Computer Hardware A To Z - by Tanbircox

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(Peripherals)

,

( ), ,

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Micronics, Mylex, AMI, DTK,
Orchid Technology, Elitegroup
,

, ,
, ,
-
?

,

, , ,

-
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ZIF
LGA. LGA Land Grid Array LGA Zero Insertion Force ZIF
LGA
LGA 771. LGA 775.
LGA 1156
ZIF -
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LGA -
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- -
-
*** :

: - , ,

, -

: - , , , , ,
,

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910, 915, 945, 965, 975, P31, P35, G31, G33, G35, X38, X48,
P43, P45, G31, G33, G41, G43, G45, H55, H57, H61, H67, X79
, ,

-
DIMM Dual
In-line Memory Module.
-
-
, ,
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-
, , , , , -
-
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Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

, . .
. / . /
- (External SATA)
/
-
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eSATA -
Parallel ATA ,
/ ,
Integrated Drive Electronics.
SATA
-
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() -
Universal Serial Bus ,

, , ,
. /, . /, . /
-
, , ,

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Personal System/2

Basic Input Output System BIOS.

POST

POST Power On Self Test.
,

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- -

AT,
ATX microATX.
AT
ATX
.
microATX . %

mini-ITX, mobile-ITX, pico-ITX, DTX, mini-DTX
AT -
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micro-ATX -
mini-ITX -
pico-ITX -
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Advanced Host Controller Interface AHCI

-

AHCI ..
AHCI No disk found
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, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
CPU-Z Motherboard
CPU-Z
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? ,

-
? Central
Processing Unit. -
, -
,
!

Integrated Circuit. , ,

, ,

Large-Scale Integration.
Very Large-Scale Integration.
(Die).

,

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, ?

,
,

,
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-

,

/ (Arithmetic/Logical Unit) (Control Unit)
(
)
(Bus)

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(Address Bus) ,
(Data Bus)
( ) (Control Bus)

/

,
L1, L2, L3
Shared
Level Cache ,
-

FDI ( )

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Direct Media Interface.

- , ,

, ,

--

(--: )

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( )

GT/s Giga Transfer pre second.
GT/s.
+ +

( )
RISC CISC RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing
CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing. RISC
CISC

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- -

,
32
2 = 4,294,967,296
4 3
264=18446744073709551616 16

P=CV2f
P =
C =
f =
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4004

8080.

8086

80386
IA-32 Intel Architecture 32-bit
x86
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80386 i386, i486,

i686 i686

- AMD
amd64. AMD64
x86_x64
x86_x64
, ,
, , ,

-

80xxx
, ,
, , ,

IA-64

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Lynnfield Gulftown

45nm
32nm
G41
H57

,
.
.

CPU-Z
,
CPU-Z
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/ , , ,
/

SSD
? ?
?
?
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, ,

? (Platter)
, (Spindle)
?
(Actuator Arm)

(Actuator Shaft)
(Disk Head)
(Parking Zone)
(Logic Board)
, ,
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:
RPM
7200 rpm
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: , ,

(Track)
(Sector)
(Cluster)
(Block)

(Head)
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, ,
CHS
= [
x x ( ) ] x x

- -

,

True
False
,

North-to-South South-to-North
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(Flux)
,
S-N
N-S
N-S
N-
S S-N N-S N-S N-S N-S

,

(Flux) ,
FH. MIG.
TF
TF
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Anisotropic MagnetoResistive
AMR/MR
CMR Colossal MagnetoResistive
MagnetoResistive

(Flying Height)

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-
, ,

FAT16 NTFS =

NTFS, FAT, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, ext3, ext4, vFAT,
HPFS NTFS
FAT
FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT ext3,
ext4, HPFS, vFAT

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- :

- :

? (MFT) ,
-
-
-

( )
,

( )
NTFS

x = ,

Size Size on disk
Size on disk
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,,, ,,

,,,

,, ? ,,,

:

. . ,
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. - . , . .-.

. . , . .
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,
, . . ,
,
PATA SATA
ATA
SASI, SCSi, ST, ESDI
ATA
PATA , SATA /

., . . , .. . eSATA

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eSATA

,
, ,

Redundant Array of Independent Disks
-

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- ,

RAMAC ,
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, ,
IBM 1301, IBM 2310, IBM 2314.

3340

Seagate
.
ST-506
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R0352
Rodime
Conner Peripherals
CP340
681 Integral Peripherals .

.
( )

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FDE

,
,
-
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SSD , ,

-
? ? ?

. .

. -

? ? ?
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure)
MTBF
,, ? ,, ?!?!?! ,
AHCI (NCQ)
NCQ
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AHCI
. -

,
-
,

Index

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? !
?

