1

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

m u
Giao thng vn ti lun l lnh vc -c -u tin pht trin hng u trong chin l-c pht
trin ca mi quc gia bi tm quan trng ca n. Xy dng v hon thin h thng giao thng l
nhu cu cp thit vi bt k quc gia no, v vy, qu trnh xy dng cc con -ng lun i hi
s nghin cu cn thn v su sc trn mi kha cnh m bo s ti -u cho mi con -ng,
phc v tt ngay khi -c -a vo s dng.
t -c cc yu cu , c nhiu cng trnh khoa hc, nhiu lun thuyt -c ra
i to nn tng c bn cho nghin cu xy dng cng trnh giao thng ni chung cng nh-ng t ni ring. ng thi vi s pht trin v l thuyt l s pht trin v-t bc v cng
ngh thit k, thi cng -ng.
Cng ngh c kh, vt liu, c ng ngh thng tin pht trin mnh m y ngnh xy
dng cng trnh c nhng b-c tin to ln.
Tuy nhin, hng lot cc cng ngh mi xut hin -c -a vo s dng phn no kh
khn trong p dng thc t, nhiu khi khng t -c hiu qu nh- mong mun v ng-i s dng
ch-a thc s lm ch cng ngh .
Nh- vy vn t ra l lm th no cc cng ngh mi -c p dng d dng v tip
cn nhanh chng vi thc t sn xut.
Trong lnh vc thit k -ng t, c nhng thay i ln trong cch lm vic do s p
dng cng ngh CAD vo cng tc thit k. Vi vic p dng my tnh, ng-i k s- d dng th
hin t-ng thit k nhanh chng thng qua s tr gip ca cc phn mm. Cc b-c thit k
tuyn, xut bn v trc dc, trc ngang, tnh ton khi l-ng u -c nghin cu t ng ha v
kt qu t -c l rt nhiu phn mm tr gip thit k ra i gip cho cng tc thit k nhanh
chng v thun tin. Nh-ng nm vng v ng dng thnh tho cc phn mm ny li khng
phi l vn n gin do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh-ng nguyn nhn ch yu l do thiu cc ti
liu h-ng dn s dng chi tit v d hiu, d tip cn. Cc phn mm n-c ngoi -c xy
dng theo quy chun ca n-c ngoi nn kt qu xut ra c nhiu im khng ph hp vi iu
kin lm vic Vit Nam. Cc phn mm trong n-c li khng thng nht v m hnh v cn
nhiu hn ch, do vy ch-a c tnh ph cp cao dn n kh khn trong cng tc trao i d liu
cc d n v qun l .
Gii php cho vn ny l s dng cc phn mm mnh v cho php ng-i s dng d
dng ty bin theo yu cu, mt trong s cc phn mm l Land Desktop - Civil Design ca
hng Autodesk .

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

T vn , bo co ny i vo nghin cu ng dng my tnh trong cng tc thit k
-ng t, m c th l cch s dng phn mm Land Desktop - Civil Design, ng thi so snh
im mnh v cc khuyt im cn tn ti ca n vi cc phn mm khc hin nay -c s dng
nhiu Vit Nam.

Ch-ng 1

S l-c v mt s phn mm
thit k -ng hin c Vit Nam
1.1 Tng quan
Hin nay Vit Nam xut hin kh nhiu cc phn mm tr gip thit k -ng t.
C th phn chng ra lm hai loi chnh :
- Loi 1 :
y l cc phn mm -c xy dng chy c lp, khng ph thuc vo bt c mt
phn mm no khc ngoi h iu hnh my. Cc phn mm ny ch yu -c xy dng bi
cc c nhn l cc k s- Vit Nam. Ni chung im mnh ca cc phn mm ny l nh gn, d
s dng v chy -c trn nhiu loi my khc nhau, ng thi khng ph thuc vo cc phn
mm khc, a s min ph, gi thnh r.
Nh-c im ca cc phn mm ny l cn yu, kh nng p dng hp, nhiu vn
ch-a -c x l trit v cn nhiu li pht sinh trong khi hot ng, do vy tnh ng dng ca
cc phn mm ny khng cao. a s cc phn mm ny dng cho mc ch nghin cu.
- Loi 2 :
im chung ca cc phn mm ny l chng u ly AutoCad, ch-ng trnh v k thut
ph bin hin nay ca AutoDesk lm mi tr-ng ha th hin cc bn v. C mt s
ch-ng trnh -c xy dng kh c lp, AutoCad -c p dng trong qu trnh xut ra bn v
cui cng. Mt s ch-ng trnh khc th -c vit trn nn AutoCad v lin kt trc tip vi
AutoCad. C th thy im mnh chung ca cc phn mm ny l bn v cui cng p do tn
dng -c -u th v ha ca AutoCad. Tuy nhin do ph thuc vo AutoCad nn dn n
tr-ng hp ng-i s dng mun dng phn mm th phi c AutoCad, do chi ph s dng tng
cao, ng thi b l thuc vo sn phm ca mt hng n-c ngoi.
Cc phn mm ph bin loi ny hin nay c th k n l : Nova TDN - Hi Ha vit
ha; TK - B mn THTKC - H GTVT; ngoi ra cn c mt s phn mm ca cc hng
n-c ngoi nh- Softdesk - AutoDesk; Eagles - EaglePoints; MX Road Bentley; Nova; RDS v..v

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Ni chung th cc phn mm ca Vit Nam gn gi v d tip cn vi cc k s- Vit Nam
hn do ng-i vit ch-ng trnh cn c vo cc tiu chun Vit Nam vit. Tuy nhin cc
phn mm n-c ngoi li nhiu chc nng, chy n nh, ni chung l mnh hn cc phn mm
ca Vit Nam v kh nng ty bin v c th p dng cho cc d n ln. Cc phn mm n-c
ngoi c m hnh hot ng -c thit k rt khoa hc, v vy ch-ng trnh hot ng hiu qu,
t chnh xc cao, ng thi cc phn mm n-c ngoi u to -c mi lin h nhiu chiu
v khp kn gia cc i t-ng:
Bnh Trc dc ___ Trc ngang
V vy to tnh thng nht trong qun l d liu.
Theo nh- cc tc gi ca bo co -c bit th hin nay Vit Nam Nova TDN ca Hi
Ha -c s dng kh ph bin trong cng tc thit k -ng giao thng cc cng ty. Tuy
nhin vi cc d n ln c vn u t- n-c ngoi th nhiu d n li s dng Softdesk. TKD ch
yu -c s dng trong mc ch hc tp v nghin cu. Ngoi ra cn c mt s l-ng ln cc
ch-ng trnh khc do cc c quan t pht trin v -c ng dng ni b.
Tt c cc phn mm trn u ang tr ong qu trnh hon thin v lin tc -c cp nht
nhm c th p ng -c cc yu cu ca ng-i s dng .
1.2 B phn mm Nova TDN ca Hi Ha
Nova TDN l b phn mm thit k -ng -c s dng kh ph bin Vit Nam hin
ay.
Ch-ng trnh -c cng ty Hi Ha Vit ha trn nn tng ca b ch-ng trnh thit k
cng trnh ca hng Nova Cad. Do ch -c Vit ha mt phn, v vy Nova TDN khng gi -c
ton b cc c tnh ca ch-ng trnh gc. D liu ca ch-ng trnh b tch ring, cc d liu v
tuyn, v bnh , trc dc trc ngang khng c s lin kt, t-ng tc ln nhau, v vy kh cho
cc k s- trong cng tc qun l d liu, chnh sa v tng hp d n.
Tuy nhin ch-ng trnh c mt s im mnh v -uth ring :
- -c xy dng theo tiu chun Vit Nam, v vy gn gi vi cc k s- v d lm vic,
ng thi giao din ch yu l ting Vit, d hiu v d hc. Ti liu h-ng dn c th, r rng.
- Do cng ty Vit Nam nn lin h bo hnh thun tin, gi thnh r hn so vi cc
ch-ng trnh thit k ca n-c ngoi.
- Bn v xut tun th cc yu cu theo tiu chun nn -c chp nhn rng ri.
- Khi nhp s liu c xt n iu kin thc t Vit Nam nn ch-ng
trnh cho php nhp theo cc ph-ng php ph thng tr-c y nh- nhp 3 dy v..v

