COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC,, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001 ‘STEEL FRAME DesiGN AISC-ASD89 Technical Note Calculation of Allowable Stresses This Technical Note explains how the program calculates the allowable stresses in compression, tension, bending, and shear for Compact, Noncom- pact, and Slender sections. The allowable flexural stresses for all shapes of sections are calculated based on their principal axes of bending. For the |, Box, Channel, Circular, Pipe, T, Double-angle and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For the Angle sections, the principal axes are determined and all computations related to flexural stresses are based on that. If the user specifies nonzero allowable stresses for one or more elements in the Steel Frame Design Overwrites form (display using the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Review/ Revise Overwrites command), the nonzero values will be used rather than the calculated values for those elements. The specified allowable stresses should be based on the principal axes of bending. Allowable Stress in Tension The allowable axial tensile stress value F, is assumed to be 0.60 Fy. Fa= 0.6 Fy (ASD D1, ASD SAM 2) It should be noted that net section checks are not made. For members in tension, if ir is greater than 300, a message to that effect is printed (ASD B7, ASD SAM 2). For single angles, the minimum radius of gyration, ris used instead of rz and rag in computing Ir. Allowable Stress in Compression The allowable axial compressive stress is the minimum value obtained from flexural buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. The allowable compressive stresses are determined according to the following subsections. ‘Allowable Stress in Tension Page 1 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses For members in compression, if Ki/r is greater than 200, a warning message is printed (ASD B7, ASD SAM 4). For single angles, the minimum radius of gyration, rz, is used instead of rzz and raz in computing Kir. Flexural Buckling The allowable axial compressive stress value, Fe, depends on the slenderness ratio Ki/r based on gross section properties and a corresponding critical value, C., where Kggl. max aslo Keele ong r 33. tee (ASD E2, ASD SAM 4) For single angles, the minimum radius of gyration, r,, is used instead of rp and rgg in computing Kir. For Compact or Noncompact sections, Fz,is evaluated as follows: ae ip Bee, , (ASD E2-1, SAM 4-1) 5 3(Kl/r) (Klin) r 3° 8C, 8C3 2 re, it Loc, (ASD E2-2, SAM 4-2) 23(KI/ r) r If Ki/r is greater than 200, the calculated value of F, is taken not to exceed the value of Fa, calculated by using the equation ASD E2-2 for Compact and Noncompact sections (ASD E1, B7). For Slender sections, except slender Pipe sections, Fy is evaluated as follows: 2 1.9 (KL ) Jn KL —__26< J __ it Co. (E2-2, A-B5-12) 23(KI/ 1) ¢ where, and (ASD E2, A-B5.2c, SAM 4) (ASD C-E2-2, SAM 4-4) ‘Allowable Stress in Compression Page 4 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Table 1 Reduction Factor for Unstiffened Slender Elements, Q, Section Reduction Factor for Unstiffened Slender Elements Equation Type (a) Reference 10 if BiQ= WT eR I-SHAPE 1,293 0.00309[6/2t] JF 7k. it 95/ jay < br2t<195/ JF 7R,, | ASDABSS. 26.200ke / {[b/2t}2F;,} if bi2te 198 Je Tk. ASD A-B5-4 BOX Qs=1 ASD A-B5.2c ASD A853, CHANNEL As for shapes with by! 2t replaced by by! t ASD A-BE-4 For flanges, as for flanges in I-shapes. For web, see below. ASD ASS 1.0 if biivs 127 JF, ASD ABS-4 TSHAPE | Qs. 4 1.908-0.00715 [dt] je it 1271 fe, 176! fF, ASD A-B5-6 10 i bts 761 IF, ASD A-BS-1, DOUBLE: | Qs. 41,340-0.00447 [bid JF it 65 ksi. (ASD F1-5) For Noncompact sections: Faso = (0 79 - 0.002 aim Fi if rolled and f,<65 ksi, (ASD F1-3) b, [Fy - Fuss = |0.79-0.002°" |-¥ Fit welded and f,< 65 ksi, (ASDF1-4) Bt, Vk. Fagg = 0.60 F, it f,> 65 ksi (ASD F1-5) If the unbraced length /2 is greater than |,, then for both Compact and Non- compact |-sections the allowable bending stress depends on the /z2 /rr ratio f For 22 < |102,0006, mV % Foss = 0.60 Fy, (ASD F1-6) 02,0000, _ re _ [510,0000, |= c Bs PS Y& ny ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 9 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Fy (loo f rr)® gg = | 2 ule)" |g <0.60 6, and (ASD F1-6) 3 1,530,006, lop _ [510,000C, ey [Pee for I rT Y Fy (leo! tr) and Figs is taken not to be less than that given by the following formula: 12,0006, Frag = <0.60 F; ASD F1-8 88" ald] A, * ‘ : where, ry is the radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange and 1/3 the compression web taken about an axis in the plane of the web, 2 Cy = 1.75 + 1.05 (| +03 (in| <2.3, where (ASD F1.3) Mp Mp M, and Mp are the end moments of any unbraced segment of the member and M, is numerically less than M,; M,/ M, being positive for double curvature bending and negative for single curvature bending. Also, if any moment within the segment is greater than Ms, Cp is taken as 1.0. Also, Gp is taken as 1.0 for cantilevers and frames braced against joint translation (ASD F1.3). The program defaults C; to 1.0 if the unbraced length, /z2, of the member is redefined by the user (i.e., it is not equal to the length of the member). The user can overwrite the value of Cy for any member by specifying it. The allowable bending stress for Slender sections bent about their major axis is determined in the same way as for a Noncompact section. Then the follow- ing additional considerations are taken into account. If the web is slender, the previously computed allowable bending stress is re- duced as follows: Foss = ReaReFoss, where (ASD G2-1) ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 10 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Reg = 1.0- 0.0005 4x |" _ 760 | <4 9, (ASD G2) ALE VFoss 12+ (@a- 08) Ae Re= ———_*_ <1.0, (hybrid girders) (ASD G2) Aw 12424 A Re= 1.0, (non-hybrid girders) (ASD G2) Ay = Area of web, in?, A;= Area of compression flange, in’, _ 0.6, a= <1.0 (ASD G2) Figg= Allowable bending stress assuming the section is non-compact, and F'p3s= Allowable bending stress after considering web slenderness. In the above expressions, Re is taken as 1, because currently the program deals with only non-hybrid girders. If the flange is slender, the previously computed allowable bending stress is taken to be limited, as follows. F'oas < Q; (0.6 Fy), where (ASD A-B5.2a, A-B5.2d) Qzis defined earlier. Minor Axis of Bending The minor direction allowable bending stress Fy22 is taken as follows: For Compact sections: Fooo = 0.75 Fy if f,< 65 ksi, (ASD F2-1) Foz = 0.60 Fy if f)> 65 ksi. (ASD F2-2) For Noncompact and Slender sections: ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 11 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Foe = ( 075-0 005 2, Fy, if fy 65 ksi, (ASD F2-3) 1 Fiz2 = 0.60 Fy if f,> 65 ksi. (ASD F2-2) Channel Sections For Channel sections, the length parameter is taken as the laterally unbraced length, /z2, which is compared to a critical length, J. The critical length is de- fined as in 4 261 20,000 Ay | , where (ASD F1-2) Ve Oy Avis the area of compression flange. Major Axis of Bending If lz is less than Jc, the major allowable bending stress for Compact and Non- compact sections is taken depending on whether the section is welded or rolled and whether f, is greater than 65 ksi or not. For Compact sections: Foss = 0.66 Fy if f,< 65 ksi, (ASD F1-1) Fosg = 0.60 Fy if f)> 65 ksi. (ASD F1-5) For Noncompact sections: Fig3 = (0 79 0.00274 F, | F, if rolled and f,< 65 ksi, (ASD F1-3) ' [F, Foss = ° 79 -0.002 t lk |p if welded and f,<65 ksi, (ASD F1-4) 1 Vke Foa3= 0.60 Fy if fy> 65 ksi. (ASD F1-5) If the unbraced length /2 is greater than /,, then for both Compact and Non- compact Channel sections the allowable bending stress is taken as follows: ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 12 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses 12,0000, ee < 0.60 Fy (ASD F1-8) lea(dl Ar) Fogg = The allowable bending stress for Slender sections bent about their major axis is determined in the same way as for a Noncompact section. Then the follow- ing