3

Odrd oHq;fha wdprK yd fh

fuu mdvu yeoEfuka miq j Tng"

fok ,o ;;a;aj hgf;a .Dy oHq;a mm: ie,iq lsu iy

,sh wmf;a fkdhk m wdrlaIdld j yd M,hS f,i
myrKh"

oHq;a Odrdjl ;dmk M,h flfrys n,mdk idOl yiqrejka

th W; wkaoka myrKh"

oHq;a fok l%shdj,shg wkqj wjYH WmlrK

f,daydf,amkh" oHq;fha pqnl M,h Nd;hg .kakd
WmlrK ir, wdldrfhka ksudKh lsu"

>

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKfha uQ,Ou yd kshu Nd;fhka O

wegjq ksudKh lsu iy tAjdfha ls%hdj,sh ms<sn| j
wkafIKh lsug"

ksmqK;d ,nd .ekSug yelsjkq we;'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

47

3'1 .Dyia: oHq;a mm:

.Dy oHq;a mm: .ek i,ld ne,Sf tys we;s Wmdx. iy ,sh
myrKfha wdrlaIl mQfjdamdhhka ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqula ,nd.ekSu jeo.;a
f' Y%S ,xldf cd;sl ,s cd, moaO;sfhka mdfNda.slhdg imhk cj uQ,sl
,sh 230V fjda,ah;djlska hqla; f' th 50Hz ixLHd;hlska hqla;
m%;Hdj; Odrd ^m%'Od& iemhquls' ksfjilg ,sh iemhqu fokq ,nkafka
i (live) /yek iy WiSk(neutral) /yek jYfhka ye`kafjk /yeka
follska iuka; fiajd /yekla u`.sks'
.Dy oHq;a mm:hl we;s Wmdx.
,dhlh (fuse)

;=kS ,dhl
l

mm:hla ;=<ska wl Odrdjla

re
.,d hEf WmlrKj,g is
f,dy
a
jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug
,dhl Nd; flf' th Bh
iy ka Y% f,dayfhka iE isyska
(b)
lhls'
myrKfha
myiqj m`s.ka ue
(a)
i|yd fuu lh 3'1 a yd b
rEmj, lafjk m ms`.kaue
(c)
w,a jl fyda re k<hl fyda
r|jd ;nd we;' 3A, 5A , 13A iy
,dhlfha mm: ixfla;h
15A jeks ksYa; Wmu Odrdjka
3'1 rEmh ,dhl
ikakhkh l< yels ,dhl
,dhl fhd we;s mm:hla yryd
l we;' ,dhlhl mm:
.,k
Odrdj ,dhlfha ksh; w.hg
ixfla;h 3'1 c rEmfha laf'
jvd je jQ g tu lh ,hkh
fuka mm:h ika .,k Odrdj
k;r f' tu`.ska WmlrKh wdrlaId
iah jid we;'
f' ,dhl fjkqjg uE;l isg is`.s;s
ON
mm: k (miniature circuit breaker)
Nd; flf' 3'2 rEmfha lafjk m
iahl yevfhka hq;a f Wmdx.
O wemshr w.hhka f.ka hqla; f'
fujeks mm: lvkhla fh mm:hl
Odrdj ksh; w.h blaujd .sh g tys
we;s iah iajhxl%Sh j jD;
OFF
iah jD; j
we;'
Odrdj k;r f' iah jeiSfuka
mm:h kej; inkaO l< yels f'
3'2 rEmh

48

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

l%shdldrlu 3'1
A yd B ys lU
s ,
q a mir
q e i lr 3'3 rEmfha
fmkj
a d we;s mrm
s :h inkO
a lrkk
a ' A iy B
w;rg wdudk 36 ka lhl fl .la ^3 cm
la muK& fhd mm:h im
Q K lrkk
a ' ,s
myk ,
a hs fidais lrkk
a ' bkm
a iq 3'3 rEmfha
lf
a jk m ,s myk yryd yj
q ;a l
s ula
lrkk
a ' ^;;
s a b fLdfjka lf
a jk m& ;k
= S
lhg l=ula is f oehs kslaIKh lrkak

AB
3'3 rEmh - ,dhlfha l%shdj
fmkah yels mm:h

fuys mm:h yqj;a lrk g ;=kS lh ,hkh jk nj;a mm:h |

jeu ksid Odrdj k;r we;s nj;a Tng k.; yels h'
,s grh
.Dyia: oHq;a mm:hl m%fhdackhg .kakd
,s tAll m%udKh uekSug ,s grh Nd;
flf' mfNdackh lrkq ,nk oHq;a Yla;sh
ukskq ,nkafka lsf,dafjd - meh (kWh) k
tAllfhks' fuhska woyia lrkafka laIu;dj 1 kW
jk ,s WmlrKhla mehl ld,hla Nd; lsf
jeh jk oHq;a Yla;sh lsf,dafjd meh tlla
jk nj hs' ,sh m%fhdackhg .kakd wjia:dj,
,s grh ;=< we;s jD;a;dldr ;eh N%uKh f'
tu`.ska m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk ,s tAll m%udKh
igyka f'
1 kWh =

fjd m%udKh

m%Odk iah

L - ij
N - Wik
S

3'4 rEmh - ,s grh

Nd; lrk meh .Kk

1000

,s iemhqf we;s i iy WiSk

hk /yeka fol u fuhg inkaO lr
we;s w;r i /yek i`oyd ,dhlhla o
fuys fhd we;' iah jD; l< g
thg inkaO /yeka fol u ika
fuka ,s iemhqu k;r f' wjYH
wjia:dj,

ksfjfiys
iemhqu
imQKfhka u ika lsug fuu
iah Nd; flf'

3'5 rEmh - m%Odk iah

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

49

mekakq iah
,s iemhqf i iy WiSk
/yeka mekakq iahg inkaO lr
we;' f iah yryd l%shd;aul jk
.Dyia: mm:fha fldgilska ,sh
ldka N+.; jQ .i f iah
iajhxl%Sh j jD; fuka ,s iemhqu
ika f' thska wk;=re je<eflhs'

iss;s mm: kh

fn fmh'
3'7 rEmh - ,sh fn yef Wmdx.

L N
3'6 rEmh - mekakq iah

fn fmh
ksfjfia O fldgiaj, we;s myka
mm: iy flfjks mm: i`oyd
iemhqu fnod ykq ,nkafka fn
fmh u`.sks' tla tla mm:j,g
i lh, ,dhlhla fyda is`.s;s
mm: `khla yryd ilr we;'

uE;l isg fn fmh fjkqjg iss;s mm: k fm Nd; flf'

iuyr iss;s mm: k wvx.= fmj, mekakq iah wka;.; lr we;'
ia (Switch)
wjYH;djhg wkqj myka mm:j,g
iy flfjks mm:j,g ,s iemhqu
inkaO lsug fyda ika lsug ;ks iah
a
ia Nd; flf' 3'8 a rEmfha
lafjk m ;ks ia" ia fol"
ia ;=k jYfhka O ia j.
we;' tl u ia:dkhlska myka lsysmhla
md,kh lsug iuyr ia Nd;
l< yels h'

ia fol

ia ;=k

flfjkh
s

flfjks (Plug - base)

oHq ; a ;dml" rEmjdys k S hka ; %
fyda YS;lrK jeks WmlrKj,g ,s
iemhqu ,nd.ekSu i|yd 3'8 b rEmfha
oelafjk wdldrfha flfjks Nd;
flf'
5A , 13A fyda 15A
Odrdjka ,nd .; yels flfjks o we;'

fol=re fmakqj

L - icSj
N - WodiSk
E - .;