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

- Tnh ton khi l-ng theo cng thc do ng-i s dng t nh ngha, do vy kh nng ty
bin cao, c th tnh -c mt s tr-ng hp c bit
Ch-ng trnh vn cn mt s nh-c im nh-:
- Kh nng kt xut v qun l d liu km
- Kh khn trong vic thit k mt ct n gang cho tuyn -ng,
trong tr-ng hp cc -ng cao cp c nhiu ln xe v cc cng trnh ph tr c bit th
ch-ng trnh khng h tr thit k, do vy ch-ng trnh khng p dng -c vi cc -ng thnh
ph hay -ng cp cao.
- Trong qu trnh thit k, vic chnh sa cc i t-ng bn v phi lm th-ng xuyn,
khng c s thng nht v cc thuc tnh bn v t u n cui d n.
- Ch-ng trnh ch n thun thit k -ng, c thm mt vi chc nng nh ca kho st
trc a, do vy rt kh khn khi lin k t cc ngun d liu kho st thit k khc vo d n nhcc d liu a cht thy vn v..v
- Ch-ng trnh ng hon ton v ng-i s dng kh khn trong kh nng ty bin
ch-ng trnh theo yu cu s dng . Cc la chn xut nhp file cn s si v yu.
1.3 Ch-ng trnh TKD HGTVT
B ch-ng trnh TKD -c xy dng v pht trin khi u bi thy gioL Qunh Mai,
sau tip tc -c tp th t mn TH Thit k Cu -ng Tr-ng i hc Giao thng hon
thin.
TKD l b ch-ng trnh gn nh, p ng -c a phn cc tc v ph thng trong thit
k -ng t nh- to cc bn v cu to ca trc dc, trc ngang, thit lp bng khi l-ng vi
cc yu cu bc tch ring.
u im ni tri ca ch-ng trnh l tnh d dng v gi thnh r.
Do vy ch-ng trnh -c ph bin kh rng ri trong gii sinh vin Giao thng v trong
mt s trung tm, cng ty tvn thit k.
Ch-ng trnh -c xy dng bm st vi quy trnh Vit Nam, cc thao tc nhp d liu
n gin, gn gi v thn thin vi ng-i s dng . C th cho php ng-i s dng lin kt d
liu vi cc ch-ng trnh ph thng nh- AutoCad v Excel.
Cng vic thit k -c tin hnh trc quan, cc thao tc vi bn v n gin v d hiu
vi cc k s- tho s dng AutoCad
Tuy nhin ch-ng trnh vn ang trong giai on hon thin nn cn nhiu nh-c im.
Ch-ng trnh ch-a cho php ng-i s dng to lp tuyn v thao tc vi tuyn trc tip trn bnh
. Kh nng lm vic vi bnh cn y u so vi cc ch-ng trnh khc, qun l im cn th
cng v ch-a nht qun.

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

1.4 B phn mm thit k Softdesk
Softdesk l b ch-ng trnh n-c ngoi -c s dng kh ph bin n-c ta hin nay.
Ch-ng trnh -c pht trin trn nn ca b phn mm AutoDesk Land Development.
Ch-ng trnh -cchia thnh nhiu modul trong mi modul li c cc chc nng chuyn bit
ring .
Cc modul chnh ca ch-ng trnh l:
- Softdesk Cogo : Modul chuyn v qun l d liu im
- Design : Dng cho thit k chung
- Advanced Design : Thit k nng cao
- DTM ( Digital Terrain Modeling ) : Dng to s ha m hnh b mt
- Earthworks : Thit k san lp mt bng v cng tc t
- Hydrology : Dng tnh ton thy vn cng trnh
- Landscape : Thit k cnh quan -ng t
- Survey : X l s liu kho st
Softdesk c rt nhiu -u im, do l ch-ng tr nh -c xy dng bi AutoDesk, hng m
ca AutoCad nn Softdesk tn dng -c trn vn kh nng ca AutoCad. Ch-ng trnh -c
thit k khoa hc, t chc tt.
Tuy nhin do l ch-ng trnh ca n-c ngoi nn cn nhiu im ch-a ph hp vi cc
tiu chun thit k ca Vit Nam. Nh-ng ch-ng trnh cng cho php ng-i s dng ty chn cc
thit lp xut nhp v cc thit lp khc nn to kh nng ty bin kh cao ph hp vi cc
tiu chun khc nhau.
Nhm hon thin ch-ng trnh, sau phin bn Softdesk 8, Autodesk pht trin b phn
mm Land Desktop lm nn tng, sau xy dng cc b ch-ng trnh chuyn bit phc v xy
dng dn dng trn nn Land Desktop trong c Civil Design -c coi l b-c pht trin k tip
ca Softdesk vi cch s dng v cch lm vic v cn bn -c gi nguyn.
Civil Design c gn nh- y cc chc nng ca b Softdesk, tuy nhin phn kho st
trc a th -c tch thnh mt modul ring v -c bn ring l Autodesk Survey.
Do l s pht trin k tip ca Softdesk 8 nn C ivil Design tha k -c y cc
c tnh tt ca Softdesk, ng thi b sung v sa cha cc khuyt im vn c ngy cng
hon thin hn. S dng Civil Design, cc k s- c th thc hin -c gn nh- mi yu cu khi
thit k c s h tng .
Softdesk 8 -c p dng kh ph bin n-c ta hin nay, v vy tm hiu cc chc
nng v nghin cu s dng -c y kh nng phn mm th h k tip ca n l cn thit.
cng l mt trong nhng mc ch nghin cu ca ti ny.

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

1.5 S l-c v cc c im ca Land Desktop - Civildesign
AutoDesk Land Desktop -c pht trin da trn nn tng ca AutoCad v AutoCad Map,
l b phn mm mnh -c thit k nhm mc ch h tr cho cc d n xy dng c s h
tng. Tri qua nhiu ln nng cp, hi n nay phin bn mi nht l Land Desktop 2005. Ni
chung vi cc phin bn khc nhau khng c s thay i nhiu v h thng menu lnh, ng-i s
dng dng cc phin bn c c th d dng chuyn ln dng phin bn mi. Trong phm vi
bo co ny s i su vo phin bn 2004. Vi Land Desktop, cc k s- c th d dng to,
chnh sa, xut v phn tch cc d liu ca cc d n pht trin c s h tng ni chung v thit
k -ng t ni ring. Thc cht Land Desktop l c s cho cc cng c v gii php thit k
c s h tng ca AutoDesk. Trong Land Desktop, cc k s- -c lm vic trc tip vi cc im
d liu trong mi tr-ng 3D , trong mi tr-ng , cc k s- c th tnh ton d liu kho st, tnh
ton th tch, m hnh ha a hnh v to cc thit k n gin s b ban u nh- mt khu vc
nh hay mt tuyn -ng v..v .
Civil Design v Survey l cc phn m rng ca Land Desktop nhm phc v cc chc
nng nng cao cho cng tc kho st v thit k cng trnh .
Do tm bao qut rng v nhm phc v cho n hiu lnh vc khc nhau nn nm vng
-c Land Desktop i hi s u t- thi gian v cng sc ca ng-i s dng. Land Desktop
khng n gin ch l cng c thit k m cn l ngun c s d liu ln bi n -c xy dng
trn nn tng mt cng c GIS mnh l AutoCad Map. Ton b ch-ng trnh -c xy dng v t
chc rt khoa hc, tn dng trit mi chc nng ca AutoCad, v vy m bo cho ch-ng
trnh c tnh kh chuyn cao. Ng-i s dng d dng ty bin v vit thm cc ng dng ph tr
trn nn t ng ca ch-ng trnh sn c p ng cc yu cu c nhn. y chnh l -u im
v-t t ri ca b phn mm Land Desktop so vi cc b phn mm khc.
Cc c im v cch lm vic vi Land Desktop s -c trnh by k ch-ng sau.

Ch-ng 2

Hon thin mt d n
bng phn mm Civil Design
2.1 Cc khi nim m u
c th lm vic thun tin vi Land Desktop (LD) ng-i s dng cn nm vng mt s
khi nim c s v cu trc ca b phn mm, v vy phn ny s cung cp tng quan v cc
thnh phn to nn LD v ngha ca cc thnh phn .
1 . Projects

