Gynigs in WORLD HISTORY THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF
= CITIES IN
Dave Mating asststant editor for Barly Cites
senna WORLD
‘MareBoone
Univerityof Ghent
= HISTORY
Wilts Rowe
The ns Hopkins University
Edited by
PETER CLARK
OXFORDOXFORD
ret ait soo
Sem ete pcan en tin,
wr lcs hie ninco oa
“Teer materal and arangementB the BRO 2035
“he chpters @ x aro combos 203
The mora rights of the authors have bee aserled
Fist Fos published nso
Tapes:
Lisa thd pry webs provided Oxf god ah nd
frintoaton iy Oster icy raps fer theaters
nine nay dp webs ened sk
PREFAC
“Thisbook has been written a time when the city has been pushed tothe worldscentre
stageas never before. Notonly do more people nov lveln cites than in the countryside,
consuming high proportion of global natural resources, but the economic and nan
cial crises of 2008 and 201s have had aseismic effect on the urban balance of power
between Asis, other so-called developing regions, andthe advanced West, whilst the
popular uprisings in the cites ofthe Middle East have opened up anew political and
‘cultural landscape in that region with radical resonances elsewhere, Given that many of
the work’ leading cites have existed and been important fr centuries ifaot millenia,
the need fora wide-ranging, comparative examination of global urban development
hich pats current economic, social, politcal, and cultural changes in an extended his
torical perspectivehas never been greater
The proposal fr this book came from the publisher. thas posed many challenges.
First because as we explain in the Introduction (Ch. despite the enormous increase of
carch on urban history in recent years, most
it has invalved national or regional
studies, and there has been much less interest in comparative analysis on a trans
«continental cle So. network of around fifty leading scholars interested in label com-
parative research, a scientific Ark, ad to be built from scratch, Linked to this is the
problem that national funding councils, while giving ip service to global perspectives,
preferto suppor regional orloal projects. Lastly, inthe age oF accountancy publishing,
the constraints on editors and authors are inevitably strhngent: not ll towns and cities,
not all topics could be covered in this work. All funding for llusteations,mectings, and
Uhelike had tobe raised by the editor and authors.
"Nonetheless thebookisthe frst detailed study ofthe world’s principal urban systems
from early times to the present day. The alm from the stat was to organize an integrated
‘work with arguments, discourses, and themes: not an excyclopaedia of miscellaneous
ticles. This does not mean that theresa consensus, party line on global urbanization
‘and its consequences, Infact the book explores a great phralityof views and ideas; thus
‘on the igares for man populations there is considerable diversity ofpinlon, reflecting
the fraplity and/or complexity ofthe data. To promote dslogue we organized two inter:
national conferences, atthe University of Helin in May 2a10 and athe Universit of
Pennsylvania in Apel 203, at which most contributors, i the fertile tradition of urban
history, debated, argued, and indeed created the essence of the book witha good deal of
hard talking and modest sociability. We are most gratefil othe University of Helsinks,
the History Department, Helsinki University, Urban Facts, Helsink City, the Royal
Netherlands Embassy, Helsinki, and the Ella and Georg Ehmnrooth Foundation fornding and supporting the Hesink! meeting. My former assistant Matti Hanniainen
‘was iavaluale in coordinating the meeting, along with Suvi Talja, Richard Robinson,
Rainey Tisdale, and Niko Lipsanen, Weare equally indebted to Renata Holod for aking
the lead in organizing the Philadelphia meeting and to Nancy Steinhardt and Lynn Lees
far helping her. Funding forthe Philadelphia conference came from the University of
Pennsylvania Provosts Fund for International Projects, the School of Arts and Sciences,
School of Design, the Penn institute for Usban Research, the Cees for Ancient Studies,
the Aftican Studies Center the Midale East Center, Center for East Aslan Research the
History Department, the History of Art Department, the Penn Museum, and Bryn
Mav College, and we thank them for their generosity, Gregory Tentler provided valua
‘le logistic support, ad John Pollack and Dan Teaister from the Van Pelt Library ofthe
Univesity of Pennsylvania coordinated a superb exhibit of erly modern urban maps,
‘one of which is reproduced inthis volume.