;k
= l
a r
= e fmk
a j
q

3'8 rEmh - ia " flfjks iy fmakq

50

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

flfjksj,ska iemhqu ,nd.ekSu

i`oyd 3'8 c rEmfha fmkajd we;s
wdldrfha fol=re fmakq iy ;=kal=re
fmakq Nd; flf' fuu inkaO;d
foyr l
f;yr l
,nd.ekSug wms 3'9 rEmfha fmkajd
we;s wdldrfha foyr l iy f;yr
l Nd; lruq' i inkaOhg
3'9 rEmh - inkaOl l
r;=$Uqre jKj,k
s a wdjrKh jQ l o WiSk lhg ks,a$l jK j,ska
wdjrKh jQ l o N+.; inkaOhg fld< $fld< - ly jKj,ska wdjrKh
jQ l o Nd; flf' fjd iu; f,i fhd.efka' ksfjfia mm: inkaO
lsu i|yd wjYH;d wkqj O j.fha /yeka Nd; lrkq ,ef' fujeks ,s
/yeka lsysmhla ms<sn| f;dr;=re 3'1 j.=fjys laf'
/yeka
ixfla;h

/yeka yrialv ksfoaYs; jKh

j.M,h
Wmu
2
mm
Odrdj (A)

1/1'13

1'0

11

r;= / l

7/0'50

1'5

15

r;= / l

7/0'85

24

r;= /l

7/1'04

31

r;= /l

7/0'67

fld<

Nd; lrk
wjia:d

myka mm: i|yd

5A flfjkss mm:
i|yd
15A flfjks mm:
i|yd
cj lKqf isg
fn fmh
olajd cj iemhqu
,nd.ekSu i|yd

3'1 j.=j - ,s /yeka ms<sn| f;dr;=re

.Dy oHq;a mm:h

by; i|yka uQ,sl Wmdx. Nd; lr ie,iq lrk ,o .Dyia: oHq;a
mm:hl ie,eiaula 3'10 rEmfha laf' fuys fiajd iemhqf isg tu Wmdx.
lsish wkqms<sfj<lg inkaO lr we;'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

51

.Dy oHq;a mm:hl uQ,sl Wmdx.

inkaO lsu

myka iy flfjks mm:

L - i lh
N - Wik
S lh
E - N.
+ ; lh
N

fn fmh

,s grh
mekakq
iah

B1

B2

B3

S1

S2

S3

PB

fiajd
js,dhlh

m%Odk iah

S - ia
B - n,n
a
PB - flfjks

3'10 rEmh - .Dyia: oHq;a mm:h

fiajd ,s /yek .Dyia: oHq;a mm:hg inkaO jkafka m<uq j ,s

grh yryd h' i /yek ,s grhg inkaO lsug fmr ,dhlhg
inkaO lr we;s w;r tu ,dhlh fiajd ,dhlh f,i yekaf' ,s
grfhka miq j tu /yeka m%Odk iahg;a tys isg mekakq iah yryd
fn fmhg;a inkaO lr we;' ksfjfia O fldgiaj,g wh;a mm:
fn fmfhka wdrN f' rEmfha olajd we;s m ish u ,s WjdrK
mm:hg iudka;r.; f,i inkaO lr we;s nj fmfka'
mejreu 1
myka folla iy flfjkshla wvx.= jk m .Dy oHq;a mm:hla ie,iq
lrkk
a '
foux ia
tlu ,s mykla ia:dk foll isg
l%shd lru i|yd fuu ia Nd;
l< yels h' 3'11 rEmfha fmkajd we;s
m foux ia Nd; lr C lh A
g fyda B g fyda inkaO l< yels h'
tuska w< iA:dkfha isg ,s myk
l%shd lrh yels h'
ksoiqk :- ;rmamq fma<shl by< iy
my< isg ,s myka ,af
52

3'11 rEmh - foux ia'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

f.or ,s msjeh wvq lruq

mejreu 2
Tf ksjfia we;s ,s grfha ^fkdtfia k Tnf.a lKavdhf
idudlfhl=f.a ksjil& mdGdxlh igyka lr.kak' tfia u kh yd ld,h o
igyka lr.kak' i;s follg miq j mdGdxlh kej; igyka lr.kak' Nd;
l< ,s tall .Kk .Kkh lrkak' B <`. i;s fol i|yd o th kej;
lrkak' tfy;a fuu ld,iSudj ;=< wkjYH ,s myka iy ,s mxld l%shd
rys; lrkak' fuys Tng iQ;%sld myka fjkqjg CFL n,an fhh yels k
b;d fyd| h' bkamiq j tu i;s folg jeh jQ ,s tall .Kk .Kkh
lrkak' m<uq i;s fofla;a" B <`. i;s fofla;a Nd; l< ,s tall j,
fjki fidhkak' tu`.ska Tng b;s l< yels Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'
^lsf,dafjd - meh j,ska&
,sh myrKfha ms<smeh hq;= wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a
!

mm:fha .,k Wmu Odrdj blaujd fkdhk m W; wemshr

w.hhkaf.ka hq;a ,dhl l Nd; lrkak'

nyq fmakqjla (multi plug) Nd;fhka tl u flfjkshg je ,s

m%udKhla mfNdackh lrk WmlrK lsysmhla i fkd lrkak'
flfjksh ;=<g l fl<ska u we;= fkd lrkak' f,day wdjrK iys;
WmlrKj,g ,sh inkaO lsf iEu g u N+.; inkaOh o
fhd.kak'
mekakq iafha fidais fnd;a;u k lsysmhlg j;djla ;o lsfuka th
l%shd;aul jkafka hs fidais lrkak'
mekakq iah iajhxl%Sh j jD; jqjfyd;a m<uq j m%Odk iah jD;
lrkak' bkamiq mekakq iah jikak' Bg miq m%Odk iah jikak'
mekakq iah kej; jD; f k ,s ldlhl=f.a iydh ,nd.kak'

!
!

!
!
!
!
!

;djld,sl j ,s os.=jla ,nd.ekSf wyqre mqjrejla (extension board)

Nd; l< hq;= h' wjYH WmlrKh inkaO lsfuka miq j ,s iemhSu l<
hq;= h'
,s n,h weKysula is jqjfyd;a mm:hg WmlrK inkaO lr ;eu
fyda ia jid u fyda (on) fkd l< hq;= h'
,s .sks we;s jeks yis wjia:djl ,sh ika lsu i|yd m%Odk
iah Nd; lrkak'
,s WmlrK Nd; fkdlrk wjia:dj, tAjdfha fmakq, flfjksfhka
ika lr ;nkak'
,s bia;slal jeks WmlrK Nd; lrk g rn m,ila u; isu fyda
rn mdjykaa me<`o isu wdrlaId iys; f'
wjYH kv;a;= lsf lghq;= i|yd mqyqKq ,s ldlhl=f.a fiajh ,nd.;
hq;= h'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'
53

3'2 Odrdf ;dmk M,h

oHq;a Odrdjla ksid we;s jk ;dm W;amdokh Odrdf ;dmk M,h f,i
yeka f'
kf
s ld%
a orh

l%shdldrlu 3'2
isyska ksfl%da l orhl 2 cm
la .lene,a,la f.k th 3'12 rEmfha
fmkajd we;s m h<s fldaIhlg yd
h;=rlg inkaO lrkak' ;;amr 30la
muK h;=r jid (on) ;nd l orh
iamY lrkak' Tng l=ula fka o @ th
WKqiq fyda isis,a fyda f o@

3'12 rEmh - Odrdf ;dmk M,h

y`kd.ekf
S mm:h

fuys lh r;a we;s nj Tng fkkq we;' lh ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla

.uka lsu ksid th r;a we;s nj ka meye,s f' fuh oHq;fha ;dmk M,h
f,i yekaf'
Tn okakjd o @
bf,lafg%dak" lhla ;=<ska .uka lrk g tAjdg ;u Yla;sfhka
fldgila lh ;=< we;s mrudKqj,g ,nd h yels h' tg mrudKq
je lmkhlg Ndckh u ksid lh r;a f'
oHq;fha ;dmk M,h je lr.; yelafla flfia o @ tA i`oyd wm l=uk
idOlhla fjkia l< hq;= oehs i,ld n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'3
wvla c,fhka msr jQ l=vd lrhla
f.k th ldfnda mshklska jikak'
3'13 rEmfha lafjk m c,h ;=<g
2 cm la . ksfl%da l orhla
we;= lr tys w.% fmkajd we;s m
mm:hg inkaO lrkak' c,h ;=<g
WIaK;ajudkhla we;= lrkak' h;=r
jid c,h uka:fhka l<;kak' kd
5l ld,hlg miq j c,fha WIaK;ajh
ukskak' h<s fldaI folla Nd; lr
by; l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'

uk:
a h

c,h

WIK
A ;j
a udkh

lrh
orh
3'13 rEmh - Odrdf ;dmk M,h wOHhkh
l< yels mm:hla

h<s fldaI folla fYa% .;j Nd; lr by; l%shdldrlu is lsf

iemfhk Odrdj je jk neka ;dmk M,h je jk nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia lsfuka ;dmk M,h fjkia jk whqre my; i|yka
l%shdldrlu Wmfhda.S lrf.k fidhd.; yels h'
54

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

l%shdldrlu 3'4
l%shdldrlu 3'3 ys Nd; l< WmlrKfha
orh bj;a lr tA fjkqjg tu l
orfha u 4 cm la . lene,a,la fhdokak'
uk:
a h ie'hq' l%shdldrlu 31'2 cm lh ;=<ska
hejQ Odrdju fuu l%shdldrlf o 4 cm
lh ;=<ska heh yel' h;=r jid c,h
c,h
WIK
A ;j
a udkh uka:fhka l<Ukak' kd 5 l
ld,hlg miqj c,fha WIaK;ajh
lrh
ukskak' fuu WIaK;ajh l%shdldrlu
orh
3'3 ys m<uq mshjfrys WIaK;ajh yd
3'14 rEmh - Odrdf ;dmk M,h wOHhkh ii|kak'
l< yels ;j;a mm:hla

fuys c,fha WIaK;ajh m<uq wjia:djg jvd je jk nj fmfka'

orfha . je jk g tys m%;sfrdaOh je jk neka m%;sfrdaOh jef
;dmk M,h je jk nj ka meye,s f'
l%shdldrlu 3'5
tlu orh iy tl u fjda,ah;d iemhqu Nd; lr Odrdj hjk
ld,h fjkia lrka l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
fuys Odrdj hjk ld,h je jk g c,fha WIAK;ajh je jk nj
Tng kslaIKh l< yels f' tu ksid Odrdj hjk ld,h jej;a u ;dmk
M,h o je jk nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
Tn okakjd o@
iemhq fjda,ah;dj
orh ;=< Odrdj
orfha m%;sfrdaOh
Odrdj hejQ ld,h
ifm%aIKh jQ oHq;a Yla;sh

= V ^fjda,a&
= I ^wemshr&
= R ^&
= t ^;;amr&
2
= VIt = I 2 Rt = V t ^cQ,a&
R

,s mkao n,anh

ikakdhlhl . je jk g
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk whqre my;
i|yka l%shdldrlfuys fhfuka
wjfndaO lr.; yels h'

lsUq,a miqre

3'15 rEmh - oHq;a m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk

idOl fih yels mm:

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

55

l%shdldrlu 3'6
lsUq,a miqre A iy B ys msysgk m fmkajd we;s mm:h inkaO lrkak'
mm:h imQK lsug Tng wdudk 30la jQ 30 cm la muK . ksfl%da
lhla wjYH f' lh u; miqre lsgqfjka ;nd ,s myfka ma;sh
kslaIKh lrkak' by; miqre wE;g p,kh lrkak' ,s myfka ma;sh
by; wjia:dj yd ii|kak'
fuys miqre <x lrk g ,s myfka ma;sh je jk nj;a wE;a lrk
g ma;sh wvq jk nj;a Tng fmfkkq we;' ikakdhlhl . je jk g tys
m%;sfrdaOh je jk neka myfka ma;sh wvq jk w;r ikakdhlfha . wvqjk
g g m%;sfrdaOho wvq jk neka n,Anfha ma;sh je f'
ikakdhlfha yrialv j.M,h je jk g m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk whqre
fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'7
by; mm:hg ^3'15 rEmh& Nd; l<
lh u; 20 cm l mr;rhlska miqre ;nd
,s myfkaa ma;sh n,kak' yrialv
j.M,h fo.=Khla lr .ekSug ksfl%da
lfha ;j;a ijiu lene,a,la miqre
w;rg tl;= lrkak' by; wjia:df
myfka ma;sh yd ii`okak'

3'16 rEmh - ikakdhlfha yrialv

j.M,h je lr.; yels wdldrh'

fuys ;ks lh fjkqjg l folla Nd; lsfuka ,s myfka

ma;sh je jk nj fmfka' l folla Nd; lsf yrialv j.M,h je
jk neka tys m%;sfrdaOh wvq jk w;r ,s myfka ma;sh je f'
ikakdhlfha m%;sfrdaOh th id we;s jH u; r|d mj;skafka flfia hs
fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'8
by; 3'7 ls%hdldrlfuys Nd; l< lh u; 20 cm l mr;rhlska miqre
;nd ,s myfka ma;sh n,kak' ka ksfl%da lh fjkqjg tu .ska iy tu
yrialv j.M,fhka ^wdudk 30& hq;a ;U lhla fhdod ,s myfka ma;sh
kslaIKh lrkak'
,s myfka ma;sh m<uq wjia:djg jvd fjkia jk nj Tng fmfkkq we;'
tu ksid lfha . iy yrialv j.M,h tl u jqj;a th id we;s jH wkqj o
m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk neka ,s myfka ma;sh fjkia jk nj Tng meye,s
jkq we;' Odrdjl ;dmk M,h Nd; lrk .Dyia: WmlrK lsysmhla my; 3'17
rEmfha fmkajd we;' Tf ksfjfia we;s oHq;a WjdrK ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh,
lrkak' my; we;s WmlrK iuyrla Tf ,ehsia;=f we;s hs fidais lrkak'
56

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

.s,a ;dmlh

,s fmdarKqj

,s bia;slalh
,s fla;,h

,s fgdaiagrh

,s Wk

3'17 rEmh - oHq;a WjdrK lsysmhla

3'3 Odrdjl ridhksl M,h

iEu djKhla ;=<ska u oHq;h ikakhkh f o@ my; l%shdldrlu
weiqka tA ms<sn|j fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'9
lrhl we;s f,day bf,lafg%dav
follg 3'18 rEmfha fmkajd we;s m
mm:h inkaO lrkak' lrh ;=<g
jhla j;a lrkak' iah uska
mm:h inkaO lr ,s myk ,af
hs ks la I Kh lrka k ' fuh
wdi%e;c,h" NaCl djKh" kdls"
mer*ska iy ;kql HCl iu w;ay
n,kak' ^Tn tla tla jhla udre lrk
iEu wjia:djl u bf,lafg%dav fiaug
u;l ;nd.kak'&

n,n
a h

wefkdv
a h
lef;dv
a h

oHq;a foHh
3'18 rEmh - oHq;a foH ykd
.ekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKh

fuys jh f,i NaCl djKh, kdls yd ;kql HCl Nd; lrk g

,s myk ,afjk nj;a wdi%e; c,h yd mer*ska fh g ,s myk fkd
,afjk nj;a Tng l.; yels h' djK ;=<ska ,sh ikakhkh jk g ,s
myk ,afjk w;r ,sh ikakhkh fkd jk g ,s myk fkd ,afjk nj;a
meye,s f'
ohq;h ikakhkh lrk djK fyda ,Sk ixfhda., ohq;a foH f,i
yekaf'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

