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Hydraulics
Hydraulics
BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
1)
DEFINITIONS
1.1) HYDRAULICS
1.2) CLASSIFICATION
1.2.1) HYDROSTATICS
BASIC
DEFINITIONS
&
FORMULAE
1.2.2) HYDRODYNAMICS
1.3) FORCE , PRESSURE , AREA
1.4) PASCALS LAW
2)
MULTIPLICATION OF FORCES
2.1) BRAMAHS PRESS
2.2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
3)
USES OF
HYDRAULIC
S
BASICS OF HYDRAULICS
4)
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
4.1) SPEED CONTROL
4.2) DIRECTION CONTROL
4.3) FORCE CONTROL
4.4) OVERLOAD PROTECTION
4.5) COMPACTNESS
5)
ADVANTAGES
OF
HYDRAULICS
PRACTICAL
DETAILS IN
HYDRAULIC
S
HYDRAULICS
HYDRO
AULUS
( meaning Water )
( meaning Pipe )
HYDRAULICS :
Work done by fluids in pipes.
H y d r a u lic s is C la s s if e d a s
H Y D R O S T A T IC S
H Y D R O D Y N A M IC S
HYDROSTATICS
HYDROSTATICS
FORCE
F1
Eg.:F1 = 1 Kg
A1 = 1 Cm2
P = F1 = 1 Kg
A1
1 Cm2
AREA
A1
= 1 Kg / Cm2
( Same Pressure
P)
A2 = 10 Cm2
F2 = P x A2
= 1
x 10
= 10 Kg
FORCE
F2
AREA
A2
HYDRODYNAMICS
LIQUID AT
HIGH VELOCITY
NOZZLE
TURBINE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE = FORCE
AREA
FORCE IN
KILOGRAMS ( Kg )
AREA IN
SQ. CM
( Cm2 )
PRESSURE IN KILOGRAM / SQ.CM
(Kg / Cm2 )
F
A
F
A
PASCALS LAW
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS
TRANSMITTED UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND
ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS AND AT
RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM.
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A
FRENCH SCIENTIST
PASCAL DISCOVERED
THIS LAW IN THE
17th CENTURY.
RELATES TO
USE OF CONFINED FLUID
IN
TRANSMITTING
POWER
MODIFYING
MOTION
MULTIPLYING
FORCE.
CONFINED FLUID
IS TRANSMITTED
UNDIMINISHED
IN ALL DIRECTIONS
ACTS WITH EQUAL
FORCE ON EQUAL AREAS
AND
AT RIGHT ANGLES TO
THEM
PASCALS LAW
FORCE
F1
SMALL AREA
A1
P = F1
A1
PRESSURE
P
F2 = P x A 2
LARGE AREA
FORCE
F2
A2
BRAMAHS PRESS
HYDRAULIC LEVERAGE
10
kg
10 Kg ON A
1Cm2
AREA
1Cm2
INPUT
100
kg
PRESSURE
DEVELOPED
THROUGHOUT
IS 10 Kg / Cm2
10 Cm2
OUTPUT
MECHANICAL LEVERAGE
10 Kg
100
Kg
A LOAD
OF 10 Kg
HERE
1
0
THIS
PRESSURE
SUPPORTS A
WT OF 100 Kg
IF AREA IS 10
Cm2
WILL
BALANCE A
LOAD OF
100 Kg
HERE
10 Cm
1Cm2
100 kg
10 Cm2
1 Cm
Q=Axh
10
kg
10 Cm OF LIQUID WILL
MOVE LARGER PISTON
ONLY 1Cm.
10 Cm2 x 1 Cm = 10 Cm3
W=Fxd
W=Fxd
W=Fxd
= 10 Kg x 10 Cm
= 100 Kg x 1 Cm
= 100 Kg-Cm
= 100 Kg-Cm
LOAD
ROTARY ACTUATOR
PUMP
HYDRO MOTOR
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
SPEED CONTROL
MAXIMUM SPEED
(No speed control ) 10 lpm
Q = Ax V
PUMP
THIS VOL.
IS 10 Lts.
PISTON MOVES
X Cm IN 1 min.
Q Flow
(Cm3/min)
A Area
( Cm2 )
V Velocity
(Cm/ min )
(Speed control )
FLOW
CONTROL
VALVE
10 lpm
PUMP
5 lpm
RELIEF
VALVE
ACTUATOR GETS ONLY 5
LPM AND TRAVELS X/2
Cm IN ONE MIN.
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULIC DRIVES ARE REVERSIBLE
DIRECTION CONTROL
PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
DIRECTIONA
L
THE CYLINDER
ROD EXTENDS
VALVE
PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
DIRECTIONAL
VALVE
THE CYLINDER
ROD RETRACTS
ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS
PRESSURE HEAD
PUMP INLET LOCATIONS
OIL LEVEL ABOVE PUMP
CHARGES INLET
PRESSURE HERE IS
0.85 x 100 gm / Cm2
= 0.085 Kg / Cm2
100 Cm
PUMP
100 Cm
INLET
OUTLET
INLET
OUTLET
PUMP
NO RESTRICTION
PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
PRESSURE
BUILDS UP
WITH RESTRICTION
PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
PRESSURE BUILDS
UPTO RELIEF VALVE
SETTING (100 Kg / Cm2)
CLOSING
PUMP
RELIEF
VALVE
Set at 100
Kg/Cm2
10
A
PUMP
20
PUMP
P1 = 0
P2 = ( P1 + 10 )
10
0 + 10
= 10 BAR
20 BAR
P3 = ( P2 + 20 )
30
= 10 + 20
= 30 BAR
30 BAR
P = ( P3 + 30 )
PUMP
60
= 30 + 30
= 60 BAR
PRINCIPLES OF FLOW
HOW FLOW IS MEASURED ?
VELOCITY
FLOW ( FLOW RATE )
FLOW RATE AND SPEED
FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
FLOW IS THE ACTION IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
THAT GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS MOTION.
PRESSURE GIVES THE ACTUATOR ITS FORCE , BUT
FLOW IS ESSENTIAL TO CAUSE MOVEMENT.
FLOW IN THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM IS CREATED BY THE
PUMP
PRESSURE INDICATES WORK LOAD.
VELOCITY IN Cm / min
PRESSURE
GRADIENT
FRICTION IN PIPE
DROPS PRESSURE
PRESSURE IS
ZERO HERE AS
THE FLUID
FLOWS OUT
UNRESTRICTED
2~6
metres / Second
NOR DOES A
GRADUAL CHANGE
IN DIRECTION.
LAMINAR FLOW
TURBULENT FLOW
AN ABRUPT
CHANGE IN CROSSSECTION MAKES IT
TURBULENT.
SO DOES AN ABRUPT
CHANGE IN DIRECTION.