I HC THI NGUYN

TRNG I HC KHOA HC

PHM THY LINH

SNG N HI V NG DNG
TRONG A CHN

LUN VN THC S TON HC

THI NGUYN - 2014

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC

PHM THY LINH

SNG N HI V NG DNG
TRONG A CHN

LUN VN THC S TON HC

Chuyn ngnh : TON NG DNG

M s : 60 46 01 12

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

TS NGUYN VN NGC

THI NGUYN, 2014

Mc lc
M u

1 Thit lp phng trnh sng n hi

1.1 Bin dng v ng sut n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Trng thi n hi ca vt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Khi nim v ng sut (Stress) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Khi nim v s bin dng (Strain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Cc hng s n hi v nh lut Hooke suy rng . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Cc hng s n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 nh lut Hooke suy rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Mt nng lng bin dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Phng trnh cn bng sng n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Lc to bi ng sut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 nh lut hai Newton - H phng trnh cn bng Navier Cauchy - H phng trnh Lame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 Ta tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4 Ta cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 iu kin u, iu kin bin v cc bi ton lin quan ca cc phng
trnh sng n hi. nh l v duy nht nghim . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 iu kin u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 iu kin bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 Bi ton Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 Bi ton bin-gi tr ban u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.5 nh l v duy nht nghim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
8

2 Sng iu ha-Cc sng n hi iu ha c bn

2.1 Mt s kin thc b tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Khi nim v sng iu ha . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Khi nim v hm Dirac v hm Heaviside
2.2 Biu din nghim ca phng trnh sng n hi .
2.2.1 H khng c ngun . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 H c ngun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Sng P, sng S, sng SV, sng SH v sng PSV . .
2.3.1 Sng P v sng S (P-sng v S-sng) . . . .
2.3.2 Sng SV, sng SH v sng PSV . . . . . . .
2.4 Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 Vn tc pha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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9
10
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11
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12
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13
13
13
14
15
15
17
19
19
20
20
20

ii

2.5

2.6
2.7

2.4.2 Vn tc nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 Vn tc tc pha v vn tc nhm ca mt s mi trng . . . .
Sng khi phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 Pht biu bi ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2
Bi ton gi tr ban u (Bi ton Cauchy)i vi sng khi
phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 Bi ton gi tr bin n gin ca sng phng . . . . . . . . . .
Sng cu i xng sinh bi h thun nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sng cu c sinh bi ngun im n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.1 Cc th v ca ngun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.2 Phng trnh ca cc th v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7.3 Cng thc ca cc chuyn v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S phn x v khc x ca cc sng n hi

3.1 Cc phng trnh c bn . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 Cc phng trnh lin quan ti hai na
3.1.2 Th v phng iu ha . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Phn x v khc x ca sng SH . . . . . . .
3.2.1 H s phn x v khc x . . . . . . .
3.2.2 Phn x ton phn . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Phn x ca sng P ti mt b mt t do . .

phng
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khng gian
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21
22
22
22
23
24
25
28
28
29
30
34
34
34
35
36
36
39
40

Kt lun

45

Ti liu tham kho

46

M u
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc mt vt rn no b bin dng. Nu vt c th
khi phc c hnh dng v kch thc ban u th trng thi bin dng ni
trn c gi l trng thi n hi. Ngc li, trng thi bin dng c gi l
do, hay l d.
L thuyt n hi (LTH) l mn hc nghin cu v chuyn v, bin dng
v ng sut xut hin trong vt th n hi di tc dng ca ti trng, hay va
chm vi cc vt khc. Ni dung ca LTH bao gm cc vn chnh sau y:
Thit lp quy lut vt l c bn ca LTH (nh lut Hooke) gia ng sut
v bin dng.
Thit lp cc phng trnh c bn ca LTH, cc iu kin bin v iu kin
u.
Nng lng n hi.
nh l v tn ti v duy nht nghim, v.v..
L thuyt n hi l c s tnh ton bn bin dng v n nh trong
k thut xy dng, trong ch to my, khai khong v cc lnh vc khc ca k
thut, cng nh trong a chn v.v..
Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca vic nghin cu sng n hi l
ng dng trong a chn hc. Sng a chn l nhng dng sng nng lng hnh
thnh v lan truyn bi s va chm ca lp a tng khi xy ra ng t. Sng
a chn c nhiu dng vi nhiu cch lan truyn khc nhau, trong c th
phn ra hai nhm ln l sng khi v sng b mt. Sng khi c th lan truyn
trong cc tng t pha su, cn sng b mt ch lan truyn lp t pha trn
ca v tri t. C hai dng sng khi chnh l sng P (premier wave-sng s
cp) v sng S (secondary wave-sng th cp).
Thm d a chn l phng php a vt l nghin cu c im trng
sng dao ng n hi trong mi trng t nhm gii quyt cc nhim v
a cht khc nhau, nh nghin cu cu trc v qu t, tm kim thm d du
kh v ti nguyn khong sn, nghin cu nn mng cng trnh...Trong thm d

a chn, bng cc kch ng nhn to nh n mn, rung, p...ngi ta kch

thch vo mi trng a cht cc xung lc. S kch thch lc lm t rung
ng v lm xut hin sng n hi. Cc sng ny truyn qua hay phn x trn
cc lp t v cc my thu s ghi nhn thi gian cc sng phn x truyn
n dng cc bng a chn phn nh cc thng tin v lp t cn thm d.
Lun vn tp trung nghin cu v bn cht ca sng n hi, cc loi sng
n hi v mt s ng dng trong cc vn ca ca a chn hc. B cc lun
vn gm c 3 chng:
Chng 1: Thit lp phng trnh sng n hi tuyn tnh c in. Trong
chng ny c trnh by mt s kin thc v bin dng v ng sut n hi,
nh lut Hooke, mt nng lng v vn c bn nht ca chng ny,
l phng trnh cn bng ca sng n hi. trnh by cc iu kin bin v
iu kin u i vi h phng trnh sng n hi.
Chng 2: Sng iu ha - Cc sng n hi c bn. Ni dung chnh ca
chng ny gm c cc phn sau y.
Phn th nht trnh by cch tm nghim ca h phng trnh sng n
hi bng phng php th v, a h phng trnh n hi v cc phng trnh
sng tuyn tnh cp hai thuc lp phng trnh hyperbolic ca l thuyt cc
phng trnh o hm ring.
Phn th hai trnh by v sng iu ha v cc loi sng n hi, nh sng
P (sng s cp), sng S (sng th cp), cc sng th cp ng ( SV), th cp
ngang ( SH), sng s-th cp ng (PSV), v.v..
Phn th ba trnh by ba bi ton c bn ca phng trnh sng. l bi
ton Cauchy v bi ton bin gi tr ban u i vi sng khi phng; bi ton
bin gi tr ban u i vi sng cu i xng thun nht khi bit cc iu kin
u v cc iu kin bin trn mt mt cu nh cho trc; bi ton Cauchy i
vi sng cu c ngun im gc ta .
Chng 3: S phn x v khc x ca sng n hi phng. Chng ny trnh
by s phn x v khc x ca sng SH, sng P v sng SV trn b mt phn
cch z = 0 ca hai na khng gian l nhng mi trng n hi khc nhau.
Cc vn c cp trong lun vn ny c th tm thy nhng ng dng
ca a chn hc v ch yu c hnh thnh t cc ti liu [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
v [6].
Lun vn ny c hon thnh ti trng i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi
Nguyn. Tc gi xin by t lng bit n su sc vi TS Nguyn Vn Ngc, ngi
Thy hng dn tn tnh v ng vin tc gi trong sut thi gian nghin
cu va qua.

Xin chn thnh cm n ti cc thy, c gio trong B mn Ton - Tin, Phng

o to Khoa hc v Quan h quc t , cc bn hc vin lp Cao hc Ton
K6B trng i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi Nguyn, v cc bn ng nghip
to iu kin thun li, ng vin tc gi trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin
cu ti trng.
Tc gi cng xin by t lng bit n su sc ti gia nh v ngi thn lun
khuyn khch, ng vin tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v lm lun vn.
Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng lun vn kh trnh khi nhng thiu st v
hn ch. Tc gi mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thy
c v bn c lun vn c hon thin hn.
Thi Nguyn, ngy 10 thng 9 nm 2014
Hc vin

Phm Thy Linh

Chng 1
Thit lp phng trnh sng n hi
Chng ny trnh by c s l thuyt ca l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh, bao
gm nh lut Hooke suy rng v mi lin h gia ng sut v bin dng, cc
phng trnh cn bng, v.v.. Ni dung ca chng ny ch yu c hnh thnh
t cc ti liu [1], [2], [3] v [4].