57

oHq;a foHhla ;=< nyd we;s ikakdhl bf,lafg%dav f,i yekaf'

fuys oHq;a foHhg Odrdj we;=jk bf,lafg%davh wefkdavh f,i o" Odrdj
oHq;a foHh yer hk bf,lafg%davh lef;davh f,i o yekaf' jhla
;=<ska oHq;h .uka lrk g lef;davh iy wefkdavh wi, ridhksl m%;sl%shd
is f' tuska jfha ridhksl fjkila we;s flf' fuh oHq;a fokh
f,i ye`kaf' oHq;a foHh i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrKh fjda,agdudkh
^fjda,agrhla fkd f& f,i yekaf' Nd; lrk bf,lafg%dav yd oHq;a
foHh wkqj fjda,agdudkh k flf'
ksoiqk :bf,lafg%dav f,i ;U iy oHq;a foHh f,i ;U ,jK djKhla
Nd; lrk g th ;U fjda,agdudkhla f,i ye`kaf'
c,h oHq;a fokh l< g is jkafka l=ula hs fidhd n,kak'
l%shdldrlu 3'10

Tli
a c
s ka

ma,ek bf,lfg%dav folla iys; c,

fjda,agdudkhla rEmfhys olajd we;s
m neghlg inkaO lrkak' ^c,h
n, oHq;a ikakdhlhla neka th
oHq;a foHhla njg m;a lsug
i,a*shqla w,h iaj,amhla tla l<
hq;= h'& Tf ksCIKh igyka lr
.kak'

re
ng

yhv
s c
% ka

m,
a ek
bf,lafg%dav

c,h
3'19 rEmh - c,fha oHq;a fokh i|yd
Nd; lrk WmlrK

Odrdj .,k g (+) wefkdavh iy (-) lef;davh hk ia:dk fofla u jdhq

nqnq we;s jkq fmfka' Tng fuu jdhq tl;= lr mlaId l< yels k wefkdavfha
Tlaiscka jdhqj o lef;davfha yhsv%cka jdhqj o msg jk nj fidhd.; yels
f' fuys oHq;a Odrdj uska c,fha ridhksl M,hla we;s lrka th Tlaiscka
yd yhsv%ckaj,g fjka lrk nj;a tys jdhq mud wdikak jYfhka 1 ( 2 wkqmd;h
ork nj;a Tng l.; yels f'
fldm i,af*a oHq;a fokh l< g isjkafka l=ula hs fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'11
3'20 rEmfha fmkj
a d we;s m ;U
fjd,
a g
a dudkhla ilid th mm:hg
inkO
a lrkk
a ' oH;
q a foHh ug
wefkdv
a h
fmr tla tla ;U bf,lf
a gd%v
a f,n
a ,a lr
il
a
kO
a
h
^.?
a

0'1la
olj
a
d
k
s
joH;djhlk
s a
lef;dv
a h
fidhd.kk
a ' kd 30l muK ld,iu
S djla
fldm i,af*a ;<
= wemh
s r 0'5l muK Odrdjla imhkk
a '
djKh
bf,lf
a gd%v
a bj;a lr mf
% ifuka h<d tla
tla
bf,lf
a
gd
%
v
a
fhys
kj
il
a kO
a ,nd.kk
a '
3'20 rEmh - CuSO4 oHq;a fokh
i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrKh

58

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

fuys lef;davfha ialkaOh je we;s w;r Bg iudk m%udKhlska

wefkdavfha ialkaOh wvq we;s nj fmfka' tu ksid fjda,agdudkh ;=<ska oHq;a
Odrdj .uka lsf bf,lafg%dav wi, ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla is we;s nj
meye,s f' ^-& lef;davfha ialkaOh je we;s w;r th ma;su;a kj ;U
wdf,a m hls k a wdjrKh we;' th ;Uj,s k a f,da y df,a m kh
we;ehs lshkq ,ef'
Tn okakjd o@
oHq;a fokfha lef;davh u; ;ekam;a jk f,dayj, ialkaOh
fjda,agdudkh ;=<ska hjk Odrdf w.hg o" Odrdj hejQ ld,hg o iudkqmd;sl
f' fuh m<uqfjka u fidhd.kq ,enqf uhsl,a *erf k oHd{hd isks'
oHq;a foHhla ;=<ska oHq;h ikakhkh jQfha flfia oehs fidhd
n,uq' fldm i,af*ays wKqjl ridhksl iQ;%h CuSO4 f' fldm i,af*a
c,fha h l< g th Cu iy SO2-4 whk fol tlsfklska fjka f' fuu whk
oHq;a foHh ;=<ska Odrd f.k hdug Wmld f'
2+

wefkdavh wi, fldm mrudKqj (Cu)" bf,lafg%dak 2 la msglrka

fldm whkhla (Cu2+) njg m;af' cd;Sh wdfrdamK tlsfkl wdlIKh
lrk neka fuu Cu2+ whkh iDK lef;davh foig .uka lr tys
bf,lafg%dak 2la ,ndf.k fldm mrudKqjla njg m;a lef;davh u;
;ekam;a f' SO42- whk Ok wefkdavh foig .uka lr oHq;a mm:h imQK
lrhs'
oHq;a f,daydf,amkh (electroplating)
jia;=jla u; ;U wdf,am lrk whqre my; l%shdldrlfuka laf'
l%shdldrlu 3'12
l% s h dldrlu 3'11ys ;U lef;da v h
fjkqjg msis f,day jia;=jla ^ksoiqk wefkdv
a h
h;=rla fyda f,dayuh ne tlla jeks&
f,dayuh
fhdodf.k wemshr 0'5 muK Odrdjla
jia;=j
kd 30l muK ld, iSudjla ;=< oHq;a
fldm i,af*a
foHh ;=<ska hjkak' lef;davhg
djKh
inkaO l< jia;=j bj;g f.k
3'21 rEmh - oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
kslaIKh lrkak'
i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrKh

fuys f,dayuh jia;=j ;Uj,ska wdf,am we;s nj Tng l.; yels h'
oHq;a fokh uska tla f,dayhla u; ;j;a f,dayhla wdf,am lsu
oHq;af,daydf,amkh f,i yekaf'
Tn is l< l%shdldrlu 3'12ys ;U wdf,am lsug iudk wdldrhlska
wvx.= fjda,agdudkhl lef;davh jYfhka fhfuka f,day yej, wdf,am
l< yels f' fudag r: iy nhsisl,a i`oyd fl%dah wdf,am lrkafka o fuu
f,daydf,amk l%ufhks'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

59

oHq;a fokfha Nd;

!
oHq;a f,daydf,amkh
u, nefuka j<lajd .ekSu i|yd uq;ekaf.hs fndfyda WmlrK ksl,aj,ska
wdf,am lr we;' jdyk fldgiaj, fl%dah wdf,am lr we;'
!
;U msmyj
wefkdavh f,i wmsis ;U fhdok ,oafoa jqj o ;U f,daydf,amkfha
lef;davhg mKdukh jk ;U b;d msis f' f l%shdj,sh ,s flan, i|yd
msis ;U ksIamdokh lsug Nd; flf'
!
fidah iy weksh ksiaidrKh
fidah i`oyd idudkH Kq o we ksh i`oyd we ksh Tlaihsv o Nd;
lr oHq;a fokh u`.ska fidah yd we ksh ,nd.kshs'

