S = x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c

x21 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2f y1 + c

S1 < 0
S1 > 0
S1 = 0

S1 =

(x1 , y1 )
(x1 , y1 )
(x1 , y1 )
P (, )

S = 0

S = 0

C1 , C 2

B
P A P B = S1 (, ) = constant

(x1 , y1 )

r
2

x +y =a

T xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1 ) + f (y + y1 ) + c

(a, b)
r

(x a) + (y b) = r2
(x1 , y1 )

(x2 , y2 )

a=b

+y

y = mx a

(x x1 ) (x x2 ) + (y y1 ) (y y2 ) = 0
!
g2 + f 2 c

"= 0

h=0

(xi , yi ) i = 1, 2, 3
" 2
" x + y2 x y
" 2
" x1 + y12 x1 y1
" 2
" x2 + y22 x2 y2
" 2
" x3 + y32 x3 y3

1
1
1
1

, y1 + r

(x1 , y1 )

=a
!
1 + m2

y = mx + c
|c|

=a
1 + m2

x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0
(g, f )
=

(x1 + r

T =0

"
"
"
"
"=0
"
"
"

|c|
<a
1 + m2
|c|

>a
1 + m2

y = mx + mg f

!
!
g 2 + f 2 c 1 + m2

(x1 , y1 )

S1

T 2 = SS1

g2 + f 2 c > 0
T =

g2 + f 2 c = 0

g2 + f 2 c < 0
!
axis 2 g 2 c

g2 = c

y axis 2
f2 = c

!
f2 c

x
y
=
x1
y1
T

x2 = xx1 y 2 = yy1 2x = x + x1

2y = y + y1
a

g2 = f 2 = c
x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2f y + c = 0

S1

a
(x, y) (x1 , y1 )

x x1
y y1
=
x1 + g
y1 + f
(x1 , y1 )
S1

(x1 , y1 )
P

T =0
O

(x1 , y1 )
T = S1

(radius)

OP OQ =

x2 + y 2 = 2a2
d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 + r2 |

y = mx + c

C1 C2

r1 : r2

x + my = k

d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 r2 |

C1 C 2

r1 : r2
d (C1 , C2 ) > r1 + r2
P (x1 , y1 )
d (C1 , C2 ) = r1 + r2

P
(x1 , y1 )
T =0

d (C1 , C2 ) = |r1 r2 |

(x1 , y1 )
P (x1 , y1 )
Q (x2 , y2 )
P

S S! = 0

Q
d (C1 , C2 ) < |r1 r2 |

= "0
"
" a h g "
"
"
" h b f "
"
"
" g f c "
x x1
y y1
=
ax1 + hy1 + g
hx1 + by1 + f
P
PA PB

S=0
!

SS = 0

x2

P A P B = P T 2 = S1
(x1 , y1 )

!
2 g2 + f 2 c

S=0

S =0
d (C1 , C2 ) < r1 + r2

P (x1 , y1 )
T =0
ax + by + c = 0

S S! = 0

S +S ! = 0
"= 1

(x + g)2 + (y + f )2 =

S! = 0

S=0

L=0

S + L = 0
(x1 , y1 )

(x2 , y2 )

"
" x
"
(x x1 ) (x x2 )+(y y1 ) (y y2 )+ "" x1
" x2

y
y1
y2

ax + by + c = 0
(x0 , y0 )
2
2
(x x0 ) + (y y0 ) + (ax + by + c) = 0
S=0
S! = 0
" 2
"
" r + r22 d2 "
"
() = "" 1
"
2r1 r2
d

=
=

d (C1 , C2 )
#
g 2 + f 2 + g12 + f12 2gg1 2f f1
2 (gg1 + f f1 ) = c + c1

S =0
S S! = 0

!
S1 = P A P B
P (x1 , y1 )

S = S ! = S !! = 0

S! = 0

1
1
1

"
"
"
"=0
"
"

x2 + y 2 + x + y = 0
x2 + y 2 = a2
x2 + y 2 = b2
x2 + y 2 = c 2
a, b, c
x 2y + 1 = 0
x2 + y 2 = 25
P
Q
2

xy =0

x2 + y 2 + 2a! x + c! = 0
2y + 2ax + 2by + c = 0

x + y = 25

x2 +y 2 xy = 0
x2 +y 2 +2gx+
2x2 + 2y 2 + 3x + 8y + 2c = 0
x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0
g = 3/4
f =2

2f y + c = 0
h2 + k 2 = 2a2
x2 + y 2 = 1
P
2x + y 4 =

0
$

1 1
,
4 2

%
(4, 3)

x2 + y 2 = 9
192/25)

x2 + y 2 + 2x + 8y 23 = 0
10y + 9 = 0

x2 + y 2 4x

x2 + y 2 = 1
x + y 8x 6y + 9 = 0
x2 + y 2 8x 6y 11 = 0
(4, 3)

x2 +y 2 +c2 = 2ax

x2 +y 2 +c2 2by = 0

x2 + y 2 = 1
(4, 3)
25
5 x

18
5 y

+5=0

x2 + y 2 = 1, x2 + y 2 8x + 15 = 0
y 2 + 10y + 24 = 0
P

x2 +

(2, 5/2)
Ax + By + C = 0
x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0
P
Q
A! x + B ! y + C ! = 0
x2 + y 2 +
a! x + b! y + c! = 0
R
S
P, Q, R, S
"
"
" a a! b b! c c! "
"
"
" A
B
C "" = 0
"
" A!
B!
C! "

x2 + y 2 3x 6y + 14 = 0 x2 +
y x 4y + 8 = 0
x2 + y 2 + 2x 6y + 9 = 0
x2 +y 2 2x4y+1 =
0
2

x2 +
2

x2 + y 2

x2 + y 2 10x + 4y 20 =
x + y + 14x 6y + 22 = 0
2

x2 + y 2

y = x.
4x6y+10 = 0

x2 + y 2 = a 2

(h, k)

2x2 +

P
Q
(25, 50))

x2 + y 2 +

y = 12
x2 + y 2 5x + 3y 2 = 0
(6, 18/5))
2

$
%
19 9
,
13 13
x2 +y 2 2x6y+9 = 0
x2 +y 2 +6x2y+1 =
0
y = 4, 4x 3y = 0, 3x + 4y =
10, x = 0

(x a) + (y b)# = c2

(y a) = c2

(x b) +

4c2 2 (a b)

x2 + y 2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
A
B
2x2 + 2y 2 + 2x + 6y + 1 = 0

(1, 1)
x2 +y 2 +13x3y = 0
2x2 +2y 2 +
4x7y25 = 0 4x2 +4y 2 +30x13y25 = 0
x+
y =1
x2 + y 2 = 9
2
2
x +y xy =8
C1
C2
(0, 0)
(1, 0)
C1
x axis
C2

10 2 4 10

C2
C1

C3

3x y + 2 = 0)

3x y = 6
y=x

x+y2 = 0
(1, 1)
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 5y 6 = 0
(6, 4))

C3

(1, 3)