Calculation of water through weir

River bed LRBL

870.00
m
Weir crest elevation 875.30
m
Weir crest elevation w874.983
Designed wH
5.30
m
Existing weir
Crest level
630.00
m
Length(oveB
45.00
m

Freeboard

0.317

Normal water level

4.983

(At intake)
.

Calculation of water height over weir

Design flooQ100
2020.00 m3/s
Minimum discharge 5.00
m3/s
Cofficient C
2.20
(Assumed)
hd

Net crest bQweir

Water levelhd

7.47

2020.00

882.450

7.47

Flood
Q100

0.14

5.00

875.12

0.14

Qmin

Balephi B HPP
Hydraulic Design of Intake and Orifice
Assumptions:

Turbine dicharge(Q-40%)
Irrigation discharge
Total discharge required
Flushing at gravel trap
Flushing at settling basin
Discharge to divert

Qd

Minimum Flow

Qmin

Orifice
Assume Finishing: Carefully finished aperture
Assume Coefficient of discharge C
Approach Velocity
V
Orifice area
Height of Opening
Width of opening
No. of opening
Width of each opening
Adopt width of each opening

Gross area of orifice

No. of pier
Assume Width of each pier
Assume Width of side wall
Width of intake excluding side wall
Actual velocity from orifice
Losses at Intake
i) Velocity head loss, hr-hh, (min reqd head)
and hh = water level in the headrace canal
where, hr = water level in the river next to the orifice
ii) Entrance loss for round edge shape
Note: Loss coefficient k=0.2
iii) Trashrack loss
Total loss

Invert Level

Bed Level of River

Ht. of sill between undersluice and orifice invert level
Minimum submergenc depth inside intake canal
Invert Level of Undersluice
Invert Level of front of intake
Flow level at Q100
Free board at the weir
FB
Crest level of weir
Height of weir
Full supply level/Pond level
FSL
Platform level of opening gate at front orifice
Top level of orifice
Water level in canal
Flood discharge, 1 in 100 years
Bed level of canal inside front intake
Check for discharge through orifice
Gross area of orifice
A
Discharge coefficient C
C
Return period

Design Discharge,

Normal
1in 100

36.000
2020.000

Adopt free board

1.000

m3/s

Adopt intake headwall elevation 883.450

Iteration for hc at different discharge

Discharge condition
Q100

hc
8.908

Design of Canal from orifice to end of piers

Length of approach canal
L
Qd
Design dicharge
No. of canals
N
qd
Design dicharge at each canals
Manning's coefficient
Intake canal
Assumptions:

The piers are continous upto 5m.

The stop log is at each canal just 0.5m above pier tip
Each pier has circular end
Surface finish type
Roughness coefficient, n

Concrete lining
0.014

Canal design based on Manning's formula

Discharge

hc
m

Qnormal

3.300

Qflood

8.908

Qmin

0.704

Adopt canal size:

No of canals
Width, b
Normal Depth
Depth, h
Available freeboard
Canal slope
Maximum discharge in canal
Assume free board
Maximum water depth
Maximum wetted area

0.100
11.850
47.398

Maximum wetted perimeter

27.699
Hydraulic radius
1.711
Maximum discharge carrying
capacity
187.591
Note: The canal can pass the flow that passses through orifice at Q100

Design for spillway just

Length
Design discharge
Mannings number
Max. velocity in canal
Area of canal
Adopt B/D
Slope
Calcualated depth
Calculated breadth
RL of spillway crest

below sluice and mechanical gate

20.000
100.710
0.016
6.500
15.494
2.000
0.010
4.200
8.400
874.500

30.000

m3/s

0.000

m3/s

30.000

m3/s

3.000

m3/s

3.000

m3/s

36.000

m3/s

5.000

m3/s

(1 in 2 Year)

0.600
1.001

m/s

(What's the basis?)

35.964
3.000
12.000
3.000
4.000
4.000

m
m
m

m
m

36.000

m2

1.000
1.000
0.800
13.000
1.000

m
m
m
m/s

0.142
3.300
3.442
0.010

m
m
m

0.031
0.183

m
m

> 35.97 , OK

(Revised after the calculalation of total head loss)

870.000
1.500
0.300
870.000
871.500
882.450
0.317
875.300
5.300
874.983
882.767
874.500
874.800

m
m
m
m
m
m
m

(Source: Autocad drawing of weir)

(Adjusted for the required submergence)
(Assumed,pg 248, Sanjeev Baral)

m
m
m
m
m

(Without Headloss at headrace tunnel adjustment)

2020.000

m3/s
m

(Verify this value)

Design OK

871.500

36.000
0.600

m2

hr,m

hc,m

hr-hc, m

874.983
882.450

874.800
880.408

0.183
2.042

from orifice
136.707

from canal
136.710

Dicharge
hr-hc
orifice-canal
-0.003
2.042

Using manings equation

(Layout the headworks first)
36.000
3.000
12.000
0.014

(Concrete surface finishning)

Discharge
through
submerged
orifice, m3/s
40.890
136.710

m
m

Discharge

Discharge
through
spillway, m3/s
4.890
100.710

b,

1/s

R,

m2

4.000

6000.000

13.200

10.600

1.245

4.000

6000.000

35.632

21.816

1.633

4.000

6000.000

2.816

5.408

0.521

3.000
4.000
3.300
11.950
8.650
1 in 6000

nos
m

(immediately after orifice up to the end of pier)

> 136.71 i.e. Q100 discharge, OK

m
cumec
Dressed stone in mortar
m/s
sq m

m
m
m

m
m

(8.65 m freeboard for to pass 100 yrs discharge)

of total head loss)

unnel adjustment)

Is it necessary that NWL is slightly grater than top level of orifice?

W
1.000
1.500
2.000

Hc

6.593

Temporary reference
openings
slope
3.000
2.000
2.000
5550.000

Hc canal Qmin

0.704

n,

v,

Qdesigned,

Qrequired

Limitting parti

m/s

m3/s

0.014

1.067

42.267

36.000

2.283

0.014

1.279

136.710

136.710

2.994

0.014

0.597

5.042

5.000

0.955

er orifice up to the end of pier)

d for to pass 100 yrs discharge)

(Check the
values)

Design discharge
Weir height
Weir length
Water level over crest

Q100
P
L
ho

Approach velocity head

ht

2020.00 m3/s
5.30 m
45.00 m
7.47 m
0.35 m
d1

U/S energy level

E
Specific discharge
q
Design discharge factor
F
Iteration for water depth before jump(d1)
d1
Input
2.170
Water depth before jump

22.42 m
44.88889 m3/s/m
1.1 (Verify this)

Output
2.252 -0.082071
d1

Velocity before jump

V1

Froude number
Type of stilling basin selected

F1

Conjugate depth
Velocity after jump

d2

Froude number
Ratio Lb/d2

F2

2.17 m
20.69 m/s
4.48 The flow is supercritical
TYPE I
12.72 m
3.53 m/s
0.32 The flow is subcritical
3.8 From IS 4997-1968 for basin type I
48.32 m
40.00 m

Length of jump
Adopt lenth of stilling basin
Type of stilling basin
IS basin type I
(Note: Since F1 is between 2.5- 4.5)
Dimention of Chute
Chute:
Height of chute
Length of chute block
Chute width
Chute distance
Sill height at basin end

(Source:Pg.503 Baral; "Fundamental of hydropower Engineering")

4.34 m
4.34 m
2.17 m
2.5 m
3.255 m

Adopt
Length
Height
Width
Distance
Sill height

40 m
1m
3m
1.5 m
2.5 m

or basin type I

opower Engineering")

DEPTH oF STILLING BASIN

9.336796 3.38 is from rating curve of i.e HFL D

rating curve of i.e HFL D/S

Q
Q100
Cd
Length of crest
hovertop
Approach velocity(v)
Velocity head(hd)
H

36 cumec
2020 cumec
2.2
45 m
7.474475 m
2.63 m
0.352543 m
7.827018 m

Assume u/s face verticle

k
2
n
1.85
dy/dx
1/0.75
x
12.03 m
x

y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9.25
9.9
10
11
12
13.00
14.00
14.31
14.35
16.30

14.31

0.00
-0.09
-0.31
-0.66
-1.13
-1.71
-2.39
-3.18
-4.08
-5.07
-5.33
-6.04
-6.16
-7.34
-8.63
-10.00
-11.47
-11.95
-12.00
-14.6

U/S profile of weir

x

y
0.00 -0.001016
-0.50 0.032674
-1.00 0.141627
-1.50 0.349522

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

-2.00 0.749135
-2.10 0.92353

Total width of weir

ADOPT

18.40 m
20.04 m

Assumed

D/S profile of weir

0
-1

10

12

14

-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

Column E

Balephi B HPP
Trash rack at orifice
Diverted discharge
Assume Trashrack velocity

36.000 m3/s
1.000 m/s

Vo

Orifice Size
Width of orifice
Height of orifice
No. of openings
Total area
Thickness of pier
Thickness of side wall

4.000 m
3.000 m
3.000
36.000 m2
1.500
0.800

Trash Rack
Net total Area of trashrack
Operating Platform
Provide vertical bar
Shape of bar
Bar thickness
Width between bars
inclination of trashrack
Surface area of Trashrack
Surface area coefficient
Required surface area of trashrack
Assume drop of trashrack from orifice invert level
Normal water level
Invert level of orifice
Vertical height upt NWL
Inclined ht of trashrack up to NWL
Required width of trashrack
Available width for trashrack