3'4 Odrdjl pqnl M,h

oHq;hg pqnl M,hla we;s nj 1819 yEkaia ls%iaka wZiag iska fidhd
.kakd ,' oHq;a Odrdjl pqnl M,h wOHhkh lsu i|yd 3.13 l%shdldrlu
w;ay n,kak'
i
a h

l%shdldrlu 3'13
3'22 rEmfha fmkajd we;s m mm:fha
lh ud,sud lgqjg by<ska w,a,kak'
;;amr lsysmhla iah ;o lrkak'
Odrdj .,k g ud,sud lgqj kslaIKh
lrkak' Odrdf Ydj m%;sj; lr ud,sud
lgqf W;al%uKh kej; kslaIKh
lrkak'

fldI
a h
ud,u
s dj
3'22 rEmh - wZig
a mlI
a Kh i|yd
wegju
q

ud,sud lgqf W;al%uKfha fjkila we;s jk nj Tng l.; yels h'

Odrdf Ydj m%;sj; lrk g W;al%uKfha Ydj o fjkia f' ud,sud lgqf
W;al%uKfha fjkila isjkqfha pqnl lafIa;%hla yg.;a ksid h' tu ksid
ikakdhlhla ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla .uka lsf th jgd pqnl lafIa;%hla
we;s jk nj fuhska meye,s f'
oKav pqnlhla wjg pqnl lafIa;%h ilia we;af;a flfia hs fidhd n,uq'
hlv l=vq pqnl
lf
a I;
A f
% ha yevh
fmkj
a h's

re ;yvqjg fyda
lvishlg fyda
hka ;nd we;s
p
q nlh

fmd;a
3'23 rEmh - oKav pqnlhla wjg pqnl
lf
a I;
a h
%

60

l%shdldrlu 3'14
oKav pqnlhla u; lvishla
fyda ;=kS re ;yvqjla fyda
;nkak' lvish fyda re ;yvqj
fyda u; hlv l=vq ;=kS ;gqjla
iqrejd fifuka ;gq lrkak' Tf
kslaIK igyka lr.kak'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

oKav pqnlhla wjg mj;akd pqnl lafIa;%h n,fLd u.ska ksrEmKh

l< yels h' lvishg fyda re ;yvqjg ;gq lrk g hlv l=vq tA u; is
hhs' tys hlv l=vq b;d l=vd ud,sud oyia .Kkla f,i l%shdlrka oKav
pqnlfhka yg.kakd lafIa;%h Tiafia fhduq f' tu ksid 3'23 rEmfha lafjk
m hlv l=vq ieliS we;s wdldrh u`.ska pqnl n,fLd ksrEmKh l< yels h'
Odrdjla /f.k hk .= orhla wi, pqnl lafIa;%h
.= orhla fyj;a mkd,sldjla ;=<ska oHq;a Odrdjla .uka lrk g th
wjg 3'24 - a rEmfha fmkajd we;s m pqnl lafIa;%hla yg .kS' fuu pqnl
lafIa;%h oKav pqnlhla wjg pqnl lafIa;%hg iudk f' tu ksid Odrdjla
/f.k hk .= orhla fyj;a mkd,sldjla oKav pqnlhla f,i l%shd lrk
nj wmg fmfka' tjeks pqnl"
oHq;a pqnl (electro magnets)
f,i yeka f' mkd,sldjla ;=<ska
oHq;a Odrdj .uka lrk Ydj wkqj
mkd,sldf tla tla fl<jr yg
a
b
.kakd O%ej 3'24 b rEmh weiqka 3'24 rEmh - Odrdjla /f.k hk mkd,sldjla wjg
ykd.; yels f'
pqnl lafIa;%h
;U
orh

oHq;a pqnlhl pqnl lafIa;%

m%n,;dj flfrys my; i|yka idOl
n,mdk whqre fidhd n,uq'
!

Odrdf Yd,;ajh

orfha fmdgj,a .Kk

uD hlv yrh fjkia lsu

ma,diala
ngh
3'25 rEmh - oHq;a
pqnlhl m%n,;dj
fidhd ne,Su i|yd
q
lvodis la,sma wegju

l%shdldrlu 3'15
! kQ,a T;k m,
a di
a la nghla f.k th jgd mjrKh l< ;U l wdudk 30 la
yd ^30swg) fmdgj,a 50la T;kk
a '
! .e,j
a khi
s a l w,a 2l lene,j
s ,g lmd tj
A dhk
s a lene,s ly
s m
s hla
ngh ;<
= ;nkk
a '
! o`.rfha w.j
% , mjrKh bj;a lr ^weu fld<hla fyda my
s h
s la Nd;fhk&a tla
tla w.% rEm igyfkys lf
a jk m mm:hg inkO
a lrkk
a ' ^3.25 rEmh&
! mm:fha i
a h jid o`.rfha tl fl<jrla wi,g lvis l,
a m
s a f.ktkk
a '
! .e,j
a khi
s a l uk
s a fkdje t,,
a h
s yels Wmu lvis l,
a m
s a ixLHdj
.Kka lrkk
a '
! flda I .Kk je lr by; l% s h dldrlu kej; lrka k '
tfuka u fojkj
q o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk 100 olajd je lr m<uq
l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak' .e,ajkhsia l je m%udKhla ngh ;=<g
we;= lr m<uq l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

61

fuys orh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj o" orfha fmdgj,a .Kk o" uD hlv
yrh o je jk g pqnl lafIa;% m%n,;dj je jk nj fuhska meye,s f'
fuys fldaI .Kk o" orfha fmdgj,a .Kk o yrfha .e,ajkhsia l .Kk
o je lrk g t,a,sh yels la,sma ixLHdj iEu g u m<uq wjia:djg jvd je
jk nj fmfka' t,a,sh yels la,sma ixLHdj je jkafka oHq;a pqnlfha lafIa;%
m%n,;dj je jQ g h' fldaI .Kk je jk g orh ;=<ska .,k Odrdf
Yd,;ajh o je f' tu ksid orh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj o" orfha fmdgj,a
.Kk o uD hlv yr ixLHdj o je jk g oHq;a pqnlfha lafIa;% m%n,;dj
je jk nj fuhska meye,s f'
oHq;a pqnl M,fha Nd;
oH;
q fha p
q nl M,h kf
s jfia ,s WmlrKj, fndfyda g Nd; flf'
th ludka; lafIa;%fha o WmlrKj, Nd;hg f.k we;'
,s iSkqj
ik
S q kdolh

fuu rEmh fydka wOHhkh lrkak' iSkq

kdolh tfuka mm:h imQK jQ g
orh ;=<ska Odrdjla .,d hhs'
!

tys m%;sM,hla f,i U yevfha uD

hlvh oHq;a pqnlhla njg m;a u
ksid uD hlvh ta foig wdlIKh
f' tg iSkqj jrla kdo f'

fuu p,kfhka mm:h X ys hEu

ksid Odrdj .e,Su k;r jk neka
oHq;a pqnlfha pqnl;ajh ke;s hhs'

kak u`.ska uD hlvh wdmiq m<uq

ia:dkhg m;alrk w;r fuys mm:h
kej; inkaO f' tu wkqms<sfj<ska
by; ls%hdj,sh kej; kej; is f'
tneka iSkqj wLKav j kdof'

oHq;a pqnl Nd;hg .kakd wjia:d

! oHq;a pqnl fr.=

oH;
q a
p
q nlh

wdOdrlh
kq
f,dy
a
mh

X
inkO
a l
bial=remamqj

uD hlvh

h
ik
S j
q
3'26 rEmh - ,s iSkqjl ieleiau'

mm: k

oHq;a pqnl ndOl

weiaj,g we;= jQ l=vd jdfka" hlv wxY= bj;a lsug frday,aj, Nd;
f' jdfka iy wn,s hlv bj;a lrk fUlrj, o oHq;a pqnl
fhdod.kS'

rl:kj,
62

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

pqnl lafIA;%hl ;enQ" Odrdjla /f.k hk ikakdhlhla u; l%shd lrk n,h

f i|yd wms my; lafjk l%shdldrlu w;ay n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'16
3'27 rEmfha lf
a jk m mn
% , Lr
q m p
q nlhl
O%ej w;r isyska ;U lhla t,a,d th
neghlg yd iahlg inkaO lrkak'
iah jid lfha yeisu kslaIKh
lrkak' fojkqj Odrdf Ydj udre lr m<uq
lh
s% dldrlu kej; lrkk
a ' f;jkj
q p
q nlfha
O%ej udre jk m pqnlh wks;a w;g ;nd
m<uq l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'

