Table 1: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series

+


x(t) =

jk0 t

ak e

k=

1
ak =
T
Property

x(t)e

jk0 t

ak ejk(2/T )t

k=

1
dt =
T


T

x(t)ejk(2/T )t dt

Periodic Signal

x(t)
y(t)
Linearity
Time-Shifting
Frequency-Shifting
Conjugation
Time Reversal
Time Scaling

+


x( )y(t )d

Multiplication

x(t)y(t)

Dierentiation

dx(t)
 dt

ak
bk

Periodic with period T and

fundamental frequency 0 = 2/T

Ax(t) + By(t)
x(t t0 )
ejM 0 t = ejM (2/T )t x(t)
x (t)
x(t)
x(t),
> 0 (periodic with period T /)


Periodic Convolution

Fourier Series Coecients

Aak + Bbk
ak ejk0 t0 = ak ejk(2/T )t0
akM
ak
ak
ak
T ak b k
+


al bkl

l=

Conjugate Symmetry
for Real Signals

x(t) real

Real and Even Signals

x(t) real and even

2
jk0 ak = jk ak
T



1
1
ak =
ak
jk(2/T )
jk0
ak = ak

e{ak } = e{ak }
m{ak } = m{ak }

|ak | = |ak |

) ak
<
) ak = <
ak real and even

Real and Odd Signals

x(t) real and odd

ak purely imaginary and odd

Integration

Even-Odd Decomposition of Real Signals

x(t)dt

(nite-valued and
periodic only if a0 = 0)

xe (t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t) real]

xo (t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real]
Parsevals Relation for Periodic Signals

+

1
2
|x(t)| dt =
|ak |2
T T
k=

e{ak }
jm{ak }

Table 3: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform


1
X(j)ejt d
x(t) =
2

X(j) =
x(t)ejt dt

Property

Aperiodic Signal

Fourier transform

x(t)
y(t)

X(j)
Y (j)

Linearity
Time-shifting
Frequency-shifting
Conjugation
Time-Reversal

ax(t) + by(t)
x(t t0 )
ej0 t x(t)
x (t)
x(t)

Time- and Frequency-Scaling

x(at)

Convolution

x(t) y(t)

Multiplication

x(t)y(t)

aX(j) + bY (j)
ejt0 X(j)
X(j( 0 ))
X (j)
X(j)
 
j
1
X
|a|
a
X(j)Y (j)
1
X(j) Y (j)
2

Dierentiation in Time

d
x(t)
dt t

Integration

Dierentiation in Frequency

x(t)dt

tx(t)

Conjugate Symmetry for Real

x(t) real
Signals
Symmetry for Real and Even
x(t) real and even
Signals
Symmetry for Real and Odd
x(t) real and odd
Signals
Even-Odd Decomposition for xe (t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t) real]
xo (t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real]
Real Signals

jX(j)
1
X(j) + X(0)()
j
d
j X(j)
d
X(j) = X (j)

e{X(j)} = e{X(j)}
m{X(j)} = m{X(j)}

|X(j)| = |X(j)|

<
) X(j) = <
) X(j)
X(j) real and even
X(j) purely imaginary and odd
e{X(j)}
jm{X(j)}

Parsevals Relation for Aperiodic Signals

 +
 +
1
2
|x(t)| dt =
|X(j)|2 d
2

Table 4: Basic Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Pairs

Signal
+


Fourier transform

ak ejk0 t

+


ak ( k0 )

k=

k=

j0 t

2( 0 )

cos 0 t

[( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]

sin 0 t

[( 0 ) ( + 0 )]
j

x(t) = 1

2()

Periodic
 square wave
1, |t| < T1
x(t) =
0, T1 < |t| T2
and
x(t + T ) = x(t)
+

(t nT )
n=


x(t)
sin W t
t
(t)

1, |t| < T1
0, |t| > T1

u(t)
(t t0 )
at

u(t), e{a} > 0

teat u(t), e{a} > 0

tn1 at
u(t),
(n1)! e

e{a} > 0

+

2 sin k0 T1
( k0 )
k

k=



+
2k
2 

T
T
k=

2 sin T1


1, || < W
X(j) =
0, || > W
1
1
+ ()
j
ejt0
1
a + j
1
(a + j)2
1
(a + j)n

Fourier series coecients

(if periodic)
ak
a1 = 1
ak = 0, otherwise
a1 = a1 = 12
ak = 0, otherwise
1
a1 = a1 = 2j
ak = 0, otherwise
a0 = 1, ak = 0, k = 0


this is the Fourier series representation for any choice of
T >0
0 T 1
sinc

ak =

k0 T1

1
for all k
T


=

sin k0 T1
k