Nhp mn c s d liu

i cng v cc h CSDL

V Tuyt Trinh
trinhvt@it-hut.edu.vn
B mn Cc h thng thng tin, Khoa Cng ngh thng tin
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

t vn
{
{
{

CSDL l g?
Ti sao phi s dng CSDL?
Ti sao phi tm hiu v cc h CSDL?

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

V d: qun l o to
{

Thng tin cn quan tm

z
z
z
z

Kho hc, lp hc, sinh vin, mn hc, gio vin, ...

Thng tin v sinh vin: thng tin c nhn, thng tin
hc tp
Thng tin v mn hc: khi lng hc tp, gio vin,
lch hc
...

Cn lu tr nhng thng tin a dng

C s d liu
3

V d: khai thc thng tin

{

Sinh vin
z
z

Gio vin
z
z

Danh sch sinh vin lp Tin 1?

Thi kho biu ca lp Tin 1?

Gio v
z
z

Cc mn hc ca khoa CNTT?
im thi mn Nhp mn CSDL ?

Danh sch sinh vin kho K47?

T l sinh vin thi t ca tng mn hc?

Cn xy dng mt phn mm cho php khai thc mt

CSDL
Phn mm ng dng

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

Hnh dung v xy dng mt CSDL

{

Yu cu:
z
z

Thc hin
z
z
z

Lu tr thng tin cn thit mt cch chnh xc

Truy xut thng tin hiu qu
Xc nh yu cu nghip v
Xc nh nhng thng tin cn lu tr
Xc nh cch thc lu tr

Cn cng c tr gip xy dng mt CSDL

Phn mm qun tr CSDL (QTCSDL)

Cc khi nim c bn
ng dng

h CSDL

CSDL

H QTCSDL
6

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

C s d liu
{

Mt tp hp cc d liu
z
z
z

Biu din mt vi kha cnh ca th gii thc

C lin h logic thng nht
c thit k v bao gm nhng d liu phc v mt mc
ch no

V d: CSDL v qun l o to gm thng tin v

- gio vin
- sinh vin
- mn hc
- lp hc
- im thi
- ...

H qun tr c s d liu
{

Mt phn mm cho php

z

nh ngha
xc nh kiu, cu trc, rng buc d liu

To lp

Thao tc

lu tr d liu trn cc thit b nh

truy vn, cp nht, kt xut, ...

cc CSDL cho cc ng dng khc nhau

V d: MS. Access, MS. SQL Server, ORACLE,

IBM DB2, ...
8

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

H c s d liu
{

Mt h thng gm 4 thnh phn :

z
z
z
z

H QTCSDL
Phn cng
CSDL v phn mm ng dng
Nhng ngi s dng

V d: h qun l o to, qun l nhn s, ...

9

Mi trng h CSDL
H
CSDL

ng dng

H QTCSDL

CSDL

CSDL
10

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

Chc nng ca h QTCSDL

{

Qun l d liu tn ti lu di
z
z

nh ngha d liu
Qun l lu tr

Truy xut d liu mt cch hiu qu

z
z
z

Biu din cc thao tc d liu

X l cu hi
Qun tr giao dch

11

Cc ngn ng
{

Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (Data Definition Language DLL)

Cu trc d liu
Mi lin h gia cc d liu v cc quy tc, rng buc p
t ln d liu
Ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data Manipulation Language z
z

DML)
z

Tm kim, thm, xo, sa d liu trong CSDL

Ngn ng iu khin d liu (Data Control Language DCL)

z
z
z

Thay i cu trc ca cc bng d liu

Khai bo bo mt thng tin
Quyn hn ca ngi dng trong khai thc CSDL
12

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

S tru tng ho d liu

... Khung nhn n
Khung nhn 1
Mc khung nhn
(ngoi)

m t cch m ngi s
dng c th nhn thy d
liu

S khi nim
(logic)

nh ngha cu trc logic

ca d liu, d liu no
c lu tr v mi quan
h gia cc d liu

Mc quan nim
(logic)

Mc lu tr
(trong)

nh ngha cu trc cc
tp v ch dn c s
dng trong c s d liu
(cch lu tr d liu
nh th no)

S trong
(vt l)

13

V d
{

Mc quan nim
type lop = record

Tin1 = {

end;

type sinh_vien = record

NVA = {
maSV= SV001
ten= Nguyn Vn A
nam=1;
ngay_sinh= 1/4/1983
dia_chi=1 T Quang Bu
ma_lop=1
}

ma_lop : string;
ten: string;
heDT: string;
dia_diem: string;

maSV : string;
ten: string;
nam: boolean;
ngay_sinh: date;
dia_chi: string ;
ma_lop: string;

end;

ma_lop=1
ten= CNTT1_K47
heDT= chinh quy
dia_diem= DHBKHN

14

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

V d (2)
{

Mc khung nhn
type ds_sinhvien = record
ten: string;
nam: boolean;
ngay_sinh: date;
end;

CN_NVA = {
ten= Nguyn Vn A
nam=1;
ngay_sinh= 1/4/1983
}

15

S v th hin
(schema vs. instance)
S

Th hin

-cu trc/kiu d liu

- gi tr/i tng d liu

-t

-thng

thay i
-thay i phc tp

xuyn thay i
-d dng thay i

16

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

Cc module chnh ca h QTCSDL

ng dng

H
QTCSDL

B x l
cu hi

B qun l
Giao dch

B qun l
lu tr

DL

DL
17

B x l
cu hi

Qun l lu tr
{

B qun l
lu tr

Yu cu
lu tr v truy xut d
liu trn cc thit b
nh (ngoi)

