05

wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

5'1 wmg fmkSu we;sjkafka flfiao@

yj,a ld,fha wm wjg we;s fndfyda oE wmg fmfka' kuq;a rd;s%fha

tajd l n,d .ekSu i|yd wms myka o,ajuq' jd ld,fha fyda
rd;s%fha myka o,ajd we;s g fyda oEi jid .;fyd;a wmg lsisjla
lsh fkdyels h'
f wkqj wmg fmkSu i|yd imQK h hq;= wjYH;d fudkjd hs
fidhd n,uq'
l%shdldrlu 5'1
wjYH jH ( mshk iys; ldfnda fmhla ^im;a;= fmhla
jeks& remshf,a ldishla" ,s mkaoula" fmh ;=< ;eh yels
l=vd jia;=jla ^l=vd od leghla" u,la" h;=rla jeks fohla&
l%uh ( fmfha mshk u; y ueo
r
Y; mkyl ldishl m%udKfha Yd, is
isrla lmd .kak'
rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg ldfnda
fmh
fmfha tla me;a;l tu
isrg jvd l=vd m%udKfha
isrla idod .kak'
l=vd isr
ka fmh ;=< y ueo Tn
5'1 rEmh
iska imhd .;a jia;=j ;nd
tys mshk jikak'
fm mshk u; we;s isr remshf,a ldisfhka jikak'
m<uqj" fmfha me;af;ys we;s isr ;=<ska jia;=j kslaIKh
lrkak'
B <`.g Tf ;=rl=g$;=hlg tu isr ;=<ska u n,d jia;=j
ykd .ekSSug mjikak'

66 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

 ka fm mshk u; we;s remshf,a ldish bj;a lrkak' ,s

mkaou o,ajd" mshk u; we;s isr ;=<ska tys wdf,dalh fmh
;=<g t,a, lrkak'
fmr f,igu kej; jrla l=vd isr ;=<ska" jia;=j kslaIKh
lrkak'
Tf ;=rdg$;=hg o tfia kslaIKh lrkakg i,iajkak'
Tyq$weh iska jia;=j ykd.;a;d hs uikak'
fm mshk u; we;s isr jid ;snQ wjia:df iy tu isr jD; lr
ta ;=<ska ,s mkaof wdf,dalh fmh ;=<g we;= l< wjia:df
,enqKq kslaIKj, fjki ms<sn|j Tf ;=rd $ ;=h iu. idlPd
lrkak'
by; ls%hdldrlfuka ,enqKq kSlaIK wkqj wmg hlsis jia;=jla
fmkSu i|yd wdf,dalh wjYH nj ks.ukh l< yels h'
jia;=jla lSug wdf,dalh muKla m%udKj;a o @ ta i|yd ;j;a wjYH;d
;sf o @
l%shdldrlu 5'2

wdf,dalh we;s ;eklg hkak

Tf w;a, . ykak
th fydka kslaIKh lrkak
ka w;a, tfiau ;ndf.k oEi jid.kak
oEi jD; j ;snQ wjia:df ,enqqKq kslaIK kq;a Tng ,efo@

Tn oEi jid .;a; o w;a,g ;ju;a wdf,dalh ,ef' tfia k i jD;

j ;snQ wjia:dfjys Tn kslaIKh l< w;af,ys fLd i jid.;a miqj
Tng fkdfmkqfka wehs@ fmkSu i|yd wdf,dalh muKla m%udKj;a
fkdjk w;r ta i`oyd wei o wjYH f' wdf,dalh iy wei hk folu
fmkSu i|yd wjYH jk m%Odk idOl f'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 67

