fly of thee ides bur claims insen that utom and clan are the sin grounds on whic propo Uionsare assented‘. nied of viewing asencas dependent on rrr disposition eo the tut, Locke divest the mind of any such elifaclty and instead ae specuaive and mora prin ler dependent wholly on constructed and conven hab ‘ured grounds.” The Thug, alongwith the md of be Undertnding, which es oginally intended srthelengestchap- ter ofthe Bay, can be though of ling out an suet fron Book ofthe Ea: Costmsetes abit ieking in the nde, awe 2 of determining the wil, nd of moins in he bal of ‘hich sec mB bu train of moron nthe eal pi, vie once st gsing consis nin sve tp they ba Been used to, whieh by fen edi ate worm 03th at and eh meton int beconereny 4 weer 99 pis nd Now el anche ta ee ste eee giv rs Gay eo fy fhe cer sn ths pains nape ‘ieee aaa wenn te pring ees ‘Molding Individuality: Direction and Compromise 156 nef, customs and aba ete nd define the fra individ aly ales ‘The Tags tbe sore of work hat cannotbe summarize. It luck an argumentry oder and aclear synthetic steacare. What feos ean aremp eal from ie three persistent presecupa tions or hemes which, hough they dono cxprre he ange of thie work, bear on the ise of faivguainy and soppy an ‘vious pape link with Locke's more fair pales! pro uae fon the Scan Trae, They can alan be ern a dict Fespone tothe cognitive and subjective ansetier hatcharicter ‘ae the mature iecused inte preninechapeer.Thetheres trea selErenrin and extn (0) the privazaon ofp Tis and (@) the inculstion of ditnctins ant social self icpie Texclade a» distinct theme Lack’ previously cefereed to ransom habits the pring mode of conditioning harman lehavor.Thisexlsion tan mean sigee ited por tance. Lakes sserion of habitation a fundamental and pie ‘mary underiable: Bue emphasieon abitsin lever the ‘angeofpuibe alternatives wide open. One could frinance, ‘behabrated ito having a exeavgant imagination or ipy- ‘nga singolr lick of selfesrant Lacke does oto 2 rule ‘Soot habituation per ee with slay effec Air al ie ‘he wrong ad dangerous “cannes in ou mig” that isa" ret [al force tose ary ino ations" an these early Tabs ca overturn al morality (Ba, p. 399. The emphasise abies thus noted oa atbstantvely specie pelagic projec. Ther is however, one ape of habe acs mente of Inoding the individual which singles ie on especialy i onan, Locke's pineal though nat exasve concen inthe ‘Tong is with very young children. On numerous cession be stakes comotents sch atthe following: “hose therefore tat Jed to ever govern ther cikren sould begin whit they152 The Ansey of Frestom rece link "Ifyou would has im the child] stand inawe of you, mpi ifn "Clden erie perhaps han we ‘hin are very Sensible w prave and commendation’ gp. 14. 159. The emphasis on baboon cosbined with this ecas on ‘Ser Young cldren hae the fet making whatever sabi sted pyar nara. This, "tang to 2 gentleman when be sales him he cid), ad looking in his fce when be speaks 10 hm, i by constant seas natural to a well bred man, as treating: it requires oo daught no election,” Av wel “his illepethabisin hem, which, being once ele, operate of themseies easly and natural, withouethe asstance ofthe memory" (ps7, 158). This suggests two pointsof importance Flint, the effects of education canna be eft othe vagaries of ‘hough refcin, and dhe reclleson of als thsi the seca pint, that Locke's pedantic inerventions ae ies diet at ee consreron of human gate or, ata rte, of Someching the coul nt realy be datinguished from bumen The parpose ofthe sated themes it ages he price ters Locke waneshabinantedy and hence the pri esponse he offerso the subjciinyof thes Iisa by underand Ing the dei of Locke's consti projet that one aeriver st te appecinion af he extn ofthe transformations onthe at tal sl Tes these dete har constitute te habs tha ae “woven ito ee very principles of his the ci) nature” (p 138 and has presumed ia th cars agreements hemes in entering the commonveah SeleRestain and Sabraisson Ta is famous sy Tbe Protea Bria th Sir of Capital fn, Max Weer emphasized the links beoween Calis and theriseofmader expt, andthe concn dominanceof ‘Molding ladividualny: Direction and Compromise 433 aonalzation a pla, soil and economic tendency and practi, Cavin ini view, semped 9 sibjet man tthe spremacy of « purpoeil Slo bing histone conse slecnta