additional considerations are taken into account. If the web is slender, the previously computed allowable bending stress is re- duced as follows: Fys3= ReRpaFoss (ASD G2-1) If the flange is slender, the previously computed allowable bending stress is taken to be limited as follows: F'33= Qs (0.60 Fy) (ASD A-B5.2a, A-B5.2d) The definitions for rp, Cy, Ay An Re, Rec, Qs, Fisg, and F'pg3 are given earlier Minor Axis of Bending The minor direction allowable bending stress Fozo is taken as follows: Fo22= 0.60 Fy (ASD F2-2) T Sections and Double Angles For T sections and Double angles, the allowable bending stress for both major and minor axes bending is taken as, Fo = 0.60 Fy Box Sections and Rectangular Tubes For all Box sections and Rectangular tubes, the length parameter is taken as the laterally unbraced length, /z2, measured compared to a critical length, [c. The critical length is defined as (ASD F3-2) Fy 5 Io= max {980 +1,.200M,/ My) 2, seo ion as noted earlier in the formula for 1,200b y where M, and M, have the same defi in the program. Cy. If zg is specified by the user, ,is taken as ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 13 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Major Axis of Bending If fis less than /,, the allowable bending stress in the major direction of bending is taken as Fosg= 0.66 Fy (for Compact sections) (ASD F3-1) Fos3= 0.60 Fy (for Noncompact sections) (ASD F3-3) If zp exceeds |,, the allowable bending stress in the major direction of bend- ing for both Compact and Noncompact sections is taken as: Fos3= 0.60 Fy (ASD F3-3) The major direction allowable bending stress for Slender sections is deter- mined in the same way as for a Noncompact section. Then the following addi- tional consideration is taken into account. If the web is slender, the previously computed allowable bending stress is reduced as follows Fo3g= ReReaFoss (ASD G2-1) The definitions for Re, Ree, Foss and F'pss are given earlier. If the flange is slender, no additional consideration is needed in computing allowable bending stress. However, effective section dimensions are calcu- lated and the section modulus is modified according to its slenderness. Minor Axis of Bending If zz is less than J,, the allowable bending stress in the minor direction of bending is taken as Foz2= 0.66 Fy (for Compact sections) (ASD F3-1) Fizo= 0.60 Fy (for Noncompact and Slender sections) (ASD F3-3) If zp exceeds |, the allowable bending stress in the minor direction of bend- ing is taken, irrespective of compactness, as Foz2= 0.60 Fy (ASD F3-3) Pipe Sections For Pipe sections, the allowable bending stress for both major and minor axes of bending is taken as ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 14 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Fy= 0.66 Fy (for Compact sections), and (ASD F3-1) Fo= 0.60 Fy (for Noncompact and Slender sections). (ASD F3-3) Round Bars The allowable stress for both the major and minor axis of bending of round bars is taken as, Fy= 0.75 Fy. (ASD F2-1) Rectangular and Square Bars The allowable stress for both the major and minor axis of bending of solid square bars is taken as, Fy= 0.75 Fy. (ASD F2-1) For solid rectangular bars bent about their major axes, the allowable stress is given by Fo= 0.60 Fy, and the allowable stress for minor axis bending of rectangular bars is taken as Foz 0.75 Fy. (ASD F2-1) Single-Angle Sections The allowable flexural stresses for Single-angles are calculated based on their principal axes of bending (ASD SAM 5.3). Major Axis of Bending The allowable stress for major axis bending is the minimum considering the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling and local buckling (ASD SAM 5.1). The allowable major bending stress for Single-angles for the limit state of lat- eral-torsional buckling is given as follows (ASD SAM 5.1.3): Fomajor = [ 25-0105] Fs if Foo SF, (ASD SAM 5-3a) y [Fr Fo,major = |0 95 -0.50- Fy,S0.66F, if Fo > Fy (ASD SAM 5-3b) ob ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 15 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses where, Fy, is the elastic lateral-torsional buckling stress as calculated below. The elastic lateral-torsional buckling stress, Fs», for equal-leg angles is taken as 28,250 Fon = Ci OS TE (ASD SAM 5-5) and for unequal-leg angles, F,yis calculated as Fon = 143,1000,, [68 +£0.052(It J tnin)® +bu | (ASD SAM 5-6) where, t = min(ty, t, I = max(lz2,133), Inn = minor principal moment of inertia, Imax = major principal moment of inertia, Smajor = Major section modulus for compression at the tip of one leg, Tmin = radius of gyration for minor principal axis, Bu= | Ia zw? + 24)dA|-220, (ASD SAM 5.3.2) Z = coordinate along the major principal axis, w_ = coordinate along the minor principal axis, and Zo = coordinate of the shear center along the major principal axis with respect to the centroid. By is a special section property for angles. It is positive for short leg in com- pression, negative for long leg in compression, and zero for equal-leg angles (ASD SAM 5.3.2). However, for conservative design in the program, it is al- ways taken as negative for unequal-leg angles. ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 16 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses In the previous expressions, C; is calculated in the same way as is done for | sections, with the exception that the upper limit of C, is taken here as 1.5 in- stead of 2.3. 2 M, M, = 175+ 1.05/72 |+0.9 | 72] <1.5 (ASD F1.3, SAM 5.2.2) ly A The allowable major bending stress for Single-angles for the limit state of lo- cal buckling is given as follows (ASD SAM 5.1.1): Fomajor = 0.66 Fy if a (ASD SAM 5-1a) vey Fimajor = 0.60 Fy if (ASD SAM 5-1b) Fomajor = Q(0.60 F)) if (ASD SAM 5-1c) where, t= thickness of the leg under consideration, b= length of the leg under consideration, and Q= slenderness reduction factor for local buckling.(ASD A-B5-2, SAM 4) In calculating the allowable bending stress for Single-angles for the limit state of local buckling, the allowable stresses are calculated considering the fact that either of the two tips can be under compression. The minimum allowable stress is considered. Minor Axis of Bending The allowable minor bending stress for Single-angles is given as follows (ASD SAM 5.1.1, 5.3.1b, 5.3.2b): Fo,minor = 0.66 Fy if (ASD SAM 5-1a) ‘Allowable Stress in Bending Page 17 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses Fominor = 0.60 Fy if 2 < (ASD SAM 5-1b) Fi, minor = Q(0.60 Fy) if (ASD SAM 5-1) In calculating the allowable bending stress for Single-angles, it is assumed that the sign of the moment is such that both the tips are under compression. The minimum allowable stress is considered. General Sections For General sections, the allowable bending stress for both major and minor axes bending is taken as Fo = 0.60 Fy. Allowable Stress in Shear The allowable shear stress is calculated along the geometric axes for all sec- tions. For 1, Box, Channel, T, Double angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For Single- angle sections, principal axes do not coincide with the geometric axes. Major Axis of Bending The allowable shear stress for all sections except I, Box and Channel sections is taken in the program as F, = 0.40 Fy (ASD F4-1, SAM 3-1) The allowable shear stress for major direction shears in |-shapes, boxes and channels is evaluated as follows: F, = 0.40 Fy, it 2 < 380 | ang (ASD F4-1) w VF vFy 380 A it <2 <260. ASD F4-2 WF tw “oe where, ‘Allowable Stress in Shear Page 18 of 19Steel Frame Design AISC-ASD89 Calculation of Allowable Stresses 28.000ky i 2h 2 56,2504 F,(h/ ty) tw Fy G= fw) (ASD F4) 190 [ky i 2 <56,250 hjty VF, ty Fy (ASD F4) 4.004 8.84 | it 24 ky= (a/ hy h 5.34400 By (a/ hy A ty = Thickness of the web, a = Clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. Currently it is taken conservatively as the length, /z2, of the member in the pro- gram, h = Clear distance between flanges at the section, in Minor Axis of Bending The allowable shear stress for minor direction shears is taken as: F,= 0.40 Fy (ASD F4-1, SAM 3-1) ‘Allowable Stress in Shear Page 19 of 19