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INDO - Islamic Architecture
INDO - Islamic Architecture
INDO - Islamic Architecture
Muslims introduced
Arches based on true arch principle
Minarets (minar)
Scientific formulae
Mortar as cementing agent
Artistic calligraphy
Jali work
Religious structures
Mosque (Masjid)
Tomb (Maqbara)
Mosque:
Elements
Mimbar (Pulpit) platform attached to miharab having series of
steps for Imam to stand and lead the Namaz
Mihrab (prayer niche in the centre of western wall facing Mecca)
Aiwan (prayer hall)
Haud (ablution tank)
SLAVES:
Architectural phase exhibit elements of confrontation b/n the
Hindus and Muslim world
Phase of introduction of Muslim architectural elements and use
of Hindu motives, raw material and ideas in building activities
FAMOUS MONUMENTS
Qutab Minar:
4 projecting balconies and 5 storeys tapering as they go up is the
most famous
Built by Iltutmish
Uppermost 2 storeys of this minar is round rather than with
alternating flute and flanges and is of later addition by Firoz
Shah Tughlaq and is faced with marble rather than red
sandstone which has been used for the first 3 storeys
It has symmetry and rich ornamentation
British later added railings to the projecting balconies
Arhai Din-ka-Jhopra:
Ajmer
Closely resembles Quwatul-Islam mosque in style and
construction
Exlusively carved mihrab of white marble in the West hall
Tomb of Sultan Ghari
Mehrauli
Unique in plan and form
Iltutmish
Square chamber and octagonal flat roof with round towers at
the four corners
Resembles a small fortress and is the 1st monumental tomb in
India
Used by the Gupta temple structures as raw material
Balbans Tomb:
Shows the 1st example of true voussoired arch
Khaljis:
Famous Structures Incomplete tower just near Qutub Minar which was supposed to
be twice the height of Qutab Minar
Alai-Darwaja near Qutab Minar with excellent calligraphy and
intricate designs uses horse shoe keel arch for the first time
Jamat Khana Masjid earliest example of a mosque built on
wholly Muslim ideas > used scientific arches and domes
Tughlaqs:
Most of the structures are located at Tughlaqabad
Features
Buildings were placed on a platform
Tomb had fort like appearance
Tall gateways and towers
Sloping walls
Use of grey sandstone, rubble and plaster
Use of minimum decoration
Features
Use of double dome
Use of thick walls
Enameled tiles were used for decoration showing the Persian
Influence
Balconies and Kiosks showed influence of Rajasthani and
Gujarati styles
Buildings were on platforms with gardens at the sides
Octagonal shaped tombs introduced by them which were later
adopted by the Mughals
PROVINCIAL STYLE:
Architecture showed influence of local traditions
Main styles Bengal, Gujarat, Kashmir, Jaunpur, Khandeshi or
Faruqi, Deccan
Bengal:
Features
Use of black marble and schist
Use of bricks
Delicate decorations
Convex roofs suited to the heavy rainfall in that area
Buildings massive
Gujarat:
Features
Tradition of temple architecture carried on
Use of limestones carvings and geometrical designs
Richly decorated buttresses
Malwa:
Features
Kashmir:
Features
Wooden architecture
Hindu temples converted to mosques
Show Buddhist influence
Few buildings are of stone and there is occasional use of brick
and mortar
Square hall with pyramidal roof crowned with long slender spire
Ex: Kanka Shah mosque
Jaunpur:
Features
Used arch and beam combination
Lofty propylon consisting of tapering square minars and
recessed arch
Absence of minarets Ex: Atala mosque
Arcuate and Trabeate systems were used as architectural
technique to support the weight of the ceiling
Khandesi or Faruqi:
Features
Similar tombs as Mandu shows influence of Gujarat style
Deccan:
Features
Influence of Hindu, Persian and Malwa styles
Bulbous dome, with lotus neck Ex: Gol Gumbaz
Military architecture, typically Tughlaq style
Use of thick walls, falt dome and use of squinch system
Combination of Mosque and Gateway Ex: Charminar
MUGHAL PERIOD
Babur:
Humayun:
No time for building activities due to his troubled life
Only one mosque at Fatehabad in Punjab decorated with Persian
tiles remain
Completed the Jamali-Kamali masjid at Mehrauli which had
been commenced during Babars reign
Akbar:
Great builder
Architecture was nationalist in character
Borrowed from Rajputs & others
Building activities @ Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Lahore
Humayuns Tomb:
Shows 1st real Mughal style
Ground Plan Persian tiles and White marble + swelling double
dome with high neck
1st of the Mughal scheme of tomb gardens
Foreign influence :- square plan with flattened corners,
Octagonal central chamber & double dome treatment
Taj Mahal was inspired by this monument >> called as
Precursor of Tajmahal
Agra Fort:
Panch Mahal:
Influence of Bengal and Gujarat
Pyramidal in shape with open pavilions, decorated pillars
Persian influence can be seen in blue glazed tiles
Buland Darwaza:
Style half dome portal
White marble
Famous for its Jali (marble screen)
Jodha Bais palace and Birbals palace: Jain and Gujarati influence
Jahangir:
Akbars Mausoleum @ Sikanadara was built >> famous for its
massive terrace
Aurangzeb:
Economy minded few buildings are credited to him
Contribution twds Mughal Architecture
Bibi ka Maqbara >> imitation of Taj at Aurangabad