ORGANIC CHEMICSTRY

In heterolytic cleavage, the bond breaks in such a fashion that the shared pair
of electrons remains with one of the fragments.
A species having a carbon atom possessing sextext of electrons and a
positive charge is called a carbocation.

A carbon species carrying a negative charge on carbon atom is called

carbanion.

In homolytic cleavage, the movement of a single electron takes place instead

of an electron pair.

Homolytic cleavage results in the formation of neutral species (atom or

group) which contains an unpaired electron. These species are called free
radicals.

Shares
Formes
Polarity

Heterolytic cleavage

Homolytic cleavage

Paired Electrons
Ions
Polar Reactions

Single Electron
Free Radical
Non-Polar Reactions

A reagent that brings an electron pair is called a nucleophile.

A reagent that takes away an electron pair is called electrophile (E+).

--------------------------When a covalent bond is formed between atoms of different

electronegativity, the electron density is more towards the more electronegative
atom
Inductive Effect: Polarisation of -bond caused by the polarisation of adjacent
-bond is referred to as the inductive effect.
Ability of substituent(s) to either withdraw or donate electron density to the
attached carbon atom.
Halogens nitro (- NO2), cyano (- CN), carboxy (- COOH), ester (-COOR),
aryloxy (-OAr, e.g. OC6H5), etc. are electron-withdrawing groups.
Alkyl groups are usually considered as electron donating groups (eg.,
methyl
(CH3) & ethyl (CH2CH3) )
Resonance: The difference in energy between the actual structure and the
lowest energy resonance structure is called the resonance energy. Resonance
structures have (i) the same positions of nuclei and (ii) the same number of
unpaired electrons.
Resonance Effect: The polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of
two -bonds present on an adjacent atom.

Electromeric Effect: The complete transfer of a shared pair of -electrons to

one of the atoms joined by a multiple bond on the demand of an attacking
reagent.