1.1

Bin dng v ng sut n hi

1.1.1

Trng thi n hi ca vt

Di tc dng ca ngoi lc mt vt rn no b bin dng. Nu vt c

th khi phc c hnh dng v kch thc ban u th trng thi bin dng
ni trn c gi l trng thi n hi. Ngc li, trng thi bin dng c gi
l do, hay l d. Xt v d: Gi s ta ko nh mt l xo khi v tr cn bng
ri bung th chic l xo vn c hnh dng v kch thc ban u, ta c trng
thi n hi. Nu ta ko mnh hoc qu mnh th sau khi bung, chic l xo
khng th ly li c hnh dng v kch thc ban u na, thm ch b ph
hu (hng) hon ton, ta c trng thi do (d), hoc ph hu.

1.1.2

Khi nim v ng sut (Stress)

Trong l thuyt n hi, ng sut l mt khi nim quan trng. Ta hnh dung
qua im x ca mi trng v mt mt nh S. Lc n hi gia cc phn
ca mi trng pha ny ca S tc ng ln cc phn t ca mi trng
pha bn kia.
Hp lc ca cc lc ni trn bng nhau v ln nhng c chiu ngc nhau
(lc trc i). ni v chiu ca cc lc , ta v php tuyn n n mt S.
Gi s rng, cc lc tc dng ln S theo hng ca php tuyn n v tnh hc

tng ng vi hp lc T v moment ca cp lc M. Xt cc i lng

= T/(S),

= M/(S).

Gi thit rng i vi cc i lng ny tn ti gii hn khi S 0. Cc gii

hn ny ph thuc vo im x v php tuyn n. Nu chn hng ngc li ca
n th cc gii hn s i du. Nu qua im x ta chn mt khc S 0 th ta li
c hnh nh khc.
Ta gi thit rng cc gii hn trn y khng thay i i vi mi mt S
i qua im x c cng php tuyn n. K hiu
(n) = lim T/(S),
S0

(n) = lim M/(S).

S0

Cc i lng (n) , (n) ph thuc vo im x v thi im t. i lng (n)

c gi l ng sut lc, cn i lng (n) c gi l ng sut moment ti
im x theo hng ca php tuyn n.
Trong khng gian ba chiu Oxyz , nu ti im x = (x, y, z) xt cc mt
nh i qua x vung gc vi cc trc to vi php tuyn c hng l hng
ca cc trc to , th c cc vct ng sut:
x = (xx ,

xy ,

xz ),

y = (yx ,

yy ,

yz ),

z = (zx ,

zy ,

zz ),

trong xx , xy , xz tng ng l to ca vect x trn cc trc to

Ox, Oy, Oz. Tng t i vi cc vc t y v z . ng sut c tnh cht
xy = yx , xz = zx , . . . .

Trong nhiu ti liu dng k hiu

x = xx , y = yy , z = zz .

1.1.3

Khi nim v s bin dng (Strain)

Chuyn v. K hiu rM l bn knh vct ca im M v P (rM , t) l ng sut,

p sut (trong cht lu) ti im M ca khng gian Euclid Rn thi im t. n

v ca ng sut l N/m2 , hay P a (Paxcan). Xt im M (x, y, z) R3 thuc i
tng nghin cu thi im t. Di s tc dng ca cc lc, trng thi cn

bng im M s dch chuyn (rt nh) n im M 0 (x0 , y 0 , z 0 ). Vc t uM = MM0

c gi l vc t chuyn v ca im M : uM = u(x, y, z; t). Ta c h thc:
rM 0 = rM + uM

.
Bin dng. Trong gii hn n hi c ba loi bin dng c bn:

1) Bin dng nn ( Compressional strain) = Th tch thay i/ Th tch ban

u.
2) Bin dng trt n gin (Simple shear strain ) = S gia ca di/ di
ban u.
3) Bin dng trt thun tu (Pure shear strain)= B nn + B ko (din tch
(area) khng thay i, gc thay i).
Gi s di tc dng ca lc vc t chuyn v ca im (x, y, z) l
u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ).
bin dng theo cc phng Cauchy- Navier


1 ui uj
ij =
+
, ij = ji .
2 xj
xi

(1.1)

bin dng gin n

1) Th tch nguyn t ban u (Original Volume): V = xyz,

2) Th tch nguyn t bin dng (Deformed Volume):
V + V = (1 + xx )(1 + yy )(1 + zz )xyz,

3) Bin dng gin (n) ca th tch nguyn t:

V
= (1 + xx )(1 + yy )(1 + zz ) 1
V
ii ( ly tng theo i t 1 n 3) = i ui = .u = divu.

Vy ta c cng thc
V = V.ii = V (xx + yy + zz ) = V (

1.2
1.2.1

u v w
+
+
).
x y
z

(1.2)

Cc hng s n hi v nh lut Hooke suy

rng
Cc hng s n hi

Modun Young E m t n hi dng ko, hoc nn dc theo trc(ca thanh,

hay l xo) khi lc tc dng t dc theo trc , n c nh ngha bng t s

gia ng sut ko (nn) cho bin dng. n v ca modun Young l N/m2 .

Modun n hi trt G miu t xu hng mt vt th ca mt vt th b
ct(trt, hnh dng bin dng vi th tch khng i) khi b tc ng bi cc
lc ngc hng, n c nh ngha bng ng sut ct (trt) chia cho bin
dng ko. n v ca modun trt G l N/m2 .
Modun n hi (hng s Lame). Khi chu s tc ng ca mt ng sut

ko hoc nn, mt vt s phn ng bng cch bin dng theo tc dng ca lc.
Trong mt gii hn bin dng nh, bin dng ny t l thun vi ng sut
tc ng. H s t l ny c gi l modun n hi v c xc nh theo cng
thc
ng sut (stress)
=
.
bin dng (strain)
Cc hng s Lame: , , th nguyn N/m2 ,
=

E
E
, =
.
(1 + )(1 2)
2( + )

Modun n hi ( Modun Young): E, th nguyn N/m2 ,

E=

2(3 + 2)
.
+

H s Poison (Poissons ratio): , khng th nguyn:

=

,
2( + )

0 < < 1/2.

H s cng hay modun n hi trt, th nguyn N/m2 :

G=

1.2.2

E
.
2(1 + )

nh lut Hooke suy rng

Trong mi trng ng nht ng hng ng sut v bin dng lin h nhau

theo cng thc
ij = ij kk + 2ij ,
(1.3)
trong ij l k hiu Kronecker, (i, j = x, y, z); , c gi l cc hng s
Lame.

Trong h trc ta Oxyz v vi vct chuyn v u = (u, v, w), cng thc

(1.3) c dng
 u v w 
u
xx =
+
+
+ ,
(1.4)
x y
z
x
 u v 
xy =
+
,
(1.5)
y x
 u w 
xz =
+
,
(1.6)
z
x
 u v w 
v
yy =
+
+
(1.7)
+ ,
x y
z
y
 v u 
yx =
+
,
(1.8)
x y
 v w 
yz =
+
,
(1.9)
z
y
 u v w 
w
zz =
+
+
+ ,
(1.10)
x y
z
z
 w u 
zx =
+
,
(1.11)
x
z
 w v 
+
zy =
.
(1.12)
y

(1.13)

1.3

Mt nng lng bin dng

Mt nng lng bin dng ca vt n hi c xc nh bi cng thc

1 X
E=
ij ij
(1.14)
2

1
=
2

i,j=x,y,z

(1.15)

[ij kk + 2ij ]ij

i,j=x,y,z

Nhn xt rng, mt nng lng bin dng l mt dng ton phng xc

nh dng i vi su i lng c lp ij ; i, j = 1, 2, 3.

1.4

Phng trnh cn bng sng n hi

1.4.1

Lc to bi ng sut

Xt th tch nguyn t V nh. Hp lc tc dng ln V l vc t F =

(Fx , Fy , Fz ) = (F1 , F2 , F3 ), trong
i
h
i
h

Fx = (xx +

xx

x) xx yz + (xy +

xy

x) xy xz

+ (xz +

xz
z) xz xz + fx xyz =
z

xx


xy xz
+
+ fx xyz.
y
z

Vy, vi i = x, y, z th
Fi =

ix


iy iz
+
+ fi V,
y
z

(1.16)

trong fi l to ca vc t mt lc khi f = (f1 , f2 , f3 ).

1.4.2

nh lut hai Newton - H phng trnh cn bng Navier

- Cauchy - H phng trnh Lame
V

2 ui
= Fi ,
t2

i = x, y, z = 1, 2, 3.

(1.17)

Thay (1.16) vo (1.17) ta c h phng trnh cn bng ng sut - chuyn v

ca l thuyt n hi ng
2
u1
xx xy xz

2 =
+
+
+ f1 ,

x
y
z

t
yx yy yz
2 u2
(1.18)
2 =
+
+
+ f2 ,

t
x
y
z

2u

23 = zx + zy + zz + f3 ,
t

trong
xy = yx , yz = zy , zx = xz .

