Checking for Rhetorical Strategies ‘Atgumentation/Persuasion: The argument isthe thesis statement, the point or purpose of ‘tho speech or paper. Persuasion utilizes al the literary and chetorical strategies in the author's arsenal to convince her audience that the author is either correct in her views or fat least offers same interesting or believable points in her paper or speech. Therefore the speech or paper is one of argumentation/persuasion. According to Aristotle, persuasion is the act of winning acceptance of a claim achieved through the combined effects of the audience's confidence in the speaker's character (thos), appeals to reason (logos), and the audience's emotional needs and values (pathos) ‘The footnote after a rhetorical strategy indicates verbatim wording from that source. 1. Abstract’ °°" — Abstract is designating quali or characteristics apart from speci objects or ‘events cs de opposite of concrete 2. Allegory’ 7 — An allegory ea narrative, ether in verte or pose, in which charactor. ation, ind sometimes setting represent abstract concpes apart from the itera meaning of story. The Cinderiyng meaning usualy has amoral, soca, religious. o pela ignineance. and the characters tre oftenpersonaications of abst tens such os chary, hope, ged, and soon. Tho Sart Letor ‘an oxompl, ass Animal arm 3. Alteration? — Aliseraton isthe repetiion of ial identical consonant sounds or any vows Sounds in successive or sloselyasociated elas, expecially stems syabls. A good example of ‘onsoaantal alterations Coleridge's ines: ‘Vowel alterations shown inthe sanence: “Apt alterations artful ai is ote an occasional ‘omament in prose” Alteration of sounds within words appears in Tennyson's nes 4. Allusion‘ °”™" — An allusion sa brit reference toa person, event, or place, rea or fttous, orto ‘work of ar 5, Analagy’®®”) — An analogy fea proces of remnig that assumes if wo subjects share a number ot opeiie observable qualities then they may be expected to share qualities that have not been served the proces f drawing «comparison betwen two things based ona partial similarity of like 6. Anaphora?®*"" — An anaphora ae ofthe devices of repetition in whlch the same expression {orrd er words is repented a te Beginning of woof more ines, clauses. or sentences Ii one of {he mont obvios ofthe devices used inthe poory of Wat Whitman, as these oponing line rom ane of his poems show10. n. 1. 13, 14 15 “Anastrophe’ — An anastrophe isthe inversion of the ul, normal logical order of the parts of {2 seatence. Anasropbo fe deliberate rather than occidental an is used to secure HITT oF gain “mphasis or RMON. Anyting in lnguage capable of assuming a usual ordr can be inverted. / Inotend of seying "Twalted hoe,” an inversion of ti zantance would be, "Home I waleod™ of Home walked “Antecedent’*"? — Tho word to which pronoun refers (hoes place i take) ithe antocedent of the pronoun. For example Mrs. Rice my English zacher this Year hope that she wont give the ‘dav too much work, She refers ta the antecedent Ms, is. ‘Anticipating Audience Response’ ®"!— ansicigating audience responses a hetrical technique often used o convince an audience i tha of antlpting and stating the arguments that tne's opponent i ely vo give and can answering these arguments even Before che opponent has had a chance to voie thom Antithesis!""")— a gure of speech charactertnd by strongly contrasting words causes Sentonces, er ideo os in "Man propose, God dispar” Antes is balancing af ona term aginst [other fr emphasis True anehetisl structure demands that there be not only a opposition of fn ut thatthe opposition i diferent parts be manifested through siaar grammatical stucture ‘Aphorism! — An aphorism ia concise statement ofa principle or procep given in pointed words ‘The trm was fist used by Hippocrates, whose Anhorxns were tesaly worded Mdial precepts Syrthenzed from experiance, ft wor Inter applied to statomens of genorl principle bial given in 3 ‘arecy of practises such law, plides, anda In Kings "Later frm Birmingham Jol” King “wetes, "Shallow understanding fm people of good ul more rasvating than absolute misunderstanding rom people of wl” (paragraph 23). “Apostrophs? — An apostrophe is camo 2 which someone (usualy, But no always {thsend). some