;U
lh
negh

Lr
q m p
q nlh
i
a h
3'27 rEmh - Odrjla /f.k hk
ikakdhlhla u; n,h

m<uq wjia:df ;U lh Lqrm pqnlfhka (horse shoe magnet) msg;g

p,kh jk nj;a fojeks yd f;jeks wjia:dj, ;U lh Lqrm pqnlh ;=<g
p,kh jk nj;a Tng fmfkkq we;s' lh p,kh jkafka ks;H pqnlfha
pqnl lafIa;%h yd lfha Odrdj ksid we;s jk pqnl lafIa;%fha;a
wka; ls%hdj ksid we;s jk n,fhks' p,s; Ydj u;l ;nd .ekSug *af,kaf.a
ju;a ;sh Nd; lruq'
on/s,a,
^lf
a I;
a h
% &
*af,kaf.a ju;a ;sh
Tf juf;a on/`.s,a,;a" ueoe`.s,a,;a"
udmge`.s,a,;a tlsfklg iDcqflda jk fia
ilia lrkak'
ue`.,
s ,
a
! Tf on/`.s,a, pqnl lafIa;%fha Ydjg ju;
^Odrdj&
fhduq lrkak' ^N isg S olajd&
! ueoe`.s,a, Odrdf Ydjg fhduq jk ;=re
udmge``.,
s ,
a
on/`.s,a, jgd Tf w; lrljkak'
^p,;
s h&
! tg Tf udmge`.s,a, lh p,kh jk 3'28 rEmh - *af,kaf.a ju;a ;sh
Ydjg fhduqj mj;S'
by; l%shdldrlfuys ;U lfha p,s; Ydj is jQfha o *af,kaf.a ju;a
;shg wkql+, j nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'

ir, Odrd fudagrh (direct current / DC motor)

'

b
c

fldhf
q grh a
d
im
a Yl
we;,
s s
3'29 a.
3'29 a rEmh - ir, Odrd fudagrh

ir, wdldrfha ir,O

- drd fudg
a rh" 3'29 a
rEmfha fmkj
a d we;s m k;
s H p
q nlhl
Oe%j w;r Nu
% Kh l< yels orhlk
s a hl
q ;
a
h' fldI
a fhka iemfhk Odrdj we;,
s s ;<
= k
s a
o`.rfha w.j
% ,g i lr we;s fldhf
q grhg
.uka lrh's fldhf
q grh fyj;a kHdfoY
a lh
a la fuka
Nd. follg fjka l< ;U j<,,
a jk m o`.rfha
ia f' 3'29 b rEmfha lf
s fhdokk
a '
ab ndyj
q g *f
a ,kf
a .a ju;a ;h

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

63

j w;
lfha
p,;
s h

orh Trf,daiq lgq lerflk Ydjg

N%uKh jk m tu lh by<g p,kh
jk nj Tng fidhd.; yels h'

orfha cd ndyqj pqnlfha N O%ejh wi,g

me g cd ndyqjg inkaO j< Nd.h
^kHdfoaY LKavh& negfha iDK w.%hg
lf
a I;
a h
%
ju;
inkaO we;s,a, iu`. iamY f' tu ksid cd
Odrdj
;=< Odrdj wm foig ^msg;g& .,d ths' thska
woyia jkafka cd u; n,h o by<g l%shd
3'29 b rEmh - *af,kaf.a ju;a ;sh
lrk njhs ^3'29 a rEmh&'
fh g
tA ksid o`.rh ;j rg;a Trf,daiq
ol=fKka Odrdj
lgqf Ydjg N%uKh f. fuf,i
we;
= jk w;r
orh
tl u w;g N%uKh fjka
jfuka msg f'
mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd wmg o`.rh ;=<
Odrdf Ydj udre l< hq;= f' tk
Odrdj m%;sj; l< hq;= f' f ksid
3'29 c rEmh - fldhqfgrh
ir, Odrd fudagrhl fldhqfgrh
u`.ska iEu wO mN%uKhl u o`.rh ;=< Odrdj m%;Hdj; flf' Tn
negfha w.% udre l<fyd;a l=ula is f o @
ir, wdldrfha ir, Odrd fudagrhla ksudKh lrk whqre i,ld n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 3'17
! Yd, fmdfrdmamhla yryd fl f.;=
lgqjla hjkak'
! ir, fldhqfgrhla id .ekSu i|yd
rEmfha olajd we;s m fmdfrdmamfha tla
fl<jrla ;=<ska w,afmfk;a;s folla
hjkak'
! tla w,a f mfk;a ; ls k a mgka f.k
wfkflka fl<jr jk m" isyska
mjdrl ;U l fmdgj,a 50la muK
fmdfrdmamh jgd T;kak' Tng
fmdfrdmamfha we,shla lemSug yelsk
th lh f.k hEug wdOdr f'
! bkamiq j lfha fl<jr mjrKh bj;a
lrkak'^weu fld<hla fyda l;=rla
Nd;fhka& fyd| oHq;a inkaOhla
,efnk m lfha tla tla fl<jr
w,afmfk;a;s jgd T;kak'
! tla tla fl<jr wlaIh /|h yels
jk m mdo ,E,af,a . w,afmfk;a;s
2la ilrkak'
64

lh
i|yd
ud.h

fldhqfgrh f,i l%shd

lrk w,f
a mfk;;
a s

f.;
=
lgqj

a fmdfrdmm
a h
mjrKh l< ;U l

c
3'30 rEmh - ir, Odrd fudagrhla
ksudKh lsu

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

 1/ 044 /yeka foll fl<jr mjrKh bj;a lr tAjd fldhqfgrh yd

h; iamY jk m /|ug la,sma md lrkak'
o`.rfha fome;af;a pqnl /`oug ma,diagiSka lene,s md lrkak'
^reoaO O%ej uqyqKg-uqyqK ,k fia& lj, fl<jrj,a 3 V iemhqug
inkaO lr fudagrhg l%shd lsug fifuka N%uKhla fokak'

3'5 oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh

pqnl;ajh Nd;fhka oHq;h ksmoh yelafla flfia o hkak 1831
uhsl,a *erf iska wkdjrKh lrk ,'
oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh hkq l=ula hs wjfndaO lr.ekSug my; lafjk
l%shdldrlu fj; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
l%shdldrlu 3'18
! 3'31a rEm igyfka lafjk wdldrhg
Yd, fmdgj,a ixLHdjlska hq;a
orhla ueo x .e,ajfkdagrhlg
inkaOlrkak'
! 3'31a rEmfha m m<uq j m%n, oKav
pqnlhla o`.rh ;=<g f.fhka
p,kh lr .e,ajfkdagrfha
m%;spdrh kslaIKh lrkak'
! 3'31 b rEmfha lafjk m fojkqj
pqnl orh ;=< ksYAp, j isk
m r|jka k ' .e,a j fkda grfha
m%;spdrh kslaIKh lrkak'
! 3'31 c rEmfha lafjk m f;jkqj
pqnlh o`.rfhka bj;g f.fhka
wkak' .e,ajfkdagrfha m%;spdrh
kslaIKh lrkak'
! fuu l%shdldrlu my; i|yka idOl
fjkia lrka kej; lrkak'

p
q nlh
we;<
= g
p,kh f'