36.000 m2
882.767 m

t
b

k
s

Rectangular
10.000 mm
50.000 mm
70.000 degree
0.800
57.466 m2
0.150 m
874.983 m
870.000 m
5.133 m
5.462 m
11.915 m
16.600 m

(Assuming manual racking

S=(1/K)*(t+b)/b*(q/Vo)*
sin)

Headloss in Trashrack at Normal Discharge

Rack coefficient
Inclination angle from horizontal

Kt

Rack angle with water flow

ht
h

Headloss due to trashrack

Headloss due to flow deviation
Total Headloss

ht

ht=
h

2.400
70.000 degrees
20.000 degrees
13.444 mm
17.432 mm
30.877 mm
0.031 m

(Re-Check this)

Assuming manual racking)

S=(1/K)*(t+b)/b*(q/Vo)*(1/
sin)

Kt{t/b}4/3[v02/2g]sin
[v02/2g]sin
Rectangular
Round edge
Circular
Pointed edge
Rounded both

2.400
1.800
1.800
1.700
1.000

Streamlined

0.800

Qflood
Qundersluice
RL of river bed level
Height of weir
Rl of crest of weir
Length of weir crest
hovertop
Rl of HFL@upstrream
Width
of dividewall
Width of orifice
Distance
of first orifice from sluice gate
RL of bed of sluice gate
RL of HFL of downstream
Effective head over undersluice gate
Providing 2 no. of undersluice gate
Width of undersluice
Assume B/H
Height of gate
Cd
V
Discharge capacity of undersluice
Hydraulic radius
Size of sediment flushed
Maximum size of sediment passing through

2020 cumecs
505 cumecs
870 m
5.3 m
875.3 m
45 m
7.474 m
882.450
1m
4m
0.3
870 m
870 m
12.450 m
5.5 m
0.8
6.875 m
0.6
9.377 m/s
709.160 cumecs
1.964 m
0.216 m
216 mm

Design of Gr
Inputs
Inlet discharge during high flood
Width of the gravel trap
Empirical Coefficient
Particle size to be settled
Settling Velocity
Velocity Coefficient
Width of orifice
Height of orifice
No of orifice
Turbine design discharge
Calculations
Critical Velocity
Depth of flow required to maintain velocity
Provide depth of gravel trap
Provide width of the gravel trap
Velocity in the gravel trap
Settling time of the particle
Length of the gravel trap
Length of flushing channel
Slope of flushing channel
Flushing velocity
Flushing discharge
Minimum area required for flushing channel
Width of flushing channel provided
Height of flushing channel provided
Total area of opening
Flow through channel during full opening
Wetted perimeter of flushing channel
Hydraulic radius of flushing channel
Mannings coefficint for hard stone lining
Slope of energy line of flushing channel
Critical particle size

Symbol
Qmax
W'
a
d

Vcr
D'
D'
W
V
tset
L'
Lflushing
Vf
Qf
Wf
Df
Af
Qf
P
R
n
S
Dcric

Values

Units
36 m3/s
15 m
44
2 mm
0.287 m/s
0.6
4m
3m
3
30 cumecs

Remarks

For particle >1 mm a = 44

Generally taken 0.6-0.8

0.6223 m/s
3.86 m
4m
15
0.622
13.44 sec
8.36 m
70 m
0.02 1 in 50
6.18 m/s
3 cumecs
0.49 sq m
0.75 m
0.75 m
0.56 sq m
3.47 cumecs
3m
0.1875 m
0.017
0.076685208 i.e
158.2 mm

Sufficient Capacity

1 in 13

Design of Gravel Trap

or particle >1 mm a = 44

enerally taken 0.6-0.8

ufficient Capacity

Design discharge
Discharge for canal
Maximum permissible velocity for concrete canal
Adopt Longitudnal slope
Mannings coefficient
velocity
Check for depth
By iteration
H

30 cumecs
33 cumecs
3 m/s
1/1500
0.014
1.58 m/s

OK

2.705 Hence OK

ADOPT
Overall depth
Overall width

3.25 m
5.41 m

Specific discharge(q)
Critical depth(yc)

6.1 cumec/m
1.56 m
<H

including 0.545 m freeboard

OK

ADOPT

B
D
V

5.41
3.25 including 0.545m free board
1.562 m/s

Design discharge
Increase discharge by 10%
Limiting diameter of silt D(limit)
Assume 2 no of chambers so
Discharge(Q) in each chamber
Calculation of area of settling basin
Flow velocity(Vh)
Take v
Fall velocity(w) for 15 deg celsius
Surface area(As) of each chamber
Assume L/B
Then
B
Adopt B
Adopt L
For optimum design
L/Vh=H/w
Vh/w
H
Considering turbulence
Retarding Coefficient(alpha)
Retarding velocity(w')
Final velocity after considering turbulence
Retention time(t)
Length(l)
ADOPT L
ADOPT B
ADOPT Height of water
Consider sediment concentration
Solid density(s)
pack factor(p)
Assume sediment concentration
Provide time for flusing(T)
Discharge in each section(Q)
Sediment load(Q*T*C)
Volume of sediment
Height of sediment considering rectangular cross section
Taking trapezoidal section of 1:1 side slope
Area of trapezoidal hopper section(A)
Take
Effective height of settling basin above hopper
Design of inlet zone
Horizontal slope
Length of inlet zone

30 cumecs
33 cumecs
0.2 mm
16.5 cumecs

0.197 m/s
0.197 m/s
0.020 m/s
808.03 sq m
5
12.71 m
12.8 m
64 m

9.636336
9.75 m

17.2899840018
8.3

6.543464

4.6531302876 Adopted depth

0.045818
0.903 cm/s
1.139 cm/s
728.461 sec
143.507 m
144 m
18 m
4.65 m
2600 Kg/m^3
0.5
5 kg/m^3
6.5 hrs
16.5 cumec
1930500 kg
1485 m^3
1.8 m

Height of sediment considering

rectangular cross section
Height of sediment

10.64 sq m
5m

1 in 5
m

Length
1.7848557692

Height of water above sediment

0.57
Breadth
65
12.8

6.543464467

Outlet zone
Horizontal slope
Horizontal length
Total length
ADOPT
Height

20 m
m
4.5 m

Flushing channel
Qflushing
Let width(b)
Rugosity coefficient(n)
Longitudnal slope
Depth(d)
Adopt
Size of flushing

3 cumec
1m
0.012
0.005 1 in 200
0.525 m
1*1

Efficiency
0.9227109423

Cross section area

Wetted perimeter
Hydraulic radius
shear velocity
Ratio

83.7 sq m
27.3 m
3.065934
0.006865
2.974637

Total length

m
Height in hooper
Check
2.1416969854 1.116606

Headloss Calculation

Balephi B HPP

Turbine Discharge
Orifice Discharge
Normal water level at weir crest

Orifice
No of openings

Width of the Orifice

Height of the Orifice
Area of the Orifice
Ao=Wo x Ho
Velocity through the orifice
Loss
a.
=(Vo^2)/(0.6^2*2*9.81)
Headloss
Total Energy Level
Velocity head
Water level
2

Qt
Qo

No
Wo
Ho
Ao
Vo
ho
TH1

Coarse Trashrack
Ktr
Trashrack coefficient,
thickness of the bar
t
clear spacing between the bars
b
o
angle with horizontal, =70
Sin( o)
a.
Trashrack Loss
=Ktr*(t/b)^(4/3)*SIN(ao)*(Vo^2)/(2*9.81) Losstr
Velocity at trashrack
Vtr
Headloss
TH2
Total Energy Level

Gravel trap

Length
Width
Height
Manning's Coefficient
Average Sectional area at gravel trap
Velocity inside the gravel trap
Wetted Perimeter
Hydraulic Radius
a.
Friction loss
=(((Qo*n)/(Ag*Rg^(2/3)))^2)*Lg
Contraction coefficient
b.
Contraction Loss
=Kc*Vac^2/(2*9.81)
Headloss
Total Energy Level

Lg
Wg
hg
n
Ag
Vg
Pg
Rg
Lossfr
Kc
Losscon
TH3

Velocity head
Water level
6

Approach canal

Length
Width
Canal height
Slope
Manning's Coefficient
Sectional Area of flow
Wetted Perimeter
Hydraulic Radius
Velocity of flow
a.
Friction loss
Headloss
Total Energy Level
Velocity head
Water level
7

Lac
Wac
hac
Se
n
Aac

=Lac*((Qo*n)/(Aac*Rac^(2/3)))^2

Wac
Rac
Vac
Lossfr
TH4

Settling basin

No of bay
Discharge per bay
Length
Inlet transition length
Manning's coefficient
Area of settling basin
Hydraulic gradient
Velocity of flow

Q
Lsb
Ltr
n
Ai+Ahopper
Se
Vsb

Inlet transition

a.

b.
c.

Transition coefficients
Transition loss
=Ktr*(Vac^2-Vsb^2)/(2*9.81)
Average width
Average depth
Average area
Hydraulic radius
Friction loss within tra Ltr*((Qo*n)/(Atr*Rtr^(2/3)))^2
Friction loss
Lsb*Se

Ktr
Lossit
Wtr
htr
Atr
Rtr
Losstr
Lossfr

Outlet transition

Contraction coefficients

d.