(1.19)

Ch (1.19), t (1.3) v (1.18) ta c h 9 phng trnh i vi 9 n hm l

u1 , u2 , u3 , xx , xy , xz , yy , yz , zz . H (1.18) c gi l h phng trnh cn bng
Navier - Cauchy.
a (1.16) vo (1.17), ch (1.1) v a cc h thc (1.4)-(1.12) vo (1.18),
ta c
ui = ( + )

(.u)
+ .(ui ) + fi , i = 1(x), 2(y), 3(z),
xi

(1.20)

hay l ta c phng trnh sng n hi i vi chuyn v dng vc t

u = ( + )(.u) + .u + f .

(1.21)

H phng trnh cn bng dng chuyn v (1.21) c gi l h phng

trnh Lame.

10

1.4.3

Ta tr

Trong ta tr r, , z ta c cc phng trnh sau y.

H thc gia bin dng v chuyn v



uz
1 u
1 ur
ur
rr =
r

, =

+ ur , zz =

, zr =

r
r
z
r z




1 1 ur u u
1 u 1 uz
=
+

, z =
+
.
r r
r
r
r z
r

uz
,
r

(1.22)
(1.23)

Phng trnh cn bng ng sut-chuyn v

2 ur
rr 1 r rz 1
+
+
+ (rr ) + fr = 2 ,
r
r
z
r
t
2 u
r 1 z 2
+
+
+ r + f = 2 ,
r
r
z
r
t
zr 1 z zz 1
2 uz
+
+
+ zr + fz = 2 .
r
r
z
r
t

1.4.4

(1.24)
(1.25)
(1.26)

Ta cu

Trong ta cu r, , ta c cc phng trnh sau y

H thc gia bin dng v chuyn v




 u
1 u
1
ur

, =
+ ur , =
+ ur sin + u cos ,
rr =
r
r
r sin



 1 u
u
1 1 ur u u
1

r =
+

+
u cot ,
, =
r r
r
r
2r sin

 1 u
u u 
1
r
r =
+

.
r r sin
r
r

(1.27)
(1.28)
(1.29)

Phng trnh cn bng ng sut-chuyn v

rr 1 r
1 r 1
2 ur
+
+
+ (2rr + r cot ) + fr = 2 , (1.30)
r
r
r sin
r
t
h
i
r 1
1 1
2 u
+
+
+ ( ) cot + 3r + f = 2 , (1.31)
r
r
r sin
r
t


r 1
2 u
1 1
+
+
+
2 cot + 3r + f = 2 . (1.32)
r
r
r sin
r
t

11

1.5

1.5.1

iu kin u, iu kin bin v cc bi ton

lin quan ca cc phng trnh sng n hi.
nh l v duy nht nghim
iu kin u

Vi phng trnh n hi dng chuyn v th cc iu kin u s l

ui (x, y, z; 0) = i (x, y, z),

ui
(x, y, z; 0) = i (x, y, z), i = 1, 2, 3.
t

(1.33)

iu kin th nht trong (1.33) biu th chuyn v ban u ca cc im, cn

iu kin th hai biu th vn tc ban u cc cht im ca mi trng.

1.5.2

iu kin bin

Gi s phng trnh cn bng n hi c cho trong min R3 vi bin

l .
iu kin bin loi mt. Trn cho bit gi tr ca cc chuyn v


ui (x, y, z; t) = g(x, y, z, t), (x, y, z) ; t = 1, 2, 3.

(1.34)

ngha vt l ca cc iu kin trong (1.34) l cho bit chuyn v trn bin

ca min m ta quan tm.
iu kin bin loi hai. Trn cho bit gi tr ca cc ng sut.
minh ha xt cc v d n gin sau y.
V d 1.1. Mt khi bao gm 2 na khng gian, ngn cch bi mt mt phng
ti z = 0.
Cc chuyn v l ux , uy , uz , v cc ng sut l pxx , pxy , pxz , pyy , pyz , pzz
iu kin bin z = 0 cho cc kt hp khc nhau ca na khng gian c:
rn - rn: ux , uy , uz , pxz , pyz , pzz lin tc,
rn - lng: uz , pzz lin tc; pxz = pyz = 0,
lng - lng: uz , pzz lin tc,
rn - cng: ux = uy = uz = 0,
lng - cng: uz = 0,
chn khng - rn: pxz = pyz = pzz = 0,
lng - chn khng: pzz = 0.
Nu ti mt b mt vi vector php tuyn ni , ng sut khng phi l khng
(vector ng sut Pi ), vector ng sut trong khi c c gi tr bin ny.

12

(r)

pij nj = Pi ,

(1.35)

(r)

pij l nhng gi tr bin ca cc thnh phn ca ng sut tensor b mt,

v n c th c tnh t (1.35).
V d 1.2. P (t) trn mt mt phng. i vi trng hp p lc

Hnh 1.1: p lc ln mt b mt phng

n = (1, 0, 0) = (n1 , n2 , n3 ),

P = (P (t), 0, 0) = (P1 , P2 , P3 ).

Tng t nh vy, s dch chuyn c th c quy nh trn b mt ca

khi.
iu kin bin loi ba (hn hp). Gi s = 1 2 , 1 1 = v trn
1 cho bit gi tr ca cc chuyn v, cn trn 2 th cho iu kin v ng sut.

1.5.3

Bi ton Cauchy

Cc phng trnh c cho trong ton b khng gian Rn .

Ch c cc iu kin ban u.

1.5.4

Bi ton bin-gi tr ban u

Cc phng trnh c cho trong min Rn .

Cc iu kin ban u.
Cc iu kin bin tng ng trn bin ca min .

1.5.5

nh l v duy nht nghim

Mt vn t ra l nghim ca cc bi ton ca l thuyt n hi gii theo

chuyn v hay ng sut c duy nht khng? Ngi ta chng minh c nh
l v duy nht nghim bng nhiu phng php khc nhau.
nh l 1.1. Nu tha nhn v trng thi t nhin ca vt v nh lut v c
lp tc dng ca cc lc th nghim ca cc bi ton bin c bn th nht v th
hai ca l thuyt n hi l duy nht.

13

Chng 2
Sng iu ha-Cc sng n hi
iu ha c bn
Chng ny trnh by cch gii ca h phng trnh cn bng ca sng n
hi thit lp c trong Chng 1 bng cch a ra cc hm th v bin
i h phng trnh sng n hi v cc phng trnh sng cp hai c lp.
Trn c s trnh by khi nim v sng iu ha v cc loi sng P, sng S
v mt s loi sng khc. Xt mt s bi ton v sng khi phng v sng khi
cu. Ni dung ch yu ca chng ny c hnh thnh t cc ti liu [2],[3],
[4], [5] v [6].

2.1

Mt s kin thc b tr

2.1.1

Khi nim v sng iu ha

n gin, xt phng trnh sng mt chiu khng gian

2u
1 2u
=
.
c2 t2
x2

(2.1)

y x l bin khng gian, cn t l bin thi gian, c l hng s dng, c th

nguyn m/s, nu u = u(x, t) c n v l mt. Nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh sng (2.1) c cho bi cng thc dAlambert
u(x, t) = F (x ct) + G(x + ct),

(2.2)

trong F (x) v G(x) l nhng hm ty hai ln kh vi lin tc.

nh ngha 2.1. Nu nghim ca phng trnh sng c dng
u(x, t) = A(x, t) cos(t kx + ) hoc = A(x, t) sin(t kx + ),

(2.3)

14

th n c gi l sng iu ha, trong

A l bin ,
= kc l tn s gc,
k = /c l s sng,
= const c gi l pha ban u gc ta ,
i lng t kx + c gi l pha ca sng thi im t ti im x.
Nu A(x, t) = A(x), ngha l nu bin ca sng khng ph thuc vo thi
gian, th sng c gi l sng dng.
Mt s i lng khc c trng cho sng iu ha.
f = /(2) l tn s: s dao ng ton phn trong mt giy,
T = 1/f l chu k: thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn,
= 2/k l bc sng: khong cch ngn nht gia hai dao ng ng pha.
Ni chung, sng iu ha c th c biu din dng
h
i
x

u(x, t) = Aexp i(t ) = Aexp[i(t kx)],

c

trong bin A c th thc hoc phc. Biu din sng iu ha dng m

i khi rt thun tin cho tnh ton.

2.1.2

Khi nim v hm Dirac v hm Heaviside H(x)

hm Dirac l hm suy rng quan trng do nh vt l ngi Anh a ra

vo khong 1926. C th hiu hm Dirac mt cch hnh thc nh sau: hm

l mt " hm " c cc tnh cht
1. (0) = ,
2. (x)
Z = 0, x 6= 0,
(x)(x)dx = (0) i vi mi hm lin tc (x).

3.
Rn

Tnh cht th 3 thng thng c ly lm nh ngha hm suy rng Dirac

nh l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian cc hm c bn, c
xc nh theo cng thc [6]
< , >:= (0).
(2.4)
Cc tnh cht 1 v 2 ni ln rng, gi ca hm Dirac tp trung ti gc to
x = 0, tc l - hm c gi compact. Ch rng, tnh cht 3 tng ng vi
Z
Z
(x a)(x)dx =
(x)(x a)dx = (a).
(2.5)
Rn

Rn

15

Cng vi delta hm, hm Heaviside (x) l nhng hm suy rng c bn. Hm

Heaviside c nh ngha nh sau

1, x > 0,
(x) =
(2.6)
0,

x < 0.