(a)

Odrdjla .,hs'

p,khla
fkdue;'
(b) Odrdjla fkdue;

bj;g
(c)
p,kh f' Odrdj reoaO Ydjg
.,h's
3'31 rEmh - oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh

! pqnl m%n,;dj wvq pqnlhla iy m%n,;dj je pqnlhla tl u

YSS>%;dfjka o`.rh ;=<g p,kh lsu'
! wvq fmdgj,a ixLHdjla we;s ;j;a o`.rhla Nd; lsu'
! pqnlh b;d fika iy f.fhka p,kh lsu' by; tla tla wjia:df
Tf kslaIK igyka lr.kak'
m<uqjeks wjia:df ;a f;jeks wjia:df ;a .e,ajfkdagrh m%;spdrhla
lajQj o fojeks wjia:df .e,ajfkdagrh m%;spdrhla fkd olajk nj Tng
fmfkkakg we;' .e,ajfkdagrh m%;spdrhla olajkafka th ;=<ska Odrdjla
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

65

.uka lrk g muKla nj Tn okS' tu ksid pqnlh p,kh jk g

muKla orh ;=< Odrdjla fm%arKh jk nj Tng fmfka' pqnlh p,kh jk
g orh yryd pqnl lafIa;%h fjkiau ksid orfha w.% w;r oHq;a .dul
n,hla fm%arKh f' fuh oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh f,i yekaf'
orfha w.% ixjD; mm:hla f,i ieliS we;ak fm%a; oHq;a .dul
n,h ksid th ;=<ska fm%a; Odrdjla .,d hEug i,iajhs'
pqnlfha m%n,;dj o" orfha fmdgj,a .Kk o" pqnlh p,kh lrk
f.h o je lsfuka .e,ajfkdagrfha mdGdxlh je jk nj Tng l.;
yels h' fufia jkafka tA tla tla wjia:df fm%a; oHq;a .dul n,h o" tu`.ska
fm%a; Odrdj o je jk neks'
ikakdhlhla yryd pqnl lafIa;%h fjkia jk g tys w.% yryd oHq;a
.dul n,hla fm%arKh jk nj;a tu`.ska ixjD; mm:hl Odrdjla fm%arKh jk
nj;a Tn okS' pqnl lafIa;%h fjkia jk wdldrh wkqj fuu fm%a; Odrdj ljr
Ydjlg .,d hkafka hs fidhd n,uq'
A

l%shdldrlu 3'19
3'32 a rEmfha lafjk m iDcq
l lene,a,la (AB) ueo x
.e,ajfkdagrhlg inkaO lr
p
q nl lf
a I;
a h
% yryd lh by<g
p,kh lrka k ' lh my<g
p,kh lrka by; l%shdldrlu
kej; lrka k ' by; tla tla
wjia:df mm:h Nd;fhka
.e,ajfkdagrfha W;al%uK Ydjg
wkqj Odrdf Ydj fjkia jk
whqre fidais lrkak'

(a)

(b)

ixf .e,ajfkdagrh

3' 32 rEmh

wdrlI
a ;
s m;
% f
s rdO
a h

lh by<g p,kh lrk g fm%a; Odrdj A isg B foig yd lh

my<g p,kh lrk g fm%a; Odrdj B isg A foig .,d hk nj;a Tng
fmfkkq we;' by; 3'19 ls%hdldrlf lh ;=<ska fm%a; Odrdj .,d hk
Ydj *af,kaf.a ol=K;a ;shg wkql+, nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
*af,kaf.a ol=K;a kS;sh
Tf iqrf;a on/`.s,a,;a" ueoe`.s,a,;aa " udmge`.s,a,;a tlsfklg iDcqflda
jk m ilia lrkak'
Tf on/`.s,a, pqnl lafIa;%fha Ydjg fhduq lrkak ^N isg S olajd&'
udmge`.s,a, lh p,kh jk Ydjg fhduq jk ;=re on/s,a, jgd Tf
w; lrljkak'
tg Tf ueoe`.s,a, fm%a; Odrdf Ydjg fhduq mj;S'
66

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

Tn okakjd o @
fm%a; Odrdf .,dhkafka th
we;s lrk fjkig mgyeks
jk whqka nj f,kaia kue;s
oHd{hd iska fidhd.kakd ,'
th f,kaia kshuh f' fm%A;
oH;
q a .dul n,h mm:h ^orh&
yd ne we;s pqnl lafIa;%h
fjkiaf YS>%;djg iudkqmd;sl
*erf kue;s oHd{hd iska
fidhd.kakd ,'
th *erf kshuh k f'

on/s,a,
^lf
a I;
a h
% &

udmge,
s ,
a
^p,;
s h&

ue,
s ,
a
^fm
a% ; Odrdj&
ir
q ;

3' 33 rEmh

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKfha Nd;

i) nhsisl,a vhskfudaj

p
q nlh
orh uD
hlv yrhla
u;
3' 34 rEmh - nhsisl,a vhskfudaj

l o`.rh u`.k
s a p
q Nl lf
a I;
a h
% lemS
hk m l o`.rhla wi, N%uKh
l< yels pq nlhla nhsisl,a
vhk
s fudj
a l wvx.= j we;' tg o`.rfha
w.% yryd fm%a; oHq;a .dul n,hla
fm%arKh f' pqnl lafIa;%h m%n, jk
m o`.rh uD hlv udOHhla jgd T;d
we;'

l%shdldrlu 3'20
m<uq j nhsisl,a vhskfudajla n,anhlg inkaO lr th fifuka iy
f.fhka N%uKh lr n,anfha ma;sh kslaIKh lrkak' nhsisl,a
vhskfudaj ueo x .e,ajfkdagrhlg inkaO lr th fifuka
lrljkak'wegrfha W;al%uKh kslaIKh lrkak'
vhskfudaj f.fhka N%uKh lrk g fm%a; oHq;a .dul n,h je jk
ksid n,anfha ma;sh je jk w;r th fifuka N%uKh lrk g fm%a; oHq;a
.dul n,h wvq jk ksid n,anfha ma;sh wvq f'
fojeks wjia:df .e,ajfkdagrfha W;al%uKh fomig is jk nj Tng
kslaIKh l< yels f' vhskfudaj lrlef fm%a; oHq;a .dul n,fha
Ydj udre jk neka fm%a; Odrdf Ydj o udre jk nj fuhska meye,s f'
f wdldrfhka bhg yd miqmig hk m m%;sj; jk Odrdjlg m%;Hdj;l
Odrdjla ^alternating current -AC& hehs lshkq ,ef'