‘Other debts are no less important, As editor, am very grateful to David Mattingly
and Lynn Lees, asistant editors for the early and modern periods respectively for their
invaluable advice, encouragement, and (when needed) solace; aso to the other mem
bers ofthe editorial group for their suppoct. The University of Helsinki gave financial
help for producing the ilstations; Mati Hanaikainen helped to coordinate the con-
tnbutors website forthe vokame; and Mark Evin, Graeme Barker, and Martin Daunton
fave important advice at an early stage
"We ate particulacly grateful to Niko Lipsanen for drawing most of the Regional Maps
and a numberof the Figures; Suvi Talja alo assisted. The China Map forthe ancient
od was drawn by Sie Ren, Univesity of Pennsylvania,
At Onford University Press Sephanie Ireland, Emma Barber, and Dawn Preston
helped at the rather dificult production stage. Susan Boobis prepared theindex
ast but not last, the book owes an enormous amount to those authors and their
families (Laurel and Tobias, children of contributors, wee bon during tis enterprise!)
as ella institutions who supported the venture with enthusiasm and commitment
Peter Clark
Helin
CONTENTS
Listof Figures
Listof Plates
Listofegional Maps
List of Tables
ListofConiributors
Image Permissions
2. Introduction
Perr CLARK
PART I EARLY CITIES
2, Mesopotamia
Avavsta MeManios
3. Cities ofthe Ancient Mediterranean
Ronin Osnonne aND ANDREW Wattact-HapRuLt
4 Aftica
Davie Marrunaey axe Kevin MacDowauo
5. South Asia
CaateRow A, Prrwe
6. China
N. Stapatano
Themes
7. Economy
Davi L, SroNe
8. Population and Migration
Luv ox Lier
x
a
”
66
8
105,
27
M79. Power and Citizenship
Mano Lavanant
10, Religion and Ritual
LA.Basso
11, Planning and Environment
Rar Lavasves
PART II PRE-MODERN CITIES
Surveys
12, Medieval Europe
Marc Boone
13, Early Modern Europe: 1500-1800
[BxUNo BLowDe AND Ia Vax Danae
14, Middle Bast: 7th-asth Centuries
Dominique Vanna
a5, The Ottoman City: 1500-1800
Ena Boran
36. China: 600-1300
Hivos De Ween
17, China: 1300-1900
Winuian T. Rows
18, Japanis Pre-modern Urbanism
Jaauns McCuars
19, Port Cities of South East Asia: 1400-1800
Lroxano Busssé
20, Latin America
Furs
sash AnstEs10
Themes
a. Economy
Has VAN Bavt, MATES BosKeR, E1370 BURINGH,
[AND JaN LUITEN VAN ZANDEN
16s
a8.
ro
240
8
6
85
22, Population and Migration: European and Chinese Experiences
Compared
Avene Wore
23. Power
‘Wie Buoceacans anp Manrouane'r Har
24. Culture: Representations
ren BURKE
PART III MODERN AND
CONTEMPORARY CITIES
Surveys
25. Exurope: 1800-2000
AwoREW Lees aie Tines Totes Leas
26. Latin America
Avan Gane
a7. North America
28. China: 1900 to the Present
nasty Startzrox
29. Japan
Pact War
30. South Asia
Paaswanrt KiDAMBE
31. South Fast Asia and Australia
Howanp Dic aNp Pure J Riso
32, Middle East
Manceoes Votatr axe Momaniao at-Aaao
33. Africa: 1200-2010
ict FxEUND
Themes
34 Industrialization and the City: East and West
Ho-ruse Hux ap Siaottu Zitax
403
4
et
464
504
so
603
622
64585
56
38
2.