Trong nh ngha cc hm suy rng, delta hm l o hm ca hm Heaviside

0 (x) =

d(x)
= (x).
dx

(2.7)

o hm theo ngha suy rng c xc nh theo cng thc

(D f, ) = (1)|| (f, D ),

2.2
2.2.1

Co .

(2.8)

Biu din nghim ca phng trnh sng n

hi
H khng c ngun

Phng php th nht [4]. n gin xt trng hp f = 0. Ta c phng

trnh thun nht

u = ( + )(.u) + .u = 0.

(2.9)

Chng ta s tm nghim ca phng trnh (2.9)(vc t chuyn v) dng

u = + ,

(2.10)

trong l th v hng (scalar potential), cn l vc t th. i vi vc

t c thm iu kin [4]:
. =

1 2 3
+
+
= 0.
x
y
x

(2.11)

t (2.10) vo cc v ca (2.9) ta c
= ( + )(.[ + ]) + .[ + ].
+ )
(

(2.12)

Ch rng
. = 0,

(2.13)

= ( + )[2 ] + 2 [ + ].
+ )
(

(2.14)

t (2.12) ta c

16

Nhn bn tri ca (2.12) vi .(tch v hng) v ch ti (2.13) ta c

= ( + )2 [2 ] + 2 2 .
2

(2.15)

Do
( + )2 ] = 0.
2 [

suy ra phng trnh sng

( + )2 = 0,

(2.16)

c2 2 = 0,

(2.17)

hay l
trong
r
cp =

+ 2
,

(2.18)

l vn tc ca sng s cp (premary wave).

tm vc t th v , ta nhn hai v ca (2.14)vi (nhn vc t) v ch
tnh cht
= 0,
(2.19)
ta c phng trnh sng
2 = 0,

(2.20)

c2 2 = 0,

(2.21)

hay l
trong
r
cs =

(2.22)

l vn tc ca sng th cp (second wave)

Phng php th hai [3]. Trong h ta Cartesian, ta c cc h thc

(2 u1 , 2 u2 , 2 u3 ) = 2
u = .
u
u.

(2.23)

S dng cng thc (2.23), chng ta vit li h phng trnh (2.9) dng

2
u

( + 2).
u +
u = 0.
t2

(2.24)

t (2.10) vo (2.24) ta c h phng trnh

2
2
2 +
( + 2)2 + = 0.
2
t
t

(2.25)

17

Vit li h (2.25) dng

h 2

h 2

i
+ = 0.

( + 2) + 2
(2.26)
t2
t

Cc hm , s c tm, sao cho cc phng trnh sau y c tha mn

2
2 ( + 2)2 = 0,
t

2
2 + = 0.
t

(2.27)
(2.28)

H trn y c th c vit li dng

1 2
= 0,
c2p t2

(2.29)

1 2 1
2 1 2 2 2 3
+
= 0,

+
+
1
c2s t2
x2
xy xz
1 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 3

+
+
+
= 0,
2
c2s t2
yx
y 2
yz
1 2 3
2 1 2 2 2 3

+
+
+
= 0.
3
c2s t2
zx zy
z 2

(2.30)
(2.31)
(2.32)

Ch 2.1. Cc hm th v , c biu din qua vc t chuyn v u theo

cc cng thc ([3], tr.35):
Z
1
u.r
=
dxdydz,
(2.33)
3
4

R3

1
=
4

ur
dxdydz,
r3

(2.34)

R3

trong
r = (x, y, z), r =

2.2.2

x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

H c ngun

Xt h c ngun h khng thun nht . Biu din vc t f dng

f = f = + .

(2.35)

Khi , khi iu kin (2.11) c tha mn, th cc th v , tha mn cc

phng trnh sng khng thun nht sau y
1

2 =
,
2
cp
+ 2

=
,
c2s

(2.36)
(2.37)

18

Vc t f = f biu din dng

f = f = + ,

(2.38)

trong cc hm , c xc nh qua vc t f theo cng thc

1
=
4

f .r
dxdydz,
r3

(2.39)

f r
dxdydz,
r3

(2.40)

R3

1
=
4

Z
R3

trong
p

r = (x, y, z), r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

Khi cc hm , s tha mn cc phng trnh sng sau y

1 2
=
,
2
2
cp t
+ 2
1 2 1
2 1 2 2 2 3
1

+
+
+
=
,
1
2
2
2
cs t
x
xy xz

1 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 3
2

+
+
+
=
,
2
2
2
2
cs t
yx
y
yz

1 2 3
2 1 2 2 2 3
3

+
+
+
=
.
3
c2s t2
zx zy
z 2

Nhn xt 2.1. Phng trnh (1.21) c th vit thnh h sau y

2


u1
u1 u2 u3

2 u1 ( + )
+
+
= f1 ,

x x
y
z

t


2
u2
u1 u2 u3
u2 ( + )
+
+
= f2 ,
2

t
y x
y
z




2u
u1 u2 u3

23 u3 ( + )
+
+
= f3 .
t
z x
y
z

(2.41)
(2.42)
(2.43)
(2.44)

(2.45)

Nhn xt 2.2. Dng v hng ca biu din nghim (2.10) s l

3 2
+

,
x
y
z
1 3
u2 =
+

,
y
z
x
2 1
u3 =
+

.
z
x
y

u1 =

(2.46)
(2.47)
(2.48)

19

2.3
2.3.1

Sng P, sng S, sng SV, sng SH v sng PSV

Sng P v sng S (P-sng v S-sng)

Thay
u = sei(kxt) ,

(2.49)

tc l
u1 = s1 ei(kxt) , u2 = s2 ei(kxt) , u3 = s3 ei(kxt) ,

trong k, s l nhng vc t hng cha bit vo phng trnh sng (2.9)ta c

2 s ( + )(s.k)k k 2 s = 0,

(k 2 = k12 + k22 + k32 ).

(2.50)

Cc vc t k, s tng ng c gi l vc t s sng v vc t bin . Mi quan

h hnh hc gia hai vc t ny gn vi cc loi sng. Nhn v hng hai v ca
phng trnh trn y vi s ta c
2 |s|2 ( + )(s.k)2 k 2 |s|2 = 0.

(2.51)

Xt trng hp s.k = 0. Khi t (2.51) suy ra

/k =

/ = cs .

(2.52)

Trong trng hp ny cng thc (2.49) cho ta sng S c lan truyn vi vn

tc cs .
Xt trng hp s||k. Khi t (2.51) suy ra
p
/k = ( + 2)/ = cp .
(2.53)
Trong trng hp ny cng thc (2.49) cho ta sng P c lan truyn vi vn
tc cp . R rng l cp > cs .
Sng P (primary or compressional wave- sng s cp) l sng dc (tng t
sng m) c lan truyn vi vn tc gia 1 n 14 km/s. Sng dc l sng n
hi do bin dng ca th tch, trong cc ht vt cht dao ng theo phng
trng vi phng truyn sng.
Sng S (Shear or secondary-Sng th cp) l sng ngang (tng t sng nc)
c lan truyn vi vn tc gia 1 n 8 km/s. Sng ngang l sng trong cc
ht vt cht dao ng theo phng vung gc vi phng truyn sng.
Trong a chn thm d, sng P c ngha hn c. V nguyn tc th sng
S cng c ch, nhng to sng S c nng lng cao nh sng P l rt kh. Cc
sng khc, nh sng Love, sng Rayleigh v.v.. v khng mang thng tin ca cc

20

lp t di su nn t c ngha i vi cng tc thm d a chn. S c

c mt ca cc sng ny gy tr ngi cho qu trnh thu sng c ch, nn chng
c coi l nhiu.

2.3.2

Sng SV, sng SH v sng PSV

Trong mi trng a tng, c th c hai loi sng S, l sng SV (V-vertical)

chuyn ng song song vi nhau trong nhng mt phng thng ng v sng

SH (H-horizontal) chuyn ng song song vi nhau trong nhng mt phng nm
ngang.
Trong mi trng a tng sng SH c th xut hin gia cc mt t do
phn cch cc a tng. Ta tng tng rng, nu mt sng phng c lan
truyn trong mt phng song song vi mt phng trang sch trong mi trng
a tng vi cc mt phn cch nm ngang, th SH c th c th hin bi
phng trnh sng v hng
y = c2s 2 y ,
(2.54)
trong mi tng vi vn tc cs .
Ngc li, cc sng phng PSV c th c cho bi cc phng trnh
x = c2s 2 x ,

z = c2s 2 z ,

(2.55)

trong y l to ca trc vung gc vi trang sch ny.