5'2 wdf,dal m%Nj

wmg wdf,dalh imhk m%Odk jia;=j iQhhd h' rd;s% ld,fha
iQhdf,dalh fkd,efnk ksid wms ,s nqnq`M" ,dmq iy bmkao
jeks lD;%su m%Njj,ska wdf,dalh ,nd .ksuq' f yereKq g rd;s%fha
pkahd iy ;drld jeks iajdNdl jia;=j,ska o wmg wdf,dalh ,ef'
f ish u jia;= u.ska wmg wdf,dalh ,efnkafka tajd u.ska wdf,dalh
ksl=;a lrk neks' fujeks wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk jia;= wdf,dal m%Nj
f,i yekaf'

ma; iy wma; jia;=

wdf,dalh fkdue;s wre ldurhlg we;= jQ g wmg ldurh ;=< lsisjla
l.; fkdyels h' kuq;a tu wjia:df ldurh ;=< bmkaoula fyda
,s nqnq,la ,ajqjfyd;a bmkaou iy ,s nqnq, fuka u ldurfha
we;s wfkl=;a jH o wmg fmfka' fuhg fya;=j ,ajQ ,s nqnq, fyda
bmkaou u.ska wdf,dalh ksl=;a u;a tu wdf,dalh wfma weig we;=
u;a h' ;ud iska u wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk fujeks jia;= ma; jia;=
f,i yekaf'

,a jQ n,anh
5'2 a rEmh

,a jQ ,dmqj
ma; jia;= lsysmhla

;ud iska u wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk lKduehd" ? n,a,d jeks ka

o iuyr g Tn kslaIKh lr ;sfnkakg we;' tfia wdf,dalh ksl=;a
lrk O y;= j. o ;sf'
68 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

lKduehd
5'2 b rEmh

wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk y;=

ma; jia;= lsysmhla

by; i|yka l< wre ldurh kej; isysm;a lrkak' tys ,s nqnq,
,ajQ miqj ,s nqnq< muKla fkdj mqgqj" fih" we| jeks jia;= tys
;snqKs k tajd o wmg l .; yels h' kuq;a ,s nqnqf<ys wdf,dalh
fkdue;s k wmg tajd l.; fkdyels h' thg fya;=j fujeks jia;=
uska wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlsuhs'
fujeks wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk jia;= wma; jia;= f,i yekaf'
tjeks jia;= l .ekSug k ma; jia;=jlska ksl=;ajk wdf,dalh tu
jia;= u; m;s; h hq;= h'
rd;s% wyfia wdf,dalj;a jQ pkahd wmg l.; yels h' f ksid pkahd
ma; jia;=jla f,i iuyr g Tng isf;kakg we;' kuq;a pkahd
iska ksl=;a lrkafka ;udf.a u wdf,dalh fkdf' pkahdf.a mDIaGh
u; m;s; jk ysre t<sh ksid pkahd wdf,dalj;a jia;=jla f,i wmg
ia f' tu ksid wdf,dalj;a j ia jqj o pkahd ma; jia;=jla fkdf'
pkahd fuka u .%yf,dal o wma; jia;= f'

5'3 jH ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka lsu

fndfyda ksfjiays cfka,j,g re fhdod we;af;a ksfji ;=<g fydka
wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd hs' kuq;a iuyr wjia:dj, cfka,j,
re wdjrKh jk m ;sr fr fhdod we;af;a ,efnk wdf,dalh iSud
lsu i|yd h' ;j;a iuyr wjia:dj, kdk ldur jeks ia:dkj,
wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd u,a re fhdod we;'
f wdldrhg wms tfkod ;fha jH ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka lsf
.=Kh O wdldrhg m%fhdackhg .ksuq' f .ek wms ;jrg;a mlaId
lr n,uq'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 69

l%shdldrlu 5'3
wjYH jH ( ;rul ldfnda lene,a,la" bmkaoula iy my;
i|yka jH"
f;,a lvoishla
f,day ;yvqjla
l=vd ,S ;yvqjla
u,a re lene,a,la
O j.j, fmd,s;ska fld<
;=kS re ;yvqjla
m;a;r lvodishla
l`M lvodishla
mdg lsysmhl i fld< ^IQ lvodis&
l%uh ( ldfnda lene,a, ueo
isr
3 cm x 3 cm m%udKfha
fldgqjla lmd .kak'
bmkaou o,ajkak'
ka Tn iska imhd .kakd
,o jH tl tl fjk fjk
u ldfnda lene,a, ueo
we;s isr jefik f,i
kslaIKh
ldfnda
;nkak'
lrk jHh
lene,a,
tfia w,a,df.k tla tla
b mkaou
jHh ;=<ska bmkao ,a,
rEmh 5'3
kslaIKh lrkak'
Tf kslaIK my; lafjk wdldrhg j.=jl igyka lrkak'
5'1 j.=j
Nd; l< jH
1' l`M lvodish

kslaIK
b mkao ,a, fyda b mkao ,af,a wdf,dalh fkdfmfka'