,

?
?
,
,
Techtunes T
, s

,
, / ,

,
Jay Forrester
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-
Robert Dennard, An Wang Kenneth Olsen

-

(
)

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?
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Techtunes T
T , ,
T
-

-
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DIMM
DIMM
-
-
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(
)
SIPP: Singel In-line Pin Package.

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SIMM: Single In-line Memory Module. ,

-
DIMM: Dual In-line Memory Module

SIMM DIMM DIMM
SO-DIMM
RIMM:
Rambus Rambus In-line Memory Module
DIMM ,
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DIMM DIMM
ADR Asynchronous Dynamic RAM.

SD
SDR Synchronous Dynamic RAM.

SD

SD RAM
DDR Double Data Rate.

DDR
, DDR .
/ .
DDR2 DDR DDR
, , DDR2-400, DDR2-533, DDR2667 DDR2-800 DDR2-800
( , )
/ .

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DDR3
. .
DDR4 DDR
,

Mobile DDR, Graphics DDR
Micron Technology, Kingston Technology,

Winbond Electronics Corporation, Transcend Information, Inc, Hynix Semiconductor Inc
, , -
Corsair Apacer
,
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H57 DDR3
DDR2

,

-

, ( )
()
,
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, , , ,

GPU Graphics
Processing Unit. GPU
(Picture Pix Element el
Pixel) , ,

, ,

DDR
DDR Double Data Rate.
DDR, DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR3, GDDR5.

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Video Graphics Array
RGB

High-Definition Multimedia Interface HDMI
Digital Visual Interface

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Separated Video - ,
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Peripheral
Component Interconnect. AGP (Accelerated Graphics
Port)

- PCI-e PCI-Express. PCIe
, , ,
PCIe
, - -
- x
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-
-
-

? ,
, ?
, , , , ,
, , ,

, ,
- amd64
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: , , ,
- ,

, ,

DDR, DDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5 ,

GDDR5 DDR2 DDR3

PCIe x8, PCIe

x16 2.0
- ,

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-
-
-
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? -
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, -,
-
- -
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, , , ?

GPU-Z
, ,
GPU Meter
GPU Meter
, ,

NVidia Corporation

NVidia Corporation ATi Technologies Ltd. ( AMD Radeon )

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NVidia Corporation
( )
NVidia GeForce
NVidia Corporation GPU ( Graphics Processing Unit )
GPU ( Graphics Processing Unit )
(GPU )
NVidia Corporation
NVidia
+ NVIDIA GPUDirect +
NVidia Corporation

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+ CUDA +
NVidia GPU CUDA
CUDA GPU
NVidia Architecture
GPU
+ NVIDIA Optimus +

NVIDIA Optimus, CUDA NVIDIA
Optimus

/
+ PUREVIDEO +
- - -
PUREVIDEO NVidia , , ,
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3D
PUREVIDEO -
+ SLI +
NVIDIA NVIDIA
GPU

NVIDIA
NVIDIA
SLI -
-
+ HyBrid SLI +
-
NVIDIA
HyBrid SLI ( )

, HyBrid SLI

( ) - /
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+ PhysX +
PhysX 3D -, -, ,
, AVATAR
ATi ( Aero Technologies incorporate ) ,

,
NVIDIA
-
ATi
AMD Radeon

, ATi
ATi
, NVIDIA
NVIDIA

ATi NVIDIA
, ,
- ATi - ATi NVIDIA %
, ATi

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:: ::
2nd
Generation 3rd Generation
-

HD Gameing Blu-Ray
:: ATi ::
NVIDIA , ATi NVIDIA

HD Gameing,
Smooth Video, 3D
NVIDIA
ATi,
,
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:: ATi ::
-

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:: EyeSpeed ::
APP ( Accelerated Parallel Processing )
HD Gameing, Blu-Ray , 3D ,
Blu-Ray , 3D , Game
:: HD3D ::
3D , , ,
, Stereoscopic 3D
3D
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:: ATi AVIVO ::
Blu-Ray , , HDMI ( High Defination Multimedia Interface ),
, OpenGL, GDDR-5, EyeSpeed, HD3D, , .

:: ATi CrossFire X ::
ATi NVIDIA
SLI , ATi CrossFire
CrossFireX SLI
CrossFire X -
CrossFire X CrossFire X SLI ,
% CrossFire X
ATi
SLI CrossFire X
SLI
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NVIDIA , , ATi
,
NVIDIA ATi
NVIDIA
- ATi -
ATi AMD Rradeon 7000
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, , ??????????????
%

,

- -
-
? - - ,
Core 2 Duo ,
, , ,
-

,

{ % }
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,
?