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Project l khi nim c bn nht khi lm vic vi LD, Project l mt h thng cc th- mc
c cu trc cha ton b d liu ca mt d n. Tt cc cc th- mc ny nm trong th- mc ch
c tn ca d n. D liu d n bao gm tt c cc d liu v im, cc b mt, cc bn v v
tt c cc d liu khc -c to v tham kho hay lin kt n trong qu trnh lm vic.
Bn v - Drawings ch l hnh nh th hin ca cc d liu, c th th hin mt phn hay
ton b d liu chung ca mt d n.
lm vic vi LD, ch-ng trnh lun yu cu ng-i s dng xc nh d n lm vic v
cc c tnh ca n. Nu d n ch-a tn ti th s phi khi to.
Mi bn v phi -c xc nhn l thuc d n no, bn v s -c lin kt trong tng th
d liu ca d n .
2. Prototypes
Prototypes c th -c hiu l nguyn mu chung cho cc ty chn ca mt d n.
Prototypes to cho ng-i dng s thun tin trong cng tc thit lp, l-u tr v chnh sa cc c
tnh v cc ty chn ca d n . Cc ty chn v cc c tnh y th hin cch ta cu hnh cc
tham s ca LD ch-ng trnh lm vic.V d nh- cc ty chn v xut nhp d liu, v h ta
, v kiu thit lp tuyn hay b mt v..v. Cc ty chn ny c th -c ghi li v s dng trong
cc d n k tip.
3. Templates
Khi to mt bn v vi AutoCad, ng-i s dng lun phi quan tm n cc yu t nh- t
l, lp, kiu ch, kiu -ng, kiu kch th-c v cc ty chn th hin khc. Tt c cc gi tr ty
chn v th hin bn v c th -c l-u v to thnh khun mu p dng vi nhiu bn v v
-c gi l cc Templates. Ngoi ra Templates cn c th l cc block, khung tn hoc cc i
t-ng, cc hnh nh c tr-ng v -c s dng chung bi nhiu bn v .
Nh- vy c s khc bit gia hai khi nim Prototypes v Templates.
Cc thit lp trong Prototypes c nh h-ng ti ton b mt d n thit k cn Templates
ch l cc mu thit lp p dng vo bn v bt k. Trong LD -Civil Design, c nhiu i t-ng
uqc l-u d-i dng Templates nh- cc b phn ca trc ngang thit k. C th to mt
Template bng cc lnh ca AutoCad sau nh ngha Template .
2.2 Cc b-c thit k -ng bng phn mm LD Civil Design
Trong phn ny s gii thiu tng b-c thit k -ng bng phn mm Civil Design.
Ni chung thit k mt con -ng u tri qua cc b-c nh- m hnh sau :...
Nh- vy thit k -c mt tuyn -ng, yu cu u tin l phi c -c bn , bnh
khu vc tuyn -ng.

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

ln -c bnh hay bn khu vc tuyn -ng c th theo hai Ph-ng php:
- Ph-ng php 1 : o c s liu t th c a, sau tin hnh cc cng tc ni nghip
v bnh
- Ph-ng php 2 : S ha bnh hoc bn c sn bng cc ch-ng trnh s ha nhCad Overlay - Autodesk v..v.
Sau khi c bnh th c th tin hnh vch tuyn trc tip trn bnh , sau tin
hnh cc cng tc thit k khc.
Cc b-c thc hin thit k -ng bng Civil Design c th ni l kh ging vi Softdesk
v gn nh- cn gi y cc nh ngha ca Softdesk v cc yu t thit k v cc tham s
thit k, do vy vi cc k s- quen s dng Softdesk th vic chuyn ln dng Civil Design s
khng gp kh khn ln. Tuy nhin v cch qun l v lm vic vi c s d liu trong Civil
Design c khc so vi Softdesk, ng thi trong Civil Design cng cung cp cho cc k s- nhiu
cng c thit k mi, trc quan v chnh xc hn. Cc b-c thc hin v cc c im mi ca
Civil Design nh- sau :
2.3 Khi to v thit t cc setting cho mt n.
Tr-c khi lm vic vi phn mm ny ta phi khi to v thit t cc setting cho d n.
Ng-i dng hy l-u rng phn mm ch hot ng mt khi d n -c khi to. Phn ch dn
sau s h-ng dn cch khi to mt n:
-Tr-c tin bn hy khi ng phn mm bng biu t-ng trn mn hnh.
- Vo "File" "New" trong menu .

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Bn hy t tn bn v vo "Drawing name" sau bn hy nhp chut vo nt

"Create Project"

10

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny bn hy chn "meters" trong hp "prototype" thit lp n v theo

h mt. Trong phn "project information" nhp tn d n vo hp "name" m t vo hp
"Description" t kho vo hp "Keywords" d n s nm trong th- mc ci t Land development
desktop ca bn( ch rng th- mc ny mc nh nm trn mt a cng), cui cng nhp nt
"ok".
Nh- vy, d n -c khi to. Sau khi bn nhp OK ch-ng trnh s hi bn:

Bn hy nhp tu chn ca mnh vo hp thoi trn v chn OK. My tip tc hi bn v

cc thit t cho bn v:

11

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Bn chn n v mt(metric) ri kch "Next". My tip tc hin ra hp thoi sau v trong

hp thoi ny bn lm cc cng vic sau.

Bn chn n v mt "Meters", n v gc l "Degrees", gc th hin l gc bng

"bearings" ln l-t trong cc nhn "Linear units" "Angle units" "Angle display style". Chn

12

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

chnh xc sau du phy trong nhn "Display pricision" hy thit lp cc setting tu chn ny
cho d n, on thng "Linear", cao (Elevation), to "Coordinate", gc "Angular" ri click
Next. My s tip tc hi bn:

Hp thoi ny cho bn ch t l theo chiu ngang "Horiziontal", ng "Vertical", v kh

giy "Sheet size". Bn hy thit lp cc tu chn ny cho d n, ri Click Next v b qua mt
yu cu ca 2 hp thoi v Click Next cho ti khi xut hin hp thoi sau:

13

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny bn chn c ch, kiu ch cho d n trong nhn "Style Set Name"
v "Select Current Style". Click Next. Sau t tn file thit t trong nhn profile name ri
chn "Finish". Sau ny khi lm vic vi cc d n khc bn vn s dng -c file thit t ny.
Hnh sau minh ho b-c trn.

14

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

2.4 Thit k bnh
1. Thit k bnh t d liu im.
thit k bnh theo ph-ng php ny ta phi x l s liu theo nh dng ca ch-ng
trnh. Phai s liu ny i hi phi c s th t im, to cc im, cao v m t, chng c
th -c ngn cch nhau bng du phy hoc bng khong trng tu ng-i x l s liu. Mu
d-i y m t mt phai s liu t-ng thch vi ch-ng trnh.
STT

Elevations.

123.23

4563

1200

2156

50

789

1000

52

1456

3124

60

900

1560

65

5000

3000

70

2500

2000

75

3120

2154

80

90

Ni chung hin nay c cc file d liu ny th-ng s dng my ton c in t o c

khu vc tuyn -ng i qua. im kh khn khi chuyn d liu t my ton c in t vo Civil
Design l c nhiu loi my ton c in t khc nhau do nhiu hng sn xut, v s liu xut
ra ca cc loi my ny cng c nhng nh dng khc bit vi cu trc ring, do vy cn c cc
ch-ng trnh ph tr c kh nng c cc file d liu ca cc loi my ton c chuyn thnh
dng nh- trn. Trong phm vi ti, cc tc gi xy dng mt ch-ng trnh nh nhm mc
ch :
Ch-ng trnh Datapro cho php ng-i s dng nhp, qun l v xut d liu ca cc my
ton c Leica sang cc dng nhDXF, v dng text vi cc tr-ng nh- trn, giao din ch-ng
trnh d dng, thun tin cho ng-i s dng, ng thi ch-ng trnh cung cp mt s cc chc
nng ph tr trong qu trnh qun l v truy xut d liu.

15

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Sau khi c phai d liu im ta khi to bnh nh- sau:

Vo module "Survey". "Point/Point setting", hp thoi sau s xut hin:

16

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny ng-i dng phi thit t to , nh dng im trn mn hnh, cao
ch ca im, kho m t ln l-t trong cc nhn "Coords", "Descriptions", "Maker", "Text". Sau
khi thit t im xong vo "Points/Import/Export points/Import point " hp thoi sau s xut hin:

Trong hp thoi ny chn dnh dng phai d liu trong "Format", phai ngun trong
"Source File" ri chn OK v tun theo ch dn trn mn hnh nhp d liu. Khi d liu
-c nhp ta phai thit lp mt bng trn cc im . Vo "Terrain/Terrain Model Explorel "
hp thoi sau s xut hin:

17

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Click chut phi vo "Terrain" trong hp thoi v chn "Create Surface" nh- hnh minh
ho. Trong mt bng mi to chn "Point file" v nhp chut phi chn "Add Points from
AutoCAD Object/Points " nh- hnh v sau.

Ti dng nhc:
- Select object by <Entity or Layer>: Chn Entity( g E) ri chn ton
b im c trong bn v. Ca S sau xut hin:

18

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong ca s ny chn "Build" bng cch nhp chut phi vo tn mt bng. Ta chn OK
cho ca s tip theo. Nh- vy b mt -c xy dng. Ta c th to cc -ng ng mc trn
b mt ny. Vo "Terrain/Create Contours" s xut hin bng sau:

Trong bng ny thit t b-c -ng ng mc ph, ng mc chnh ln l-t "Minor

Interval" v "Major Interval" ng thi cc tn "Layer" cha chng, ri chn "OK". Ng-i s dng
c th t nhn cho cc -ng ng mc trong "Terrain/Contour Label". Vi module ny ta cn
to -c -ng n-c chy trn bnh v xem -c hnh dng mt ct ng ang ca bnh ti

19

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

bt k v tr no bng cch vo ln l-t cc mch sau "Terrain Untilities/Water Drop" v
"Section/Create Section View".
2. Thit k bnh t file nh.
y cp ti vn ta ch c bnh trn giy, trong bnh c cc -ng ng
mc v cc im khng ch.Nh- vy tr-c tin ta phi qut bnh thnh phai nh, sau
s dng ch-ng trnh chuyn phai nh thnh phai ca CAD. Ng-i dng c th dng " CAD
OVERLAY" i cng vi phn mm ny. Nh- vy ng-i s dng phi b it mt vi cc cng c h
tr khc m iu khng -c trnh by trong bo co ny hon thnh vic chuyn i. Sau
khi chuyn i sang i t-ng ca CAD ta s xy dng mt bng t cc -ng ng mc nhsau:
- Vo "Terrain/Terrain Model Explorel " hp thoi sau s xut hin:

Click chut phi vo "Terrain" trong hp thoi v chn "Create Surface" nh- hnh minh
ho. Trong mt bng mi to chn "Contour" v nhp chut phi chn "Add Contours Data"
nh- hnh v sau.

