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Chinh Hop Lap 211008
Chinh Hop Lap 211008
u, suy ra c F102 = 102 cch b loi. Nh vy ta c F103 F102 = 103 102 = 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u.
Nn ta c 900 cch chn cho 3 ch s u v 3 ch s cui tng ng ging nhau. Ta cn li 4 trng, m t
4 trng ta lp c F104 = 104 = 10000 . Vy ta c 900.10000 = 9000000 s cn tm.
Nhn xt. T ta c th tng qut bi ton ln nh sau: Cho n > 2m > 2 (n, m N * ) . Hi c bao nhiu
s c n ch s m m ch s u v m ch s cui tng ng ging nhau.
Li gii. Chng ta cng l lun nh trn. Ta c c ( F10m F10m1 ).F10n2 m s cn tm.
2. T hp lp
a) nh ngha. Mi cch chn ra k vt t n loi vt khc nhau (trong mi loi vt c th c chn li
nhiu ln) c gi l t hp lp chp k ca n . S cc t lp chp k ca n c k hiu l K nk .
b) Cng thc. K nk = Cnk+k 1 .
1
c) Cc v d.
V d u tin s l mt h qu quan trng.
V d 1. Gi s c n vin bi ging nhau v m ci hp, ta xp bi vo cc hp. Gi xi vi i = 1, 2, 3..., m l
s bi hp i. Chng minh rng
a) S cch xp khc nhau n vin bi vo m ci hp l Cmn +n1 .
b) Trong Cmn +n1 cch xp c Cnm11 cch xp cho tt c cc hp u c bi.
Li gii. a) Ta biu din m ci hp t m + 1 gch thng ng, cn cc vin bi biu din bng cc ngi
sao (*). Chng hn nh
|**|*|***|*|.|***|
Nh vy ngoi cng lun lun l cc vch thng ng, cn li m 1 vch thng ng v n vin bi c
sp xp theo th t ty . Nh vy s cch sp xp khc nhau bng s cch chn n phn t trong tp hp
m 1 + n phn t (c vch v ngi sao) chnh l Cmn +n1 .
b) Trng hp mi hp c t nht 1 vin bi tng ng vi cch biu din mi vch phi bao gm gia hai
ngi sao. Nhng c tt c n 1 khong trng gia n ngi sao. V vy phi xp m 1 vch vo n 1 khong
trng . Vy c tt c Cnm11 cch xp.
Nhn xt. T bi ton trn ta suy ra mt h qu th v.
a) S cc nghim t nhin ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n (n, m N * ) l Cmn +n1 .
b) S cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + ... + xm = n ( m n, n, m N * ) l Cnm11 .
thy c ng dng ca h qu trn ta xt v d sau.
V d 2. Tm s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 20 (1) tha iu kin
x1 3; x2 2; x3 > 4 (*)
Li gii. Ta vit iu kin cho thnh x1 3; x2 2; x3 5 . Xt cc iu kin sau
x2 2; x3 5 (**), x1 4; x2 2; x3 5 (***).
Gi p, q, r ln lt l cc s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha cc iu kin (*), (**),
(***). Ta c p = q r . t x1, = x1 ; x2, = x2 2; x3, = x3 5; x4, = x4 , kt hp vi (**), phng trnh (1) tr
thnh x1, + x2, + x3, + x4, = 13 (2).
S nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (**) bng s nghim nguyn khng m
ca phng trnh (2). Theo h qu trn s nghim l K 413 = C413+131 = C1613 . Vy q = C1613 .
L lun tng t, ta c r = K 49 = C49+91 = C129 . Suy ra p = q r = C1613 C129 = 560 220 = 340 .
Vy s nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh (1) tha iu kin (*) l 340.
V d 3. Tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1c nht 5 bi, bit rng
hp 2 v hp 3 khng cha qu 6 bi.
Li gii. Trc ht ta tm s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 c t nht
5 bi. Nhn xt rng ta cn ly 5 bi xp trc vo hp 1, do s bi cn li l 25. Suy ra s cch xp trong
trng hp ny bng s cch xp 25 bi vo 5 hp m khng c iu kin g thm. S cch xp l
K 525 = C525+251 = C2925 = 23751 . Tng t ta c:
- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp cha t nht
18
7 bi l K 518 = C518+181 = C22
.
- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, hp 3 cha t
18
nht 7 bi l K 518 = C518+181 = C22
.
- S cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, mi hp 2 v 3
cha t nht 7 bi l K 511 = C511+111 = C1511 .
S dng cng thc A B = A + B A B ta suy ra s cch xp 30 vin bi ging nhau vo 5 hp khc
nhau sao cho hp 1 cha t nht 5 bi, ng thi hp 2 hay hp 3 cha t nht 7 bi l
18
18
K 518 + K 518 K 511 = C22
+ C22
C1511 = 13265 (2)