Phương Trình Toán Lý Thầy Đại

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG
DNG
TS. L Xun i
Trng i hc Bch Khoa TP HCM
Khoa Khoa hc ng dng, b mn Ton ng dng
TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)
TP. HCM 2015.
PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

TP. HCM 2015.
1/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Ni dung mn hc
Ni dung mn hc
1
Mn hc trang b cho sinh vin cc kin thc

c bn ca phng trnh ton l v c s ton
ng dng.
Mn hc gip sinh vin hiu c vai tr v
ng dng ca phng trnh ton l trong cc
ngnh khoa hc cng nh trong cuc sng.
Kt thc mn hc sinh vin bit ng dng cc
m hnh phng trnh ton l n gin cho cc
bi ton trong chuyn ngnh.

TP. HCM 2015.
2/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Ni dung mn hc
Ni dung bao gm cc chng sau:

Phn loi phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai
Bi ton Cauchy v phng trnh sng
Chui Fourier v ng dng
Phng php tch bin
Bi ton bin v ng dng
Bi ton bin cp cao
Hm Green v bi ton bin
Phng php bin i tch phn
1

TP. HCM 2015.
3/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Nhim v ca sinh vin
Nhim v ca sinh vin
i hc y (nu vng qu phn na s bui

hc trong hc k, gio vin c quyn ngh
cm thi).
Tham d gi ging trn lp v lm tt c cc
bi tp.
c bi mi trc khi n lp.
Nghin cu phn mm tnh ton MatLab
tnh ton m phng.

TP. HCM 2015.
4/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Phng php nh gi
Phng php nh gi
Thi gia k t lun - 40%.

Thi vit t lun cui k (90 pht) - 60%

TP. HCM 2015.
5/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

Phan Huy Thin. Phng trnh ton l. NXB
GIO DC VIT NAM (2010)
Nguyn Vn Hng, L Vn Trc. Phng
php ton cho vt l, tp 1. NXB HQG H
NI (2007)
L Vn Trc, Nguyn Vn Tha. Phng
php ton cho vt l, tp 2. NXB HQG H
NI (2008)

TP. HCM 2015.
6/1
Gii thiu mn hc
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn Kim nh. Php bin i Laplace.
NXB HQG TPHCM (2011)
ng nh ng. Bin i tch phn. NXB
GIO DC VIT NAM (2009)
Tyn Myint-U, Lokenath Debnath. Linear
Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and
Engineers. Birkhauser, Boston, Basel, Berlin
(2007).

TP. HCM 2015.
7/1
Nhng kin thc c bn
nh ngha
nh ngha
Phng trnh o hm ring l phng trnh c
dng
F (x, y , . . . , u, ux , uy , . . . , uxx , uxy , . . .) = 0, (1)
F l hm nhiu bin vi bin s l
x, y , . . . , u, ux , uy , . . . , uxx , uxy , . . . .

TP. HCM 2015.
8/1
Nhng kin thc c bn
nh ngha
Ta phi tm hm s u(x, y , . . .) sao cho phng

trnh (1) l ng nht thc theo nhng bin ny,
khi ta thay u(x, y , . . .) v nhng o hm ring
ca n vo phng trnh trn
u
u
, uy =
,...
ux =
x
y
2u
2u
uxx = 2 , uxy =
,...
x
xy
.........
Lc ny hm s u(x, y , . . .) c gi l nghim
ca phng trnh o hm ring (1).

TP. HCM 2015.
9/1
Nhng kin thc c bn
nh ngha
Chng ta khng ch tm nghim ring l m cn

nghin cu mi tp hp nghim, v trong trng
hp ring chn ra nhng nghim ring vi nhng
iu kin b sung vo phng trnh (1).
Phng trnh o hm ring (1) s tr thnh
phng trnh vi phn thng thng, nu ch c 1
bin s.
Cp ca o hm cao nht trong phng trnh vi
phn, c gi l cp ca phng trnh vi phn
ny.