B qun l
Giao dch

Thc hin
z

T chc ti u d liu
trn thit b nh
(ngoi)
Tng tc hiu qu
vi b qun l tp

B qun l lu tr
Qun l buffer
Qun l tp

Metadata &
Data dictionary

Qun
l
giao
dch

Data & index

18

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Nhp mn c s d liu

B x l
cu hi

X l cu hi
{

B qun l
lu tr

B x l cu hi

Yu cu:

B bin dch

Tm kim d liu tr
li cho mt yu cu
truy vn
{

B ti u

Thc hin
z

Bin i truy vn biu

din mt mc cao
thnh cc yu cu c
th hiu c bi h
CSDL
La chn mt k
hoch tt nht tr
li truy vn ny

B qun l
Giao dch

B nh gi

B qun l
lu tr

Metadata &
Data dictionary

Data & index

19

B x l
cu hi

Qun l giao dch

{

B qun l
lu tr

Yu cu
z

B qun l
Giao dch

/n giao dch: mt tp cc thao tc c x

l nh mt n v khng chia ct c
m bo tnh nht qun v tnh ng n
ca d liu

Thc hin
z
z

Qun l iu khin tng tranh

Pht hin li v phc hi c s d liu

20

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

10

Nhp mn c s d liu

H
CSDL

Ngi dng

ng dng
H QTCSDL
CSDL

CSDL

Ngi thit k v ci t h QTCSDL: chu trch nhim

thit k v ci t cc module ca h QTCSDL v cc
giao din di hnh thc cc gi phn mm

Ngi pht trin cng c: chu trch nhim thit k v

ci t cc gi phn mm h tr cho vic thit k, s
dng cng nh tng cng hiu nng ca cc h CSDL.

21

H
CSDL

Ngi dng

ng dng
H QTCSDL
CSDL

CSDL

Ngi phn tch h thng v pht trin ng dng:

chu trch nhim xc nh yu cu ca ngi dung cui,
xc nh cc giao dch cn thit p ng cc yu cu
ngi dng. Ngi lp trnh ng dng ci t nhng yu
ci ny trong chng trnh, kim th, g ri, lp ti liu
cho chng trnh

Ngi thit k CSDL: chu trch nhim xc nh d liu

lu tr trong CSDL v cu trc biu din v lu tr
nhng d liu ny

22

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

11

Nhp mn c s d liu

H
CSDL

Ngi dng

ng dng
H QTCSDL
CSDL

CSDL

Ngi s dng cui: l ngi khai thc cc h CSDL

Ngi qun tr CSDL: chu trch nhim cho php truy

nhp CSDL, iu phi v kim tra s dng CSDL, qun
l ti nguyn phn cng v phn mm khi cn thit

Ngi bo tr h thng: l nhng ngi qun tr h

thng chu trch nhim vic hot ng v bo tr mi
trng (phn cng v phn mm) cho h CSDL

23

H thng x l tp

Sinh vin

Gio vin

Hc tp

Sinh vin

Gio vin

Lp hc

im thi

Mn hc
24

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

12

Nhp mn c s d liu

Hn ch
{
{
{

Mc din t ng ngha hn ch
D liu ring l, ri rc
Qun l, khai thc mc thp

25

H c s d liu

Gio vin

CSDL
h
h QTCSDL
QTCSDL

Hc tp

Sinh vin

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

Gio vin
Sinh vin
Lp hc
Mn hc
im thi

26

13

Nhp mn c s d liu

u im ca cch tip cn CSDL

{
{
{

Tnh tru tng ho ca d liu

H tr nhiu khung nhn d liu
Chia s d liu gia nhiu ngi dng v h
tr qun l giao dch

27

c im ca cch tip cn CSDL

{

Biu din ng ngha phong ph v nhng quan h phc

tp ca cc d liu
Kim sot tnh d tha v m bo cc rng buc ton
vn d liu
H tr lu tr v truy vn d liu mt cch hiu qu

Chia s d liu gia nhiu ngi dng

Phn quyn ngi dng v kim sot tnh hp l ca cc
truy xut d liu

H tr dch v sao lu v phc hi d liu

28

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

14

Nhp mn c s d liu

Phn loi h CSDL

{

M hnh d liu
z

S ngi s dng
z

Tp trung vs. Phn tn

Tnh thng nht ca d liu

z

Mt ngi dng vs. nhiu ngi dng

Tnh phn tn ca CSDL

z

Mng vs. phn cp vs. quan h vs. hng i tng

vs. ...

ng nht vs. Khng ng nht

...
29

Kt lun
{

CSDL cho php lu tr v khai thc d liu mt

cch thng nht v hiu qu (c bit trong
trng hp khi lng d liu ln)
S tru tng v d liu v tnh c lp d liu
cho php pht trin ng dng d dng
H QTCSDL cung cp cc cng c hu hiu tr
gip vic to lp CSDL v pht trin ng dng

More than 80 % of real world computer applications

are associated with databases*
*

Korth & Silberschatz. Database System Concepts.

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

30

15

Nhp mn c s d liu

Trng tm ca mn hc ny
H
CSDL

ng dng
H QTCSDL

CSDL

CSDL
31

S dng kin thc ca mn hc

ny trong tng lai
{

Pht trin ng dng

Nghin cu v pht trin (R&D)

Nghin cu

32

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

16

Nhp mn c s d liu

Cc im cn lu
{

Cch tip cn tp vs. cch tip cn CSDL

CSDL vs. h QTCSDL vs. h CSDL

Kin trc ANSI/SPARC (hay 3 mc) ca h CSDL

S vs. th hin

Cc chc nng chnh ca mt h QTCSDL

Ngi s dng trong mt h CSDL

c im ca h CSDL

33

34

V Tuyt Trinh, b/m Cc h thng thng tin, khoa CNTT, HBKHN

17