20

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Sau mt hp thoi khc xut hin, hy chn OK trong hp thoi ny, ti dng nhc :
- Select object by <Entity or Layer >: Chn Entity( g E) ri chn ton b -ng
ng mc c trong bn v. Ca s sau xut hin:

Trong ca s ny chn "Build" bng cch nhp chut phi vo tn mt bng. Ta chn OK
cho ca s tip theo.
3. Xy dng m hnh khng gian ca a hnh.
Khi to -c b mt ta c th ln "3D" cho b mt va -c khi to. To l-i khng
gian cho b mt bng lnh "Terrain/Surface Display/3D mesh ".
Sau khi l-i -c to ta dng "Render" ca Cad th hin m hnh tht ca a hnh.
2.5 Thit k trc dc
2.5.1 Thit k -ng en

21

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trnh t thit k -ng en.
- Khi to bnh tuyn
- Tin hnh vch tuyn trn bnh khi to
- To cc -ng cong bng trn tuyn vch
- nh ngha tuyn cng -ng cong bng va khi to
- Khi to cc l trnh cho tuyn v in tn cc l trnh cho tuyn
- V -ng en cho tuyn va khi to
Cch thc tin hnh thit k trc dc trn Land develop.
2.5.1 Khi to bnh tuyn:
Ta c th khi to bnh tuyn t d liu im o -c trc tip t hin tr-ng hoc t
bnh c sn cc -ng ng mc. C hai cch ny -c trnh by c th phn trn.
1. Vch tuyn.
Ch rng, tr-c khi vch tuyn th ta phi to mt "Layer" ca tuyn c tn tu v cho
"Layer" ny l hin hnh. vch tuyn vo:
- Line/Curves trong menu ny c nhiu ph-ng php v -ng thng, thng th-ng ta
chn ph-ng thc "Line" v -ng thng. Cc -ng thng ny chnh l cc cnh tuyn ca
tuyn -ng.
2. To cc ung cong bng ca tuyn.
- Sau khi c tuyn ta i b tr -ng cong bng:
Line/Curves Curves Between Two Lines"(-ng cong trn), cng ging nh trn,
ch-ng trnh cung cp cho ng-i s dng rt nhiu cch to ra -ng cong trn. Thng
th-ng ta chn cch thc nh- trn sau ta chn cnh tuyn th nht "Select The First
Tangent", sau khi chn cnh tuyn th nht ti dng nhc "command" xut hin cu hi th hai
"Second tangent" chn cnh tuyn th hai. Lc ny ti dng nhc xut hin mt lot cc
ph-ng thc cho php ta v -ng trn, cch chn bn knh "Radius" l thng dng hn c bng
cch g "R" v ti dng nhc tip theo bn hy nhp gi tr bn knh -ng cong trn. Lm
t-ng t i vi cc -ng cong trn khc. b tr -ng cong chuyn tip ta vo:
Line/Curves Create Spirals Type hp thoi sau s xut hin.

22

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny chn kiu -ng cong chuyn tip l Clothoid v nhp OK Land
development desktop cung cp cho ng-i dng rt nhiu cc dng -ng cong chuyn tip,
thng th-ng ta chn dng " cong chuyn tip cong trn cong chuyn tip". chn -c
dng ny chn "Fit Tangent-Tangent"

Chn "Spiral-Curve-Spiral"(Chuyn tip-cong trn-chuyn tip) ri nhp OK. Sau ta

chn hai cnh tuyn nh- phn trn nhp gi tr R cho bn knh -ng cong trn, gi tr A cho
chiu di on chuyn tip ti dng nhc lnh. Tuy nhin, y ch l thao tc thit k cc
-ng cong nm, khi thit k ta phi da vo cc tiu chun thit k xc nh chnh xc bn
knh ca -ng cong bng. Phn mm ny mc nh l thit k theo tiu chun ASSHTO. Land
Develoment Desktop cho php ta to ra cc tiu chun thit k theo cc tiu chun Vit Nam.
thit k -ng cong theo tiu chun ta lm nh- sau.
- Vo Line/CurvesSpeed Table. Hp thoi s hin ra nh- hnh bn d-i.

23

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny nhp chut vo nt "Select" mt hp thoi nh s xut hin, trong
hp thoi ny ng-i dng chn cc tiu chun thit k. Trong nhn Design speed cho php ng-i
dng chn vn tc thit k.

Ng-i dng c th to ra cc -ng cong mi bng cch nhp chut vo nt Edit hp

thoi sau s hin ra:

Trong hp thoi trn nhp gi tr cho mt trong hai "Degree of Curves" v Radius",
nhp dc siu cao trong nhn "Superelevation Rate" chiu di -ng cong chuyn tip tu
thuc vo -ng 4 ln h ay 2 ln m ta nhp vo "2 Lane Spiral Length" hoc " 4 Lane Spiral
Length" sau chn OK. to -c -ng cong ny trn tuyn vo:

24

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

-Line/CurvesSpeed TableCreate Curves. Ti dng nhc lnh-:
Select line or point: Chn cnh tuyn th nht
Select line or point: Chn cnh tuyn th hai
Sau khi chn cnh tuyn th hai th hp thoi sau xut hin:

Trong hp thoi ny chn -ng cong va -c to ra mc trn ri nhp OK, trn mn

hnh tip tc xut hin mt hp thoi nh:

Trong hp thoi ny chn s ln l hai hoc 4 l tu thuc vo ng-i s dng. Ta c th

hon ton to ra cc thng s theo tiu chun VIET NAM bng cch son mt ch-ng trnh theo
mu trong NOTEPAD ri l-u d-i dng ".SUP". on ch-ng trnh mu -c vit nh- sau:
{* Superelevation rate table *
* Spiral defined by Length (L) or A factor (A)
Spiral L
*
* VIET NAM Metric speed table III -7 emax = 0.04

25

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

*
* Design Speed 20
*
* 2-lane 4-lane
* Deg Crv Radius Super Rate spl_lgt spl_lgt
*
na 15 0.060 100 100
*
* Design Speed 40
*
* 2-lane 4-lane
* Deg Crv Radius Super Rate spl_lgt spl_lgt
*
na 15 0.060 100 100
*
* Design Speed 60
*
* 2-lane 4-lane
* Deg Crv Radius Super Rate spl_lgt spl_lgt
*
na 20 0.060 150 150
*
* Design Speed 80
*
* 2-lane 4-lane
* Deg Crv Radius Super Rate spl_lgt spl_lgt
*
na 30 0.060 200 200 }
Sau khi to cc -ng cong bng cho tuyn ta c th to cc -ng bin c tuyn hoc
khng l tu thuc vo ng-i s dng. to cc -ng bin ca tuyn vo: "Alignment/Create
offset " s xut hin bng sau:

26

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Ng-i s dng phi thit t gi tr cho cc mc trong bng ny, gm c tn cc "Layer"

ca cc -ng bin, rng ca cc -ng bin tnh t tim tuyn nh- hnh trn. Cc gi tr thit
t tu thuc vo ng-i s dng. Cc -ng bin ny c th hiu nh- l mt -ng tim tuyn
bnh th-ng nu nh- ta nh ngha chng. chnh l mt -u im v-t tri ca ch-ng trnh
ny. Nu ng-i s dng khng mun to cc -ng bin ny th b qua b-c ny.
n y ta load modul Civil Design, g lnh MP ti dng nhc mn hnh s xut hin
hp thoi sau:

Ta chn Civil Design 2i ri chn load.

27

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Phn trn ta mi ch v tuyn ch l cc on thng on cong bnh th-ng, ch-a c
cao , mun c tuyn thc s ta phi nh ngha tuyn nh- sau.
- Vo "Aligment/ Define From Objects ". Ti dng lnh "Select Entity" chn im bt
u ca tuyn.
- Sau khi chn im bt u ti dng lnh-: " Select Object" chn i t-ng, y ta
chn ton b tuyn. Sau khi chn on tuyn xong ta g hai ln hp thoi sau s xut hin:

t tn tuyn trong hp "Alignment Name", m t trong "Description" ri chn OK.