% %
, % , % UCC
Thermaltake Brand XFX

, -
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ATX Power Supply:: Tk- 500-1200
GIGABYTE 300W Power Supply :: Tk-2000
GIGABYTE GE R460 V-1 :: Tk-3000
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Thermaltake 430W LitePower :: Tk-3000
Thermaltake 500W TR-2 :: Tk-4700
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XFX PRO 550W :: Tk-10000

,
-
,
% Core 2 Duo/Core i3
, , / , , ( ATi Radeon HD
5450,5550,5670,6350,6550,6460 Or NVIDIA GeForce 9400,9500, GTX 200, 210, 220, 240 ) ,

-
-
-

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Core i5, AMD Athlon 2 X2/X4, PHENOM 2 X2 , / , /

, ( ATi Radeon HD 5570, 5770, 6570, 6650,
6670, NVIDIA GTX 430, 450, 460, ) Thermaltake

430W LitePowre (2800tk), Gigabyte 460W (2700tk)
%

,

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(PSU)
( , ,
) AC
, . - DC,
(watt) , ;
= x (W= V x A)
;
, ( , , ,
)
,

( )

,
, , peak rating of
550 watts at 25C, with 25 amps (300 W) on the 12 volt line
, continuous rating of 450 watts at 40C, with 33 amps (400 W) on the 12 volt line
? , ?
, ( )

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SCSI

( )

(, )
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, ; ;
;
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,

, ,
, , ,
, ?
( )

, , / , + , + ,

, , + , +
,

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/
, . ,

,
,
,

, ? , ()
,
? , ?
?
,
(Key Board Power ON KBPO), Wake- On- LAN, Wake-On- Ring ,

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.% ,

1. CRT { Cathode Ray Tube }
2. LCD { Liquid Crystal Display }
CRT LCD LCD

CRT

LCD
LED [ Light Emitting
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Diode ] LED LED LED

LCD LCD

.:
:.
-
-
- -
.:
:.
Resulation ,
, Resulation Resulation *
*, *, * * Resulation HD
Resulation
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* LCD
Wide : HD
.:
:.
LCD

, LCD

-.
.:
:.

, /Ghosting Effect
/
LCD -
-

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.:
:.

,
.-. , .

.:
:.
*
*
: :
:-: :-:

.:
:.
,

LCD

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.:
:.
* VGA [ Video Graphics Acceleration ]

* DVI [ Digital Visual Interface ]
* HDMI [ High Definition Multimedia Interface ]
LCD VGA { Video Graphics Acceleration }.

VGA
, VGA
HD 3gp( ),
???????????????????
VGA DVI
, DVI
- DVI
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- HDMI
HDMI HDMI
,
HDMI
v1.4
HDCP { High Band-Width Digital Content Protection }

.:
:.
LCD
* TN { Twisted Nematic }
* VA { Vertical Alignment }
* IPS { In Plane Switching }

, ,
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LCD
TN IPS { In Plane Switching }

TN
IPS { In Plane Switching } (
)
, ,
, , ,

,
, Warranty ,
LED , LED

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,
,

1.
Output power
2.
Speaker unit
3.
Frequency response
4.
S/N ratio

Watt RMS(Root Means Square)
PMPO(Peak Music Power Output). RMS PMPO
Peak RMS PMPO RMS
PMPO
,
RMS
RMS

-

(Driver)
2:1 Satellite 3 4ohms 10 watts RMS
Subwoofer 5.25 4ohms 18 watts RMS
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satellite (
, ) RMS

subwoofer .

tweeter.

( ) ." satellite "
subwoofer
RMS watt .''=
"=
"=

"=
"=
."=
.''=-
"=-
"=-
"=-

,
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-- -
-- -
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-- -
:

-

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S/N Signal to Noise ratio

6
/
/ >85db
20db s/n ratio
50db s/n ratio
s/n ratio

, ...

,

THX ,

- , ,

,
, .
. .
, . ,
extreme . ,

. ( ) MP3
( . )

. (Bass) THX
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Bass test 1
Bass test 2
Bass test 3
. ,

. !

. ,
. ,

.
,
, .

.
,
,

.
( Hiss noise)

.
.
- ( )

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- ( )

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- ( ,
)
,

.
,

BCS computer city, ,
Bass Powered subwoofer Freedom
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S S-N N-S N-S N-S N-S

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CMR Colossal MagnetoResistive

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NTFS, FAT, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, ext3, ext4, vFAT,

FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT ext3,

ext4, HPFS, vFAT

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Size Size on disk

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SASI, SCSi, ST, ESDI

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IBM 1301, IBM 2310, IBM 2314.