2' u,a rej

3' ;=kS re ;yvqj
4'
5'

Tn ,nd.;a kslaIK wkqj Tn Nd; l< jH my; lafjk wdldrhg

ldKav ;=klg fjka lr .kak'
70 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

iuyr jH ;=<ska neg wdf,dalh meye,sj lsh yels h'

bmkao ,a, o meye,sj fmfka'

iuyr jH ;=<ska neg wdf,dalh lsh yels kuq;a

bmkao ,a, meye,sj fkdfmfka'

iuyr jH ;=<ska neg wdf,dalh yd bmkao ,a, lsh

fkdyels h'

by; ls%hdldrlfuys Tn iska kslaIK ,nd .ekSu i|yd Nd; l<

jH A, B yd C hk ldKav ;=fkka l=uk ldKavhg wh;a hs ;SrKh
lrkak' ta wkqj tu jH my; lafjk j.=jg we;=<;a lrkak'
5'2 j.=j
A
wdf,dalh iy bmkao
,a, meyeos,s j
fmfkk jH

B
wdf,dalh lsh yels kuqq;a
bmkao ,a, meye,s j
fkdfmfkk jH

C
wdf,dalh yd bmkao
,a, fkdfmfkk jH

;=kS re ;yvqj

u,a rej

l`M lvodish

wm by; ls%hdldrj, kslaIKh lf<a >k jH muKls' kuq;a

O j iy jd;h ;=<ska o wdf,dalh .uka lrk wdldrh tlsfklg
fjkia h' jd;h ;=<ska wdf,dalh b;d fydka .uka lrk w;r jd;fha
we;s oE wmg meye,s j l.; yels h' kuq;a u iys; wjia:dj,
jd;fha we;s fndfyda foa wmg fkdfmkS hhs'
tf,i u msis c,h iys; ud`M gexlshl we;s O jK u;iHhka
wmg meye,s j kslaIKh l< yels h' kuq;a wmsis fndr c,h iys;
gexlshl fyda fmdl=Kl isk u;aiHhka wmg meye,s j fkdfmfka'
tfia jkafkaa tjeks wjia:dj, c,h iy jd;h ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka
lrk wdldrh fjkia jk ksid h'
O j ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka lrk wdldrh kslaIKh lsu i|yd
5'4 ls%hdldrlfuys fhfouq'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 71

l%shdldrlu 5'4
wjYH jH ( kso fmfkk m<,a l=vd re fnda;,a lsysmhla
b mkaoula
c,h
meKs
jqKq tkaka Ths,a
meKsu
N+f;,a jeks j lsysmhla
l%uh( Tn iska imhd .;a jj,ska
l=vd re fnda;,a fjk fjk
u mqrjd .kak'
b mkaou o,ajkak'
b mkaou bfha fnda;,h
;nd fnda;,fha we;s jh
;=<ska
bmkao
,a,
kslaIKh lrkak'
Tn iska ,nd.;a kslaIK
wkqj tu j j. 5'2 j.=fjys
A, B, C ;Srej,ska .e<fmk
;Srejg we;=<;a lrkak'
rEmh 5'4
iuyr jH ;=<ska neg wfkla mi we;s wdf,dalh fuka u jia;= o
meye,s j lsh yels h' tfia jkafka tjeks jH ;=<ska wdf,dalh l%uj;a
j .uka lsu ksid h' tjeks jH mdroDYH jH f,i yekaf' re"
kso fmfkk wjK fmd,s;Ska wdh mdroDYH jHj,g WodyrK
f' f;,a lvodis" fndr c,h" mdg IQ lvodis jeks jH ;=<ska ne g
wfkla mi we;s wdf,dalh fmfkk kuq;a jia;=j meye,s j fkdfmfka'
tfia jkafka tu jH ;=,ska wdf,dalh wl%uj;a j .uka lsu ksid h'
tjeks jH mdrNdil jH f,i ye`kaf'
fndfyda jH ;=<ska ne g wfkla mi we;s wdf,dalh fyda jia;=
fyda olakg fkd,ef' tfia jkafka tjeks jH ;=<ska wdf,dalh
.uka fkdlsu ksid h' ldfnda ,S" f,day" lvodis" ;dr wdh tjeks
jHj,g WodyrK f' tajd mdrkaO jH f,i ye`kaf'
ka Tng 5'2 j.=fjys A, B yd C ;Srej, wvx.= jk jH ms<sfj<ska
mdroDIH" mdrNdil yd mdrdkaO jH f,i ykd.; yels h'
72 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