Sau khi c tuyn ta i ri cc cho tuyn va khi to:
Vo "Alignment/ Station Lable setting" hp thoi sau xut hin.

Hp thoi ny th hin cc thit t v nhn "Lable" v tn cc layer cha nhn, khong

cch gia cc cc " Station Tick Increment ", khong cch gia cc nhn " Station Lable
Increment ", khong cch gia cc v nhn " Station Lable offset ", t nhn vung gc vi
tuyn, chn "Perpendicular Lable", cui cng chn OK ng ton b hp thoi. Sau khi thit

28

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

t cc nhn cho tuyn ta phi di cc trn tuyn. Vo "Alignment/Create Station Lable" ri g
ti khi cc nhn -c to ra trn tuyn. Tuy nhin, khi ta thc hin chc nng ny ch-ng
trnh ch to cho ta cc cc cch u nhau cn ti cc v tr c bit hoc cc v tr m ta mun
chn cc mi vo th ta phi lm li b-c trn, ngha l phi thit t li khong cch gia cc
cc v sau phi to li chng.
2.5.2 V trc dc
Vo "Profiles/ Existing Ground/Sample from surface " hp thoi sau xut hin. Trong
hp thoi chn mt bng m -c thit lp trn ri chn OK

Sau hp thoi sau s xut hin:

29

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Phn mn ny c kh nng v cng mt lc 3 trc dc trn cng mt bn v cho ng-i

dng chn la -c tuyn thch hp nht, mun vy ta chn hp " Sample left/right " ( chn ra
bn tri hoc bn phi mi bn ra bao nhiu mt ln trc dc) hy nhp gi tr vo cc
"Sample left offset and Sample Right offset" ri chn OK. Ti dng nhc :
- Beginning station 0.00
- Ending station 2000
to l trnh khi v trc dc vo "profiles/profiles setting/value" v thit dt gi tr cho
bng sau:

30

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong bng ny t gi tr cho cc mc.

Trong "Stationing increments" thit lp cc gi tr cho cc nhn "Tangent label" (khong
cch cc nhn trn -ng thng), "Vertical grid lines" (khong cch l-i), thit t cc khong
cch ny l rt quan trng v ch-ng trnh s v v in cao trn trc dc theo gi tr thit t
ny, thc hin mt cch t-ng t cho " Vertical curve labels". Trong nhn "K value"( gi tr th
hin li hoc lm ca -ng cong ng), ng-i dng phi t tnh v nhp vo. Trong nhn
"Sight Distance Values"( Gi tr cch khong cch tm nhn) cng lm t-ng t.
Trong nhn "Label Precision Values" thit lp chnh xc cao ca -ng en v
-ng trong mch "Existing" v "Finish".
Ta tip tc vo "Profiles/Create Profiles/Create full Profiles " hp thoi sau xut hin.

31

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny ta hy thit lp cc tu chn: Mt so snh "Datum", t l ng

"Vertical scale" ( t l ng ny so vi t l ngang trong phn " Setup Drawings" trnh by
trn), chiu v trc dc t tri qua phi hay t phi qua tri "Left to Right or Right to left ". Nu
mun v c 3 trc dc trn cng mt bn v nh du vo "Import left/Right Profile". Nu
mun th hin l-i trn bn v trc dc ta nh du vo "Import Grid" ri chn OK. Ti dng
nhc:
- Select starting point: Chn im chn v trc dc
- Erase old Profiles<No/Yes>:( C xo trc dc c hay khng) y l tu chn ca ng-i
dng c th xo hoc khng.
Bng trc dc ca ch-ng trnh khng theo tiu chun ca Vit Nam do vy to theo
ng bng trc dc ca tiu chun Vit Nam th cch n gin nht l ng-i dng v thm vo
bng Autocard hoc ly t ch-ng trnh "NOVA" bng cch thit k 2 tuyn ging nhau trn hai
ch-ng trnh ri ta copy bng trc dc t "NOVA" sang.
2.5.3 Trnh t thit k -ng .
- Vch -ng trn -ng en thit k
- La chn v thit k -ng cong ng cho -ng
- nh ngha -ng va thit k.
1. Vch -ng .

32

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Tr-c khi thit -ng ta phi to mt layer mc nh ca ch-ng trnh bng cch:
- Vo "Profiles/FG Centerline Tangent/Set Current layer "
v -ng vo: "Profiles/DT Tangent/Create Tangent". Ti dng nhc lnh-:
- Select profile <Left/Center/Right>: Center
- Select point or station: Chn im bt u v -ng trn trc dc. Sau khi chn
im g sau ti dng nhc:
- Elevation:63: Cao im ang chn l +63 nu bn mun cao bt u -ng l
65 th bn hy g vo dng lnh ny. Sau chn cc im m -ng i qua.
2. Thit k ung cong ng.
- Vo " Profile/Dt Vertical Curves" hp thoi sau s xut hin.

Trong hp thoi ny c rt nhiu loi -ng cong ng ng-i dng c th tu chn cc

loi -ng cong ny. Sau khi chn loi -ng cong ng nhp OK. Ti dng nhc lnh-:
- Select ingoing tangent
- Select out going tangent
Chn hai cnh cn thit k -ng cong bng v tu theo loi -ng cong ng m ti
dng nhc c nhng yu cu khc nhau ( ng-i s dng phi tun th cc yu cu ca dng
lnh).
3. nh ngha -ng .
Vo " Profile/DT Vertical Alignment/Define FG Centerline " Ti dng nhc:
- Select starting point : Chn im bt u -ng .
- Select object: Chn ton b -ng .
4. Hin th cc thng s ca -ng .

33

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Vo "Profile/DT Vertical Alignment/Import ". Ti dng nhc:
- Lable tangent and vertical curves<Yes/No>: Yes
Ch-ng trnh hi tip mt dng lnh na l dng lnh tu chn cho ng-i s dng.
Ch-ng trnh s t ng in tt c cc thng s thit k vo bn v(gm c cc cao -ng
v cc thng s v -ng cong ng, thng s v cc on thng nh- chiu di, dc).
Sau khi thit k trc dc xong ta c th in cao -ng v -ng en theo dc
tuyn bng cch lm nh- sau:
Vo Profiles/ FG vertical Aligments/Create Cogo Point s xut hin bng sau:

in cao -ng th trong mch "Surface" chn "Finished", nu mun in cao

-ng en th tr ong mch "Surface" chn "Existing" v trong phn " Centerline increment" nhp
khong cch gia cc l trnh ri theo s ch dn ca dng lnh trn mn hnh.
2.5.4 Mt s h-ng dn v hiu chnh sau khi thit k trc dc.
Phn trn trnh by ton b cc b-c c bn thit k trc dc ca tuyn -ng.
Tuy nhin sau khi thit k trc dc ch-ng trnh cho php ta thay i cc thng s lin
quan ti tuyn v khi ch-ng trnh s t ng cp nht cc thng s vo bn v nh-:
Hiu chnh text, thay i dc thit k, thay i cc thng s v -ng cong ng,
-ng cong bng, hiu chnh cao ca cc im trong bnh , cao ti cc l trnh..
Ch-ng trnh cn cho ta mt th- vin v cc "Block" v hnh nh cng nh- cc k hiu s dng
trong thit k nh- : Ng-i, cy, h-ng bc, mi tn .Do thi gian c hn nn trong bo co ny
khng trnh by ht -c cc phn ni trn ng-i s dng c th tham kho phn "Help" ca
ch-ng trnh hiu -c vn c th hn.
2.5.5 Thit k trc dc ca tuyn bng cch son thnh phai s liu .
Trong phn ny cp ti son mu s liu trc dc theo nh dng ca ch-ng trnh.
lm -c iu ny tr-c ht ta cng cn phi nh ngha mt tuyn -ng bt k nh- h-ng dn
c th trn, sau vo "Profiles/Existing ground/Sample profiles" sau chn phai trc dc

34

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

son tho. Cc b-c sau lm t-ng t nh- phn thit k trc dc trn bnh . D-i y l mt
mu s liu -c son cho trc dc( son trong NOTEPAD l-u d-i dng ".text")
Stations Elevations
{ 0 10
10 17
20 34
30 23
35 34
56 12
69 20
80 30
100 20
120 13
130 32
135 30
150 32
160 31
170 34
180 40 }
Mu thit trc ngang cng -c son mt cch t-ng t s -c trnh by trong phn thit
k trc ngang d-i y.
2.6 Thit k trc ngang
1. Khi to ban u
c th bt u vo cng tc thit k trc ngang, yu cu ban u l bn phi khi
to mt d n. Cc b-c khi to mt d n -c vit r trong phn khi to d n v thit k
bnh .
thc hin cc cng tc thit k trc ngang, menu chnh bn s s dng l menu Cross
Sections trong h thng menu Civil design