with ‘real cmeeratin thi tbl conmsence Thiet Scion way al he moseimporat pata eof Parcs, . ‘The Pran, Ieevery etna type of ‘etc ted to eae mf aa and net ps it Sonranemetivs, especial those which taghe him el, aise eto Int foal psychi senso he tee, ted we mabe cn ito penalty Amrong the many senses in which Weber's sy was prof and eriginal, one vas the chim thar acommitment tea parcalar ‘tof eat ed to pycholoial tansfonmaion nthe indivi tal and Hence the construction of «particular personaly. My inerprettion of Lcke derives from Weber inthe sense that 1 tm ako concerned with hw a pariculr personality was con strut. The sease in which this inerpretation devises fom, although in no sense dest contadi, Weber view i nen Daszing no a paola sero idea or Beli Bt ter Parca view of entra endeny ote ind a he ate eden basis t the constuction fa partiulirprsoalty Weber thesis was taen up by the grest German historian (Owe Flinze to eplore te inks berwen Calvin andthe se ofthe modern tate, and alg with the se ofthe esagy of raion d'aat As with Weber, Hinz’ iterpetasion placed iret emphasr othe importance of selcontal im ee ‘hese transformation” Numero more recent seus of C is We, Te Pr a ep of Copii, Ta at er Yr a Ste Sn. Toe named Ran Fatty Seve Cty eine el fy a aFS 134, The Ansty of Freedom ‘nim, Porteniom, and he seco and seventsenth centuries more generally have rightly focused on the inprtance of se. entrlasa theological comment of he ein this peri. They aso feature the Protestant and especially Puritan concep tions of dy, self-denial, an aig. Teas ae surprising tha thers ideas have fitted or ander standing of Locke, Bot biographical ad inellcually, Locke longs witha the general embrace of such Protestant conve: ‘ons. The Tagn parsclar epee wih be resonance of familiar Pita injoetons, This tee ott he wate that "he aes principle and founda ofall ita and wrth lice in dis, ae 2 ma ay beable to dy mel iso ‘ese, crs his own ineliation ad purely fllow what eon iets s best tha the appetite lean the oer way” 138. (Only 2 ew parsrap Iter, be repets himself ing sos cacy the same wods(p 3). Later he sates hat "to ake fguad, + wise, and viuous mane shld lar to cree Fiappete, and deny his inlnton orc, ery, oping ir aie, 8c" (p 190)-Thisenphasison selena hast coeallary fa corespoating emphasis inthe importance of e-mastery: [eis of peat moment and woth or endesves, t tach he mind ge the marery over Sal and tobe abe, up ‘hace, ota of rom th ot port of oe thig rt ‘eth open another with sty an eight or a any oe to takeoff sagen, and vigorouely copy alt shout wha eso o te vice of ancher shal det CP. ner) "ae aif te Sa ih Te Prt Og f e Anni fee Hone Uses Po Soon gy Te ‘ng tag oes iy rth Bey Ele ‘hop fe Misa cn, Thereof Sly et Spice Pete Sia ad foi gee ae Maths Se Molding Fniviality: Direction and Compromise 135 "sem to me tha wo questo flow fom tis evident and copie dentist with selena and sees. Tn re sponse to what exigency thi emphasis tobe undermeod? What Precisely i invlved im achieving the sefseesine Locke eo fess? Michael Wier in he Reclrio f Sein can be under Sto by vue of his enphisison Puritan ideas rexpond tohe fst question by suggesting that the emphasis on self control a constitutive ides of Parcan ehiea aher Inti Ne i a est parallyflloring te lead of Weber, who alu starts hi ty ‘ith the consdrtion of Pariten ideas, A simlar response that focuses onthe dhesepeal basis of tha emphasise evden a Stcran Braves rein of Puritan, parley erly Ame ‘aa terts , P. Thompson and. Macpherson transform the fist question by eespndg wot a esta eoncer with Sl contel hans cancer wth diplnethey wee rar eetion > ‘he rowing exigencies of emerging industrial apa. "Regadig th ecoad question, Weber's sponse n doabs the mos famous and for my purpose the met relevan. Having ‘ented an sing commen to Calvinist ideas an espe lll hese ides a8 they pertain vo the sue of salaion and {he uocersinty of grace, Weber claimed that the fear deriving fom this commitment engendered a psychlogral transforms sion ad indeed r-dinpline. Asan aide, one igh poi "contra beneeen Weber's undermanding and Hobbes ofthe ‘api ofawe and terror totam o dcp certs pasions, gone ti cherie hain RAO fe yet isa cacao Sark136 The Ansiey of Freedom parca pride. Unlike Weber, fr Hobs as for Madison thereisno pyehichange, simply acounercting Fone pstion (pei) by acter ean Tn bidet Neston edt Early Mader Stat, Get bard Oesrech offers whac canbe tien as» symp a restion of Weber. Instead of oesing on Calin thelogy and ‘ts preecepition with ation, Otic consider the wie spread real rum the mi-siateenth century of Soi themes Ad values, The revival of Raman pla values sucha ac Tortas, rompers, costonts, an dpe islinked othe rie of ‘he modern state 2nd seen a espe to the ne fo wide spread weal pine “urevucracy iar, and mere isa were all nufeaions of soe dsipline in parlor spheres, diferent ways of serving the sae" Oestreich Further Tnkathis eed for scl dsiptinewithaubiquitavsconcers with sions: "Canremplating the Seventeenth ceatury picture of ‘mania eligious tems prey on, in piksophic tems vie- tim af his passons—oe gin o appreciate the extent of the rescupation with discipline"? Weber's conepe of tone Haan is tn Ocstee's view, broad enough w epee the ular implications ofthis fundatoalpevecupation ‘th the passions ap her mpicone net oly forte major pulcal and scl institution ofthe sate bt abe fr owe ‘nan conideations sich atv pling Tes precy this preerupation with the panone and pr ically coiive pons that I fave been resign this on TS pte ten ined ant eee ear aes Molding Individuality: Ditetion and Compromise 137 ‘wo, and tthe pasons whieh I believe unre Locke's Wncen with self-itpline nd self mastery eur eerefore ‘he seed question, eanely, what isinvaved i achieving sl tevin a sclfsnatny? Itrmpting to thin that Locke's lunwer fan elaborate scheme of bison thai ha is ‘sponse oa siution in which human beings manifesta acura Tendency tobe abject passions they do oe aly controls to aise in chem certain temperate espomses thet woul, 38 it vere elpcobnerct hit rendency. This suggestion is best nly partly tue for aug ts the ease, a T have men ened that Lack proposes “repesting the sme ation it be frown habia in ther and hence the performance weil not {pend on memory’ of reletion”(Thaghs,p 157) e in fact ‘abstatvely much more specie about what eit Iubitaaon ‘rust achieve. Consider the fst of Locke’ innumerable and rte ference to lip Weare generally wise sgh to Dein with them, when they uc tr) ya abd ili ems a eye) thse ‘thes cues we woul ake rfl nd pod or somewhat They ae only our ow allsping, hat wees ts pot, nu having ade the leiden, we folly expect hey Shoal be po sen They (rapes and suger poms] are Shjsas Sable w tgif eof mre yur athe Ice forwhen le want te incinatins ofchid, The Taving of denies comrade tothe apeesesons 30d else thone several agri othe at; bute oe having ‘hem bj fo the lesan consi of Reason: the die ‘eles nthe vigor ohio sppeties, at ithe pert given nd deny ures them. He hats {Cat tna hi wil to thers of ater, when hei ‘young, il sarc taken or et ix own rea, be Team ageco make we of. Pp 39-4 “Ther aero main themes inthis pase, submission ad self Aisciline. The fst reference tn the former resonates with & ES18. The Ansety of Frestorm ‘common formation fom the Send Trae in which what ic ‘means tobe fe isto atin conformity with the dices of reason, which telf ale withthe law of ature. Hence ome might say, freedom involves sesing unde the diiplin f one's reason In ths passage, the dees ate to be comssned by reason. The desires thit are dhs consraine, we ae led teliw, define wha is mane by slliscipine, The fie iden one might eink, i ha slip equces acting in Sch a way sh tat one i Helly dbeplined and tat this disciplining derives fom the authority of one's own reson. But this interpretation ears out, in view ofthe lt sentence ofthe sage, tobe only partly what Locke has ining, For here Tecumes apparent hat se discipline requires subsion to ves own reson but rather othe reason of others The expe enc of submision ater hae a nec preinie for tng able wo subnet one's omnes, and bene a precon an fo al-icpine. This claim elaborates the ids pu fr inte Sind Tete that ee he dt of parents guide ther children el esto canta ter pice at which psnehe chldrenhuebe reuse ‘eins for Being fe (p. 324-30). But what becomes cleat from the passages ast quoted nd wha only hinted x the Sind Tenis tater conition noe mere udance bucruber the specicerperierc ofsbnision nur. The ‘inpetance of parental nurture rom the sani of rez ‘nes capacity for feedom, rationals, and sll-aipline snot that parents Supply the exer condions or the srvral and thecarly