mejreu 5'1
my; j.=fjys lafjkafka tfkod ;fha wm iska mdroDYH"
mdrdkaO iy mdrNdil jH Nd; lrk wjia:d i|yd WodyrK
lsysmhls' ;j;a tjeks wjia:d kslaIKh lr my; lafjk j.=j
imQK lrkak'
mdrdkaO$ mdroDIH$
mdrNdil nj

fhdod.;a wjia:dj

1' re

mdroDIH

rduq lrk ,o mska;+rhl uqyqK;

2' i lvodis

mdrNdil

fjila l+vqjla

mdrdkaO

PdhdrEm mg, nyd we;s fmh

fhdod.;a jHh

3' ldfnda
4'
5'

5'4 wdf,dal lsrK yd wdf,dal lon

u iys; WoEikl j,dl=`M fyda .ia w;ka fm tk wdf,dalh
fuka u jIdj iys; rd;s%hl" jdyk ,dmqj,ska ksl=;ajk wdf,dalh
o Tn iska kslaIKh lr ;sh yels h' tajd wdf,dal lon f,i
ye`kaf' tu wdf,dalh ms<sn`o j yeoEu i`oyd my; oelafjk 5'5
l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu 5'5
wjYH jH ( bmkaoula" tl iudk ldfnda len,s lsysmhla"
l;=rla" .ssks fmhla" wdOdrlhla" laf,a iaj,amhla" blgqj
yd kQ,la
l%uh (
ldfnda len,s ;=fkys rEmfha lafjk f,i l=vd isre
;=kla idod .kak'
bmkaou o,ajd ilrkak'
rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg ldfnda len,s ;=fkys we;s isre
;=<ska kslaIKh lrka bmkao ,a, fmfkk wjia:df
ldfnda len,s wdOdrlh u; laf,aj,ska iar j ilrkak'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 73

 kQ,la iys; blgqjla f.k miaifuka ldfnda len,sj,

isre ;=<ska hjd n,kak'
kQ, ir, fh jk fia ilia lr isre ;=<ska ,a, kslaIKh
lrkak'
kQ, ir, fh fkdjk f,i ldfnda len,s ;=k ilia lr
isre ;=<ska ,a, kslaIKh lrkak'

rEmh 5'5

kQ, ir, fh j mj;sk g ,a, kslaIKh l< yels f' kuq;a kQ,
ir, fh fkdjk f,ig ldfnda len,s ;=k mj;sk g bmkao
,a, isre ;=<ska kslaIKh l< fkdyels h'
fuys Tng ldfnda lene,af,a isre ;=<ska bmkao ,a, kslaIKh
l< yels h' ta ,af,a isg wdf,dalh tu isre ;=<ska Tf weig <d
jQ neks'
isre ir, fh j msysgk wjia:df ,a, fmfkk w;r isre ir,
fhj fkdmsysgk g ,a, fkdfmfka'
wdf,dalh .uka lrkafka ir, fh ud.hl nj fuu ls%hdldrlfuka
Tng jgyd.; yelsjkq we;'
by; ls%hdldrlf ldfnda len,sj, isre yryd wk ,o kQ,
u.ska wdf,dalh .uka lrk ud.h ksrEmKh lrhs'
wdf,dalh .uka lrk tjeks b;d mgq .uka ud.hla wms wdf,dal
lsrKhla f,i ykajuq' wdf,dal lsrKhla ksrEmKh lsug B ysi
iys; ir, fLdjla Nd; lrkq ,ef'
74 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

