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    Plate Girders Containing Web Openings

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    scchung
    Whenever you encounter large openings in the web of plate girder, it is helpful to understand the theory.

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    Plate Girders Containing Web Openings

    Uploaded by

    scchung
    61 views5 pages
    Whenever you encounter large openings in the web of plate girder, it is helpful to understand the theory.

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    Whenever you encounter large openings in the web of plate girder, it is helpful to understand the theory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    61 views5 pages

    Plate Girders Containing Web Openings

    Uploaded by

    scchung
    Whenever you encounter large openings in the web of plate girder, it is helpful to understand the theory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    158 R Maguoi the orthotropic (corrugated) web plate: _ = O89 / Ty Ty (100) with the orthotropic web slenderness: 2 = fiw h (ion) and the ideal critical shear buckling stress of the simply supported corrugated web 1h = (36/dt4)\/ de} (102) The flexural rigidities D, and D, of the corrugated plate are obtained from: Dz =|ER/ 1241 —vMNlar +5)/(e1 +42) (103) )y = [Eb ty/12(1 — v?)](3ay + a2) (a + as) (104) For the simplicity, itis conservatively assumed that the “orthotropic web plate is simply supported by the flanges; any elastic restraint is therefore neglected. 8.33, Interaction between local and overall web buckling Few results of folly instrumented girders with trapezoi- dat corrugated thin webs are available. In addition, there is a large scatter between the test results. Based fon available tests, several interaction formulae have been examined: the author is of the opinion that the simple tri-linear diagram of Figure 30 is appropriate. This can be expressed as: nals a nt *t (105) The ultimate shear load is then: Vy = Tale Va (106) where V; is the design shear load. Fig. 30, Interaction between local and overail buckling in corrugated web, SoNSTRUCION STEEL. DESIGN Poin hg, HARD Ig 9. PLATE GIRDERS CONTAINING WEB OPENINGS 9.1. General Large openings are frequently encountered in the webs of plate girders. They can be required for the passage of service ducts and piping or can be designed to pro- vide access for inspection and maintenance of the struc- ture, The first tests on unstiffened plate girders with proportions and loading typical of civil engineering structures were carried out in Sweden” in the carly 1970s. It was observed that large openings result ina sig- nificant reduction in both buckling resistance and uli mate strength of the web, while the reduction in bending strength is small because the flanges carry most of the bending moment. For the latter to be true, how- ever, the size of the opening must be limited in order to avoid torsional buckling, upward or downward verti- cal buckling and lateral buckling of the compression flange above the hole. Later tests on transversely stif> fened webs with openings were carried out, mainly in Great Britain”® and in Canada” these tests provided similar conclusions. ‘Tension field action in perforated webs still develops in the post-ritical range. However, the presence of a ‘centrally located hole in the web results in a reduction ‘of the width of this tension band (Fig. 31); therefore, the hole should ideally be located away from the centre, so that the loss of tension band width is as small as possible. In addition, elastic buckling studies of perforated webs have shown that the hole location influences the critical shear load of the web. A hole located on the tension diagonal results in @ drop in the clastic critical shear Joad compared with that observed for a centrally locasted hole; in contrast, a hole located ‘on the compression diagonal results in an increase in the clastic critical shear load. The advantages of locating the opening in a corner instead of in a central location ate two fold — there is some increase in the clastic critical shear oad; — there is an increase in the tension band width and ‘corresponding post-crtical strength. Openings in the web are usually circular or rectango- Jar, In order to attain a strength equivalent to the corre- sponding unperforated web, the opening can d® strengthened by reinforcement provided in the form of a circular/rectangular ring welded to the edge of the opening. ‘There are a large number of parameters to this prod- Jem: shape of opening, location, reinforcement type and design. ‘The present section is restricted to the assessment of the shear and direct stress capacities of piste gitders containing circular or rectangular central and non-central cutouts. Plate girders 159 Tressel teeter Py eee feel; Fig. 31. Teasion field in a web containing holes. 