abstract quality, ora nonexistent personge Is decay adarested as though present. ‘Characteristic instances of apstrap ae found in invocations: ‘and city, Tho, 0 Spit that dst prefer See tmp touelght hear aed pur, (r an adress to Goda in Emily Dickinson's aps Atel ag Moe Attitude — The authors attitude, closely linked with the toe of pice, can aso be the underying feeling behind «tone, For example: A tone might be one of anger, but tho attitude behind the tone ‘would be one of concern or far abot shunt, The mother screamed a he smal child "Dee {ouch that het stove! CCall to Action — a cl to action is writing that urges people to atlon or promotes change, Characterization’ ®**” — characterization isthe techniques a writer uses to croste and reveal Feilonal personalities ina work of literature, by desebing the cractr’s appearance, accor. ‘houghes, and felings16, 47, 18, 19 20. a 2, 23, 24, 25. 26. ar. 28. 29. [Chiasmus! * — A chiamus type of balance in which the second partis balanced agains the firs ut with the part rversed, ain Caters’ ine, “Flowers ae lovely oe Is Hower ks Classification and Division’ ®*! — cissncation is method of sorting. grouping calleting. ‘and onalzing things by categories bared on features shared by al embers ofa class oF group, Division sa method of breaking down an entire whole into separte parts sorting a group of hems into nonoveraping categories, Cliche! — cliche ga smawornexpresion that through overuse has lost its power to evoke cenertefnages, For example, “gore ea lamb," smart asa wh,” and “pleased as punch” Coinage!" — coinage i word or phrase made, invented fabricated CColloquial Expressions!” — colloquial expressions are words or phrases characteristic or sppropriat to ondary or famine conversation eather tan formal speech Or Wing Comparison / Contrast’ ***' — compatsonlontrast isa rhetorical echniqu fr pointing out timilaiies or diferencos Wrtars may use pint-by-pant method to inerveave points of Comparison or contrast between to things ora subjoc-by-subject method to seus similar: and Compound/Complex Sentence — A compoundicmplex sontonce i a sentence that contains ser ote iepntent de an at none ster use, See or gana fx ‘numerous example, Conceit‘ %" — 4 concatie an elaborate and surprising igure of spac comparing two very isso things. usually nvavesinellectal cleverness and ingenuity Concrete’ — Concrete pertains ctl things, instances, or experiences: oppose of Defensive, Offensive — Defensiveofesive it « method of argumentation in vhich the spasker ‘oc rier dafends her omn views dofensivel andlor atacks te views of ther (efensive) Definition’ ®*" — pefintion ia method for spcityng the basic nature of any phenomenon, ide, ‘or thing, Dictonares place the subjct to be defined inthe content ofthe general asst which it Belong and gives dietingushing feature that differentiate frm ator ing nits cass. Denotation’, Connotation® — Denotatin isthe specie. exact meaning ofa word, independent of ta emotions coloration or areociation. Cannotation ithe emotional implications that wards may ‘ary, as distinguished from their denoatve meanings. Cannotations maybe (I) private and perso {he resl of inaeidsal expesonen, (2) group (national, lngust. rca) () general or universal. held bya or mort poole. Canaoetion depends en usage ina particular linguistic eommunity and climate, ‘Apuraly private and personal connoteion cannot be communicated: the connotation mus be shared to bo inlet others, iction’ ©" — piconet colon of words « work of leraure and an element of style Important othe works afetiv Doublespeak’ ®*"” — Doubiespsk ix, in genera, language use to stort and manipulate rather ‘hon to communicate.30. 31 32, 33 34. 35, 36. 