wdf,dal lsrK rdYshla tl;=fuka wdf,dal lonhla iEfoa' ,s

mkaoula ,ajQ g thska ksl=;a jk wdf,dalh Tn l we;' th wdf,dal
lonhla f,i ie,lsh yels h' wdf,dal lonhla ksrEmKh lsu
i|yd B ysi iys; ir, fLd lsysmhla fhdod .efka'

wdf,dal lsrKh

wdf,dal lonh

l%shdldrlu 5'6
wjYH jH ( ,s mkaaoula" iq lvodishla" isyska ;s iys; mkdjla

rEmh 5'6

l%uh (
w`re ia:dkhl we;s fihla u; 5'6 rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg
iq lvodishla ;nd" ta u; ;s my<g isk f,ig yd fihg
,nl j mkdjla r`ojkak'
fih u; mkdj wi,ska ,s mkaou ;nd th mkdj fj;g
fhduqlr o,ajkak'
,s mkaofuka ksl=;a jk wdf,dal lonh fuka u" mkdf
;s ;=<ska .uka lrk l=vd wdf,dal lsrK Tng iq lvodish
u; kslaIKh l< yels h'
iq lvodish u;" tu fLd mekai,lska igyka lr.kak'
Tn iska igyka lr.;a tu fLd ir, fh jk nj Tng
kslaIKh l< yels h' tajd wdf,dal lsrK f,i k flf'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 75

l%shdldrlu 5'7
wjYH jH ( ;rul m<, mdroDYH re fnda;,hla" ykal+re
lsysmhla" f,ai ,s mkaoula fyda isrla iys; l`M
lvodishlska wdjrKh lrk ,o ,s mkaoula" ldfnda
lene,a,la'
o,ajk ,o
ykal+re
ldfnda
lene,a,

f,ai ,s
mkaou
u

rEmh 5'7

l%uh (
m<uqj ldfnda lene,af,a isrla o tu isr ;=<ska ykal+re
folla fyda ;=kla we;=`M lrkak'
ykal+re o,ajkak'
bkamiq rEmfha lafjk wdldrhg ,a jQ ykal+re we;=<g isk
f,ig ldfnda lene,af,ka fnda;,fha lg jikak'
fnda;,h fydka fuka msreKq miq f,ai ,s mkaou fyda
isrla iys; l lvodishlska uqyqK; wdjrKh lrk ,o ,s
mkaou o,ajd tys wdf,dalh fnda;,h ;=<g fhduq lrkak'
,s mkaou t,a, lrk Ydj fjkia lrka lsysm jdrhla
kslaIKh lrkak'
Tng f,ai ,s mkaofuka fyda ,s mkaofuka ksl=;a jk
wdf,dalfha .uka ud.h fnda;,fha u ;=<ska kslaIKh l< yels
h'
76 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

l%shdldrlu 5'8
wjYH jH ( m<, mdroDYH re fnda;,hla" c,h" l=vd inka
lene,a,la" f,ai ,s mkaoula fyda isrla iys; l
lvodishlska uqyqK; wdjrKh lrk ,o ,s mkaoula
l%uh
c,h iaj,amhla f.k thg
l=vd inka lene,a, oud
c,h iq meye jk f;la
inka lene,a, h lrkak'

tu
c,fhka
fnda;,h
mqrjkak'
f,ai ,s mkaou fyda
ilia lr.;a ,s mkaou
fnda;,h wi, ;nd c,h
;=<g fhduqlr o,ajkak'

re fnda;,h
inka h l<
c,h

f,ai ,s
mkaou
rEmh 5'8

,s mkaou t,a, lrk Ydj fjkia lrka kslaIKh

lrkak'
Tng ,s mkaofuka ksl=;a jQ wdf,dalfha .uka ud.h c,h
;=<ska l.; yels h'
by; 5'7 yd 5'8 ls%hdldrlj,ska wdf,dalfha .uka ud.h ir, fh
nj Tng ;jrg;a ;yjqre jkq we;'