Velocity in penstock
Contraction loss
Headloss
Total Water Level
Velocity head
Water level

Kc
Vp

Kc*Vp^2/(2*9.81)

Losscon
TH5

Total Headloss in Headworks

Design
Unit
m3/sec
m3/sec
m

30.000
36.000
874.983

33.000

3.000
m
m
m2
m/sec
m

4.000
3.000
12.000
1.000
0.142

0.142
874.841

0.051
874.790

m
m
m
m/sec

2.420
0.010
0.050
0.993
0.01432
3.600
0.031
874.851

m
m
m
m2
m/sec
m
m
m
m

12.000
15.000
4.000
0.014
60.000
0.622
21.600
2.778
0.00022
0.150
0.039
0.039
874.812

0.020

873.8-0.041-0.003
874.792

m
m
m
1 in 1500
m2
m
m
m/sec
m

35.000
5.410
2.705
0.00067
0.014
14.634
10.820
1.353
2.255
0.023
0.023
874.789

0.259
874.529

m /sec
m
m
3

m^2
m/sec

m
m
m
m2
m
m
m

2
16.500
65.000
19.000
0.014
83.70
4E-06
0.197
0.300
0.077
11.705
3.678
43.045
2.258
0.0002
0.00026

0.150
m/sec
m

2.255
0.0045
0.082
874.706

0.002
874.705

0.317

Width of the tunnel

Height of tunnel upto stringer
Design discharge
Length of tunnel
Submergence coefficient

4.4 m
2.2 m
30 cumecs
3300 m
0.3

Area of tunnel(At)
Velocity of tunnel(Vt)
Submergence head for tunnel

17.28 sq m
1.74 m/s
2.29 m

But for horizontal submergence

Provide submergence head
Adopt

11.46 m
12 m

Water level before submergence while entering tunnel

Soffit level at HRT
Bed level in HRT intake
Area of the tunnel
Perimeter of the tunnel
Hydraulic radius of the tunnel
Velocity inside the tunnel
Mannings coefficient for unlined tunnel
Slope of the tunnel

874.705 m
862.705 m
858.305 m
17.2788 sq m
15.708 m
1.1
1.74 m/s
0.03
0.002389 i.e

Headloss Calculation
hf
Entrance
Bend
lossloss
Total head loss
Bed level of tunnel outlet
Soffit level of tunnel outlet
Bed level of tunnel outlet
Soffit level of tunnel outlet

7.88 m
0.02 m
0.00
7.90 m
850.4464 m
854.8464 m
850.447 m
854.847 m

Surge shaft to be located 50 m u/s of tunnel outlet

Bed level of tunnel at surge shaft
Soffit level of tunnel at surge shaft

850.614 m
855.014 m

1 in

418.5

intake level=

875 amsl

tailrace water level=

length of tunnel=
efficiency of turbine=
efficiency of generator=
efficiency of transformer=
RCC invert thickness(M25)=
Levelling PCC thickness(M20)=
Plain shotcrete thickness=
Fibre shotcrete thickness=
Manning coefficient (n)=
Items

785 amsl
3300 m
90 %
95 %
99 %

Rate

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
5 cm
0.03
Unit

Tunnel excavation cost=

4607 NRs/m3

Rock bolt +shotcrete=

4562 NRs/m2

Invert RCC=

2804 NRs/m2

levelling PCC=
Wet season energy rate=
Dry season energy rate=
Life period of project=
Interest rate=
Design discharge (Q40)=

1340 NRs/m2
4.8 NRs/KWhr
8.4 NRs/KWhr
50 years
10 %
30 m3/s
90 m
7.2 m

Gross head=
Total head loss (during design discharge)=

Calculation of power and energy

overall Efficiency=
Net head=
Wet outage=
Dry outage=

85 %
82.8 m
5%
5%

Design flow=
10 % D/S release=

30 m3/s
0.9623684211 m3/s

Month
May
June
July
August
September
October

river flow
(m3/s)
15.6157894737
46.2118421053
119.842105263
148.894736842
102.592105263
46.1210526316

November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

22.7881578947
15.4342105263
11.6210526316
10.0776315789
9.6236842105
10.8947368421

Total dry s

Calculation of cost of tunnel for D shaped tunnel

Tunnel D-shaped

weighted
Inside area
perimeter(m) (m2)
2
7.14
3.6
2.1
7.50
3.9
2.2
7.86
4.3
2.3
8.21
4.7
2.4
8.57
5.1
2.5
8.93
5.6
2.6
9.28
6.0
2.7
9.64
6.5
2.8
10.00
7.0
2.9
10.36
7.5
3
10.71
8.0
3.1
11.07
8.6
3.2
11.43
9.1
3.3
11.78
9.7
3.4
12.14
10.3
3.5
12.50
10.9
3.6
12.85
11.6
3.7
13.21
12.2
3.8
13.57
12.9
3.9
13.93
13.6
4
14.28
14.3
4.1
14.64
15.0
4.2
15.00
15.7
4.3
15.35
16.5
4.4
15.71
17.3
4.5
16.07
18.1

Calculation of energy lost cost

design
discharge Q
(m3/s)

tunnel
diameter D
(m)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
tunnel
diameter D
(m)

Month
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Janauary

design flow
(m3/s)
14.65
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
21.83
14.47
10.66

February
March
April

9.12
8.66
9.93

Wet season energy loss

Dry season energy loss
Total energy loss
Total energy loss cost (Million NRs.)
Energy loss cost at starting (Million NRs.)

Tunnel D-shaped
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Minimum total cost (million NRs.)=
Optimum diameter of tunnel =

Total annual
cost(million
NRs.)
5.83
6.40
7.00
7.63
8.29
8.98
9.69
10.43
11.19
11.99
12.81
13.65
14.53
15.43
16.36
17.32
18.30
19.31
20.35
21.41
22.50
23.62
24.77
25.94
27.14
28.37

Energy lost
cost (million
NRs)
701.50
540.78
421.96
332.89
265.29
213.39
173.11
141.55
116.59
96.69
80.70
67.75
57.20
48.54
41.40
35.47
30.52
26.37
22.87
19.91
17.40
15.25
13.41
11.83
10.47
9.28

37.61
4.40 m

Tunnel Dshaped
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Total annual
cost(million
NRs.)
5.83
6.40
7.00
7.63
8.29
8.98
9.69
10.43
11.19
11.99
12.81
13.65
14.53
15.43
16.36
17.32
18.30
19.31
20.35
21.41
22.50
23.62
24.77
25.94
27.14
28.37

monthly flow in the river

MONTH
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Janauary
February
March

DISCHARGE(m3/s)
15.62
46.21
119.84
148.89
102.59
46.12
22.79
15.43
11.62
10.08
9.62

April

design flow
(m3/s)
operating days
14.65
14.65
45.25
30.00
118.88
30.00
147.93
30.00
101.63
30.00
45.16
30.00

10.89

available flow
(m3/s)

power (MW)
31
30
31
31
30
31

10.12
20.71
20.71
20.71
20.71
20.71

21.83
21.83
14.47
14.47
10.66
10.66
9.12
9.12
8.66
8.66
9.93
9.93
Total dry season and wet season energy
Total energy

30
31
31
28
31
30

15.07
9.99
7.36
6.29
5.98
6.86

haped tunnel

cost

cost of bolting &

Hydraulic radius
Total tunnel
Excavation cost (million shotcrete(million
(m)
area(m2)
NRs.)
NRs.)
0.50
3.83
58.26
0.00
0.53
4.21
64.02
0.00
0.55
4.61
70.05
0.00
0.58
5.02
76.35
0.00
0.60
5.45
82.92
0.00
0.63
5.90
89.77
0.00
0.65
6.37
96.89
0.00
0.68
6.86
104.27
0.00
0.70
7.36
111.93
0.00
0.73
7.88
119.87
0.00
0.75
8.42
128.07
0.00
0.78
8.98
136.54
0.00
0.80
9.56
145.29
0.00
0.83
10.15
154.31
0.00
0.85
10.76
163.59
0.00
0.88
11.39
173.15
0.00
0.90
12.04
182.99
0.00
0.93
12.70
193.09
0.00
0.95
13.38
203.46
0.00
0.98
14.08
214.11
0.00
1.00
14.80
225.03
0.00
1.03
15.54
236.21
0.00
1.05
16.29
247.67
0.00
1.08
17.06
259.41
0.00
1.10
17.85
271.41
0.00
1.13
18.66
283.68
0.00

cross-sectional
area A (m2)

wetted
Flow velocity
perimeter P (m) Hydraulic radius ,R (m) (m/s)
3.6
7.14
0.50
3.9
7.50
0.53
4.3
7.86
0.55
4.7
8.21
0.58
5.1
8.57
0.60
5.6
8.93
0.63
6.0
9.28
0.65
6.5
9.64
0.68
7.0
10.00
0.70
7.5
10.36
0.73
8.0
10.71
0.75
8.6
11.07
0.78
9.1
11.43
0.80
9.7
11.78
0.83
10.3
12.14
0.85
10.9
12.50
0.88
11.6
12.85
0.90
12.2
13.21
0.93
12.9
13.57
0.95
13.6
13.93
0.98
14.3
14.28
1.00
15.0
14.64
1.03
15.7
15.00
1.05
16.5
15.35
1.08
17.3
15.71
1.10
18.1
16.07
1.13

2
Energy

17277776.13
143480896.28
148263592.82
148263592.82
143480896.28
148263592.82
55251007.54
16643405.80
6649385.96

2.1
Energy

12892942.56
107067653.93
110636575.73
110636575.73
107067653.93
110636575.73
41229152.51
12419565.66
4961874.18

2.2
Energy

8.40
7.62
6.94
6.35
5.83
5.38
4.97
4.61
4.29
4.00
3.73
3.50
3.28
3.09
2.91
2.74
2.59
2.45
2.33
2.21
2.10
2.00
1.91
1.82
1.74
1.66

2.3
Energy

9752854.19
80991225.41
83690932.92
83690932.92
80991225.41
83690932.92
31187753.37
9394768.68
3753405.02

7469659.42
62030750.95
64098442.65
64098442.65
62030750.95
64098442.65
23886535.26
7195403.62
2874713.05

3756425.04
3567979.70
5207014.39

2803102.20
2662481.39
3885554.31

2120404.01
2014031.53
2939223.88

1624006.21
1542536.09
2251136.01

820924760.50
19180805.10
840105565.60
4101.56
413.68

612586695.77
14313012.08
626899707.85
3060.65
308.69

463390625.84
10827064.44
474217690.28
2315.22
233.51

354908428.13
8292391.36
363200819.49
1773.22
178.85

800

700

Cost in Million NRs.