Cc menu chnh trong Cross Sections bao gm :

35

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

S dng cc lnh trong menu ny bn c th thc hin cc cng tc sau :

- To mt ct ngang t nhin ca tuyn
- To mu khun trc ngang thit k ca -ng
- Thit lp cc tham s cho thit k rnh dc, siu cao v on chuyn tip
- Tch, xem, chnh sa v in trc ngang
- Tnh th tch bng ph-ng php din tch trung bnh
- Thit lp d liu b mt, ly d liu im ca b mt thit k
- Thit lp l-i 3D ca tuyn -ng
2. D liu trc ngang
Cc d liu v tuyn -c l-u gi trong c s d liu ring v tuyn v c th xem li d
dng. D liu trc dc v trc ngang -c l-u trong th- mc cha ton b d n.
3. Thit lp trc ngang t nhin
B-c u tin khi lm vic vi cc trc ngang l ta pht thit lp -c trc ngang t nhin.
C th thit lp trc ngang t nhin t 3 ngun d liu:
- D liu t mt hay nhiu b mt
- D liu t cc file text
- Vo d liu th cng bng b son tho mt ct ngang t nhin
3.1 Chn b mt lm vic
lm vic vi cc trc ngang, bn s phi la chn b mt a hnh cha cc trc ngang
.
xc nh, chn Cross Section/ Sufface/ Set Current Surface

36

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Lc s xut hin form sau :

Bn s la chn b mt ang lm vic.

V d nh- trn l b mt Xuan Binh-:
Chn lm vic vi cc d liu v a hnh
Nhn thy trong form trn, phn d-i c phn thng k chung v cc c im ca b
mt ang lm vic nh- cao ln nht, nh nht, s im d liu, ng-i lp b mt v..v
Chn b mt cn lm vic.
Nhn OK
3.2 nh tuyn s v cc trc ngang
Phn nh tuyn -c ni k trong phn "Bnh - Thit k tuyn" y coi nh- bn
c 1 tuyn trn bnh
Bn t thit lp cho tuyn l tuyn hin hnh
Chn Alignmenta/ Set current alignment
3.3 V trc ngang t nhin
c trc ngang t nhin
Chn Cross Sections/ Existing Ground/ Sample for surface

37

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Hp thoi la chn s xut hin nhp cc gi tr nhm th hin trc ngang t nhin

hai nhp d liu trn cng l b rng ca trc ngang sang hai bn tnh t tim -ng.
Cc check box d-i cho php ng-i s dng -c la chn cc im c bit trn
tuyn c cc trc ngang ti cc im . Cc im c th chn l im u tuyn, cui tuyn,
im u on cong, cui on cong v..v
Ngoi ra cn c th chn m rng cc trc ngang ti cc im c bit
Sau bn nhn OK th d liu v trc ngang t nhin s -c thit lp
xem -c cc trc ngang va v , chn Cross Sections/ View/ Edit Sections
Lc trong textbox ca Cad s cho ta cc chn la

Actual/ Design/ Edit/ Id/ Next/ Previous/ eXit/ Sta/ View/ Zoom :
chn cc chn la, ta s nh ch ci -c vit hoa :
- Chn " A " - Actual :
Xem bng Actual Control Parameters
y l bng gi tr cc tham s iu khin thc t, ta ch c th xem ch khng chnh sa
-c.

38

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong tr-ng hp ta ch-a thit k trc ngang th bng ny ch-a cho ta -c thng tin g
nhiu.
- Chn " D " - Design :
Xem bng Design Control Parameters

39

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Bng ny s hin th cc tham s iu khin thit k
Do ta ch-a i vo thit k nn trn bng ny cng ch-a hin thng tin g
Civil design cho ta xem cc trc ngang t nhin tng trc ngang mt, xem trc ngang
tip theo ta nhn " N " - Next
Trong tr-ng hp chn sn, ta ch cn nhn Enter

Nu mun xem trc ngang mt l t rnh c th, ta chn " S " - Station
Sau nh vo l trnh ca trc ngang cn xem.
- Nu mun xem k hn v cc trc ngang v cc im chi tit trn , ta c th s dng
b son tho trc ngang t nhin.
Chn Cross sections/ Existing Ground/ Edi t Sections
Lc s hin th form cha cc d liu v cc im chi tit trn trc ngang tuyn.
Trn form ny cng cho ta cc ty chn v chnh sa trc ngang
Ta c th xem trc ngang theo l trnh
Chn cc im chi tit
Xa cc im chi tit
Xa trc ngang
Xem tr-c trc ngang v..v

40

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Ngoi ra ta cn c th s dng cc nt chc nng ni suy rt mnh ca ch-ng trnh

Khi nhn vo Section View, ta c th xem nh dng ca trc ngang hin ti

Trn hnh l dng ca trc ngang mt l trnh -c ta chn la

4. Thit k trc ngang
Civil design cho php ta thc hin cc cng tc sau:
- To khun -ng cho trc ngang thit k
- p khun thit k ln trc ngang t nhin
- Sa cha trc tip v ring r cc trc ngang hoc mt dy trc ngang

41

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

- iu khin khun mu thit k theo yu t trn bnh v trc dc
- Tnh ton xut bng khi l-ng o p
- To ra y trc ngang thit k
- To l-i 3 chiu t trc ngang th hin mt bng trong khng gian
- Cp nht thng tin cho bnh v trc dc
4.1 Cc b-c c bn thit k trc ngang
- B-c 1: To trc ngang t nhin ( Existing ground section )
Nh- trnh by phn trn
- B-c 2: To lp d-i b mt (Subsurface)
Nu ta khng c yu cu thit k trc ngang vi nhiu lp a cht khc nhau th c th b
qua b-c ny.
C hai ph-ng php c th s dng to lp d-i b mt.
1. Ta c th to n ng thi vi mt trn bng cch ly mu t nhiu b mt DTM hoc
t file vn bn c nhiu hn mt b mt.
2. Nu ch c mt b mt ly mu th phi xc nh lp d-i b mt t l khoan a cht
bng iu khin ni suy (Interpolation Control) trong b son tho s liu trc ngang t nhin.
- B-c 3: V v xc nh khun mu:
Khun mu -c dng th hin trc ngang thit k nh-: cc lp kt cu mt -ng, gia
c l ... v c th bao gm b phn lp rp tr-c th hin b va hoc vai -ng.
- B-c 4: Chnh sa khun mu (Edit Templates)
Chnh sa v thm cc thng tin cho khun mu nh- mt -c nng siu cao, m rng v
m im.
- B-c 5: Bng taluy
Nu mun taluy thay i theo chiu su, o bc hoc taluy ty theo lp a cht th ta
phi in thng tin ph hp vo bng taluy (Slope table).
- B-c 6: iu khin thit k (Design Control)
Dng lnh iu khin thit k p cao thit k, khun mu, rnh, taluy vo trc
ngang t nhin, ta cng c th gn tuyn m rng t bnh hoc trc dc ti b-c ny nu nh xc nh tuyn trn bnh v trc dc ph hp.
- B-c 7: Nng siu cao:
Sau khi p khun mu cho trc ngang t nhin, ta c th xc nh cc tham s v siu
cao.
- B-c 8: Xem v sa trc ngang ( View/ Edit Sections):
Dng chc nng ny xem v sa trc ngang ring r.

42

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

4.2 V v xc nh khun mu trc ngang (Templates)
1. v khun mu ta chn :
Cross Sections/ Draw Template
Ln l-t chn chc nng v c trong lnh ny v theo mong mun.
Trong lnh ny Civil Design cung cp cch v mt on qua hai im khi cho bit :
- Ta hoc bm chn trn mn hnh
- Chiu di v dc
- Chiu di v gi tr taluy
2. v v nh ngha cc b phn ca trc ngang, ta s dng cc lnh trong menu :
Cross Sections/ Templates

- V phn t v l gia c
- nh ngha cc b phn ny thnh cc b phn lp rp bng cch chn : Cross
Sections/ Templates/ Define Subassembly. Lc ny ch-ng trnh yu cu ta xc nh im ni
vo - Connection point in , im ni ra - Connection point out , v -ng o p.
- V cc lp kt cu mt -ng
+ Xc nh khun mu
nh ngha cc lp kt cu mt -ng thnh khun mu bng cch chn : Cross Sections/
Templates/ Define Template
Civil Design s yu cu s liu v tr im tham chiu cao thit k ( Finish ground
reference point ) v tnh cht i xng ca khun mu ( mc nh l i xng ). Chn ton b cc
lp kt cu, v Civil Design s pht hin tng lp kt cu mt v yu cu ta chn kiu b mt (
Surface type ).
C hai kiu b mt l loi th-ng ( Normal ) v loi san nn (subgrade ).
Sau Civil design s hin ln hp thoi chn tn hay to mi vt liu gn cho cc lp
kt cu va chn :

43

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trong hp thoi ny ta c th to bng vt liu v tn vt liu mi ty theo nhu cu.