5'5 wdf,dalfha m%fhdack

wdf,dalh fmkSu i|yd wjYH jk m%Odk idOlhla nj wms oksuq'
oHdf hqKqj;a iu.u wms wdf,dalh O f,i yiqrejka thska
O m%fhdack ,nka isuq'
fuu m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd wdf,dalh Nd; jk O wjia:d
ms<sn| j wms fidhd n,uq'
ia;r lsf myiqj i|yd wdf,dalfhka we;s m%fhdack wms my;
lafjk wdldrhg j. lr .ksuq'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 77

fuu m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd wdf,dalh Nd;jk O wjia:d

ms<sn|j wms fidhd n,uq'
wdf,dalfha m%fhdack
lsysmhla

Ydlj, wdydr
ksIamdokhg

fkdaodiajdoh
,nd ug
ffjoH
flaI;%fha

fmkSu ,nd
ug
m%mkhg

ix{d ksl=;a
lsug

ikaksfok
lghq;=j,

Ydlj, wdydr ksIamdokhg

wfkla ka fuka fkdj y; Ydl ;udg wjYH wdydr ;ud iska u
ksmojd .kakd nj Tn bf.kf.k we;' fuu wdydr ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh
i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ,nd.kafka iQhdf,dalh u.sks'
wfkl=;a ishu ka ;u wdydrh i|yd iDcqj u fyda jl%j y;Ydl
u; hefmk nj Tn okakd lreKls' f ksid Ydl ;=< isjk wdydr
ksIamdokh" wdf,dalfhka ,efnk jeo.;a u m%fhdackh f,i ie,lsh
yels h'
fmkSu ,nd u
w;S;fha ksid wdf,dalh ,nd .;af;a iQhhd" pkahd iy ;dreld
jeks iajdNdl jia;=j,sks' kuq;a .skaor ksmojd .ekSfuka miqj ksidg
lD;%su wdf,dal m%Njj,ska zzt<shZZ ,nd .ekSug yels h'
oHdf hqKqj;a iu.u wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd ,s nqnq< ksmojk
,' O j.j, ,s nqnq`M fjf<| fmdf<ys olakg ,ef'

78 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

rEmh 5'9

O j.j, ,s nqnq

m%mkhg
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, W;aij wdh W;alIj;a lsu i|yd O
jK iy rgdjkaf.ka hq;a wdf,dalh fhdod .efka'
fjf<| m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd idmamq ixlSK" ckdlSK iy lvidmamq
wdfhys fndfydag wdf,dalh Yd, f,i fhdod .efka' we;eg f
i|yd jd ld,fha mjd ,s nqnq`M o,ajd ;sfnkq Tn l ;sf'

fjila
rEmh 5'10

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

mdj,s

k;a;,a

W;aij wjia:dj, wf,dalh Nd;h

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 79

 ix{d f,i
m%md.drj, b;d Wia l=`MKla uqfka isg m%n, wdf,dal lon ksl=;a
lrhs' fuh uqyqfoa hd;%d lrk whg f.dvu ye`.ug fhdod .efka'
fuh wdf,dalh ix{djla f,i Nd; lrk wjia:djls'
ud. ix{dj, r;=" ly iy fld< mdg ,s nqnq fhdod .efka' fuys
O jKj,ska O ix{d ,ndfoa' ix{d i|yd wdf,dalh fhdod
.ekSfuka je wjOdkhla ,nd .kS' r;= mdg wdf,dalh fndfyda g
wk;=rla y`.jk ix{djls'

