Wireless Communication System

Modul 3
Small Scale Fading

Faculty of Electrical Communication

IT Telkom
October 2012
Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

a.
b.
c.

Subject

Introduction Fading Channel Manifestations

Small Scale Fading
Klasifikasi Small Scale Fading

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Multipath Components
Radio Signals Arriving from different directions to receiver

Component 1
Component 2

Component N

Receiver may be stationary or mobile.

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Multipath Components

At a receiver point

Radio waves generated from the same transmitted signal

may come

from different directions

with different propagation delays
with (possibly) different amplitudes (random)
with (possibly) different phases (random)
with different angles of arrival (random).

These multipath components combine vectorially at the

receiver antenna and cause the total signal
to fade
to distort

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Multipath Propagation

In general, the received signal at the receiver point is the sum of the direct
signal and the number of signals reflected from various objects. In mobile
communication, reflection will be caused by:
Surface terrain
Buildings
Moving objects as an example vehicle
Wave reflection magnitude and phase will change, depending on the
reflection coefficient, the wave trajectory, and also depending on the angle of
arrival of the wave. Thus, the direct signal and reflected signal will vary in
terms of:
Amplitude, depending on the magnitude of reflection coefficient
Phase, depending on the phase change of reflection and the
path distance difference between the direct wave and the
reflected wave
The worst condition occurs when the direct wave and reflection wave has
the same magnitude and different phases 180o. In such conditions, between
the direct wave and the reflected waves will occur eliminate each other
(complete cancellation)
Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Multipath Propagation
o

Phase difference of 180 occur if there are differences in the path distance
traveled by the waves as follows:

(2n 1)
d

2
The best condition is achieved if the direct wave and reflection wave has the
same phase or a multiple of 360o (In Phase Combination). Difference distance
direct wave and reflection on this condition can be expressed as follows:

d n

where:
n
= 1,2, 3, etct

= wave length

The variation of wave amplitude and phase depending on the

variety of conditions and due to various factors, which cause
Fading occurs, we will discuss in this module.
Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Small Scale Fading

Amplitudo sinyal terima
tergantung dari lokasi dan
frekuensi

Amplitudo

Jika antena bergerak,

maka lokasi x akan
berubah linear terhadap
waktu t (x = v t)

Frekuensi

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Waktu

Parameters:
probability of fades
duration of fades
bandwidth of fades

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

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Karakterisasi Kanal Multipath

Delay Spread Model dan Time Varying Model

Fokus pada multipath fading, disebabkan 2 hal:
Time spreading sinyal Akibat sinyal datang
dengan delay yang berbeda-beda, dianalisis dengan
Delay Spread Model
Time varying of channel akibat pergerakan,
dianalisis dengan Time Varying Model
Evaluasi/analisis biasa dilakukan dalam
Domain waktu, dan
Domain frekuensi

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Small Scale Fading

Delay Spread Model

To know the characteristics of channel delay, usually conducted Channel
sounding (with impulse response)
Multipath channel

Maximum excess delay digitize into N groups of paths, each path separated
by an interval of .
The model used to analyze signals with BW < 1/(2).
The total power received is the sum of all multipath components, if the
components can be resolved / processed.
If the signal BW <<BW multipath channel can be overcome
If the signal BW>> BW al multipath channel can not be overcome
SIRCIM (Simulation of Indoor Radio Channel IMpulse response)
SMRCIM (Simulation of Mobile Radio Channel IMpulse response.)
Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Small Scale Fading - Multipath Channel Impulse Response Model

12

Received signal, is a function of distance (d) and time (t)

x(t)

y(d,t)

h(d,t)

y (d , t ) x ( t ) h (d , t )

x ()h (d, t )d

Since d = v.t , causal system h(d,t) = 0 for t < 0

y( v.t , t )

x ()h (v.t, t )d

Assumption of constant v, then d is only a function of velocity (v) and

time (t)

y( t ) x ( t ) h ( v.t , t )

x ()h (v.t, t )d

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

Multipath Signal Analysis, Assumptions: Vehicles without moving

Received signal can be expressed as follows :

e r t

N
k 1

a k cos2f 0 t k

Where,
f0 = carrier frequency
N = number of track multipath
ak , k = amplitude and phase of the kth
multipath component-k

e r t

N
k 1

a k cos2f 0 t k
Recall :

cos2f 0 t k cos2f 0 t cos k sin 2f 0 t sin k

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Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

e r t cos2f 0 t

a
k 1 k

cos k sin 2f 0 t

a sin
k 1 k
Y

k
r

e r t X cos2f 0 t Y sin 2f 0 t

Asuming :
N Large N (many paths) theoretically infinite, practically > 6
k uniformly distributed in (0 to 2)
ak respectively can be compared (no one is quite dominant)
X and Y are mutually independent identical distributed Gaussian
Identically Independently Distributed (IID)

Then :

Sinyal Envelope r X 2 Y 2
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Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