2.4
2.4.1

Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm
Vn tc pha

Khi nim. Vn tc pha l vn tc dch chuyn ca im c pha dao ng

khng i trong khng gian theo hng cho trc, thng c xem trng vi
hng ca vc t sng.
Khi nim vn tc pha ch c s dng khi m t sng iu ha, hay cn gi
l sng n sc (sng c mt tn s duy nht, tc l sng c dng cos , sin , ei )
v nhng sng c hnh dng tng t.
Cng thc. Chng ta bit rng, i vi cc sng iu ha vi vn tc truyn

sng c
P (x, t) = Ao ei(kxt) , P (x, y, z, t) = Ao ei(k.xt) ,

th c h thc

c= ,
k

k=

kx2 + ky2 + kz2 ,

21

trong k c gi l s sng. Cng thc trn y chnh l cng thc ca vn

tc pha sau y

vp = , = vp k,
(2.56)
k

c trc tip suy ra t cng thc pha ca sng phng trong khng gian mt
chiu = kx t, hoc = k.x t trong khng gian ln hn mt chiu.
Vn tc pha ca sng De Broglie. Sng De Broglie l sng c sinh ra
do cc ht chuyn ng vi vn tc cao. Khi vn tc pha c tnh theo cng
thc
2
vp =

E
c
dx
=
= ,
dt
p
u

trong x- ta , t- thi gian, E - nng lng, u - vn tc ht, c - vn tc nh

sng trong chn khng.
Vn tc pha trong mt s cht.
- Vn tc pha ca sng trong cht rn n hi ng hng
r
G
,

v=

trong G l modun trt, cn l mt ca mi trng.

- Vn tc ca sng dc trong mt thanh mng
r
v=

E
,

trong E l sut Young, lin quan n ng sut php =

=E

F
theo cng thc
S

l
.
l

- Vn tc sng ngang trn si dy cng mnh c mt , sc cng F v tit

din S
r
v=

F
.
S

Vn tc pha c th vt qu vn tc nh sng trong chn khng

2.4.2

Vn tc nhm

m t sng khng iu ha, c bit l cc chm sng, ngoi khi nim vn

tc pha, ngi ta cn s dng khi nim vn tc nhm m t chuyn ng

khng phi ca nhng ngn sng ring bit, m l ca mt nhm sng, hay b
sng (cc sng iu ha c tn s gn bng nhau).

22
Vn tc nhm. Vn tc nhm l s m rng ca vn tc pha v c xc nh

theo cng thc

vg =

d
,
dk

(2.57)

d = vp dk.

Nu tn s gc l tuyn tnh i vi s sng, th vn tc pha v vn tc nhm

trng nhau. Hm (k) biu th s bin i ca tn s gc theo s sng k c

gi l mi quan h ca s tn sc nh sng. S tn sc nh sng c biu th
bi s ph thuc ca vn tc nhm vo bc sng.

2.4.3

Vn tc tc pha v vn tc nhm ca mt s mi trng

Mi trng
Khng kh
t trng phong ha
Ct kh
Ct t
St m
Nc
Ct kt
Mui m
vi
Gnanit
Bazan

2.5

Vp (km/s)

0.31
0.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
4.5
2.6
4.0
5.0

0.36
0.5
1.6
1.6
2.5
1.6
4.0
6.0
6.5
6.0
6.5

Vs /Vp

0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.46
0.56

0.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.62
0.62

Sng khi phng

Sng khi l sng c pht sinh bn trong vt th (bn trong qu t).

Trong mc trn cp ti mt s dng sng phng nh sng PV, sng SH
v sng PSV c pht sinh trong cc mi trng n hi. Trong mc ny trnh
by cch tm nghim ca cc phng trnh sng khi phng.

2.5.1

Pht biu bi ton

Xt mt s trng hp ring ca sng a chn khi vc t chuyn v ~u c

dng c bit, v d nh ~u = (ux (x, t), 0, 0), hoc ~u = (0, uy (x, t), 0), trong cc
thnh phn th nht hoc th hai ch ph thuc vo bin khng gian x v bin
thi gian t.
Trong trng hp th nht ta c phng trnh
c2p

2 ux
2 ux
=
,
x2
t2

c2p =

+ 2
.

(2.58)

23

Trong trng hp th hai ta c phng trnh

c2s

2 uy
2 uy
=
,
x2
t2

c2s =

(2.59)

Cc phng trnh trn y l phng trnh sng mt chiu, l nhng trng hp

ring ca phng trnh
2u

2u
c
= 2.
x2
t
2

(2.60)

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2.60) c cho bi cng thc

u(x, t) = F (x ct) + G(x + ct),

(2.61)

trong F, G l nhng hm ty hai ln kh vi. Mt dng khc ca nghim

tng qut l
x

x

u(x, t) = F t
+G t+ .
(2.62)
c

Cc s hng th nht v th hai trong (2.61) v (2.62) tng ng biu th

s truyn sng theo chiu dng v chiu m ca trc Ox. minh ha, xt s
hng th nht trong (2.62) vi x = x1
u(x1 , t) = F t

x1

= F1 (t).
c

Tng t, vi x2 > x1 , ta c
u(x2 , t) = F t

x2 x1 x1

x2 x1

= F1 t
.
c
c
c

iu ny c ngha l, cng mt thi im t, sng ta x2 ging ht

sng ta x1 thi im t (x2 x1 )/c. Vn tc truyn sng l c. Cc mt
sng (wavefronts) ca sng, ngha l cc mt nm gia vng ri (perturb) v
vng m (unperturb), chnh l cc mt x = const. Do , y l cc mt
phng sng. Nu G(x) trong (2.61) hoc G(t) trong (2.62) bng khng, th hai
mt phng truyn sng l i din nhau (opposite direction).
Trong trng hp u = ux , chng ta c sng dc (longitudial wave), trong
trng hp u = uy , chng ta c sng ngang (transverse wave).

2.5.2

Bi ton gi tr ban u (Bi ton Cauchy)i vi sng

khi phng

Xt phng trnh sng (2.60) vi cc iu kin ban u sau y

u(x, 0) = f (x),

i vi chuyn v,

24
u
(x, 0) = g(x),
t

i vi vn tc ht.

Trong trng hp ny, nghim ca phng trnh (2.60) c cho bi cng thc
dAlambert
Z x+ct
1
1
u(x, t) = [f (x ct) + f (x + ct)] +
g(s)ds.
(2.63)
2

2c

xct

Trng hp g(x) 0

Trong trng hp ny ta c cng thc

1
u(x, t) = [f (x ct) + f (x + ct)],
2

l tng hp ca sng thun (theo chiu dng ca Ox) v sng ngc (theo chiu
m ca Ox).
Trng hp f (x) 0
Trong trng hp ny, gi s hm g(x) c dng g(x) = Qo (x), trong Qo =
const, cn (x) l hm Dirac. Ta c

Z x+ct
Qo H(t x ), x > 0,
u(x, t) =

Qo
2c

(s)ds =

xct

c
2c
Q
o H(t + x ), x < 0,
c
2c

trong H(t) l Heaviside, H(t) = 0 (t < 0), H(t) = 1 (t 0).

2.5.3

Bi ton gi tr bin n gin ca sng phng

Bi ton gi tr bin n gin nht, l bi ton xc nh chuyn v trong

na khng gian i vi p sut theo thi gian P (t) trn mt x = 0 ca na khng
gian ny. V vc t chuyn v ~u = (ux (x, t), 0, 0), nn phng trnh sng l (2.58).
Nghim ca phng trnh ny tm dng
x

ux (x, t) = F t

cp

iu kin bin trn mt x = 0 l

x = P (t), xy = xz = 0, trn mt x = 0.

T cc h thc gia ng sut v chuyn v ta c cng thc

x = ( + 2)

ux
+ 2 0
x
x

=
F (t ) = cp F 0 t
.
x
cp
cp
cp

Vi x = 0, ta c
cp F 0 (t) = P (t).

25

Ly tch phn ng thc trn ta c

Z t
1
F (t) =
cp

1
P ( )d =
cp

P ( )d.
0

y ta gi thit rng P (t) = 0 khi t < 0. Do , chuyn v ux c cho bi

cng thc
Z tx/cp
1
ux (x, t) =
P ( )d.
(2.64)
cp

Xt trng hp c bit khi P (t) = Po (t), t cng thc trn suy ra



P
x
ux (x, t) =

cp

H t

cp

(2.65)

Trong cng thc trn, Po c th nguyn l ng sut nhn vi thi gian. Ti thi
im t = x/cp , tt cc cc im trong na khng gian u b di ch tc th bi
Po /cp theo chiu +x. Xt trng hp ring sau y.
V d 2.1. Vi Po = 1barsec = 9.81N sec/cm2 106 dynsec/cm2 , = 3g/cm3 , cp =
6km/sec, th chuyn v x ux 0.5cm.

