An electromagnetic plane wave frozen in time

H
90

Magnetic Field

EN/FAD 109 0015

Electric Field

9600015

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

EN/FAD 109 0015

Frequency spectrum bands

FREQUENCY
3 - 30 Hz
30 - 300 Hz

CLASSIFICATION

DESIGNATION

Extremely Low Frequency

ELF

300 - 3000 Hz

Voice Frequency

VF

3 - 30 kHz

Very-Low Frequency

VLF

30 - 300 kHz

Low Frequency

LF

300 - 3000 kHz

3 - 30 MHz

Medium Frequency
High Frequency

MF
HF

30 - 300 MHz

Very High Frequency

VHF

300 - 3000 MHz

Ultra High Frequency

UHF

3 - 30 GHz

Super High Frequency

SHF

30 - 300 GHz

Extremely High Frequency

EHF

300 - 3000 GHz

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Dipole radiation pattern

VERTICAL VIEW
OF DIPOLE PATTERN

EN/FAD 109 0015

3-D VIEW
OF DIPOLE PATTERN

HORIZONTAL VIEW
OF DIPOLE PATTERN
(DIPOLE IN CENTER)

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Gain comparison

IDEAL ISOTROPIC RADIATOR

THEORETICAL HALFWAVE DIPOLE
PRACTICAL ANTENNA

dBi = dBd + 2.15

dBd
dBi

EN/FAD 109 0015

2.15

2.15
dB

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Vertical and horizontal antenna patterns for a real

antenna
VERTICAL PATTERN

45 degrees

3dB down
-10 -5 0dB 5

10 0 10 degrees
at 3dB down
3dB down

-45 degrees

HORIZONTAL PATTERN
3dB down
315 degrees

60 degrees
at 3dB down

0 degrees
10
5

3dB down
45 degrees

0dB
-5

EN/FAD 109 0015

-10

9600018

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Definition of beamwidth

Max gain
-3 dB
Antenna lobe

) B

Main direction

EN/FAD 109 0015

Max gain
-3 dB

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Spectrum allocation for GSM 1900 in United States

60 MHz

60 MHz

1850

Unlicensed

1910

1930

1990

MTAs
Downlink

MTAs
Uplink

EN/FAD 109 0015

A,B
C
D, E, F

2 x 15 MHz
2 x 15 MHz
2 x 5 MHz

MTA
BTA
BTA

9600274

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Duplex differences for different frequency bands

GSM 900
45 MHz

GSM 1800
95 MHz

GSM 1900
80 MHz

EN/FAD 109 0015

Standard
Duplex dist.

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Basic TDMA frame, timeslot, and burst structures

4.615 ms
0

Data
3

57

Training
1

26

Data
1

57

Burst
148 Bits

EN/FAD 109 0015

156.25 Bits
0.577 ms

9702259

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

EN/FAD 109 0015

Radio wave propagation in free space

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Short-term (fast) and long-term (slow) fading

SS at Rx-antenna

Variations due to
Rayleigh fading

Distance

EN/FAD 109 0015

Variations due to
Shadowing
Global means

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Co-channel interference
dB

Interferer, f1

Carrier, f1
C
>0 dB
I

EN/FAD 109 0015

Distance

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Adjacent channel interference

dB

Carrier, f1

C
<0 dB
A

Adjacent, f2
f2 = f1 200 kHz

EN/FAD 109 0015

Distance

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

4/12 re-use pattern

B3

B2
C1

C3

C2

D3

B2
C1

C3

A2
D3

D1

B3

C3

A3

B1
B2
C1

A1
A3

C2

D3

B2

A1

A1

C2

A2
D3

D1

B3

B2
C1

C3

D2

A3

B1

D2

D3

B2

C3

A2

D1

C1

A2

D1

C2

B3

A1

A1
A3

B1

D2

A3

B1
B3

D3

B2

C3

C3
A2

D1

C1

A2
D3

C2

B3

D2

A1

B2
C1

D2

A3

B1

B3

C2

D2
A1

A3

A2
D3

EN/FAD 109 0015

C2

B2
C1

D2

D3
D1

B3

A1

C2

C2
B1

A2

D1

B3

C3

A3

B1

C3

A1

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

3/9 re-use pattern

C1
C3

A3

C2
A1
A2
B1

C1

B2
C1

C3

C3

C2

A3

C2
A1

C1

C2
A1

A3

C1

C2
A1

A3

C2
A1

A3

C1

B2

C3

B2

C3

C1

B2

B1

A2

B3

B1

A2

B3

B1

A2

B3
A2

A1

C2

A3

C2

A3

A1

A3

A2
B1

B3
A2

B2
C1

EN/FAD 109 0015

A2

C1

B2

C1

B2

C3

C3
B2

C3

B3

B1

B1

A2

C1

A2

B3

B1

A2

B3

C2

A3

A1

A3

A1

B2

C3

B3

A3

B1
B3

A3

C1

A2

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Locating the BTS close to the reflecting object to

combat ISI

D1

D2

EN/FAD 109 0015

D0

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin

Pointing the antenna away from the reflecting object

to combat ISI

Site with antenna

pointing away

EN/FAD 109 0015

Mountain

038 13 - EN/LZU 108 3273 Rev A

GSM Cell Planning Prin