Total cost (million

NRs.)
707.33
547.18
428.96
340.53
273.59
222.37
182.80
151.98
127.79
108.68
93.51
81.41
71.73
63.97
57.76
52.78
48.82
45.68
43.22
41.33
39.90
38.87
38.18
37.77
37.61
37.65

600

500

400

300

200

100

Diameter

100

0
1.5

Energy lost cost

(million NRs)
701.50
540.78
421.96
332.89
265.29
213.39
173.11
141.55
116.59
96.69
80.70
67.75
57.20
48.54
41.40
35.47
30.52
26.37
22.87
19.91
17.40
15.25
13.41
11.83
10.47
9.28

Total cost (million

NRs.)
707.33
547.18
428.96
340.53
273.59
222.37
182.80
151.98
127.79
108.68
93.51
81.41
71.73
63.97
57.76
52.78
48.82
45.68
43.22
41.33
39.90
38.87
38.18
37.77
37.61
37.65

flow duration curve

discharge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

exceedence period
148.89
8.33
119.84
16.67
102.59
25.00
46.21
33.33
46.12
41.67
22.79
50.00
15.62
58.33
15.43
66.67
11.62
75.00
10.89
83.33
10.08
91.67

12

9.62

100.00

160
140

Discharge (m3/s)

S.No.

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

Wet season
Dry season (GWh) (GWh)
7.53
14.91
15.41
15.41
14.91
15.41

10.85
7.43
5.48
4.23
4.45
4.94
19.09
120.96

101.87

Cost of
Cost of
PCC(million
RCC(million NRs.) NRs.)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Total annual
cost(million NRs.)
0.00
5.83
0.00
6.40
0.00
7.00
0.00
7.63
0.00
8.29
0.00
8.98
0.00
9.69
0.00
10.43
0.00
11.19
0.00
11.99
0.00
12.81
0.00
13.65
0.00
14.53
0.00
15.43
0.00
16.36
0.00
17.32
0.00
18.30
0.00
19.31
0.00
20.35
0.00
21.41
0.00
22.50
0.00
23.62
0.00
24.77
0.00
25.94
0.00
27.14
0.00
28.37

maximum
capacity loss in
KW (Pmax)

constant
7.77
5.80
4.39
3.36
2.60
2.04
1.61
1.28
1.03
0.84
0.68
0.56
0.46
0.39
0.32
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

209767.39
156531.66
118408.22
90688.23
70250.68
54989.26
43458.81
34652.56
27859.27
22569.92
18415.79
15126.83
12503.11
10395.24
8690.49
7303.14
6167.41
5232.48
4458.78
3815.31
3277.62
2826.28
2445.81
2123.77
1850.13
1616.75

2.4

2.5

Energy

Energy

5786292.27
48051461.86
49653177.25
49653177.25
48051461.86
49653177.25
18503450.64
5573842.93
2226865.90

4529265.34
37612656.07
38866411.28
38866411.28
37612656.07
38866411.28
14483720.12
4362968.97
1743096.63

Mannings
headloss(m)

Maximum power
loss(KW)
528.25
132145.176521398
407.22
101868.9243452
317.75
79485.9424423546
250.68
62708.9458412888
199.78
49974.8312714919
160.69
40197.3953008442
130.36
32610.1980540358
106.59
26664.7725459211
87.80
21963.5123085689
72.81
18214.6977960417
60.77
15201.9021851158
51.02
12762.8870316582
43.07
10774.8543415516
36.55
9144.0153466726
31.17
7798.1287522677
26.71
6681.1064141985
22.98
5749.0747426855
19.86
4967.4720318871
17.22
4308.8903609169
15.00
3751.4577081399
13.10
3277.615503478
11.49
2873.1880829585
10.10
2526.6693385694
8.91
2228.6722003401
7.88
1971.5010726512
6.99
1748.8177482468

2.6
Energy

2.7
Energy

3579544.19
29725828.45
30716689.40
30716689.40
29725828.45
30716689.40
11446694.40
3448117.75
1377594.59

2854205.45
23702353.44
24492431.89
24492431.89
23702353.44
24492431.89
9127200.50
2749410.53
1098446.55

1258019.15
1194909.18
1743818.58

984724.29
935324.47
1364987.58

778241.91
739200.52
1078769.51

620543.34
589413.07
860173.71

274926041.30
6423612.82
281349654.12
1373.60
138.54

215200500.42
5028132.97
220228633.39
1075.20
108.44

170076081.42
3973806.52
174049887.95
849.75
85.70

135612819.05
3168576.68
138781395.73
677.56
68.34

Diameter of tunnel(m)

2.5

3.5

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Exceedence %
10

Month
May
June
July
August
September
October

20

Energy
generation
7.53
14.91
15.41
15.41
14.91
15.41

Mpnthly energy (GWh)

30

40

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
May

June

July

Mpnthly energy (

November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

10.85
7.43
5.48
4.23
4.45
4.94

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
May

June

July

Energy loss(KWh) Revenue

Annual loss
in a year
loss
of revenue
1157591746.32745 6945550478 701.50059827
892371777.263948 5354230664 540.77729702
696296855.795027 4177781135 421.95589461
549330365.56969 3295982193 332.89420154
437779521.938269 2626677132 265.29439029
352129182.835395 2112775097 213.3902848
285665334.953354 1713992010 173.11319298
233583407.502269 1401500445 141.55154495
192400367.823064 1154402207 116.5946229
159560752.693326 957364516.16 96.693816132
133168663.141614 799011978.85 80.700209864
111802890.397326 670817342.38 67.752551581
94387724.0319922 566326344.19 57.198960763
80101574.4368518 480609446.62 48.541554109
68311607.8698648 409869647.22 41.396834369
58526492.1883786 351158953.13 35.467054266
50361894.745925 302171368.48 30.519308216
43515054.9993312
261090330 26.37012333
37745879.5616323 226475277.37 22.874003014
32862769.5233055 197176617.14 19.914838331
28711911.8104671 172271470.86 17.399418557
25169127.6067166 151014765.64 15.25249133
22133623.4058675 132801740.44 13.412975784
19523168.474979 117139010.85 11.831040096
17270349.3964246 103622096.38 10.465831734
15319643.4746421 91917860.848 9.2837039456

2.8
Energy

2294666.78
19055742.12
19690933.52
19690933.52
19055742.12
19690933.52
7337903.36
2210415.86
883107.00

2.9
Energy

1859001.88
15437823.36
15952417.48
15952417.48
15437823.36
15952417.48
5944730.74
1790746.82
715440.51

3
Energy

1516841.80
12596402.42
13016282.50
13016282.50
12596402.42
13016282.50
4850568.56
1461149.48
583759.54

3.1
Energy

1245941.51
10346748.48
10691640.10
10691640.10
10346748.48
10691640.10
3984281.48
1200195.55
479503.03

3.20
Energy

1029835.71
8552127.85
8837198.78
8837198.78
8552127.85
8837198.78
3293216.68
992024.29
396334.29

498891.97
473864.49
691545.19

404172.46
383896.68
560248.58

329782.17
313238.27
457131.58

270884.74
257295.50
375490.18

223900.38
212668.16
310362.24

109027270.80 88327378.60
2547408.64
2063758.23
111574679.45 90391136.83
544.73
441.31
54.94
44.51

72070212.17
1683911.56
73754123.73
360.08
36.32

59198835.79
1383173.45
60582009.24
295.77
29.83

48930928.74
1143265.07
50074193.81
244.47
24.66

Total annual cost(million NRs.)

Energy lost cost (million NRs)
Total cost (million NRs.)