37, 38, 38, 40. Downplaying/Intensifying' "*™" — Downplavinafintonsitying ore methods of drawing attention ‘nd eiverting attention. See Mkon’s “Checkers Spasoh (Section VI Page 50) Ellipsis — riipss i te omission of wort or words necessary for complete construction, but ‘understeed inthe context (Tove English as much as so) The werd dogs understoed, hence the ‘ominative she Is corte! Eligss ca include the omission ofa noun. verb, ee. Refer to your ‘grammar text! Emotional Appeal” — tmotions! sppea is exploiting readers" felings of pty o fear vo make @ ‘acs thie false draws cola on the rears pathos and not an leg. A ease may be made that ‘ppealing 1 o's audience's emotion isthe most egtimete of lgieally sound fal the fallacies Entymeme — An zuet ounce lam which ne ft popsions aly 2 premie, is understood but aot stated: a rhetorical sili which is pobeble and persuasive But may Ethical Appeal? °°" — an ec! appml isthe most subtle and ofen the mast power ‘cae tomes fom character and repation not words A wre Yur eal appeal sas fm ‘your aleyto convince your readers that you ae fall, ili pesen who knows what You {alin about aed cares tba he sues ding hs Kind of appeal eo your argument say, You Ine to know your reader nd repos them, and you have to shew tat youve done our ameterk. Echnocentricity! °! — rumnocenucty isthe ble in she inherent superiority of one's own, sroup and cslur, Euphemésm'®* — rupnemism is rom the Grek word masning to speak well of the substctins of an inlfensive, indirect, or agreeable axpossion fora word or prac poroived as cially unacceptable or unncessariy harsh, For example: “private parte” for sexual organs, “slurber fee” for rows, and "disadvantaged for poo. Exposition — Exposition i writing at seeks to clarity, explain, o inform using one oF saveral of the flloming methods process analy, definition, clasicaton and division, cmmparson atid contrast and caseand-efos anata Figurative Language! **® Figurative onguage the uso of words outside thoi taal or ‘usa! meanings ued to add freshness and suggest assolatins and comparisons that create effective imager includes slements of sph such ae hyperbole, ry, metaphor, personiaton, an simile Hyperbole! — Hyperbole x « nouns oF ssc in which conscious exaggeration fused without the {gant of lerl porsvasion Ie nay be sod to heighten effexor may bo sed to produce come flac. / I worked a thousand hours on this fvespage report, Mis. Rie Afacbeth is using hyperbole in {he feloing IMAGERY" *°°" — imager isthe use of language a convey sensory experiance, most often ‘hrough te eration of petra images through iguatve language Far example, “Shall compare ‘hee a summers day.a 42 43. 4 45. 46. 47 48, 49. Teiom® °*— 4 use of words,» grarmatic construction peculiar to a given language, ora ‘expression that cannot be transite itealy ng rac ianguage “To cary out” may e taken as ‘ap example. Literally it means of couse to carry someting ou (of a oor perhaps), bu idimatically Ieimsans to ree that somaching i done, asta cary out a camenand” Irony!" son: — trony i mode af speech in which words express a meaning opposite tothe intended JJargon'’®*® — Jargon i rom dhe teeth-contary French term jamgoun, meaning ewtering oF Iibberish usualy rotors toa rpecaied language providing a shorthand method of quick ormnication Between people inthe same fl, Often used to disguise the inner wothing of @ Patiala Wade or profession fom publi srt Juxtapose — Placing two ideas side by side or clove together. Sometimes the two eas re completely diferent Lending Credence — in arging her pain writer or speaker should alays lend her opponent soma rel for to opponant’s ideas. In this way the writar or speakorpersundes hor aude that Shes flr and bas dane her homework, thereby sienathening her own ergument. Litotes”"— iota i form of tnoensraTEUn i which a hing eared by stating the rogatve of ts opposite, To say “She was no unmndful” when one means tat "She gave careful ‘tension is to employ Hotes Logical Fallacies! °" — tog faces ace maths of pseeorensoning hat may coca serena or may bo intantonaly contrived len plausibly to an unsound argument. These ned sdiominem’ An attack against the cheracear ofthe person instead of heise, So the Coca-Cola ‘example (Socion VE. Page 5. ‘Regsing the Question» paudogument tat effars as prot he cai the argument tel exits > prove aio known os crear resoning {alse Analoay an unwarranted assumption that to Ungs sarin Some rospocs ar aso Sir in ll other ys ‘Nan Sesuitur: The introduction of relevant evidence to suppor lim. Red Hering Use of an roevant point to divert attention from the real ss. ‘Stanery Sipe: Fatue to provide evidence showing that one event wil ead 102 chain of events of ‘etastrophie nature. ‘Su Man: An easly refuted objcion ia overt tention from the rel issue Logical Reasoning! °° — topical reasoning is the ides that there oe priciples governing cere oeliabe lnferences. Examples ofthe logis! appeal include fat, reasons, and expert ‘opinion. See Secion VE Page 2) Loose Sentence! — A tooc sentence i a sentence grammaticaly completo at some point (or pts) before Independent eisusefllomed bya dependent clause, Most ofthe comp (Ghe term implies no ful in structure), the PaNGDI ETENCE being usually reserved fr emphasis50. 