3.

4 Transformations of Functions
HORIZONTAL SHIFTS
reference:
2:
f(x) = x2
= (x - 2)2

shift left 2:

shift right

f(x + 2) = (x + 2)2

f(x - 2)

VERTICAL SHIFTS
reference:
f(x) = x2
-2

shift up 2:
shift down 2:
2
f(x) + 2 = x + 2
f(x) - 2 = x2

3.4-1

STRETCH AND SHRINK (OMIT)

REFLECTIONS ACROSS THE X-AXIS
reference:
reflected in the x-axis:
f(x) = x2

-f(x) = - x2

REFLECTIONS ACROSS THE Y-AXIS

reference:
reflected in the y-axis:
f(x) = x3

f(-x) = (-x)3

3.4-2

COMBINATIONS OF TRANSFORMATIONS
g(x) = -(x - 3)2 + 2

to graph:

(1) note that basic function is f(x) = x2

(2) find transformations that get from x2 -(x 3)2 + 2
2

(x - 3)2
-(x - 3)2

(x - 3)
-(x - 3)2
-(x - 3)2 + 2
x2

(x - 3)2

-(x - 3)2

Transformation
shift right by 3
reflect across x-axis
shift up by 2

-(x - 3)2 + 2

When you do problems of this type:

you must state the transformations as shown
above
3.4-3

 but you do not need to draw the intermediate

graphs

3.4-4