4.5

flow duration curve

40

50

60

70

80

Energy generation

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Janauary

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Janauary

3.3
Energy

856217.65
7110340.78
7347352.14
7347352.14
7110340.78
7347352.14
2738019.50
824780.79
329517.04

3.4
Energy

3.5
Energy

715804.32
5944297.72
6142440.97
6142440.97
5944297.72
6142440.97
2289004.64
689522.87
275478.69

601533.1282963
4995348.461644
5161860.077032
5161860.077032
4995348.461644
5161860.077032
1923587.339453
579447.2556243
231501.201762

3.6
Energy

507987.249693397
4218509.68287907
4359126.67230837
4359126.67230837
4218509.68287907
4359126.67230837
1624445.59767016
489336.004752806
195499.88729111

186153.44
176814.84
258038.86
40681755.90
950524.18
41632280.08
203.26
20.50

155625.66 130781.5363938 110443.381849176

147818.52 124220.7317522 104902.86388123
215722.40 181284.4219061 153092.440905382
34010250.18
794645.27
34804895.46
169.92
17.14

28580844.88
667787.89
29248632.77
142.80
14.40

24136168.23
563938.57
24700106.81
120.59
12.16

flow duration

70

80

90

100

eneration

mber

Energy generation

December

Janauary

February

March

April

mber

Energy generation

December

Janauary

February

March

April

3.7
Energy

430980.352451838
3579016.58170761
3698317.1344312
3698317.1344312
3579016.58170761
3698317.1344312
1378192.33975908
415156.490488741
165863.63216768

3.8
Energy

367253.748010708
3049807.8307908
3151468.09181716
3151468.09181716
3049807.8307908
3151468.09181716
1174406.90596848
353769.670184676
141338.32372105

3.9
Energy

314253.536816661
2609674.92538486
2696664.08956436
2696664.08956436
2609674.92538486
2696664.08956436
1004922.41634454
302715.413188258
120941.088709551

93701.0282523028
89000.409510332
129884.823248884

79845.9921022989
75840.4270199531
110679.495889993

68323.0206762954
64895.5185721106
94706.7884940994

20477313.75
478449.89
20955763.64
102.31
10.32

17449450.26
407704.24
17857154.50
87.18
8.79

14931233.49
348866.42
15280099.90
74.60
7.52

flow duration curve

100

Energy generation

Energy generation

4
Energy

269965.251964309
2241889.00437894
2316618.63785823
2316618.63785823
2241889.00437894
2316618.63785823
863296.99287143
260053.215701836
103896.655601875

58694.1412933077
55749.6828839047
81359.5998871969
12826949.38
299700.08
13126649.46
64.09
6.46

Material usSteel
Using USBR method
Q
Gross head
velocity
Area(A)
D
Using Sarkaria formula
Power(P)
Power(P)
Power(P)
D

Project
Economic
life

30 cumec
90 m
5.252678 m/s
5.711372 sq m
2.697338 m

50 yrs

20.25 MW
20250000 W
27144.77 hp
1.185562 m

Dia of
penstock
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5

893925
Penstock diameter optimization
of
penstock
Thickness Area(sq Volume(m
pipe(m) Length(m)
(m)
m)
^3)
2.512
185
0.034 0.085408 15.80048
3.14
185
0.034 0.10676 19.7506
3.768
185
0.034 0.128112 23.70072
4.396
185
0.034 0.149464 27.65084
5.024
185
0.034 0.170816 31.60096
5.652
185
0.034 0.192168 35.55108
6.28
185
0.034 0.21352 39.5012
6.908
185
0.034 0.234872 43.45132
7.536
185
0.034 0.256224 47.40144
8.164
185
0.034 0.277576 51.35156
8.792
185
0.034 0.298928 55.30168
9.42
185
0.034 0.32028 59.2518
10.048
185
0.034 0.341632 63.20192
10.676
185
0.034 0.362984 67.15204
11.304
185
0.034 0.384336 71.10216
11.932
185
0.034 0.405688 75.05228
12.56
185
0.034 0.42704 79.0024
13.188
185
0.034 0.448392 82.95252
13.816
185
0.034 0.469744 86.90264
14.444
185
0.034 0.491096 90.85276
15.072
185
0.034 0.512448 94.80288
15.7
185
0.034
0.5338
98.753

Dia of Discharge
penstock (cumecs)

Area(sq
m)

Mass(Kg)
124033.8
155042.2
186050.7
217059.1
248067.5
279076
310084.4
341092.9
372101.3
403109.7
434118.2
465126.6
496135.1
527143.5
558152
589160.4
620168.8
651177.3
682185.7
713194.2
744202.6
775211.1

Material
cost(RS)
20465572
25581965
30698358
35814751
40931143
46047536
51163929
56280322
61396715
66513108
71629501
76745894
81862287
86978680
92095073
97211466
1.0E+008
1.1E+008
1.1E+008
1.2E+008
1.2E+008
1.3E+008

Annual material
cost
($2,064,140.66)
($2,580,175.83)
($3,096,210.99)
($3,612,246.16)
($4,128,281.32)
($4,644,316.49)
($5,160,351.65)
($5,676,386.82)
($6,192,421.98)
($6,708,457.15)
($7,224,492.31)
($7,740,527.48)
($8,256,562.64)
($8,772,597.81)
($9,288,632.97)
($9,804,668.14)
($10,320,703.30)
($10,836,738.47)
($11,352,773.63)
($11,868,808.80)
($12,384,843.96)
($12,900,879.13)

Energy(K
w-hr)
Revenue loss(Rs)
Velocity(
Headloss( Powerloss
m/s)
Length(m)
m)
(kw)

($1,040,446,931.60)

$2,064,140.66
$2,580,175.83
$3,096,210.99
$3,612,246.16
$4,128,281.32
$4,644,316.49
$5,160,351.65
$5,676,386.82
$6,192,421.98
$6,708,457.15
$7,224,492.31
$7,740,527.48
$8,256,562.64
$8,772,597.81
$9,288,632.97
$9,804,668.14
$10,320,703.30
$10,836,738.47
$11,352,773.63
$11,868,808.80
$12,384,843.96
$12,900,879.13

Annual material cost

0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

0.5024
0.785
1.1304
1.5386
2.0096
2.5434
3.14
3.7994
4.5216
5.3066
6.1544
7.065
8.0384
9.0746
10.1736
11.3354
12.56
13.8474
15.1976
16.6106
18.0864
19.625

59.71338
38.21656
26.53928
19.49825
14.92834
11.79523
9.55414
7.895984
6.63482
5.653337
4.874561
4.246285
3.732086
3.305931
2.948809
2.646576
2.388535
2.166472
1.973996
1.806076
1.658705
1.528662

185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185

504.3212
165.256
66.41267
30.72678
15.76004
8.745701
5.164249
3.206592
2.075396
1.390882
0.960212
0.680066
0.492501
0.363716
0.273303
0.208564
0.161383
0.126448
0.100206
0.080236
0.064856
0.052882

800000000
700000000
600000000
500000000
Energy cost(Nrs)

400000000

Penstock cost(Nrs)
Total cost(Nrs)

300000000
200000000
100000000

OPTIMUM PENSTOCK DIAMETER

0
1.5

2.5

m
3

3.5

4.5

5.5

126158.5
41339.61
16613.46
7686.457
3942.452
2187.781
1291.863
802.1451
519.1707
347.9362
240.2018
170.1218
123.2016
90.98541
68.36815
52.17331
40.37071
31.63151
25.06704
20.07138
16.22408
13.22867

1.1E+009
3.6E+008
1.5E+008
67193082
34463932
19125034
11293141
7012152
4538460
3041571
2099784
1487163
1076998
795371.7
597657.3
456086
352910.7
276514.7
219129.8
175459
141826.9
115641.8

6617074934.4726
2168283114.528
871384353.51079
403158489.49247
206783591.70227
114750202.93146
67758847.328999
42072913.132486
27230761.047212
18249427.629662
12598702.79664
8922975.7799505
6461987.2406959
4772230.3956665
3585943.8416082
2736516.0815056
2117463.9790312
1659088.4341254
1314778.5353902
1052753.8282065
850961.28272538
693850.59664895

$1,148,567.93
$1,435,709.92
$1,722,851.90
$2,009,993.89
$2,297,135.87
$2,584,277.85
$2,871,419.84
$3,158,561.82
$3,445,703.80
$3,732,845.79
$4,019,987.77
$4,307,129.76
$4,594,271.74
$4,881,413.72
$5,168,555.71
$5,455,697.69
$5,472,839.67
$6,029,981.66
$6,317,123.64
$6,604,265.63
$6,891,407.61
$7,178,549.59

Calculation of thickness of penstock pipe

Length
185 m
Diameter
4m
Discharge(Q)
30 cumecs
Gross head
90 m
Pressure wave velocity(Vw)
940 m/s
Ultimate stress
410 N/mm^2
Yield stress
250 N/mm^2
Velocity in penstock
2.4 m/s
Time of closure
0.393617 sec
< 40 sec
Gradual closure
Now
Water hammer head
9.9 m
Total head
75.9 m
Hydrostatic pressure
744.579 KN/m^2
Characteristic inner pressure
0.74 N/mm^2
Corrosion allowance
2 mm
Calculated minimum thickness(t)
7.96 mm
According to ASCE manual
Min. thickness for handling the materia
Factor of safety

13.89 mm
2.4

Required Penstock dia thickness

Provided penstock thickness

33.33 mm
34 mm

Loses in penstock other than friction losses

Velocity in penstock
2.388 m/s
Entrance loss
0.057543 m
Loss in 1st bend
0.014532 m
Loss in 2nd bend
0.029065 m
Exit loss
0.29065 m
sudden contraction loss at trifurcation 0.110447 m

(Upto 40mm thickness it is fabricated iOK

from chart provided by ITDG

Total head loss in penstock includi 0.67815 m

0.678152

0.000859174

###

4944389
($498,686.99)

ALL in NRS

Present worth revenue

loss(RS)

Material
cost

Total cost

65575212600.6232
21487685664.9722
8635418943.29194
3995300630.87036
2049225393.76948
1137174511.05079
671490177.030382
416942569.142931
269856841.977873
180851827.809946
124853144.714699
88426689.9793094
64038293.555296
47292803.2210554
35536703.4703372
27118874.3677204
20984068.0321994
16441566.3821825
13029455.2857166
10432790.4375261
8433026.31180852
6876059.41279109