RAYLEIGH distibuted!!
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Basic Theory _Small Scale Fading

multipath signal analysis

Mobile Radio
Propagation

The received signal is a sum of real

signals that have experience
attenuation, reflection, refraction
and diffraction according to its path.
Mobile station movement
Rayleigh Distribution

r
r2
2 exp
2
p r
2
0

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0 r
r 0

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

Rayleigh distribution has the probability density function (pdf), as follows :

r
r2
2 exp 2
pr
2

0 r

Probability
Density
p(r)

r 0
Threshold

Where,
Amplitude (r)
= rms value of the received signal before envelope detection
2 states the average power of the envelope detection
Then, the probability that the signal envelope does not exceed a specified value
R, can be derived as follows :
R

R2
P(R ) Pr r R pr dr 1 exp 2
2
0

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This is the CDF

(Cumulative Distribution
Function) !
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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

rmean (mean value) of the Rayleigh distribution is expressed by

rmean

Er r pr dr
1.2533
2
0

While the variance of Rayleigh distribution, r2 , said ac power signal envelope

E r E r r pr dr
2
r

2 0.4292 2
2

The median value can be resolved,

rmedian

pr dr r

median

1.177

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

How is DISTRIBUTION RICIAN ?

line of sight

reflections

TX

Rician distribution occurs when there

is a dominant signal component In
the above model, the dominant signal
component is the LOS signal
component (line of sight)

Signal equation model :

e r t C cos 2f 0 t
Where

a
k 1

RX

cos2f 0 t k

C = amplitude of the LOS signal components

ak , k = amplitude and phase of the k_th multipath signal

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

RICIAN distribution is given by the following equation :

r
r 2 C2
2 exp
2
pr
2

. I Cr

A 0, r
r 0

I0() is the modified Bessel function of first-order n

Rician distribution is often described as K factor, where:

C
K 2
2

or , in dB

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C2
K dB 10 log 2
2

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Small Scale Fading multipath signal analysis

K Values

K = 4 ... 1000 (6 to 30 dB) For microcellular system

Infinite K (K), means :
dominant component is very
strong compared to other components
Rician PDF has a Gaussian
shape PDF approach with a small
Severe Fading (K = 0): Fading occurs
with severe and very dominant
Thats Rayleigh Fading

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FLAT FADING

Klasifikasi
Small Scale
Fading

Berdasarkan
atas multipath
Time Delay
Spread

FREQUENCY
SELECTIVE FADING
BW sinyal > BW koheren
Delay spread > periode simbol

SMALL SCALE
FADING

Berdasarkan
atas Doppler
Spread

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

BW sinyal < BW koheren

Delay spread < periode
simbol

FAST FADING
Doppler spread >>
Coherence time < periode
simbol
Variasi kanal lebih cepat dari
variasi sinyal baseband
SLOW FADING
Doppler spread <<
Coherence time > periode
simbol
Variasi kanal lebih lambat dari
variasi sinyal baseband

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Fading Simulator : Jakes Method

%-----------------% fading parameters

%-----------------c_light = 3E8;
% speed of light (m/s)
v = 10;
% vehicle's speed (kph)
B = 40;
% number of bit per slot
R = 60; % bit rate (kbps)
T = 1/(R*1E3);
% symbol duration (s)
f = 1.8;
% carrier frequency (GHz)
fd = (v*1E3/3600)*f*1E9/c_light; % Doppler freq (Hz)
%----------------------% variable in simulation
%----------------------Tp = 1000;
% number of data slot
len = B*Tp;
% number of symbol (B
symbols/slot)
% function y = fading(len, fd, T)
%-------------------------% parameter in Jakes Method
%---------------------------

Modul 3
4 Small Scale Fading

N = 34;
N0 = (N/2 - 1)/2;
alpha = pi/4;
xc = zeros(len,1);
xs = zeros(len,1);
sc = sqrt(2)*cos(alpha);
ss = sqrt(2)*sin(alpha);
ts = 0:len-1;
ts = ts'.*T + round(rand(1,1)*10000)*T;
wd = 2*pi*fd;
xc = sc.*cos(wd.*ts);
xs = ss.*cos(wd.*ts);
for lx =1:N0
wn = wd*cos(2*pi*lx/N);
xc = xc + (2*cos(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
xs = xs + (2*sin(pi*lx/N0)).*cos(wn.*ts);
end;
y = (xc + i.*xs)./sqrt(N0+1);
%plot fading signal
figure(1);
plot(ts*T,abs(y));
title('Fading Signals')
xlabel('time (sec)')
ylabel('amplitude')

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Simulation Result (1)

Signal Analysis on Rayleigh Channel

mobile station speed25km/hour, fd=20,27Hz

Mobile station speed 5km/hour,fd=4,023Hz

Mobile station speed 100km/hour, fd=80,52Hz

Modul 3 Small Scale Fading

Amplitude fluctuation (Fading) will increase as

the mobile station (MS) speed increase, it can
be seen as follow:
MS speed 5km/hour, fd=4,023Hz.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 11db, amplitude fluctuation is not
occurs many times.
MS speed 25km/hour, fd=20,27Hz.
Received signal will achieve maximal
attenuation 13dB, amplitude fluctuation is more
often than MS 25km/hour.
MS speed 100km/hour, fd=80,52Hz.
Maximal attenuation 17dB, amplitude
fluctuation is the most often in this three
experiment.