ud. ix{d moaO;shl we;s jK

m%md.drhla
rEmh 5'11

wdf,dal ix{d

ikaksfok lghq;=j,g
kQ;k f,dalfha ikaksfokh b;d by< ugul mj;S' f i|yd
fkdfhla wdldrfha wdf,dal lsrK m%fhdackhg .efka' m%ldY ;ka;=
yryd wdf,dalh u`.ska mKsv ifm%aIKh islrkq ,ef' ,xldf
m%Odk k.r yryd rl:k inkaO;d cd,h ilia fldg we;af;a o
m%ldY ;ka;= u`.sks' m.Kl cd, inkaO lsug yd Wiia ;;a;ajfha
Y%jH oDYH WmlrK inkaO lsug o m%ldY ;ka;= Nd; f'
ffjoH lafIa;%fha
wefia iqo bj;a lsu iy yDo ie;alj, o wdudY.; ;=jd,j,g
m%;sldr lsu wd Y,Hluj, o f,ai lsrK fhdod .efka' tu`.ska
tu ldhh jvd ldhlaIu j islr .; yels h'
m%ldY ;ka;= ;dlaIKh u`.ska" Yrh ;=< islrk ffjoH mlaIK
lghq;=j, Yr wNHka;rh kslaIKh lsu islrhs' fuys Yr
wNHka;rh kslaIKh lrk WmlrKh zztkafvdiafldamaZZ k f'
80 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

wu;r oekqug

rEmh 5'12

tkafvdiafldamhla

iuyr
rgj,
Wi
f.dvke.s,sj,
we;=`M
ldur jd ld,fha
wdf,dalj;a lsu i|yd
m%ldY ;ka;= fhdod .efka'
ysre t<sh fuu ;ka;=
;=<ska heu uska ldur
wdf,dalj;a lrhs'

fkdaodiajdoh ,nd u
ix.S; ixoYk" ieKfl<s wd ia:dkj, nyq, jYfhka ,s wdf,dalh
fhdod .efka' kdgH iy fjk;a ixoYkj, o fldj fndfydag
w,xldr jkafka O jK yd p,kh jk wdf,dal Odrdj,sks'
l=vd orejka i`oyd ieliqKq wdf,dalh ksl=;alrk lS%vd NdKav o ka
fjf<|fmdf<ys olskakg ,ef'

rEmh 5'13

wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk l%svd NdKav

wdf,dal Yla;sh lD;s%uj ksmojd .ekSug uqo,a jeh f' f ksid

wdf,dalh wkjYH f,i fhdod .ekSu" Yla;sh yd uqo,a kdia;s
lsuls' f ksid lsis fgl ,s wdf,dalh wkjYH f,i Nd;
fkdlruq' wfkla whg lrorhla fkdjk f,i wdf,dalh Nd;hg
wm mqre h hq;= h'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 81

wu;r oekqug
iuyr u wl kj, uyd ud.fha .uka lsu mjd
wiSre jk ;rug ud.h yd wjg fkdfmkS hhs' kuq;a jdyk
,dmqj, wdf,dal lon u yryd lsh yels h' fuhg fya;=j
idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a jd;h mdroDYH kuq;a tu wjia:dj,
jd;h mdrNdil njg m;a uhs' u mdrNdil jkafka
jd;fha l=vd c, ka wj,nkh fuka th iE we;s ksidh'

jd;h mdrNdil fuka ud.h

wmeye,s jk wjia:djkays
Nd;h i|yd kk jdykj,
Fog light f,i yekafjk fYaI
,dmq j.hla we;'

m%ldY ;ka;= hkq kuHYS,s" mdr oDYH

fl fYaIh ls' fYaI j.fha re fyda
ma,dialaj,ska fjd ksmojd we;' fjd
iuQyhla tlg f.dkq l< k<hla m%ldY
k<hla k f' wdf,dalh .uka lru
i|yd fujeks wdf,dal k< fhdod .ekSu
m%ldY ;ka;= ;dlaIKh f,i yeka f'
weuld tlai;a ckmofha
m<uqfjka u ckms%h jQ ,s
nqnq< ldnka iQ;s%ldjlska
iuka; jQ w;r 1879 th
f;dauia w,ajd tika iska
ksmojk ,'