20465572
25581965
30698358
35814751
40931143
46047536
51163929
56280322
61396715
66513108
71629501
76745894
81862287
86978680
92095073
97211466
1.0E+008
1.1E+008
1.1E+008
1.2E+008
1.2E+008
1.3E+008

65595678172.3432
21513267629.6222
8666117300.87194
4031115381.38036
2090156537.20948
1183222047.42079
722654106.330382
473222891.372931
331253557.137873
247364935.899946
196482645.734699
165172583.929309
145900580.435296
134271483.031055
127631776.210337
124330340.03772
123311926.632199
123885817.912183
125590099.745717
128109827.827526
131226456.631809
134785882.662791

4881413
5168555
5455697
5472839
6029981
6317123
6604265
6891407
7178549

9653643
8754499
8192213
7590303
7689069
7631902
7657019
7742368
7872400

Energy Sheet For 40 % Exceedence

Gross head (m)
Overall efficiency
Dry season outage
Wet season outage
Design flow (m3/s)
D/S release (m3/s)

10%

90
0.85
0.05
0.05
30.00
0.962368

Month

Flow

Available Flow

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

(m3/s)
11.62
10.08
9.62
10.89
15.62
46.21
119.84
148.89
102.59
46.12
22.79
15.43

(m3/s)
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93
14.65
45.25
118.88
147.93
101.63
45.16
21.83
14.47

Maximum power generation(MW)

Total seasonal energy(KWh)
Total seasonal energy(GWh)
Annual energy generation(GWh)
Ratio of wet energy to dry energy

5%
5%

eedence
0.95
0.95

Design flow Days

(m3/s)
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93
14.65
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
21.83
14.47

31.00
28.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00

Capacit
Wet
y
season
Penstock
Total
lossHead loss
Headwo HRT loss
generati energy(
rks loss
on(KW) Kwh)
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318
0.318

1.00
0.73
0.66
0.87
1.88
7.90
7.90
7.90
7.90
7.90
4.18
1.84

0.085707
0.062683
0.056595
0.074424
0.161989
0.678971
0.678971
0.678971
0.678971
0.678971
0.359376
0.158

1.40
1.11
1.03
1.26
2.36
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
4.86
2.31

7874.459
6756.317
6425.402
7349.675
10707.93
20288.33
20288.33
20288.33
20288.33
20288.33
15495.22
10581.33

2513589
7568367
13877217
14339791
14339791
13877217
14339791
10598728
3739441

20.3
1E+008
95.2
115.9
4.60

Dry
season
energy(
KWh)
5565667
4313233
4541474
2513589

3739441

2E+007
20.7

Gross head
Generator efficiency
Transformer efficiency
Turbine efficiency
Overall efficiency
Energy outage

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

TOTAL
Seasonal energy(GWh)
Total annual energy(GWh)

90
0.95
0.99
0.9
0.85
0.95

Available Flow
Days
(m3/s)
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93
14.65
45.25
118.88
147.93
101.63
45.16
21.83
14.47

31.00
28.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00

Total Head
loss(m)
1.40
1.11
1.03
1.26
2.36
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
4.86
2.31

Gross head
Generator efficiency
Transformer efficiency
Turbine efficiency
Overall efficiency
Energy outage

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

TOTAL
Seasonal energy(GWh)
Total annual energy(GWh)

90
0.95
0.99
0.9
0.85
0.95

Available Flow
Days
(m3/s)
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93
14.65
45.25
118.88
147.93
101.63
45.16
21.83
14.47

31.00
28.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00

Total Head
loss(m)
1.40
1.11
1.03
1.26
2.36
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
4.86
2.31

Gross head
Generator efficiency
Transformer efficiency
Turbine efficiency
Overall efficiency
Energy outage

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

TOTAL
Seasonal energy(GWh)
Total annual energy(GWh)

90
0.95
0.99
0.9
0.85
0.95

Available Flow
Days
(m3/s)
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93
14.65
45.25
118.88
147.93
101.63
45.16
21.83
14.47

31.00
28.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
31.00
30.00
31.00
30.00
31.00

Total Head
loss(m)
1.40
1.11
1.03
1.26
2.36
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
8.90
4.86
2.31

FOR 2 units

Q at
Dry
Wet
Q at
T1(cumec % rated
Turbine Capacity( energy(K energy(K T2(cumec % rated
)
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
efficiency
KW)
flow
0
0
0
0
0
10.66
71.1
0
0
0
0
0
9.12
60.8
0
0
0
0
0
8.66
57.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.93
66.2
0
0
0
0
0
14.65
97.7
15
100
90 10101.8
6909629
15
100
15
100
90 10101.8
7139950
15
100
15
100
90 10101.8
7139950
15
100
15
100
90 10101.8
6909629
15
100
15
100
90 10101.8
7139950
15
100
6.83
45.5
60 3219.137
2201890
15
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.47
96.5

0
0

4E+007
37.44
110.75

For 3 units

Q at
Dry
Wet
Q at
T1(cumec % rated
Turbine Capacity( energy(K energy(K T2(cumec % rated
)
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
efficiency
KW)
flow
0
0
0
0
0
0.66
6.6
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.65
46.5
10
100
90 6734.532
4606420
10
100
10
100
90 6734.532
4759967
10
100
10
100
90 6734.532
4759967
10
100
10
100
90 6734.532
4606420
10
100
10
100
90 6734.532
4759967
10
100
1.83
18.3
2 28.75072
19665.49
10
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.47
44.7

0
0

2E+007
23.51
112.46

Total dry season energy

Total wet season energy

For 4 units

Q at
Dry
Wet
Q at
T1(cumec % rated
Turbine Capacity( energy(K energy(K T2(cumec % rated
)
flow
efficiency
KW)
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00
0
7.5
100
90 5050.899
3454815
7.5
100
7.5
100
90 5050.899
3569975
7.5
100
7.5
100
90 5050.899
3569975
7.5
100
7.5
100
90 5050.899
3454815
7.5
100
7.5
100
90 5050.899
3569975
7.5
100
0
0
2
0
0
6.83 91.06667
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

2E+007
17.62
112.65

Turbine
efficiency
78
71
68
76
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

Dry
Wet
Capacity( energy(K energy(K
Wh)
Wh)
KW)
6796.028 4803433
5307.723 3388450
4834.473 3417005
6180.472 2113721 2113721
10663.21
7536758
10101.8
6909629
10101.8
7139950
10101.8
7139950
10101.8
6909629
10101.8
7139950
10604.77
7253664
10535.79 3723350 3723350

2E+007
17.45

6E+007
55.87

Turbine
efficiency
0.5
0
0
0
61
90
90
90
90
90
90
59

Capacity(
KW)
2.697559
0
0
0
2293.45
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
7069.848
2133.614

Dry
Wet
Q at
energy(K energy(K T3(cumec % rated
Turbine
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
efficiency
1906.635
10.00
100
90
0
9.12
91.2
90
0
8.66
86.6
87
0
0
9.93
99.3
90
1621011
10.00
100
90
4606420
10.00
100
90
4759967
10.00
100
90
4759967
10.00
100
90
4606420
10.00
100
90
4759967
10.00
100
90
4835776
10.00
100
90
754019.1 754019.1
10.00
100
90

755926
0.76

19.70 GWh
92.76 GWh

3E+007
30.70

Capacity(
KW)
7356.979
6731.595
6184.341
7317.234
7276.944
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
6734.532
7069.848
7281.13

Turbine
efficiency
0
0
0
0
0
90
90
90
90
90
90
0

Dry
Wet
Q at
Capacity( energy(K energy(K T3(cumec % rated
Turbine
KW)
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
efficiency
0
0
3.16 42.13333
57
0
0
1.62
21.6
2.5
0
0
1.16 15.46667
1.5
0
0
0
2.43
32.4
32
0
0
7.15 95.33333
90
5050.899
3454815
7.50
100
90
5050.899
3569975
7.50
100
90
5050.899
3569975
7.50
100
90
5050.899
3454815
7.50
100
90
5050.899
3569975
7.50
100
90
4828.706
3302835
7.50
100
90
0
0
0
6.97 92.93333
90

0
0.00

2E+007
20.92

Capacity(
KW)
1472.377
33.21511
14.28254
636.6657
5203.015
5050.899
5050.899
5050.899
5050.899
5050.899
5302.386
5074.947

Dry
Wet
energy(K energy(K
Wh)
Wh)
5199912
4297451
4371093
2502494 2502494
5143344
4606420
4759967
4759967
4606420
4759967
4835776
2573151 2573151

2E+007
18.94

4E+007
38.55

Dry
Wet
Q at
energy(K energy(K T4(cumec % rated
Turbine
Wh)
Wh)
)
flow
efficiency
1040676
7.50
100
90
21204.53
7.50
100
90
10094.9
7.50
100
90
217739.7 217739.7
7.50
100
90
3677491
7.50
100
90
3454815
7.50
100
90
3569975
7.50
100
90
3569975
7.50
100
90
3454815
7.50
100
90
3569975
7.50
100
90
3626832
7.50
100
90
1793486 1793486
7.50
100
90

3083201
3.08

3E+007
26.94

Dry
Wet
Capacity( energy(K energy(K
KW)
Wh)
Wh)
5517.734 3899934
5535.852 3534088
5540.642 3916126
5526.612 1890101 1890101
5457.708
3857508
5050.899
3454815
5050.899
3569975
5050.899
3569975
5050.899
3454815
5050.899
3569975
5302.386
3626832
5460.847 1929863 1929863

