Hamiltonian Chaos

Hamiltonian maps
Consider a map M : R2N R2N ,defined
as,M(x(t),t)=x(t+h)
Its differential variation is ,(M/x)x=x(t+h)
Now, Symplectic condition =>
xT (t) x' (t) = xT (t+h) x' (t+h)
= ((M/x)x(t))T(M/x)x(t)
=xT(t)(M/x)T(M/x)x(t)
So, =(M/x)T(M/x).
(M/x) is symplectic in nature.

Poincare maps
Poincare map gives an intersection of an orbit with a
lower dimensional subspace of the phase space(called
Poincare section).
For periodic orbits, plotting the subsequent intersections
can give a figure reflecting some of the qualitative
characteristics of the dynamical system.
For a Hamiltonian system H(q,p,t), the Poincare section is
-periodic in time.
Extended to (2N+1)-dimensional phase space,(q,p,),
where =t i.e. d/dt=1.
Let,= mod() and =to (0,) on 2N-dimensional
surface of section ,then the map M(x,t0)=M(x,t0+n),
where ,nZ, implies that the surface of the section map
is a symplectic one.

Figure:: Poincare section

Action angle variable

Gives the tranformation relation between the
points(q,p) in phase space and points on the N-torus.
It is possible to construct new set of co-ordinates (P,Q)
from the old (q,p) such that Pi(q,p) are the constant of
motion and then dPi/dt=-dH/dQi =0 implies H=H(P).
One convenient choice to form P as P=J=(1/2)p.dq ,
.(1)
where , is the all the possible path
around any possible angle direction on N-torus.This
new variable J is called the action angle variable and it
can be shown to be constant of motion by PoincareCartan integral theorem.
The corresponding conjugate co-ordinate Qi=i are
angles and we need to define a convenient generating
function S(J,q) in order to obtain the set(J,).

Action angle variable

Now, integrating equ(3) around the path ,we
get the change in S as,
iS= p.dq=2J and i=(/J)(iS)=2ij
so after one circuit around the path, value
increases by 2 and the all other angles return
their original value.
So now ,the Hamiltonian is H=H(J), giving J(t)=J 0
and (t)=0+t , and describes the motion of
the system on the torus.