TP. HCM 2015.
10 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
V d
u
u
+ xy 2
= 0 PTHR cp 1.
V d 1. 3x
y
x
2
u
u
V d 2.
+ 3 sin x
+ u 1 = 0
x
y
PTHR cp 1.
2
u
2 u
V d 3.
=a
PTHR cp 2.
t
x 2
2u 2u 2u
V d 4. 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 PTHR cp 2.
x
y
z

TP. HCM 2015.
11 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
Phng trnh tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn c gi l tuyn tnh, nu
hm s F tuyn tnh theo bin
u, ux , uy , . . . , uxx , uxy , . . . v nhng h s ch ph
thuc vo bin s x, y , . . . .
Phn ln ta s nghin cu nhng phng trnh
tuyn tnh; nhng phng trnh c dng tng qut
hn thng s c bin i v nhng phng
trnh tuyn tnh.

TP. HCM 2015.
12 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
V d
V d 1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1 hai bin

u
u
A +B
+ Cu = f ,
x
y
trong A, B, C , f l hm hai bin ph thuc vo
x, y .
V d 2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 hai bin
2u
2u
2u
u
u
A 2 +2B
+C 2 +D +E +Fu = g ,
x
xy
y
x
y
trong A, B, C , D, E , F , g l hm hai bin ph
thuc vo x, y .

TP. HCM 2015.
13 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
Phn loi phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2
PTVPHR tuyn tnh cp 2 c gi l

Eliptic nu AC B 2 > 0
Parabolic nu AC B 2 = 0
Hyperbolic nu AC B 2 < 0
thun nht nu g = 0, khng thun nht nu
g 6= 0.

TP. HCM 2015.
14 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
V d
2u 2u
Phng trnh Laplace 2 + 2 = 0 l
x
y
phng trnh eliptic.
2
u
2 u
Phng trnh truyn nhit
=a
l
t
x 2
phng trnh parabolic.
2
2u
2 u
Phng trnh sng 2 = a
l phng
t
x 2
trnh hyperbolic.
2u 2u
Phng trnh Tricomi y 2 + 2 = 0 l PT
x
y
eliptic y > 0 v l PT hyperbolic y < 0.

TP. HCM 2015.
15 / 1
Nhng kin thc c bn
Bi tp
Tm cc min trong cc phng trnh sau y

l hyperbolic, parabolic, elliptic
2u
2u
2u
+2
3 2 =0
x 2
xy
y
2u
2u
2u
2x
+ y 2 = u + 1.
x 2
xy
y
1

TP. HCM 2015.
16 / 1
a PTHR cp 2 v dng chnh tc
t vn
Cho phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 hai bin

2u
2u
u
u
2u
+C 2 +D +E +Fu = g ,
A 2 +2B
x
xy
y
x
y
trong A, B, C , D, E , F , g l hm hai bin ph
thuc vo x, y .
Bi ton. Bng cch i bin
= (x, y ), = (x, y ) v gi s tn ti php
bin i ngc, ta s nhn c phng trnh mi
c dng n gin nht tng ng vi phng
trnh ban u. Vn chn bin mi nh th no?

TP. HCM 2015.
17 / 1
t vn
ux = u x + u x , uy = u y + u y .
uxx = u (x )2 +2u x x +u (x )2 +u xx +u xx
uxy =
u x y +u (x y +y x )+u x y +u xy +u xy
uyy = u (y )2 +2u y y +u (y )2 +u yy +u .yy
Thay vo phng trnh ban u ta c
a11u + 2a12u + a22u + G = 0, trong
a11 = A(x )2 + 2Bx y + C (y )2,
a12 = Ax x + B(x y + y x ) + C y y ,
a22 = A(x )2 + 2Bx y + C (y )2.