2E+007
15.17

3E+007
28.92

Turbine design
Design discharge
Unit of turbine
Gross head
Net head
Discharge in each turbine
Overall efficiency

30 cumecs
3
90 m
81.1 m
10 cumecs
0.85

Power(P)
Power in hp
Specific speed(Ns)

6762.524 KW
9065.045 hp
266.5022 rpm

Synchronous speed(N)
No of pole

681.2271 rpm
8.807636

ADOPT No of pole
Corrected(N)
Corrected specific speed(Ns)

Turbine sizing and dimension

Peripheral velocity coefficient(ku)
Runner diameter
D3
Other controlling dimension
D2
D1
H1
H2
Permissible suction head
thomma coefficient
B-hv
Permissible suction head
Elevation of CL of runner

10
600 rpm

USBR formulae

frequency=50 hertz

Synchronous speed

234.73 rpm

0.897
1.14 m
1.084 m
0.460 m
0.174 m
0.398 m

0.136
9.250
-1.752 m
783.248 m

From E. mosonyi High head powerplant

intake level=

875 amsl

tailrace water level=

length of tunnel=
efficiency of turbine=
efficiency of generator=
efficiency of transformer=

785 amsl
500 m
90 %
95 %
99 %

RCC invert thickness(M25)=

Levelling PCC thickness(M20)=
Plain shotcrete thickness=
Fibre shotcrete thickness=
Manning coefficient (n)=
Items

monthly flow

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
5 cm
0.03
Rate
Unit

Tunnel excavation cost=

4607 NRs/m3

Rock bolt +shotcrete=

4562 NRs/m2

Invert RCC=

2804 NRs/m2

levelling PCC=
Wet season energy rate=
Dry season energy rate=
Life period of project=
Interest rate=
Design discharge (Q40)=

1340 NRs/m2
4.8 NRs/KWhr
8.4 NRs/KWhr
50 years
10 %
30 m3/s
90 m

Gross head=
Total head loss (during design
discharge)=

8.9 m

Calculation of power and energy

overall Efficiency=
85 %
Net head=
81.1 m
Wet outage=
5%
Dry outage=
5%
Design flow=
10 % D/S release=

30 m3/s
0.962368 m3/s

Month
May
June
July
August

river
flow
available flow design flow
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
15.61579
14.65
14.65
46.21184
45.25
30.00
119.8421
118.88
30.00
148.8947
147.93
30.00

September
October
November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

102.5921
46.12105
22.78816
15.43421
11.62105
10.07763
9.623684
10.89474

101.63
30.00
45.16
30.00
21.83
21.83
14.47
14.47
10.66
10.66
9.12
9.12
8.66
8.66
9.93
9.93
Total dry season and wet season energy
Total energy

Calculation of cost of tunnel for D shaped tunnel

Tunnel D-shaped

weighted
perimete Inside
Hydraulic
2
r(m)
area (m ) radius (m)
2
7.14
3.6
2.1
7.50
3.9
2.2
7.86
4.3
2.3
8.21
4.7
2.4
8.57
5.1
2.5
8.93
5.6
2.6
9.28
6.0
2.7
9.64
6.5
2.8
10.00
7.0
2.9
10.36
7.5
3
10.71
8.0
3.1
11.07
8.6
3.2
11.43
9.1
3.3
11.78
9.7
3.4
12.14
10.3
3.5
12.50
10.9
3.6
12.85
11.6
3.7
13.21
12.2
3.8
13.57
12.9
3.9
13.93
13.6
4
14.28
14.3
4.1
14.64
15.0
4.2
15.00
15.7
4.3
15.35
16.5
4.4
15.71
17.3
4.5
16.07
18.1

Total tunnel
area(m2)
0.50
3.83
0.53
4.21
0.55
4.61
0.58
5.02
0.60
5.45
0.63
5.90
0.65
6.37
0.68
6.86
0.70
7.36
0.73
7.88
0.75
8.42
0.78
8.98
0.80
9.56
0.83
10.15
0.85
10.76
0.88
11.39
0.90
12.04
0.93
12.70
0.95
13.38
0.98
14.08
1.00
14.80
1.03
15.54
1.05
16.29
1.08
17.06
1.10
17.85
1.13
18.66

Calculation of energy lost cost

design
discharg tunnel
crosswetted
eQ
diameter sectional area perimeter P
(m3/s)
D (m)
A (m2)
(m)
30
2
3.6
7.14
30
2.1
3.9
7.50
30
2.2
4.3
7.86
30
2.3
4.7
8.21
30
2.4
5.1
8.57
30
2.5
5.6
8.93
30
2.6
6.0
9.28
30
2.7
6.5
9.64
30
2.8
7.0
10.00
30
2.9
7.5
10.36
30
3
8.0
10.71
30
3.1
8.6
11.07
30
3.2
9.1
11.43
30
3.3
9.7
11.78
30
3.4
10.3
12.14
30
3.5
10.9
12.50
30
3.6
11.6
12.85
30
3.7
12.2
13.21
30
3.8
12.9
13.57
30
3.9
13.6
13.93
30
4
14.3
14.28
30
4.1
15.0
14.64
30
4.2
15.7
15.00
30
4.3
16.5
15.35
30
4.4
17.3
15.71
30
4.5
18.1
16.07
tunnel
diameter
D (m)

2
Energy

Month
May
June
July
August

design
flow
(m3/s)
14.65
30.00
30.00
30.00

2617844.87
21739529.74
22464180.73
22464180.73

2.1
Energy

1953476.15
16222371.81
16763117.53
16763117.53

30.00
30.00
21.83
14.47
10.66
9.12
8.66
9.93

Wet season energy loss

Dry season energy loss
Total energy loss
Total energy loss cost (Million NRs.)
Energy loss cost at starting
(Million NRs.)

Tunnel D-shaped

21739529.74
22464180.73
8371364.78
2521728.15
1007482.72
569155.31
540602.99
788941.57

16222371.81
16763117.53
6246841.29
1881752.37
751799.12
424712.46
403406.27
588720.35

124382539.47
2906182.59
127288722.06
621.45

92816166.03
2168638.19
94984804.22
463.73

62.68

46.77

Total
Energy
annual
lost cost
cost(milli (million Total cost
on NRs.) NRs)
(million NRs.)
2
0.88
106.29
107.17
2.1
0.97
81.94
82.91
2.2
1.06
63.93
64.99
2.3
1.16
50.44
51.60
2.4
1.26
40.20
41.45
2.5
1.36
32.33
33.69
2.6
1.47
26.23
27.70
2.7
1.58
21.45
23.03
2.8
1.70
17.67
19.36
2.9
1.82
14.65
16.47
3
1.94
12.23
14.17
3.1
2.07
10.27
12.33
3.2
2.20
8.67
10.87
3.3
2.34
7.35
9.69
3.4
2.48
6.27
8.75
3.5
2.62
5.37
8.00
3.6
2.77
4.62
7.40
3.7
2.93
4.00
6.92
3.8
3.08
3.47
6.55
3.9
3.24
3.02
6.26
4
3.41
2.64
6.05
4.1
3.58
2.31
5.89
4.2
3.75
2.03
5.78

800

700

Cost in Million NRs.

September
October
November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

600

500

400

300

200

300

4.3
4.4
4.5
Minimum total cost (million NRs.)=
Optimum diameter of tunnel =

3.93
4.11
4.30
5.70
4.40 m

1.79
1.59
1.41

5.72
5.70
5.70

200

100

0
1.5

monthly flow in the river

MONTH
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

flow duration curve

DISCHARGE(m3/s)
S.No.
15.62
46.21
119.84
148.89
102.59
46.12
22.79
15.43
11.62
10.08
9.62
10.89

discharge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

exceedence
period
148.89
8.33
119.84
16.67
102.59
25.00
46.21
33.33
46.12
41.67
22.79
50.00
15.62
58.33
15.43
66.67
11.62
75.00
10.89
83.33
10.08
91.67
9.62

Wet season
operating days power (MW) Dry season (GWh) (GWh)
31
9.91
7.37
30
20.29
14.61
31
20.29
15.09
31
20.29
15.09

100.00

30
31
30
31
31
28
31
30

wet season energy

nergy

20.29
20.29
14.76
9.79
7.21
6.16
5.86
6.72

14.61
15.09
10.63
7.28
5.36
4.14
4.36
4.84
18.70
118.48

cost of
bolting &
Cost of
Excavation cost shotcrete(mill Cost of
PCC(million
(million NRs.)
ion NRs.)
RCC(million NRs.) NRs.)
8.83
0.00
0.00
9.70
0.00
0.00
10.61
0.00
0.00
11.57
0.00
0.00
12.56
0.00
0.00
13.60
0.00
0.00
14.68
0.00
0.00
15.80
0.00
0.00
16.96
0.00
0.00
18.16
0.00
0.00
19.40
0.00
0.00
20.69
0.00
0.00
22.01
0.00
0.00
23.38
0.00
0.00
24.79
0.00
0.00
26.24
0.00
0.00
27.73
0.00
0.00
29.26
0.00
0.00
30.83
0.00
0.00
32.44
0.00
0.00
34.09
0.00
0.00
35.79
0.00
0.00
37.53
0.00
0.00
39.30
0.00
0.00
41.12
0.00
0.00
42.98
0.00
0.00