Sau khi gn tn vt liu cho cc lp xong, Civil design yu cu ta cho bit im ni ra
t khun mu. im ny s -c lm im ni vi cc b phn lp rp khc ti im ni vo ca
b phn v nu khng c b phn lp rp no -c chn th n s l im -c ni vi -ng
t nhin qua mi taluy trong tr-ng hp nn o hoc p.
+ Xc nh -ng din tch o p
Phi xc inh t tri sang phi.
Mt khun mu c th c nhiu -ng din tch o p khc nhau v t tn cho khun
mu.
+ Chnh sa khun mu
Sau khi to ra mt khun mu, ta c th l-u li khun mu s dng sau ny. Cc
khun mu -c l-u trong th- vin khun mu, c th ly ra p dng trc tip hay chnh sa li.

44

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Trn hnh l bng chn cc khun mu c sn.

Ta c th chn v xem tr-c hnh dng cc khun mu.
Trn form cng hin r -ng dn n th- mc cha cc khun mu . Ta c th trc
tip tham kho dng ca cc khun mu ny.
Trong tr-ng hp cn thm mt s thng tin cho khun mu nh-: mt -c nng siu
cao, m rng v m im v..v ta s chn mt khun mu no ri chnh sa.
+ Trong tr-ng hp mun thay i dc taluy theo chiu su, c bc hoc taluy o ty
theo lp a cht th ta s phi s dng bng taluy (Slope Table)
Ta s cn nhp thng tin ph hp vo bng taluy
Do in chnh xc cc gi tr trong bng taluy ny i hi phi c cc kin thc v tnh
ton n nh nn mt -ng nn trong phm vi bo co ny ch-a th hin -c ht.
Bng iu khin taluy theo chiu su :

45

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Bng thit k taluy theo bc :

+ Sau khi v xong hoc c khun mu t d n khc v ly mu trc ngang t

nhin xong ( c trc dc -ng ) ta tin hnh iu khin thit k bng cch :

46

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Chn Cross Sections/ Design control/ Edit Design Control

Lc s xut hin mt hp thoi chn khong l trnh s -c gn tham s thit k nhsau

Nhp vo l trnh u v cui ca khong l trnh s -c son tho

Khong l trnh ny c th l mt khong con bt k ca tuyn.
Gi tr mc nh trong hp thoi ny l l trnh u v cui ca s liu
trc ngang t nhin va -c ly mu. S dng on nh ca tuyn p khun mu
hoc thc hin vic m rng mt cch c bit. Sau hp thoi thit k - Design Control s
hin ln nh- hnh d-i y:

47

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

T hp thoi iu khin thit k ny ta c th :

- Chn khun mu ( Nt Template Control )
- Nhp thng tin iu khin vic thit k rnh dc ( Nt Ditch)
- Nhp thng tin v taluy ( Nt Slopes )
- Gn m rng theo chiu ng cho trc ngang ( Attach Profiles )
- Gn -ng m rng theo chiu ngang cho trc nga ng ( Attach alignments)
1. Template control
Sau khi nhn vo nt Template Control s hin ra form sau:

48

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Chn nt Select chn khun mu, ta s thy tn ca khun mu ta to trong cc

b-c trn.
Trong cc khung Superelevation, Superelevation Rollover, Subgrade Superelevation c
mt s la chn cho vic nng siu cao, tt nht chng ta khng cn sa i thng s no y
v s c phn iu khin sa cha v thit k siu cao chuyn bit ring.
2. Ditches - Thit k rnh :
Sau khi quay li hp thoi thit k chung, ta nhn vo nt Ditches s xut hin hp thoi
thit k rnh :
Trong hp thoi thit k rnh cung cp cho ta mt s tham s nhm gip ta c th thit k
rnh d dng ngha ca cc tham s ny c th gii thch nh- sau:

49

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Phn Type: C 4 la chn :

+ None - Khng c rnh
+ Cut - C rnh trong tr-ng hp nn o
+ Fill - C rnh trong tr-ng hp nn p
+ Cut/Fill - C rnh trong c tr-ng hp nn o v p
+ Foreslope - Taluy o rnh t pha vai -ng
+ CL Offset - Khong cch t tim -ng n mp trong ca y rnh
+ Depth - Chiu su rnh
+ Depth from hinge - Nu thng s ny -c chn th chiu su rnh -c tnh t vai
-ng nu khng chiu su rnh -c tnh t tim -ng.
+ Base elev - L cao tht ca y rnh, nu dng la chn ny th cao th-ng -c
ly t trc dc.
3. Thit k mi dc :
Cc tham s la chn trong hp thoi ny c ngha nh- sau:
+ Match Slopes OFF :
Nu nh du chn hp kim ny th Civil design s thit k trc ngang m khng c taluy
ni vi -ng t nhin. Ta cn bt chc nng ny khi lm vic vi trc ngang ca cu v-t.
S khng c din tch o p no -c tnh trong khong l trnh ng vi Match Slopes
OFF -c bt.
+ Fill type :

50

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

chn kiu taluy p.
C ba kiu khc nhau c th chn y.
- Simple ( Kiu ch c mt taluy )
- Depth ( Kiu taluy thay i theo chiu su )
- Stepped ( Kiu taluy bc )
Trong ba kiu trn ch c kiu Simple l c th nhp gia tr dc trc tip hp thoi
ny cn hai kiu cn li phi -c nhp gi tr khc.
+ Cut type
chn kiu taluy o
C 4 kiu khc nhau c th chn
+ Typical v maximum :
L gi tr dc taluy dng cho taluy kiu Simple trong c tr-ng hp o v p
Cc tham s khc c th tham kho phn Help hiu r hn.

51

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

Ch-ng 3

Xy dng cc ch-ng trnh ph tr da trn nn

Land Desktop Civil Design
C th nhn thy rng b ch-ng trnh Land Desktop Civil Design l rt mnh. Tuy nhin
do l b ch-ng trnh ca n-c ngoi nn c nhiu im ca ch-ng trnh p dng cho iu kin
Vit Nam khng ph hp . Cch tnh cc tham s thit k hon ton da theo AASHTO, do vy
nhiu tham s tnh ton khng ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. i vi bn v th bn v bnh
v trc dc ca Civil Design c th chp nhn -c, cn bn v trc ngang th cn thiu nhiu
ch, vi -ng nng cp hoc cc tr-ng hp c bit c dc t nhin qu ln th trc ngang
b li. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh khai thc ch-ng trnh cn mt s li nh v trnh by i hi ng-i
s dng phi thnh tho AutoCad c th chnh sa -c d dng.
Tuy nhin im mnh nht ca Land Desktop Civil Design l ch-ng trnh cho php ng-i
s dng ty bin v tc ng su vo ch-ng trnh, do vy ng-i s dng c th ty bin ch-ng
trnh phc v cc yu cu ring ca mnh v chnh v vy xa i cc im yu vn c ca
ch-ng trnh .
Ton b ch-ng trnh -c xy dng the o cu trc r rng, tt c cc thnh phn trong
ch-ng trnh u -c xy dng thnh cc i t-ng do d dng cho cc k s- trong vic truy
xut n cc i t-ng lm vic.
lp trnh thm cc ch-ng trnh chc nng ph tr trn nn AutoCad ni chung v
Land Desktop ni ring tr-c y i hi ng-i dng phi s dng AutoLisp hoc Object Arx
vit ch-ng trnh. AutoLisp l ngn ng c cu trc c bit v khc nhiu so vi cc ngn ng
ph thng nh- Pascal, C m cc k s- th-ng -c trang b, do vy tip cn A utoLisp l kh kh
khn vi nhiu k s-.
Hn na khi s dng AutoLisp th vic tip cn cc h c s d liu nh- MS Access, MS
SQL, Oracle v..v rt kh khn, v vy la chn AutoLisp khng phi l gii php ti -u vit
thm ch-ng trnh chy trn nn AutoCad. s dng Object Arx vit cc trnh ph tr i hi
ng-i s dng bit lp trnh bng ngn ng C++, ng thi phi c kin thc v cu trc h thng
ca AutoCad. Cc ch-ng trnh ph tr vit bng Arx ni chung u mnh, t-ng tc trc tip vi
Aut ocad v kh linh hot, c th p ng cho mi yu cu ca ng-i lp trnh. im yu duy
nht ca n l kh hc v i hi thi gian pht trin lu, v vy n chi ph hp vi cc d n ln
hay cc ch-ng trnh th-ng mi v th-ng -c xy dng vi i ng lp trnh vin chuyn
nghip. Nhm p ng yu cu ca cc k s- v kh nng xy dng cc ng dng ph tr trn