well engofachild. Rather theienensillink with the child's fare feed ively and self dsiplne stat these struts require asa necesazy precondigonan cl malding of the wilhatean cea only hgh the experince submission ‘one's parents and guardians, Lacks emphatic on his pine ‘The unruly pssons and tendencies of + young child’ ind reuiethe experencef submission toa before they an be Molding Individuality: Dizetion and Compromise 139 vied tech sown reatn: "The jougershey ar, theese Think are their unruly and dnorderiyappestso be compiok ‘with andthe ls reson they have of heron, the more they are to be under the absolute power and resin of tose, ‘whet ands thee” He continues nee following paragraph “Those therefore that intend ever to govern cheirchikren sould tein ewe they are ery i nok tat they perf campy withthewillofthlrpaens.., Besurethentoetblish the authority of thera nn a he he el) i capable of submission, and can ndertard in whose power be i.” And ‘pin: "For methinks, they mightily miplace the ester due tothe childen, who aeulgat ad fanlia,when they are lie Fr, iter and indulgence ean do no good t chien: ‘Thai wane of jgment males them mand in need of roti and dsipline"(pp. 144-45) Theres, fr Lek, 3 lear wipe reationship beween the rereie of parental thor, the clean of reason and Jidgentinthechild andthe relation ofthe capaci for al ‘estat, agin inthe child, Thus the rial copay orreaon, ‘which is the bass for beng five and for aiding the aw of read which nthe Sed Treaties presented 8 mana ‘pci lf equtes parental molding of de will, which in fen reuse experience of cay submission to parental sutbrty. Lacks doe ot dr’ ut the Hinks Tam suggesting in Sn epic and schematic ane. But they are, 1 bev ll tut explicit the two fllowing extended passages from the Togs imagine everyone wi judge reenable, thatthe ci ren, when, shold lakpon hei preer ahr rs, ‘he sbmte governors ta, whe they amet Het ‘gehen bg cr acheter ee140. The Ansery of Freedom yer, thy shoal cher atc ation ste fends, "Te way V have mented fT take wo, he nly one to obs ti, We shold Leak pon rein, ‘ihe growe upto belie arse: ith the ae pasion, thera dees. We ould be hgh rail eres a ave our feed, we love ots be eae under ott Tonk out eter company, ter fends, other eoeaton, ‘ih wom be conte at ene If therefe had be bp erie fo be bing, they wii that age be a ‘hic and qui submit, ar ever having known sy ter nd iy a they grow up tthe ae of ree, he gr of fernmeac te, athe deserve gery reed the bes Seow more seth to them, and he dime by degrees slated; hs fomer esesins wi ners te ote, when ‘hey find ie a only inden to them, and caro ke ‘ham caplet deserve the aero hi parts, and he neem of everybody es. P18) ‘Hethat as ota mastery over isinclntons be hat kn ot bw to the petniy af ret lari, ‘hesakcof wate tl fim fit eda, watt te ‘ini fire and indy ad tin anger ever fe fer sything. This emper there, so eontay tu fied nature, tobe gt bets and is abit 5 the oe {oandatin offre sly and pps, ito be wrought ‘eo themind, areary aay beeen ram che ist dawg any knowledge, or sprebersion in cide; ana sow be enfin they by the crea ways eine, by ‘hose who ve he orersighe of thr econ. 1) Clery, eon, seine, and viueare the products fn carly immersion n the dieplinary and Keach mati of the family. Whatever the natura epcites inthe there is nether the asurance nor even the Helo hat, inthe sbeene ‘ofthis mats, they would be actual to tae te frm of Molding Individuality: Direction and Compromise 141 exon, seine and views. Insevving the Stoic emphasis onself denial and selfsastery, Locke neverthles pearly isin wis oni For the Stok, se isan aalgam of renunciation, self-examination, and withdrawal fromthe word fs preparation for aces into higher edly. Te therefore in ‘voles meas, erally “orn oneself in artical induced exercises of physi hardship and pation, seal abstinence, tnd stuals of puricaon and concentration, All tbe exeries ‘esonate with Locke's propo forthe ction of young chi rea, bur wid an porn diference. They have lst the Selitary toma evident in crete’ De erm Natura the signieance Marcus Aurel country home hat for him a + Spirit reves fom the own, Instead for Locke these exer. ‘ons are now part ofan orchestrated seal environment of Gomes space, sufused with the mine of parental ince tives and sires and already informed by structures