99.78

Total annual
cost(million
NRs.)
0.00
0.88
0.00
0.97
0.00
1.06
0.00
1.16
0.00
1.26
0.00
1.36
0.00
1.47
0.00
1.58
0.00
1.70
0.00
1.82
0.00
1.94
0.00
2.07
0.00
2.20
0.00
2.34
0.00
2.48
0.00
2.62
0.00
2.77
0.00
2.93
0.00
3.08
0.00
3.24
0.00
3.41
0.00
3.58
0.00
3.75
0.00
3.93
0.00
4.11
0.00
4.30

Hydraulic
Flow velocity
radius ,R (m)
(m/s)
constant
0.50
8.40
0.53
7.62
0.55
6.94
0.58
6.35
0.60
5.83
0.63
5.38
0.65
4.97
0.68
4.61
0.70
4.29
0.73
4.00
0.75
3.73
0.78
3.50
0.80
3.28
0.83
3.09
0.85
2.91
0.88
2.74
0.90
2.59
0.93
2.45
0.95
2.33
0.98
2.21
1.00
2.10
1.03
2.00
1.05
1.91
1.08
1.82
1.10
1.74
1.13
1.66

2.2
Energy

1477705.18
12271397.79
12680444.38
12680444.38

2.3
Energy

1131766.58
9398598.63
9711885.25
9711885.25

maximum
capacity loss in Mannings
KW (Pmax)
headloss(m)
1.18
31782.94
80.04
0.88
23716.92
61.70
0.66
17940.64
48.14
0.51
13740.64
37.98
0.39
10644.04
30.27
0.31
8331.71
24.35
0.24
6584.67
19.75
0.19
5250.39
16.15
0.16
4221.10
13.30
0.13
3419.68
11.03
0.10
2790.27
9.21
0.08
2291.94
7.73
0.07
1894.41
6.53
0.06
1575.04
5.54
0.05
1316.74
4.72
0.04
1106.54
4.05
0.03
934.46
3.48
0.03
792.80
3.01
0.03
675.57
2.61
0.02
578.08
2.27
0.02
496.61
1.99
0.02
428.22
1.74
0.01
370.58
1.53
0.01
321.78
1.35
0.01
280.32
1.19
0.01
244.96
1.06

2.4
Energy

2.5
Energy

876710.95
7280524.52
7523208.67
7523208.67

686252.32
5698887.28
5888850.19
5888850.19

2.6
Energy

542355.18
4503913.40
4654043.85
4654043.85

12271397.79
12680444.38
4725417.18
1423449.80
568697.73
321273.33
305156.29
445336.95

9398598.63
9711885.25
3619172.01
1090212.67
435562.58
246061.55
233717.59
341081.21

7280524.52
7523208.67
2803553.13
844521.66
337403.92
190608.96
181046.85
264214.94

5698887.28
5888850.19
2194503.05
661055.90
264105.55
149200.65
141715.83
206816.30

4503913.40
4654043.85
1734347.64
522442.08
208726.45
117915.44
112000.08
163449.93

70210700.88
1640464.31
71851165.19
350.79

53774004.26
1256422.93
55030427.20
268.67

41655460.80
973274.67
42628735.47
208.12

32606136.43
761838.33
33367974.76
162.91

25769103.25
602091.90
26371195.14
128.75

35.38

27.10

20.99

16.43

12.99

800

Cost in Million NRs.

700

600

500

400

300

200

Diameter of tunnel(m)

300

Diameter of tunnel(m)

200

100

0
1.5

2.5

flo

160

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Exceedence %
0

Month
May
June
July
August

10

20

Energy
generation
7.37
14.61
15.09
15.09

thly energy (GWh)

Discharge (m3/s)

140

30

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

40

Mpnthly energy (GWh)

September
October
November
December
Janauary
February
March
April

14.61
15.09
10.63
7.28
5.36
4.14
4.36
4.84

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
May

June

Ju

Maximum
Energy
power
loss(KWh) in a
Annual loss
loss(KW)
year
Revenue loss of revenue
20021.9964426 175392688.83749
1052356133 106.28796944
15434.6855068 135207845.03999 811247070.24 81.935954094
12043.3246125 105499523.60531 632997141.632 63.932711305
9501.3554305 83231873.571165 499391241.427 50.438515384
7571.94413204 66330230.596708 397981383.58 40.196119742
6090.51443952 53352906.490211 320117438.941 32.331861333
4940.9390991 43282626.508084 259695759.049 26.229271664
4040.11705241 35391425.379132 212348552.275 21.44720378
3327.80489524 29151570.882282 174909425.294 17.665851955
2759.80269637 24175871.620201 145055229.721 14.650578202
2303.3185129 20177070.172972 121062421.038 12.227304525
1933.77076237 16939831.878383 101638991.27 10.265538118
1632.55368811 14301170.307878 85807021.8473 8.6665092066
1385.45687071 12136602.187402 72819613.1244 7.3547809256
1181.53465943 10350243.616646 62101461.6999 6.2722476317
1012.28885064 8867650.3315725 53205901.9894 5.3737961009
871.07193071 7630590.113019 45783540.6781 4.6241376085
752.647277559 6593190.1514138 39559140.9085 3.9954732318
652.862175897 5719072.6608534 34314435.9651 3.4657580325
568.402683052 4979207.5035311 29875245.0212 3.0173997471
496.608409618 4350289.6682526 26101738.0095 2.636275539
435.331527721 3813504.1828359 22881025.097 2.3109835348
382.828687662 3353579.3039193 20121475.8235 2.0322690582
337.677606112 2958055.8295423 17748334.9773 1.7925818327
298.712283735 2616719.6055189 15700317.6331 1.5857320809
264.972386098 2321158.1022185 13926948.6133 1.4066218099

2.7
Energy

432455.37
3591265.67
3710974.53
3710974.53

2.8
Energy

347676.78
2887233.65
2983474.78
2983474.78

2.9
Energy

281666.95
2339064.15
2417032.95
2417032.95

3
Energy

229824.52
1908545.82
1972164.01
1972164.01

3.1
Energy

188779.02
1567689.16
1619945.47
1619945.47

3591265.67
3710974.53
1382909.17
416577.35
166431.30
94021.72
89305.01
130329.35

2887233.65
2983474.78
1111803.54
334911.49
133804.09
75589.69
71797.65
104779.57

2339064.15
2417032.95
900716.78
271325.28
108400.08
61238.25
58166.16
84886.15

1908545.82
1972164.01
734934.63
221386.28
88448.41
49967.00
47460.34
69262.36

1567689.16
1619945.47
603679.01
181847.81
72651.97
41043.14
38984.17
56892.45

20547396.83
480087.38
21027484.20
102.66

16519283.46
385971.01
16905254.46
82.53

13382936.15
312690.64
13695626.79
66.86

10919729.12
255138.11
11174867.23
54.56

8969520.57
209571.73
9179092.31
44.81

10.35

8.32

6.74

5.50

4.52

Total annual cost(million NRs.)

Energy lost cost (million NRs)
Total cost (million NRs.)

3.5

4.5

8
6
4
2
0
8
6
4
2

flow duration curve

40

50

60

70

Energy generation

80

90

6
4
2
0
8
6
4
2
0
May

June

July

August

September October

November December Janauary

February

March

3.20
Energy

156035.71
1295776.95
1338969.51
1338969.51

3.3
Energy

129729.95
1077324.36
1113235.17
1113235.17

3.4
Energy

108455.20
900651.17
930672.87
930672.87

3.5
Energy

91141.38308
756870.979
782100.0117
782100.0117

3.6
Energy

76967.76511
639168.1338
660473.7382
660473.7382

1295776.95
1338969.51
498972.22
150306.71
60050.65
33924.30
32222.45
47024.58

1077324.36
1113235.17
414851.44
124966.79
49926.82
28205.07
26790.13
39096.80

7413777.08
173221.98
7586999.06
37.04

6163902.41
144018.81
6307921.22
30.80

3.74

3.11

al cost(million NRs.)

t cost (million NRs)

million NRs.)

900651.17
930672.87
346818.89
104473.16
41739.20
23579.65
22396.75
32685.21

756870.979
782100.0117
291452.6272
87795.03873
35075.93966
19815.3843
18821.32299
27467.33665

639168.1338
660473.7382
246128.1209
74141.8189
29621.19504
16733.84573
15894.37332
23195.82438

5153068.21 4330431.04
120400.80
101179.98
5273469.01 4431611.03
25.75
21.64

3656995.19
85445.24
3742440.43
18.27

2.60

2.18

1.84

flow duration curve

80

90

100

tion

Energy generation

mber

Energy generation

Janauary

February

March

April

3.7
Energy

65300.053402
542275.23965
560351.08097
560351.08097

3.8
Energy

55644.5073
462092.096
477495.165
477495.165

3.9
Energy

47614.1722
395405.292
408585.468
408585.468

4
Energy

40903.82606
339680.1522
351002.8239
351002.8239

542275.23965
560351.08097
208817.02118
62902.498559
25130.853359
14197.125493
13484.910532
19679.518674

395405.292
408585.468
152260.972
45865.9717
18324.4074
10351.9728
9832.65433
14349.5134

339680.1522
351002.8239
130802.5747
39402.00238
15741.91752
8893.051711
8446.921649
12327.2121

3102623.30 2643856.10 2262308.10

72492.41
61773.37
52858.55
3175115.70 2705629.47 2315166.65
15.50
13.21
11.30

1943477.18
45409.10
1988886.28
9.71

1.56

462092.096
477495.165
177940.44
53601.4652
21414.8975
12097.8776
11490.9738
16769.6206

1.33

1.14

0.98