82 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

idrdxYh
yy fmkSu i|yd imQK h hq;= m%Odk wjYH;d f,i wdf,dalh
yd wei ie,lsh yels h'
yy wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Nd; lrk jia;= wdf,dal m%Nj
f,i yekaf'
yy ;ud iska u wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk jia;= ma; jia;= f,i
yekafjk w;r ;ud iska wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk jia;=
wma; jia;= f,i yekaf'
yy O jH ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka lrk wdldrh O h' ta
wkqj jH" mdroDYH" mdrNdil iy mdrdkaO f,i ldKav
;=klg fjka l< yels h'
yy wdf,dalh ir, fh ud.hl .uka lrhs'
yy wdf,dal lsrK rdYshl tl;=jla wdf,dal lonhla f,i
yekaf'
yy fmkSu ,ndu muKla fkdj wdf,dalh uska ,efnk ;j;a
m%fhdack rdYshla o we;'

wNHdi
01' we;s ms<s;=re w;ka ksjer ms<s;=r f;darkak'
i. my; m%ldYj,ska ksjer jkafka"

1' pkahd ma; jia;=jls'

2' iQhhd wdf,dal m%Njhls'
3' .%yf,dal wma; jia;+ka f'
1& ^1& yd ^2& muKs'
2& ^2& yd ^3& muKs'
3& ish,a, ksjerh'
4& tllaj;a ksjer fkdf'

ii. my; lafjk tajdhska ksjer m%ldYh f;darkak'

1' c,h" re" u,a re mdroDYH jH f'

2' c,h" fmd,s;Ska iy f;,a lvodis mdrNdil jH f'
3'
f;,a lvodis" u,a re yd wjK fif,dafmaka lvodis
mdroDYH jH f'
4' ldfnda" f,day iy ,S mdrdkaO jH f'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu 83

 iii. u msreKq l=iaishl jyf,ys we;s isrla ;=<ska wdf,dalfha

.uka ud.h kslaIKh l< yels jkafka

1' ka msreKq g jd;h mdrNdil jk neks'

2' ka msreKq g jd;h mdroDYH jk neks'

3' ka msreKqg jd;h mdrdkaO jk neks'

4' u u.ska wdf,dalh Wrd .kakd neks'
02' jryka ;=< we;s jpkj,ska iqiq jpk f;dardf.k ysia;eka
mqrjkak'
wdf,dalh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fYaIhls' th ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''' ud.hl .uka lrhs' wdf,dalh iuyr jH ;=<ska
.uka fkdlrhs' tjeks jH '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jH f,i yeka f'
wdf,dal lsrKhl .uka lrk Ydj laug wms ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''' fhdod .ksuq' fndfyda ud. ix{dj, '''''''''''''''''''''''' fhdod
.kafka je wjOdkhla ,nd .ekSug h'
^B ysila" Yla;s" ysre t<sh" mdrdkaO" mdroDYH" ir, fh" ix{d"
wdf,dalh &
03' my; i|yka jdlH ;ks jpkhlska fyda jpk follska ykajkak'
i' ;ud iska u wdf,dalh ksl=;a lrk jia;= ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii' ;ud iska u wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk jia;= '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii'
wdf,dalh .uka lsug bv fok w;r meye,s j wfkla
me;af;a we;s jia;=j o lSug yels jH ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv' wdf,dalh .uka lsug bv fok kuq;a wfkla me;af;a we;s
jia;=j meye,s j lsh fkdyels jH ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' wdf,dal lsrK rdYshl tl;=j ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

mdNdIsl jpk
fmkSu
- Vision
wdf,dal lsrKh - Ray of Light
m%mkh
- Illumination
f,ai ,s mkaou
ma; jia;=
wdf,dal lonh
wma; jia;=
84 oHdj | wdf,dalh yd fmkSu

mdrdkaO
- Opaque
mdrNdil
- Translucent
mdroDIH
- Transparent
- Laser torch
-Luminous Objects
- Beam of Light
- Non Luminous Objects
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'