TP. HCM 2015.
18 / 1
Phng trnh c trng
nh ngha
ng (x, y ) = C = const c gi l ng
cong tch phn c trng, nu n l nghim ca
phng trnh
2
2

A
+ 2B .
+C
= 0.
x
x y
y
V (x, y ) = C nn
dx +
dy = 0.
x
y

TP. HCM 2015.
19 / 1
Phng trnh c trng
Phng trnh c trng

A(dy )2 2B.dxdy + C (dx)2 = 0
1
Nu B 2 AC > 0
th PTHR c 2 h c
trng Ady
(B + B 2 AC )dx = 0 v
Ady + (B + B 2 AC )dx = 0
Nu B 2 AC = 0 th PTHR c 1 h c
trng Ady Bdx = 0
Nu B 2 AC < 0 th
p PTHR c 2 h c
2
trng Ady (B
p + i |B AC |)dx = 0 v
Ady + (B i |B 2 AC |)dx = 0

TP. HCM 2015.
20 / 1
Phng trnh loi Hyperbolic
i vi phng trnh Hyperbolic th B 2 AC > 0

nn ta c 2 ng cong tch phn (x, y ) v
(x, y ) do a11 = 0 v a22 = 0. Lc ny phng
trnh thu c c dng u = (, , u , u ). y
l dng chnh tc th nht ca phng trnh loi
Hyperbolic. Nu i bin thm 1 ln na
+
1
=
,=
, ta c u = (u + u ),
2
2
2
1
1
u = (u u ), u = (u u ). Vy
2
4
u u = 41. y l dng chnh tc th hai
ca phng trnh loi Hyperbolic.

TP. HCM 2015.
21 / 1
Phng trnh loi Parabolic
i vi phng trnh Parabolic th B 2 AC = 0

nn ta c 1 ng cong tch phn (x, y ) do
2
2
a
11 = A(
x ) + 2Bx y + C (y ) =
( Ax + C y )2 = 0. T suy ra
a
x + B(
x ) + C y y =
12 = Ax
x y + y
( Ax + C y )( Ax + C y ) = 0. Lc ny
phng trnh thu c c dng
u = (, , u , u ). y l dng chnh tc ca
phng trnh loi Parabolic.

TP. HCM 2015.
22 / 1
Phng trnh loi Elliptic
i vi phng trnh Elliptic th B 2 AC < 0 nn

ta c 2 ng cong tch phn phc
(x, y ) = (x, y ) v (x, y ) = (x, y ) do
a11 = 0 v a22 = 0. Lc ny phng trnh thu
c c dng u = (, , u , u ) ging nh
phng trnh loi Hyperbolic. khng gp bin
+
phc, ta i bin thm 1 ln na =
,
2
1
=
, ta c u = (u + u ). Vy
2i
4
u + u = 41. y l dng chnh tc ca
phng trnh loi Elliptic.

TP. HCM 2015.
23 / 1
V d
V d 1.
a phng trnh sau v dng chnh tc
x 2uxx y 2uyy = 0
A = x 2, B = 0, C = y 2. B 2 AC = x 2y 2 > 0.
y l phng trnh thuc dng Hyperbolic.
Phng trnh c trng
x 2(dy )2 y 2(dx)2 = 0
"

xy = C1
xdy + ydx = 0
y
= C2
xdy ydx = 0
x

TP. HCM 2015.
24 / 1
V d
y
Thc hin php i bin = xy , = . Khi ta
y x
c ux = u x + u x = u y u 2 ,
x
1
uy = u y + u y = u x + u .
x
0
uxx = (ux )x =
2u 2
2u y 2 2u y 2
u y
y
2
.
+
.
+
2
.
2
x 2 2 x 4
x 3
2u 2
2u
2u 1
0
+
uyy = (uy )y = 2 x + 2
. .
2 x 2

TP. HCM 2015.
25 / 1
V d
Thay cc gi tr o hm ring vo phng trnh

banu, ta c

2
2
2
2
2
u
y
u
y
u
y
u
2
y
. 2 + 2. 4 + 2 . 3
x2
2
2
x
x
x
2
2
2
u 2
u
u 1
x
+
2
+
.
=0
y2
2
2 x 2
2u 2
u y
2u
1 u
4
y +2 . =0
= 0.
x
2

TP. HCM 2015.
26 / 1
V d
V d 2.
2
2u 2
2u
2 u
sin x 2y sin x
+y
= 0.
x 2
xy
y 2
Phng trnh c trng
sin2 x(dy )2 + 2y sin xdxdy + y 2(dx)2 = 0
x
y tan = C l ng cong tch phn c trng.
2
x
Thc hin php i bin = y tan , = y (hm
2
2
u u
ty ), ta c y 2 =
sin x.