9.2. Unstiffened web ‘Thin unstiffened plate girders are frequently used in the construction of roofs and industrial buildings. There are often many service ducts and pipes which, due to limits ‘on construction height, must intersect the steel structure, In the past, any web holes would have been reinforced. Stiffeners around the holes can, however, be avoided by using the postbuckling strength reserve of thin webs. Pepe Fig. 32) — diipeosiatinalayaates: il <075¢ — depth of rectangular holes: 6, stance between the side of aa opening and the nearest flange: > — aspect ratio of rectangular opening: ag/bs <3 — distance between an ead post and the nearest side of ‘an opening: a, > O-Sd- — radius of the rounded comers of rectangular open- ings: R22ty and not smaller than 15mm. 9.2.1. Ultimate shear load Based on experiments and theoretical considerations, the ultimate shear capacity V,» of a thin-walled plate girder with a web hole, is found to be: circular hole: Vyy=(1—D/d)Vy % Vpn (1078) rectangular hole: Vay = [1 ~ (b+ 03a,)/d|Va # Vos, (107) where Vy is the ultimate shear capacity of the unperfo- rated web, evaluated in accordance with Section 64.1 The ultimate shear strength does not depend on the eo centrcity efor thin-walled unstffened plate girders. Ex- pressions (107) are only valid for slender webs which are liable to buckle in shear. Therefore the corresponding values cannot exceed the shear yield load Vy: 1 Do/d) VR/U+ AW (108) Vy = aly Sye/ V3 (109) b, for a rectangular hole (110) 09D for a circular hole 075{[(d~ Dp)? +4e"|/Dy(d—D,)P (111) 4, for a rectangular hole =045D for a cireular hole (uy €: eccentricity of the hole with respect to the girder long- itudinal axis (Fig. 32), Equation (108) governs for plate girders with thick Webs and is conservative. For slender webs, the ultimate shear capacity is given by (107). In the intermediate range of slenderness, the minimum value expressions (107) and (108) govern design In order to prevent vertical buckling of the compres: sion flange into the web, the compression zone of the web cannot be weakened too much by the presence of holes. Therefore when non-central holes are used, it is preferable to place the hole adjacent to the tensile flange or at least clear of the compression flange. Fig. 32. Possible shapes for web openings, 160 Fig. 33 Influence range of a web opening on the bending capacity. 9.2.2 Ultimate bending capacity ‘The ultimate bending capacity of a slender plate girder with web holes is:** May = {1 ~ lb(Do + 22)? /12f5] ~ KiVa/ Von} BaMu (3) Mis the bonding capacity of the unperforated girder. ‘The first correction factor accounts for the lack of material in the web and for the shear load, while the ten- dency for vertical buckling of the compression lange is allowed for by means of the factor K; ‘When the cut-out is located eecentrically, the wltimate bending capacity is conservatively obtained by consider- ing a central opening, which would circamseribe the eccentric one. The factor K; is approximated by: Ky = [1 + 3(D1/d)(07 — Do/A)I/ U0 + 2 Are + Aca)! Aw] (ua) while Ka is: K,=1 for circular openings Ky = 113 -003(D4/t4)(fn/E) #1 (115, b) for rectangular openings ‘When the rectangular opening is long, vertical buckling, of the tee compression section adjacent to the opening ‘must he checked. For this purpose @ buckling length equal to 0°7a, is considered, ‘The detrimental effect of the opening on the bending. capacity is assumed to extend over a distance a, beyond the length a, or D of the opening (Fig. 33). The distance p= O33D(4/ta) fowl EE A Do ag Because of the openings in the web, the vertical stresses in the web, resulting from bending curvature of the girder, are locally increased. Therefore the danger of vertical buckling of the flanges into the web is increased and the limiting web slenderness ratio must be adjusted accordingly; itis therefore suggested that the following expression be substituted for (10a,b): df ty < (1 — 05D, /d)0-58 (Ay TANE! fy) uy) R. Maguoi When this condition is not fulfilled, the web should be provided with transverse stiffeners at both ends of the opening; these stiffenets can be located on one side of the web and should have a cross-sectional area not less than O-14y, 9.3, Transversely stiffened webs Itis usual to consider any rectangular hole as an equiva- lent ciroular one, the diameter D of which would be: D= Yb +22 sin(0+0,) (118) ‘where @, is the slope of the geometrical diagonal of the hole: 05 = acct (bs/) (19) ‘and 0 is the slope of the diagonal tension band which develops in the web. The value of @ should be chosen to maximize the ultimate shear capacity; in order to avoid an iterative process at this stage, @ can be esti- ‘mated, based on experimental observations, as: 0 ~ 2/383(1 ~ D/d) (120) where dy is the slope of the geometrical diagonal of the ‘web panel. The following design rules are applicable to typical openings, but are restricted to those which fulfil: DSdoos9—asin@ (circular hole) (121) by

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