2.6

Sng cu i xng sinh bi h thun nht

Trong cc phn trc, chng ta xem xt s m rng v hn ca sng. Chng

l mt s l tng ho, bi v nhng hin tng nh th khng th c hnh
thnh trong thc t khi yu cu m rng ngun v hn. Loi sng n gin nht
t cc ngun vi hu hn m rng l sng hnh cu, tc l sng c xut x ti
mt im (im ngun) v lan truyn ra ton khng gian. Mt sng ca chng
l hnh cu. Trong trng hp n gin nht, cc vector dch chuyn c to
trn nh hng v cng i xng xuyn tm ty theo cc ngun im, ngha
l s dch chuyn xuyn tm trn mt hnh cu xung quanh ngun im l nh
nhau khp mi ni. Nu mt v n hnh cu trong mi trng ng nht xa
mt phn cch c kch hot, kt qu dch chuyn cui cng c hai tnh cht.
Do , chng ta gi l nhng v n im ngun. Cc kt qu thu c vi l
thuyt n hi tuyn tnh ch c th c p dng vi sng hnh cu t cc v
n trong phm vi khong cch, trong iu kin trc ht ca l thuyt (bin
dng v cng, mi quan h tuyn tnh ng sut v bin dng) l tha mn.
Trong min do, min b ph hy v min phi tuyn (y l phn loi th vi s
gia tng khong cch t trung tm ca v n) cc yu cu ny khng c p
ng. i vi mt v n ht nhn ca 1 Megaton TNT tng ng (khong mb
= 6,5-7,0), khu vc tan v l khong rng t 1 ti 2 km.

26

Chng ta d nh gii quyt vn bin nh sau: cho cc di chuyn xuyn

tm khong cch r = r1 t ngun im U (r1 , t) = U1 (t), chng ta mun tm
U (r, t) cho r > r1 .

Chng ta bt u t phng trnh chuyn ng (1.21) vi f = 0.

K hiu
Z
r

U (r0 , t)dr0 .

(r, t) =

Trong to cu (r, , ) ta c

=

1
1
,
,
r r rsin


= (U (r, t), 0, 0) .

Trong ta cu i xng phng trnh sng (2.17) c dng n gin

2 =

2 2
1 2 (r)
1 2
+
=
=
,
r2
r r
r r2
c2p t2

hay l cn n gin hn
1 2 (r)
2 (r)
=
.
r2
c2p t2

(2.66)

Trong trng hp i xng xuyn tm, phng trnh sng c th c gim

xung cn hnh thc ca mt phng trnh sng mt chiu cho ta cho cc
hm r
2
2
1 u
u
= 2 2.
2
x
cp t

Nghim ca phng trnh sng (2.66) c cho bi cng thc dAlambert

 



(r, t) =

1
r

r
cp

+G t+

r
cp

M t s chng cht ca hai sng p, mt lan truyn ra ngoi t ngun im

v lan truyn khc vo bn trong v pha ch ngun. Trong cc vn thc t,
s hng th hai lun lun l s khng v


1
r
(r, t) = F t
.
(2.67)
r

cp

Hm F (t) thng c gi l hm kch thch hoc gim chuyn th nng. Cc

mt sng l nhng mt cu r = const. Th nng nh mt hm ca thi gian c
hnh thc tng t khp mi ni, v bin gim vi khong cch nh 1/r.
S dch chuyn xuyn tm ca ln sng hnh cu bao gm hai ng gp vi s
ph thuc khc nhau theo r





1
r
1 0
r
U (r, t) =
= 2F t

F t
.
(2.68)
r

cp

rcp

cp

27

Do hai s hng thay i vi khong cch tng. Ni chung,iu ny ng

vi s dch chuyn ca sng t im ngun. S hng u tin trong (2.68) c
gi l s hng trng gn v n th hin r rt i vi r nh(gn ngun). S
hng th hai c gi l s hng trng xa v n m t sng kh chnh xc ti
nhng im cch ngun ln hn vi bc sng. iu c ngha l di chuyn
gim t l thun vi 1/r
T iu kin bin r = r1 , do





1 0
F
r1 cp

r1
cp

1
F
r12

r1
cp

= U1 (t).

Chng ta chn thi im gc U1 (t) ch bt u c khc khng cho t = crp1 .

Do , xut hin nh ln sng bt u ti thi im t = 0 ti ngun im r = 0.
Nu U1 (t crp1 ) = U1 (t), n gi U1 (t) cho khc 0 vi t > 0. Vi = t crp1 kt
qu cho
1 0
1
F ( ) + 2 F ( ) = U1 ( ).
(2.69)
r1 cp

r1

Nghim ca phng trnh (2.69) c cho bi cng thc [3]:

Z
F ( ) = r1 cp

U1 ()e

rp ( )
1

d.

T , ta c
F 0 ( ) = r1 cp U1 ( ) + c2p

U1 ()e

rp ( )
1

d.

S dch chuyn xuyn tm cho r > r1 sau c th c vit bng cch s

dng (2.68) nh


 Z

c
1
r1
1
rp ( )
d ,
(2.70)
U (r, t) =
U1 ( ) + cp

U1 ()e 1
r
r r1

vi thi gian tr = t crp . Bi ton bin t ra c gii quyt.

ng dng


r1
1) U1 (t) = U0 t cp , hay l, U1 (t) = U0 (t). n v ca U0 l thi gian nhn
di.
Thay biu thc trn vo cng thc vo cng thc (2.70), ta c
r1
1
1
U (r, t) = U0 ( ) + cp

r
r r1

cp

r
e r1 H( ), = t .
cp

o

28



2) U1 (t) = U0 H t crp1 , hay l U1 (t) = U0 H(t). Th nguyn ca U0 l chiu
di. T (2.70), ta c:
r1
U (r, t) =
U0
r

H( ) + cp

1
1

r r1

rp

r1 crp
e1
cp

c
r1
r1
p
=
U0 H( ) 1 +
1 1 e r1
r
nr
r

o
r1
r1 crp
1
1
=
U0 H( )
+ 1
e
.
r
r
r



=

)
H( )

=0

o

Hnh 2.1: U (r, t) l mt hm thi gian

2.7

Sng cu c sinh bi ngun im n

Mc ny xt bi ton Cauchy i vi h phng trnh chuyn v c ngun

trong h ta cu vi iu kin ban u bng khng:



u (x, y, z, t)
=
 = 0.
t=o

2.7.1

t=o

Cc th v ca ngun

Xt phng trnh n hi vi ngun

f = f = (0, 0, (x)(y)(z)K(t)),

t tm ca h ta Oxyz nh hnh v.
Biu din lc ny qua cc hm th v v theo cng thc (2.10) i vi
cc chuyn v:

f = O + O ,
trong
1
(x, y, z, t) =
4
2

ZZZ

02

1
K(t)z
(z

)()()()K(t)ddd
=
,
r03
4r3

r = x + y + z , r = (x )2 + (y )2 + (z )2 .

(2.71)

29

Hnh 2.2: H ta Decartes vi lc khi ph thi gian K(t)

(x, y, z, t) =

ZZZ

1
1
{(y ), x , o}()()()K(t)ddd
03
4
r
K(t)
(y, x, 0).
(2.72)
=
4r3

2.7.2

Phng trnh ca cc th v

Nu (2.71) v (2.72) c s dng trong cc phng trnh vi phn (2.31) ca

cc th v, ta c th v trt = (x , y , z ), z = 0. Vi gi thit cc hm
x , y tha mn iu kin
x y
+
= 0.
x
y

(2.73)

(xem iu kin (2.11)). Khi ta c cc phng trnh khng thun nht c lp

sau y
2

1 2
K(t)z
=
,
2
2
cp t
4c2p r3

(2.74)

1 2 x
K(t)y
=
,
2
2
cs t
4c2s r3
1 2 y
K(t)x
2 y 2
=
.
2
cs t
4c2s r3

2 x

(2.75)
(2.76)

Nghim ca phng trnh sng khng thun nht

2 a

1 2a
= f (x, y, z, t),
c2 t2

trong ton b khng gian R3 vi cc iu kin ban u bng khng, c cho

bi cng thc [4]:


ZZZ
1
1
r0
a(x, y, z, t) =
f , , , t
ddd,
(2.77)
0
4

30

vi
r02 = (x )2 + (y )2 + (z )2 .

S dng cng thc (2.77), c th tm c nghim ca cc phng trnh sng

(2.74)-(2.76) theo cc cng thc sau y:

(x, y, z, t) =
K(t

)
d,

4r

c
s
Z

K(t

)
d,
x (x, y, z, t) =

3
4r
r
cp

(2.78)

r
cs

y (x, y, z, t) =
z (x, y, z, t) =
r2

K(t

)
d,

4r

0,

2
2
2
x +y +z .

Ch rng, hm K(t) trong cng thc (2.78) khng th c cho trc ty ,m

phi c chn, sao cho cc hm x , y tha mn iu kin (2.73).

2.7.3

Cng thc ca cc chuyn v

tnh ton cc cng thc cho chuyn v, chng ta chuyn sang ta cu

(r, , ) c ch ra trn hnh 2.3 :

Hnh 2.3: Ta cu (r, , )

31

x = rsincos,
y = rsinsin,
z = rcos.