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

67

fm%arK orh
fm%arK (induction coil) orh hkq wvq fjda,ah;djlska je fjda,ah;djla
,nd.; yels Wml%uhls' th uD hlv l udOHhla jgd t;+ m%d:l o`.rh
jYfhka ykajk fmdgj,a ishhlska muK hq;a >kl mjdrl ;U l
o`.rhlska o" m%d:lh jgd t;+ fmdgj,a oyia .Kklska hq;a oa;Shsl orhlska
o iuka; h' ;=kS m%d:lh fldaIj,ska iuka; welshqf,agrhlg inkaO
lr we;' th ;;amrhg Yd, jdr .Kkla Odrdj we;s-ke;s lrhs' tuk
s a p
q nl
id%jh p,kh lrh's o
a ;h
s l
s o`.rfha je oH;
q a .dul n,hla fmr
a% Kh f'
fmr
a% K o`.rh md%fhd.
a l
s j Nd;hg .kk
a d wji:
a d fidhd n,kk
a '
oa;Shsl orh
uD hlv yrh

ie - levq
WmlrKh

md%:l o`.rh

3'35 rEmh - fm%arK orh

mKdulh
mKdulhla (transfomer) hkq p,H fjda,ah;djla tla;rd w.hl isg
;j;a w.hlg m;a lsug Nd; lrk Wml%uhls' tk wvq w.hl isg je
w.hlg fyda je w.hl isg wvq w.hlg h' th uD hlv ixjD; udOHhla jgd
t;+ m%d:l orhlska o" oa;Shsl orhlska o hqla; h'
m%d:l orh ;=<ska m%;Hdj;l Odrdjla .uka lrk g we;s jk pqnl
lafIa;%h oa;Shsl orh yryd o .uka lrhs' oa;Shsl orh yryd pqnl
lafIa;%h fjkiajk neka tu orfha w.% yryd p,H m%;Hdj; fjda,ah;djla
fm%arKh f'
l%shdldrlu 3'21
mjdrl ;U l wdudk 30la yd ^30 swg & fmdgj,a 100 la muK tla
f*du
a rhl md%:lo`.rh jYfhka T;kk
a ' wfkla f*du
a rfha mjdrl ;U l
^30 swg& fmdgj,a 200la muK oa;Shslh jYfhka T;kak'
3.36 rEmfha lf
a jk m U yevfha uD hlv yrhl ndyq ;<
= g o`.rh we;
=
lrkak' U yevfha yrfha ndyq u; I yevfha uD hlv ndyqj ;nkak'
m%d:l o`.rfha w.% m%;Hdj;l Odrd fjda,agrhlg yd nhsisl,a
vhk
s fudj
a lg;"a o
a ;h
S l
s o`.rfha w.% ;j;a m;
% Hdj;l Odrd fjd,
a
a grhlg;a
inkO
a lrkk
a ' nhi
s l
s ,a vhk
s fudj
a f.fhka lrljd fjd,
a
a grj, mdGdxl
igyka lr.kak'
fmdgj,a 200la iys; o`.rh m%d:lh jYfhka o" fmdgj,a 100lska hq;a o`.rh
oa;Shslh jYfhka o Nd; lr l%shdldrlu kej; lrkak'
68

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

o
a ;h
S l
s
orh
uD yrh
md%:l
orh

m%;Hdj; Odrd
fjd,
a
a grh
nhi
s l
s ,a vhk
s fudj
a

3'36 rEmh - mKdulhla id.kakd whqre

m<uq wjia:df oa;Shsl orhg i l< fjda,agrfha mdGdxlh

m%d:lhg i l< fjda,agrfha mdGdxlh fuka fo.=Khlg wdikak jYfhka
iudk f' tfiau fojeks wjia:df oa;Shsl orhg i l< fjda,a grfha
mdGdxlh m%d:lhg i l< fjda,agrfha mdGdxlhg wdikak jYfhka iudk
nj Tng meye,s jkq we;'
oa;Shsl o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk m%d:l o`.rhg jvd je k" tys
a
a ;djhg jvd je neka th wlr mKdulhl's
o
a ;h
S l
s fjd,
a
a ;dj md%:l fjd,
oa;Shsl o`.rfha fmdgj,a .Kk m%d:l orhg jvd wvq k" tys oa;Shsl
fjd,
a
a h;dj md%:l fjd,
a
a h;djhg jvd wvq neka th wjlr mKdulhl's
cj n,d.drj, isg Tf ksfji olajd oHq;a Yla;sh ifm%aIKh lsug
cd;sl cd, moaO;sfha wlr mKdul Nd; flf' m%;sk fjda,ah;dj by<
ksid Odrdj wvq jk neka ,sh ifm%aIKfha cj ydksh wvq f'
ludka;Yd,dj, fj,aka jev i|yd wjlr mKdul Nd; flf'
m%;sk fjda,ah;dj wvq ksid Odrdj je jk neka ;dmk M,h o je f'
mKdulhl m%d:l yd oa;Shsl fjda,ah;djka Vp yd Vs o tAjdfha
Vs
Ns
fmdgj,a .Kk ms<sfj<ska Np yd Ns o k" tg
=
Vp
Np

wNHdi
1' ^w& oH;
q h ikk
a hkh lrk jhla i|yd Nd; lrk ;dlI
a l moh lu
= la o@
^wd& oHq;h imhk wdldrh wkqj bf,lafg%dav" wefkdavh iy lef;davh f,i
k flf' fuh meye,s lrkak'
^we& oHq;a fokh i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrKh l=ula o@
^wE& oHq;a foHhla ;=<ska oHq;h .uka lrkafka flfia o@
^b& oHq;a fok l%shdj,sfha ;ekam;a jk f,dayfha ialkaOh flfrys r|d
mj;sk idOl fudkjd o@
fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'

69

2' Bys we;s jia;=jla ;U wdf,am lsu i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrKhla rEmfha
laf'
^w& A ys we;s jHh l=ula o@
A
B
^wd& C jh l=ula o @
^we& negfha Ok w.%hg i l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
C
^wE& oHq;a fok l%shdj,sfhka miq lef;davfhys iy wefkdavfhys Tng
kslaIKh l< yels fjkial fudkjd o@
3'

l=vd Ndrhla tieug Nd; l< yels ,sfhka l%shd lrk wdoY ,Sjrhl
ie,eiaula by; rEmfha la f'
^w& th l%shd;aul jk wdldrh mshjfrka mshjr ia;r lrkak'
^wd& negfha w.% udre l< g ,Sjrfha l%shdld;ajhg l=ula is f o@
^we& tu ,Sjrh u Nd;fhka je Ndrhla tieh yels l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
th flfhka meye,s lrkak'
4'
oHq;a pqnlhl m%n,;dj Odrdj u;
n,mdk wkaou YsIHhka fofokl= iska
wkafIKh lrk ,' Tjqkaf.a m%;sM,
j.=f olajd we;'
Odrdj (A)
Ndrh (N)

0
0

0'5 1'0 1'5 2'0 2'5 3'0 3'5 4'0 4'5 5'0
0'2 0'8 1'6 3'0 5'4 10'0 13'6 14'6 14'9 15'0

^w& Odrdj ^X - wlaIh& bfhka Ndrh ^ Y - wlaIh& m%ia;drhla we`ug by;

o;a; Nd; lrkak'
^wd& Odrdj ^i& 2'75A ^ii& 6'0A jQ g lu
= k Ndrhla /`oh yels hs Tn i;
s kf
a ka o@
^we& orhg fmdgj,a 50la we;ak Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%ia;drh wkak'
^wE& hlvfha n, m%foaYhg l=ula is f o@
^b& m%ia;drh by< fldgfia ;sria fLdjla njg m;ajkafka wehs @
5' o`.rhla ueo x .e,a j fkda grhlg inka O lr we;' pq nlhl
N - O%ejh o`.rh ;=<g f.fhka f.k .sh g .e,ajfkdagrfha oYlh
ol=Kg W;al%uKh f'
^w& (i) N - O%ejh o`.rfhka bj;g f.k hk g
(ii) S - O%ejh o`.rh ;=<g f.k hk g
(iii) pqnlh o`.rh ;=< ksYap, j we;s g
W;al%uKhla we;ak th ljr wdldrfha h yels o@
^wd& .e,ajfkdagrfha W;al%uKh je lr.; yels wdldr 3la olajkak'
70

fkd,fha fnod u i|yd h'