of ‘ew. The Privatization of Public Standards In the history of educational theory and reform, Locke has ight been credited with increas andpopulring change ton more benign and Heal regime I supporto this, one might offer hisemphasiom the mporance of physical heath his deemphasis ofthe method of rote memorization offing the luk mind with roles of prammar moray, courtesy, and eM Roa, “Teh San Tie Sif MTR jce fee Th toca Cm" ne See Elvin it Tg p49 fw tbe ity Ae rays eas ftw cai oe Ga ew re rb Unie, Dre abt hers Calg gy Fran Garo icc ce nd ft Cy142 The Ange of Freedom conduc; his scsommadation ofthe need for smsement ad ‘measured (veloutness bis erp on tering pedagogy £0 the temperament and ag of chiles, his acknrwledgment of fre a worthy of foised parental concern hit mocking ad ceric remarks onthe sting overempasis af Latin and Greeks ‘ad, oe porn, his extended daribe gear corporal pa fshment of as be sys, therul of ter, Thee imo question ‘har the Thgha ea work eh with he spi of an enlighened ‘osalam in whic, whatever his ger purpae, consider ‘tions esd and ean ae conspicanu “The postive assesment commonly aachedt these changes is, doubt, linked ro our own contemporary atitades about duction, His reforms afer 4 Sear and convenient historical traligrent that can be ane a cling in nny current ducal ies. Ici not my purpose o ete challenge his selfrefreal bai of judging Locke on any extended man te. toate in with esements of Lace’ sper propos, Instead, I wane intodyce an clement of skeptic by point Sng features which, seen, as landatory precursors of ar o¥m, ‘es boul involve us in embarrassing elf artenment Tn the previous scion, Incite how sl retain ines ‘vcably and fuadanenally linked wit authoritarian aspects of ‘the parr! fay and ths implicates wht appears 3520 Individual vw with obvious imporance fran ndvidaiie poles. the prsene section, Lester the bond erm of chit Fnre-preation by noting how Locke's ostensibly liberal and xn pssonate program i coanteralanel by the demand that the ‘hill internalize the stndards—theangushng andards—of ‘Shame, git, and esponsibility. The meanings other ermal ‘eperlom compen stem of public or sek valuaon even ec ey Gun, me a ae Py Use ohh Ses ha Ls Elon Eg nd on ato oon rasa Pg Odie te Non echesGneePe, ) Molding Indviduay: Dicesion and Compromise 43 whens in the asf, the lima significance of the tem erves fom athelogieal araive, The tralian of these Standards thas ivolves the internalization of this syn of ‘aluation For Lake the displacement ofthe ule of the rod linked with he countered and nefcent way this rule propegtes the adres to ube andar. Corporal punish Inencsabewlresponseo transgression whic fet per sty om the tole srfce ofthe transresaor—the body. In this, itmaifss a strange nity by not acknowledging the real power ofthe pent, which sone the male concurs of {he dil’ mind. Te the aloe init eiccy of thi ater power that Lack wishes animate and propane, Leck often runs together tan crea eis. The St, so which icin refeenc a een ade inthe previous ton, Is that 6 child's mind is malleable, compliant, ppl, andthe Second i tha, tosetethe diction of hind, parent shold Telly inform i with pablicwandande Here oe ses what Foucault as foreflly pointed ron the conte of pal nea ration, the adinistaton af madnes, snd more generally the Scien of met, nly, how apartcula form oF nawedge—in thie eae, regarding the rales of the ind—cumes co suppor ove form of power, It the extent of Lac’ com mien the ecnd idea which ay ie eaely aes the posit of a selteonsciosly willl and rust a ‘vial emerging fun, ad which nce again show ow the ‘atric problematic tat presmes fedora rationality clips Locke's om runeation of thes eapacie ‘On the face oft, Locke's objections to corpora! punishment resnighcorwardand familar, Such ponshnen does tut fut he sore ofthe infactons het make necessary. Instead, ‘supplies restr reason for these infractions by nearing ¢ ‘il to “lssembl obedience, whist the feta ther hangs ‘ove im bt when thats remove and by being vt of sgh, ‘nec promise hime impanity, he thus gies gener scope ro14g The Anxiety of Freedom Na maul ininton which by hwy has, by eating] it acetal ere, baton he corr heightened and nee in him.” The ame eon leads Lace to tongy object to the we of rewards at inducements to perf the deed behavior "When yo promise im a aerator