TP. HCM 2015.
27 / 1
V d
2 tan x2
x
v
tan
=
nn
V sin x =
1 + tan2 x2
2
2
sin x = 2
. Vy phng trnh dng chnh
+ 2
tc l
2u
2 u
=
.
2 2 + 2

TP. HCM 2015.
28 / 1
V d
V d 3.
2u
2u
2u
2
+ 2 2 = 0.
x 2
xy
y
Phng trnh c trng
(dy )2 + 2dxdy + 2(dx)2 = 0 dy =
(1 i)dx y + x ix = C1, y + x + ix = C2
l nhng ng cong tch phn c trng. Thc
hin php i bin = y + x, = x, ta c
2u 2u
+
= 0.
2 2

TP. HCM 2015.
29 / 1
Nhng khi nim chung v tp hp nghim
nh ngha
nh ngha
Nghim ca PTVPHR trong min D ca khng
gian cc bin c lp l mt hm s c tt c cc
o hm ring cha trong phng trnh v tha
mn phng trnh ti mi im ca D
Ni chung, PTVPHR c tp nghim rt rng.
i vi phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht nu
u1, u2 l nghim th c1u1 + c2u2, c1, c2 R cng l
nghim.

TP. HCM 2015.
30 / 1
V d
u
= 1 vi hm cha bit
x
u(x, y ) c nghim u(x, y ) = x + (y ) vi (y ) l
1 hm bt k.
V d 2. Cc hm u = x 2 y 2 v u = e x cos y
u l nghim ca phng trnh Laplace
2u 2u
+
=0
x 2 y 2
V d 1. Phng trnh

TP. HCM 2015.
31 / 1
iu kin u, iu kin bin
Trong tp cc nghim ca PTHR, xc nh 1

nghim duy nht cn phi a thm iu kin. Gi
s hm cn tm l u(x, t) vi t l thi gian. Khi y
iu kin
u(x, 0) = f (x)
vi f (x) l 1 hm cho trc c gi l iu kin
u.

TP. HCM 2015.
32 / 1
Gi s hm cn tm l u(x, y ) v cho bit mt s

d kin trn bin ca min D v d
u(x, y ) | = f (x, y ),
c ngha l u(x, y ) = f (x, y ), (x, y ) ,
th iu kin ny c gi l iu kin bin
Dirichlet.

TP. HCM 2015.
33 / 1
Cn nu trn bin bit o hm theo hng vc
t php tuyn
n ca bin
u
| = g (x, y )
c ngha l nu
n = n1 i + n2 j th
u
= ux0 .n1 + uy0 .n2 = g (x, y ), (x, y ) . Lc
n
ny iu kin ny c gi l iu kin bin
Neuman.

TP. HCM 2015.
34 / 1
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

TP. HCM 2015.
35 / 1

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PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

TP. HCM 2015.

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Mn hc trang b cho sinh vin cc kin thc

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Ni dung bao gm cc chng sau:

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhim v ca sinh vin

Nhim v ca sinh vin

i hc y (nu vng qu phn na s bui

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Thi gia k t lun - 40%.

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Ti liu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Ti liu tham kho

TI LIU THAM KHO

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

Ta phi tm hm s u(x, y , . . .) sao cho phng

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

Chng ta khng ch tm nghim ring l m cn

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

Phng trnh tuyn tnh

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

V d 1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1 hai bin

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

Phn loi phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2

PTVPHR tuyn tnh cp 2 c gi l

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

Nhng kin thc c bn

Tm cc min trong cc phng trnh sau y

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

a PTHR cp 2 v dng chnh tc

Cho phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 hai bin

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

a PTHR cp 2 v dng chnh tc

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

a PTHR cp 2 v dng chnh tc

Phng trnh c trng

PHNG TRNH TON L V C S TON NG DNG

a PTHR cp 2 v dng chnh tc

Phng trnh c trng