52

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

nn Autocad nhanh v hiu qu, Autodesk gn thm VBA cho Autocad, nh-ng vi Land
Desktop th ch bt u t phin bn 2000i th cc i t-ng ca Land Desktop mi -c cung
cp trong th- vin cc i t-ng ca VBA. Nh c s b sung ny, cc k s- c th vit trc tip
cc ch-ng trnh ph tr chy trn nn Land Desktop bng bt k ngn ng no h tr ActiveX
nh- Visual C++, Visual Basic, Delphi v..v nhanh chng v hiu qu.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh lm vic, ton b cc d liu v tuyn, trc dc, trc ngang ca
cc d n u c th xut ra d-i dng cc file text v c nh dng r rng, ng-i s dng c
th s dng cc s liu ny phc v cho cc ch-ng trnh tnh ton khc .
V d kt qu thit k tuyn -c xut :
File xut ny th-ng s -c l-u trong th- mc Align thuc th- mc d n # AutoCAD
Land Development Desktop Alignment Output 2.0
Vd2,2,0.000000,5999.240274
Tuyen vi du
0,0.000000,0.000000,707.12672250,2274.23641082,1318.86535402,3018.29
340597,963.247095,0.688112
1,963.247095,963.247095,1318.86535402,3018.29340597,1627.84401559,27
64.26154439,1614.31133491,3164.03256204,339.538613, 400.000000,0.848847
0,1302.785708,1302.785708,1614.31133491,3164.03256204,4145.07412463,
3249.70161558,2532.212370,1.536958
1,3834.998077,3834.998077,4145.07412463,3249.70161558,4156.91522023,
2899.90197513,4394.09234937,3157.28691916,272.439657, 350.000000,0.778399
0,4107.437735,4107.437735,4394.0923493 7,3157.28691916,4721.93523241,
2855.18364694,445.810883,2.315357
1,4553.248618,4553.248618,4721.93523241,2855.18364694,4959.11236155,
3112.56859097,5082.23642670,2784.94004432,386.412628,350.000000,1.10
4036
0,4939.661246,4939.661246,5082.23642670,2784.940044 32,6074.08881839,
3157.68197948,1059.579028,1.211321
.............
c -c dng file trn ta phi hiu -c bng m cc i t-ng -c lit k. Bng m
ny -c cung cp theo ti liu ca Autodesk, d-i y l mt vi m v d :

53

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

M t M Kiu xut -ng thng -ng cong L trnh -ng xon c 0123 Kiu -ng xon c
Clotoid Sin Cos Ph-ng trnh bc 2 0123 Kiu nh l trnh Tng Gim 01

Cu trc file ASCII cha d liu tuyn :

Tn tuyn, kiu xut, l trnh u(ni), chiu di M t tuyn 0, l trnh ni, l trnh ngoi, N 1, E 1,
N 2, E 2, khong cch, h-ng 1, l trnh ni, l trnh ngoi, BC N, BS E, SPI N, SPI E , ES N, ES E, chiu
di, bn knh, theta, A, c ly, external, kiu -ng xon c, kiu nh h-ng 3, chiu di sut theo tuyn
(gm l trnh u), l trnh ngoi, kiu -ng xon c

V d xut trc dc thit k :

File xut ny th-ng s -c l-u trong th- mc Align thuc th- mc d n # Autodesk
Civil Design Profile Output 2.0
Vd2 0,3 1,vd1 477
0,0.000000,0.000000,322.260253,0.000000,0.000000
0,30.508742,30.508742,323.250851,0.000000,0.000000
0,45.866479,45.866479,323.763393,0.000000,0.000000
0,71.815063,71.815063,324.609046,0.000000,0.000000
0,111.349433,111.349433,325.866778,0.000000,0.000000
0,136.038057,136.038057,326.838485,0.000000,0.000000
0,183.585993,183.585993,327.758436,0.000000,0.000000
0,197.048653,197.048653,328.230423,0.000000,0.000000
0,205.828002,205.828002,328.538218,0.000000,0.000000
0,213.718523,213.718523,328.740065,0.000000,0.000 000
0,218.082996,218.082996,328.803820,0.000000,0.000000
0,223.311374,223.311374,328.788839,0.000000,0.000000
0,236.547424,236.547424,328.471700,0.000000,0.000000
0,308.392527,308.392527,329.123471,0.000000,0.000000
0,400.850652,400.850652,329.511999,0.000 000,0.000000
0,405.527817,405.527817,329.432966,0.000000,0.000000
0,437.783169,437.783169,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,485.779362,485.779362,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,503.710022,503.710022,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,529.163717,529.163717,330.000 000,0.000000,0.000000
0,543.879069,543.879069,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,590.258361,590.258361,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,596.868160,596.868160,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000

54

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

0,646.578740,646.578740,330.000000,0.000000,0.000000
0,657.188566,657.188566,328.724808,0.000000,0.000000
0,658.624494,658.624494,328.898340,0.000000,0.000000
0,663.673997,663.673997,328.023450,0.000000,0.000000
0,720.389740,720.389740,328.338324,0.000000,0.000000
.......................................
Bng danh sch mt s m trc dc trong file xut Profile
M t M
Cc kiu b mt B mt t nhin
B mt thit k 01
Cc m b mt
Mt t nhin tim -ng
Mt t nhin bn tri
Mt t nhin bn phi
Mt lp d-i tim -ng
Mt lp d-i bn tri
Mt lp d-i bn phi
Mt thit k tim -ng
........
123456
100
Cc im Tt c cc loi im 0

Cu trc file d liu trc dc xut ra :

Tn tuyn
Kiu b mt, tng s mt thuc kiu ny
M b mt, tn b mt
Tng s im ca mt
M im, l trnh ni, l trnh ngoi, ca o , chiu di ng nhnh vo, chiu di -ng cong ng
nhnh ra
......

Kt qu thit k trc ngang cng c th xut ra t-ng t theo dng trn vi cc tr-ng v
cc h m.
Nh- vy ta c th d dng xy dng cc ch-ng trnh c cc file gi tr kt xut bng
bt k cng c lp trnh no, sau vi d liu nhn -c ta c th to cc bn v hay ng dng

55

wWw.kenhdaihoc.com Knh thng tin Hc tp - Gii tr cho HS-SV

tnh ton vo cc ch-ng trnh khc tin li v nhanh chng. D liu xut ra cn -c l-u trong
c s d liu MS Access nh- cc d liu v im v nhm im, v tuyn v..v
Tm li, Land Desktop to iu kin thun li cho ng-i s dng c th xy dng cc
ch-ng trnh v cc modul ph tr, do vy ch-ng trnh c kh nng p dng rng ri vi nhiu
iu kin lm vic khc nhau.

Kt lun
Trong khun kh mt ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin, nhm thc hin c gng
hon thnh cc mc tiu ra ban u, nghin cu p dng b phn mm Land Desktop Civil
Design trong cng tc thit k -ng t Vit Nam. y l b ch-ng trnh mnh, nhiu chc
nng m thit k -ng t ch l mt phn trong cc kh nng ca n. Thun li ca nhm thc
hin l do LandDesktop Civil Design pht trin t Softdesk 8 ln nn c th tham kho cc ti
liu h-ng dn s dng Softdesk 8 p dng phn no. Tuy nhin vi rt nhiu thay i ca
LandDesktop trong thi gian gn y, nhm thc hin cng phi i su tm hiu cc chc
nng v cch lm vic mi vi Land Desktop Civil Design nhm tn dng -c ti a sc mnh
ca b phn mm ny.
Trong qu trnh ng dng Land Desktop, nhm thc hin cng xy dng mt s
ch-ng trnh h tr cho Land Desktop nh- ch-ng trnh nhp d liu t my ton c in t,
ch-ng trnh c file xut ca Land Desktop v..v
Cc ch-ng trnh s l b-c u xy dng h thng cc ch-ng trnh hon chnh tr
gip thit k -ng vi nn tng l b phn mm Land Desktop Civil Design.
Do hn ch v thi gian thc hin v ngun ti liu tham kho nn mt s mc tiu ban
u ca ti ch-a -c hon thnh, nhm thc hin s c gng hon thnh v tip tc pht
trin ti trong thi gian ti.
H-ng pht trin ca ti :
- Xy dng ch-ng trnh h tr Land Desktop trong qu trnh in n v xut bn v ph hp
vi cc quy nh chung.
- Kt hp d liu xut ca Land Desktop vi mt s ch-ng trnh tin ch khc trong ngnh
xy dng cng trnh nh- Geo-Slope thun tin hn cho cng tc thit k.
- Vit cc modul h tr cho Land Desktop trong qu trnh hon thin d n thit k, trnh
chiu m hnh, to v chnh sa cc tham s v cc khun mu trong ch-ng trnh ph hp vi
iu kin thit k Vit Nam.