ir re it, pote pesformanct of sme of ieee what do you by proposing these rad, butallow the to be the go hings be shoud, scan thereby enomrages longing fr them, and accustom im, to place his happiness ithe” Such inducements do not ac- atom erent "nabmit reson” (pp. 30-3 eis not that Locke whl opposed ether so punishment tothe inducement of rewards, Rite, Risthat punishments and rewards are generally ltchosen, They effect the pains and pleasunes ofthe bey” and are nor therefore directed the Drncple of vue which gute sl denial dependent onthe Invention ofthe mind. Hence, change inthe eject which punishment and reward are dred ireuied: "Til yo bring in oe able o beara denial ofthat sts, the child may st present be quit and orderly bur the disease int cuel "Tis ‘thst Lake Fouts hi aenin: "Be a crac ae, fallother, the mos powerfliacesvest theming.» YoU ‘ean once get int children love of ert and an appebeasion ofshameand grace, youhave pinto den thetne prince, ‘ehich wil eonstanly work, snd incline them tthe ight (pp 192-89) Locke gies ro reson for this endorsement of eee and dlagace over the fod. The st tha children are eater perlaps than we think’) particle sensitive © praise, com Imendaion, ade deni The ff of such ewarlsae "nore than threats or lows, which lowe thie force” (9.153) The ‘ecu eon i presented ae instrament fom the tandpoine of the eld, but in the proces it also reveals Locke's own Insruentaity. Esteem and dagrace indicate cient {hrs by which to nen who is doing wel wha i grace, ‘who is “beloved and cherished by eveytody” and who onthe ‘Melding Individuality: Direction and Compromise 145 other side isthe objeto contempt and “iste” (254 ‘The early iealestion ofthe satan, of thie reptstinal ” Moc inportant, ‘ould this sujet see or the implications otis sage? “Leas conser anther briefer example rm he se chap- ter Locke ste, “Forwherecner any two Men are, ho ave fo sanding Rule, and common jue to Appeal toon Earth for the determination of Controversies of Right bein chem, here they are sl inte ate of Natur, end ender all ee ocanve- lenes of (p34) To aspects ofthis pasage are sing (Ones the hued manera which Locke aves ais conch sion and another the mplctons ofthe condason el. Ia he shaper on heat of are, Locke ad red tat “Trth and epi of Faith belong 0 Men, a Men, nd potas Members of Society” (ps 299), Yer inthe commonwealth the mere ak of standing rule ad eommon judge mmedicely precipice the inconveniences of the fate of mature, But whut the ro men wee fiend, pertupt comrades, pecape Fellow-beevers brother Al dee posible have Ben buried veloked, rot hrogh mere oversight but iter duet pre pola psu. Teis + postre that requites an uncompromising de aturng ofthe sje so much so dat even wuth and keeping faith emt now be replaced by standing ules and commen iudes. Molding individuality: Dzetion and Compromise 14 Tnstuying thes two examples, Ihave il to draw nt same ofthe implitions ofthe denaturing ofthe subject which are euied for his or her entry ino patel cee. The ex les, Think, esis that ehe denaturing i indeed uncon promising, Gitizens ofthe commonveakh would not only be Unable to resogine thi former expansive sles bt woul in facrbaveno memory of them Locke tall sthat "Government ie everywhere smtecdent recon” apd ha any knowledge of ‘he erignal is merely acidenel (p38 From the erectve weave eased iti pomibero see how the pola! mcery made necesiy by the subjective potential of the Lokean subject in tam excl precisely this potential The expanded ound ofthe subject can be accommodated ‘either by natural Iw nor by representation and its cogate instcrions, exept by theoretical ei. The adic sequester ing the subjc's nature indeed a precoction fo ior be Pala ident. Perhaps tis not surprising, forthe need for poll soci aoe fom the itersbjetive problem of the egtation af personal boundaries, The qust fr a commen judge lo the earch fora yadatick that allows these bound rie tbe enabled without problematzng wat colon ‘within them; hat the expended abject conjured 25 the problem or the establishment of pli ocey but without an Sunping ofthe sabes ature ell, When Locke tonaunces thatthe judges of the commonwealth are "it own,” be Ietrays the sbjet on whose bealfhe had challenged Filmerian lola. Ormaybe oe shuld ay that he abner proved to be oo overage oi in Locke a worthy patron,