51 82. 53. 54. 56. 56. 87. 58, 59. Arama, and varie. The constant use ofthe Fmooic saree would impose to grata strain onthe ‘eaders tention, Looe santences with to may dependent clauses bocome "tiny Lyrical Drama®!""”!— erm used for a dramatic poem in which the form of drama is usod 0 ‘press ite themes (author's avn erations or idea of it) insta of eying on tary a he Basis ofthe sean Metaphor’ — a metaphors 2 figure of speech invalving an implied comparison, For exampi: "She isa se!” Acomparian tha is developed throughout 9 work. In ix example of arose, the extonded Intapnor mould be the ros-k characteristics hroughow the poem. A ctrolling metaphor would othe rose 0 the mun den around srhich tho tre poem revolves. Tie poem about» Tore might Fepresent the eatie female by end sue, ‘Metonymy'®®? — Motonymy ic 2 figure of specch characterized by the Substitution of term ming eect closely asocated withthe word n mind forthe word ln this wey we omen speak ofthe King athe crown,” am objet corey associated with kingship tus boing ‘made v stand fr "king ‘Mood — hood isthe cverll atmosphere ofa work. The tone may change rom paragraph 0 paragraph or page to page etc The mod of Zhe Fall af the Houre of Ushorts gloom and depresting, She tone rors hi overall armosphere wih shaings of loom and depression One pataaran mish ince ear and snotherInclode tation Ther ones maya fall under the feling or mond of fepresion. (Motif? — tn iterate, recurrent tnces, words, objet, phrater, or actions that tan o unify the work are called motions Nabotov's Lait, or example, is saturated by aigh-dark moi hat Found inthe names of moranomer sn setacontst (Humber Harbor and! Clare QUI: pater of ay tnd might, blonde and brunete, summer and winter, north and south, white and back andthe game. — Narration i the story of events andor experiences that what happened. ‘Onomatopoeia® — An onomatopoeia i the use of word that by thir sound suggest the ‘meaning. Some onomtopone words ar "is," "buzz" “whit” “szle.” However, onomatopoeia in the hands of torr becomes auch mre suila device than simply the ute af such words when, In In effosto suit sound to sense, the poot creates var thot themasves cary thee meaning in thet und. Aretale example appears Dhe Princessy Tennyson Oxymoron’! — A solcontratictory combination of words or smaller verbal units: usualy rout-noun, adjuctve-adjective, adjective-naun,adverivadverb, o adverb-verb (urbe shrimp, Panotore iterswee) Paradox’ — A prado is pase or steno hat wil seemingly entation o absurd may (stu bo wall ound ort, Farce tore device od otro san, oscar empha Parallelism’ 28° — parses see arangement of ports of «sentence, sentences, paragraphs thd nrgr units of composition that ene semen of equa Importance mith another is sme ‘developed and phrased. The principle of parallelism dats that coordinate ideas should have (oordinate presentation, Fr example “like teh nd rimming” i nt paral The sentencesould read,“ Iie oF and to swin.” Another coretconsrucsion would be, "lke fishing and Swimming” Refer a your grammar tox! (60. Periodic Sentence’ — A patos sentence is sentence not grammatically complete before its ‘end the opposite of» Loos strence The characerae of a peril sntenc state construction [suchas Constantly to throw the ind forward o thei ha il complet the meaning. The [Pov senances effective when is designed to arouse interest and curiosity, to held an Hein ‘teponse before ts fina revelation se made. Periodic i ccompshed by the Use of parle Tasos tor classes athe opening, by the we of dependent uses preceding the indopodent clause. ana by the “sect such coroner as tather nr nor any. al and bath. /Ona ofthe best examples [Sings frmeus 321 werd period sentence i paragraph fourteen of "Leta rom Smingham Jal Is 2 661, Personification — Perscificstion x aurbuting himan chaactarcic fo nantumen things Foe ‘example: "Me por desk har himself” 62, Point of View* — Poin of vow ea tm vod inthe suatyas and cen of enDx 0 describe the way in which th reader preset withthe matarale ofthe sono regarded from another ‘angle, the vaneage pin fram which the cuthr presets the ACTOS ofthe TONE 163. Polysyndeton — rolynmdeton i the repetition a conjunctions in cose succession fr Phetoricl fect "Hore and thee sn everwhere.” 