Trong ta cu , th trt khng c r-thnh phn v -thnh phn, cn

-thnh phn c xc nh theo cng thc
= x sin + y cos

Hnh 2.4: Mt phng x, y ca hnh 2.3

Ta c
r
cp

(r, , t)

cos

=
K(t

)
d,

2
4r

(r, , t) =

sin
4r2

Zcs
0

K(t ) d.

(2.79)

32

Phng trnh ny khng ph thuc vo . Vc t chuyn v

u = + .
c th c vit trong ta cu nh sau:

1
ur =
+
(sin ),

r
rsin

1 1
(2.80)

(r ),
u =

r r r

u =

0.

iu ny cho thy sng P c suy ra t khng phi l hon ton theo

chiu dc, n cha mt thnh phn ngang (trong u ). Tng t, sng S c
suy ra t khng phi l hon ton ngang v ur cha mt thnh phn sng
trt . Thnh phn u tin trong u v th hai trong ur l nhng thnh phn
ca trng gn (near field terms [3]). y chng ta tnh ton ch i vi cc
thnh phn xa ca ur v ca u :



cos
r

ur '
K t
(sng P - theo chiu dc),

4cp r
cp
(2.81)



sin
r

(sng S - theo chiu ngang).

u '
K t

2
4cs r

cs

1
r

Nh vy, cc trng chuyn v xa t lc K(t) s gim theo . Ngun lc im

n gy ra cc c tnh bc x c ch ra trn hnh 2.5

Hnh 2.5: c tnh bc x lnh vc xa ca ngun lc im

Cc c tnh bc x ( sng P v S ) u l hai vng trn, sng S c bn knh

c2p
ln hn sng P . Nu gc bc x thay i cho r c nh, th chuyn v ur
c2s
l t l thun vi khong cch OP1 , cn chuyn v u l t l thun vi khong

33

cch OP2 . Cc du hiu ca s chuyn ur thay i trong qu trnh chuyn i t

vng trn u tin n vng trn th hai. c im bc x 3-D y c th
hin trong hnh 2.5 bi xoay quanh s ch o ca lc lng ny. Trong khun
kh ca cc phng trnh trng xa ( 2.81).
Trong thc t cc ngun lc im n thng c t vung gc vi b
mt t do ca mi trng cn kho st. V vy, m hnh xt trn y kh ph
hp vi vn kch thch rung - a chn bi cc v n gn b mt t do.

34

Chng 3
S phn x v khc x ca cc sng
n hi phng
Chng ny trnh by s phn x v khc x ca cc sng n hi phng
trn mt phn cch ca hai na khng gian. Cc sng ny l nhng sng n
hi iu ha. thun tin, trong chng ny, cc sng iu ha s c cho
dng hm m vi i o. Ni dung ch yu ca chng ny c hnh thnh t
ti liu [3].

3.1
3.1.1

Cc phng trnh c bn
Cc phng trnh lin quan ti hai na khng gian

Chng ta s xt hai na khng gian ngn cch nhau bi mt phng z = 0.

Gi thit rng sng khng ph thuc vo bin y, nn chng ta s xt bi ton
ti mt mt phng bt k vung gc vi trc Oy.
Ta k hiu cc thng s ca cc na khng gian l (j , j , j , j , j ), vi j = 1
ta c na khng gian trn, j = 2 ng vi na khng gian di, trong j , j
tng ng l cc vn tc s cp v vn tc th cp, j l mt khi, j , j l
cc hng s Lame:
r
r
j =

j + 2
,
j

j =

j
.
j

Vc t chuyn v

u = (u, v, w); u = u(x, z), v = v(x, z), w = w(x, z).

Biu din chuyn v theo cc th v

u = + .

35

Ta c
2

,
x
z
1 3

,
v=
z
x
2
w=
+
.
z
x
u=

R rng l thnh phn v ch ph thuc vo 1 v 3 , cn cc thnh phn u, w

ch ph thuc vo v 2 .
Vi gi thit
1 3
+
= 0,
x
z

v vit thay cho 2 , ta c

1 2
,
2 t2
1 2
2 = 2 2 ,
t
1 2v
2 v = 2 2 ,
t
2
2

2
+
,
=
x2 z 2

u=

,
x
z

w=
+
.
z
x
2 =

(3.1)

(3.2)
(3.3)

Cc cng thc cn thit ca ng sut

2
2
2
+
2
+
,
2 t2
z 2
xz

 2
2 2
,
+

= 2
xz
x2
z 2
v
= .
z

zz = z =
zx
zy

3.1.2

(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)

Th v phng iu ha

Th v iu ha dng phc

i

x.k
= A exp i t
,

i
h 

x.k

= B exp i t
n.

h 

(3.7)
(3.8)

36

y gi thit A, B l cc hng s (thc hoc phc), k ,

n l cc vc t hng

n v,
x l bn bnh vc t a phng, l tn s gc, i l n v o, ,
tng ng l cc vn tc n hi s cp v th cp, t l bin thi gian.
Mt s biu thc vi phn ca cc th v iu ha

i
h 

i
x.k
= A exp i t
k,

i
h 

i
x.k
= B exp i t
k n.

3.2
3.2.1

(3.9)
(3.10)

Phn x v khc x ca sng SH

H s phn x v khc x

Chuyn v v0 trong s c ca sng SH ti mi mt phng vung gc vi trc

Oy l

 
cos
sin
x
z
.
(3.11)
v0 = C0 exp i t
1

y k hiu C0 l bin ca sng, 1 (2 ) l vn tc sng th cp, l tn

s gc ca sng, l gc ti ca sng (xem hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1: S c nhiu x v phn x sng SH

Gi s hai mi trng n hi khc nhau chim l hai na khng gian phn

cch nhau bi mt phng z = 0. Trong mi trng ng nht ng hng mi
tia sng c truyn thng, khi gp b mt phn cch vi mi trng khc th

37

mt phn ca sng ti b phn x tr li mi trng c, mt phn truyn sang

mi trng khc vi hng truyn thay i gi l tia khc x. Trn hnh 3.1, v1
v 1 tng ng l tia v gc phn x, cn v2 v 2 tng ng l tia v gc khc
x.


sin1
cos1
t
x+
z
1
1



1
Phn x : v1 = C1 exp i
, 1 = . (3.12)
1
 

sin2
cos2
2
Khc x : v2 = C2 exp i t
x
z
, 2 = . (3.13)

Cc n s l nhng gc 1 v 2 , h s phn x rss = C1 /C0 v h s khc

x bss = C2 /C0 .
Cc iu kin bin yu cu ti z = 0 tnh lin tc ca chuyn v (l mt yu
cu hp l ) v lin tc ca ng sut php tuyn v ng sut tip tuyn. iu
ny dn n:

v0 + v1
=
v2 ,
ti z = 0.
(3.14)

v2

(v + v ) =
.
1

Cc thnh phn ng sut zz v zx bng khng khp mi ni, v khng c

sng P hoc sng SV xy ra. a (3.11), (3.12) v (3.13) vo (3.14) . T iu
kin bin u tin dn n:
 

 

C0 exp i

sin
x
1

+ C1 exp i


= C2 exp i

sin1
x
1

sin2
t
x
2


.

(3.15)

nh lut Snell i vi sng

1 = ,

sin
sin1
sin2
=
=
.
1
1
2

(3.16)

Suy ra
sin2
2
= .
sin
1

T (3.15) v (3.16) suy ra

C2 C1 = C0 .

(3.17)

iu kin bin th hai trong (3.14) cho:



1 i

cos
cos1
C0 +
C1
1
1

= 2 i

cos2
C2 .
2

38

Vi 1 = v 1,2 /1,2 = 1 1, 21,2 , suy ra 1 1 cos(C1 C0 ) = 2 2 cos2 C2 ,

hoc
2 2 coss2
C2 + C1 = C0 .
1 1 cos

(3.18)

T (3.17) v (3.18), suy ra cc h s phn x v khc x:

C1
1 1 cos 2 2 cos2
=
,
C0
1 1 cos + 2 2 cos2
C2
21 1 cos
=
=
.
C0
1 1 cos + 2 2 cos2

rss =

(3.19)

bss

(3.20)

Ch n (3.16) ta c
1
2

cos2 = (1 sin2 2 ) =

 12

2
1 22 sin2
1

(3.21)

i vi trng hp vung gc ( = 0):

rss =

1 1 2 2
,
1 1 + 2 2

bss =

21 1
.
1 1 + 2 2

Trong trng hp ny, rss v bss ch ph thuc vo tr khng 1 1 v 2 2

ca hai na khng gian . i vi gc ti l l mt phn cch ( = /2), rss = 1
v bss = 0. Cc gi tr tuyt i ca bin ca sng phn x khng bao gi ln
hn ca sng ti ; ca sng khc x c th ln hn nu 2 2 < 1 1 (v d cho
= 0).
Nu rss m, iu ny c ngha l ti mt im ca mt phn cch s dch
chuyn vector ca sng phn x theo hng y , nu s dch chuyn vector ca
sng ti theo hng +y . Vi kch thch xung (xem thm sau ), iu ny c ngha
l hng chuyn ng u tin ca sng ti v cc sng phn x l ngc nhau.
Cc con s sau y cho thy |rss | nh mt hm ca cho t l vn tc khc
nhau 1 /2 > 1 v 1 = 2 .

39

Hnh 3.2: |rss | nh mt hm ca cho t l vn tc khc nhau

3.2.2

Phn x ton phn

Hin tng, trong sng khc x i l l mt phn cch hai mi trng

(2 = /2) c gi l phn x ton phn.
Nu 2 < 1 , nh trong hnh 3.2 , cos2 l thc cho tt c cc gc ti , cng
ng cho rss v bss . Phn x ton phn, tc l gi tr ca gc ti l |rss | = 1.
Nu 2 > 1 , cos2 ch c gi tr thc khi
= arcsin

1
.
2

40

Hnh 3.3: |rss | nh mt hm ca cho t l vn tc khc nhau

l gc ti hn (gc gii hn phn x ton phn). Theo (3.21), = c

gn vi cc trng hp lan truyn l l ca sng trong na khng gian th hai

(2 = /2).

3.3

Phn x ca sng P ti mt b mt t do

Vic nghin cu cc phn x ca sng s cp P t mt b mt t do c tm

quan trng thit thc cho a chn hc. Sng P t trn ng t v cc v n
lan truyn xuyn qua Tri t v tc ng n ti trm a chn t bn di.
Di di ng nm ngang v ng thng ng c thay i bi cc b mt
t do. Hn na, phn x sng P v sng S c phn x xung v ghi nhn
nhng khong cch ln hn, i khi vi bin ln. Do , hu ch v cn thit
bit h s phn x ca b mt tri t. Cho thi im ny, chng ta b qua
bn cht phn tng ca v tri t trong m hnh ca chng ta, do , ch a
ra nhng xp x u tin vi thc t.

41

Hnh 3.4: Sng ti P v sng phn x P,SV

Tng t nh i vi sng iu ha SH, ta c

Sng ti P
h 
i
sin
cos
0 = A0 exp i t

(3.22)

Sng phn x P
cos1
sin1
x+
z
1 = A1 exp i t

i

sin01
cos01
t
x+
z



(3.23)

Sng phn x SV
1 = B1 exp i

(3.24)

y, thun tin k hiu , tng ng l cc vn tc s cp v sng

th cp.
Cc iu kin bin ti z = 0 yu cu trit tiu cc ng sut php v ng sut
tip zz = zx = 0. Khng i hi iu kin bin trn mt z = 0 ca cc chuyn
v. Vi (3.4), (3.5) v = 0 + 1 , = 1 suy ra cc iu kin bin sau y:
1 2
2 2
2 1
(
+

)
+
(
+

)
+
= 0,
0
1
0
1
2 t2
z 2
xz

z = 0,

(3.25)

2
2 1 2 1
(0 + 1 ) +

= 0,
xz
x2
z 2

z = 0.

(3.26)

nh lut Snell

sin01
sin
sin1
=
=
.

(3.27)

42

T , c kt qu 1 = v 01 = arcsin( sin) < . Vi (3.22)-(3.24) v

2
2
=
=
= 2
,

+ 2 2
2 2 2
2 2

t (3.25) dn n
1
(A0 + A1 )(i)2
2


i
i
2
i
+2 2
sin01 )( cos01 ) = 0.
(A0 + A1 )( cos)2 + B1 (
2 2

Suy ra
sin01 cos01
2 2
cos2
A0 + A1 + 2 2
(A0 + A1 ) 2 B1
= 0.
2 2

Vi
2 2
2 2
2
cos

=
1+ 2
2 2
2 2 2

2
1 + cos2
2
2

2 2
=
2 2 2

2
sin2
2 2

2
=
2 2 2

2
2sin2
2


v




2sin2
,
2

2
= 2 > 2 , ta c

2sin01 cos01
2sin2
(A0 + A1 )
B1 = 0.
2
2

T :
( 2sin2 )

1 B1
A1
2sin( sin2 ) 2
= 2sin2 .
A0
A0

Phng trnh (3.26) cho:

 i
  i
2A0

sin


+B1

 i

cos + 2A1

i
sin01

2


B1

sin

  i

i
cos01

cos

(3.28)

2
= 0, hoc

sin2 01 cos2 01
2sincos
(A

A
)
+
B1 = 0.
0
1
2
2

43

Phng trnh (3.27) cho:

2sincos

B1
A1
+ ( 2sin2 )
= 2sincos.
A0
A0

(3.29)

T (3.28) v (3.29) ta c t s cc bin l

1

A1
4sin2 cos ( sin2 ) 2 ( 2 sin2 )2
=
,
1
A0
4 sin2 cos ( sin2 ) 2 + ( 2 sin2 )2
B1
4 sin cos ( 2 sin2 )
.
=
1
A0
4 sin2 cos ( sin2 ) 2 + ( 2 sin2 )2

(3.30)
(3.31)

i
Bin dch chuyn ca sng ti P l i
A0 ,ca sng phn x P l A1 .
iu ny sau cung cp cho ta cc h s phn x PP:

Rpp =

A1
.
A0

(3.32)

Phng trnh (3.10) cung cp cho cc bin dch chuyn ca sng phn x
SV nh i
B1 . Nh vy, h s phn x PS l
Rps =

B1
.
A0

(3.33)

Rpp v Rps l thc v l tn s c lp cho tt c cc gc ti . Rps lun lun

l dng. Cho = 0 v = 2 , Rpp = 1 v Rps = 0, tng ng, v ch c mt

sng P c phn x.

Hnh 3.5: H s phn x v khc x ca sng P cho gc ti khc nhau

ngha ca du m trong h s phn x tr nn r rng, nu vector chuyn

44

v ca sng ti v sng phn x c biu din thng qua (3.9) v (3.10)

 

i

u 0 = 0 = A0 exp i

u 1 = 1 = A0 Rpp exp i

u 01
1

i
= = A0 Rps exp i



= arcsin
sin .

sin
cos
x
z

k 0,

sin
cos
t
x+
z



sin 01
cos01
t
x
z

(3.34)

k 1,



(3.35)

0
k1
n ,(3.36)

Hnh 3.6: Chiu phn cc ca sng phn x P v SV

Rpp < 0, c ngha l nu s dch chuyn ca sng phn x P ti mt im

trn mt phn cch (z = 0) c ch trong hng ca k1 , sng ti c ch trong

hng ca k0 . i vi trng hp tia sng ti, Rps < 0, s dch chuyn ca cc

sng phn x SV c ch theo hng ca k10
n.

45

KT LUN
Lun vn ny trnh by cc vn sau y:
1. Thit lp phng trnh sng n hi tuyn tnh c in dng ng sut v
dng chuyn v trong ta Decarthes, ta tr v ta cu. Trnh by
cc iu kin u, iu kin bin v nh l duy nht nghim ca cc bi ton
bin c bn.
2. Trnh by cch tm nghim ca h phng trnh sng n hi bng phng
php th v, a h phng trnh n hi v cc phng trnh sng tuyn tnh
cp hai thuc lp phng trnh hyperbolic ca l thuyt cc phng trnh o
hm ring.
3. Trnh by v sng iu ha v cc loi sng n hi c bn, nh sng P(sng
s cp), sng S (sng th cp), cc sng th cp ng (SV), th cp ngang (SH),
sng s - th cp ng (PSV), v.v..
4. Xt ba bi ton c bn ca phng trnh sng. l bi ton Cauchy v
bi ton bin gi tr ban u i vi sng khi phng; bi ton bin gi tr ban
u i vi sng cu i xng thun nht khi bit cc iu kin u v cc iu
kin bin trn mt mt cu nh cho trc; bi ton Cauchy i vi sng cu c
ngun im gc ta .
5. Xt s phn x v khc x ca sng n hi phng: SH v sng P trn b
mt phn cch z = 0 ca hai na khng gian l nhng mi trng n hi khc
nhau.

46

Ti liu tham kho

[1] o Huy Bch (1979) , L thuyt n hi, NXB H v THCN.
[2] Aki, K. and P.G. Richards (2000) , Quantitative Seismology: Theory and
Methods, Freeman and Co.,San Francisco.
[3] Gerhard Muller (2007),Theory of Elastic Waves, Germany.
[4] Gerard T. Schuster (2003), Basic Seismic Wave Theory, University of Utah.
[5] Internet: vi. wikipedia.org; bachkhoatrithuc.vn, vatlyphothong.net, vatlyphothong.vn.
[6] V. S. Vladimirov (1971), Equations of Mathematical Physics,
Dekker, INC, New York.

Marcel