64, Process Analysis’ °* — process analysis a mith of ring the nature of something by pling how i work in separa, enrytoandrstand sep, (Hisnbarg) Giving a cate directions {o baking ple oro fing an a-conditoning este mould be an example of proces eli 165, Repetition’ °*" — nepetion is etc devo retorting @ word or phrase, cr rowording the same a, to secure empha, 66, Rhetorical Question’ **%*— 9 arricslqustion i ark sity o produce an effect and not to ict a reply ch a "Wen wll gente engineering ul promise?” 67. Rhetorical Strategies — Rhetorical strategies, as far asthe rections onthe AP txts aro ‘concerned, have to fearing: I te prmpe diets the student to mention hetrcal strategies ad ‘terry devices and persuasive element in analysing spice, then the worm otra stratagi= inca the modes of discourse: comparscortran, process anal, definition, narration, eaumeeffet, trargumoniaton/persusson Ifthe prompt ake peadentst csc the metrical sustegis In 9 ple {ind dows gut menion cert then the stdontshoul include everything tht he o sho knee ‘bout analyte teary docs, pereaeveelaments.comparlcotrest, process analss definition, ‘arrton,caueleec. and argumentatonpermansion (68, Satire’) — sain ea tchnique that rides both people and societal institutions, using ion ‘wi and exaggeration, ‘70. Simple Sentence — A simple sentence i a complete sentence thats pelther compound nor complex, Beer o your grammar text!‘TL. Spin (redofining) — nomamber “Spin Cy with Michael J. Fox? In poles, harmful situations aro Someuimes played in dhe modia 2 pilandwopse endeavors Instead of labeling the war on Tra as ‘Murdering an fv Leader” of “The War on Iraq” President Bush's “spin doctors” coined the te, "Operation Iraqi Freedom” “72, Style? ©” — sive i tho authors characteristic manner of expression, Ste nchides the pes of ‘words used. har placement. and disntive features of ton, imagery, Agurativelangvage 0nd Zahm, 73, Syllogism’ — sytogism a trmla for presenting an argument logically. The sylgise affords @ ‘method of demonstrating the logic ofan argument through analysts tnt impos for, conse of Ataris Nu braces an see oe Caneanon Taree thier Soa Serve he peopl 74. Symbol’ #*"" (color, also) — A symbol is something concrte (such as an object person. plac, or ‘nt that stands for rropresnts somthing abstract (uc a an den, quay, concape. oF ‘ondiion). The Amercon flog sa symbol of our country's reesom 175. Synecdoche" *°" — syncescne is type of Hourative language in which tho whol is usd for he part the part used fer dhe whole in “the ding Yous.” de iol is used o stand fora part. “autumn” he us of“ Wall Street to rer the money market a ancl afaieo the are U'S ran scape of ‘he socond-using 8 prt to and forthe whole (or he speie oman forthe genera). 78, Symtax’'***” — sync the pattern of sreture of the Word onder a santanos oF pase: he 77. TONE!!!" "95% rone isthe voice the writer as chosen to project orate o render. For example, serious, ighthoarced, ec. Tone is produced by the combined eet of word cele. sentence Structure and purpose and rfc we writers suivage tard the subject. 78, Voice! "* — voice is se implied personality the author chooses to adopt. In tion, the voice may reflec a persona who projects views quite diferent tom the suthors ‘.Hireeber, Stuart Rflasns on Language, New York Oxford University Press, In, 1999, 2, Holman, C. Hugh, and Wiliam Harmon. A Handbook to Ltorature. Now York: Macmillan Publishing ‘Company. 1986. 3. Morting, Janet. Commitment, Voice, end laity Lineslnweod Il: NIC Publishing, 1096. 4. Mile Je James E., Carlota Cirdonas de Dwyer, and Kery M. Wood. The United Stats in Literature ‘ed Genview, I: Soot, Foresman and Company, 1985, '5. Tamme, Joseph P. and Maxine Hairston, The Riverside Reader, 6° e, Now York: Houghton Min ‘Company, 1908