4
2
*
44
Population and Migration
Leolocassm:
Poverty, Inequality, and Social Sey
‘Aan Guuaoxt
"The Urban Environment
Masin V. Mazose
Creative Cites
Maauaroa FneraL AND PRTER CLARK
Cinema and the City
Haxne Saat
Colonial Cities
Trams R, METCALH
Contemporary Metropolitan Cities
Xuancnane Cite ano Hessay Berns
Suburbs
Juss S.TaUIAINEN
Port Cities,
Carona tery
Conclusion: Cites in Time
Pexctore J, Conn
Index
664
683
700
no
737
753
809
828
847
264
List OF Figures
Comparative plans at to differen seals of umber of African urban and
_proto-urban sites, with settlement areas shaded. The largest enceintes at ie,
Kano, and Ibadan are of post-Islamic dat, but are included for comparison
with the extended setlement complexes around Dia and Jenné-jeno
Comparative plans of Garamantan towns and fortified villages
Plans of Ladus cities and smaller centres showing evidence for
semi-orthogonal blocks and discrete walled areas at settlements
of eiferen
Indus Valley: Comparison of plan of Mohenjo-daro
and plans of Early Historic cites and smaller centres showing the variable
sine of fortified areas
(Cina: Walled stlements
(China: Walled city plans
The social structure of an early iy: ‘stratified, horizontally segregated
layers of mitay, administrative, clerical and sometimes commercial ruling
classe’ positioned above laterally insulated communities of agricultural
producers
A simplified model ofthe economy ofan eary city
Teptiminus inthe and and 3rd centuries cx, showing
urban core surrounded by ‘productive periphery
‘Map of medieval Trier, late antiquity to 13th century
1p of Arras in the 3th century
Salvador, based on a watercolour plan by Jodo Teixeira Albernaz, 3616
Central Mexico City the colonial street plan with the locations of
major pre-colonial buildings
Model of economic and politcal systoms in the pre-modern era
‘So Paulo: Usban growth beyond the municipality
7
65CHAPTER 13
EARLY MODERN EUROPE:
1500-1800
BRUNO BLONDE AND
ILJA VAN DAMME!
[IME OF CRITICAL TRANSITION?
1 1085 the Antwerp-based Father Hazart complained that ‘our ancestor, who were
powerful, rich and righteous, would not beable to recognize ther offspring.” His his
torical trauma’ was one of filing to comprehend the changing Ifetyes of his flock, a
Sentiment that gathered broader momentum after 1700 among the Catholic circles
Within the cites of the southern Netherlands, Several decades later another priest artic~
tulated more clearly what was so particularly disturbing about the wealthy citizens of
Ghent
They pas their nights in balls or assembles; they sleep a good partof the day, awak:
ened...they hurry to have ata, coffe of chocolate. Instead of praying to God,
assis considered leisuretime, a moment during which they talk laugh, ret each
other and admire the newes fashions i clothing.fer wards they hurry to home
to have along Iunch, afer which they pass the afernaon by paying or receiving
visits and so thei days, year and lives ze fying away
With these descriptions of an outspoken metropolitan and gents] consumption pat
tern, contemporary moralists bear witness tothe rapidly changing urban lifestyle in
azths and sth-century Burope. Without a doubt early modern times were a period of
‘critical transition’ for urban Furope* In this period cities developed an ‘urban’ way of
Ife that would Become the leading behavioural code for society, eventualy spreading
beyond the city walls and slinspring the urbenized world oftoday. Moreover the carly
‘modern era may be credited with havin finally drawn and consolidated the map of
‘major urban settlements and networks upon which the present-day European urban
‘world is stil largely modelled (see Regional Map I).
TT
EARLY MODERN EUROPE: 1500-1800
Ye, in many respects the early modern urban achievements were anything but spec
tacular. This hold as trae for the urban world asa whol, a forthe micro level of towns.
Indeed, the centuries between 1450 and 1750 can be suspected to have altered the course
of Buropean urbanization’ by degree rather than kind. In nothing was the early modern
‘European urbanization process comparable to the ‘revolutionary’ achievements of the
high Middle Ages and the agth century (see Chs 12,25). However, such a teleological
view of European urban history isnot the trick we intend to followin this contibation,
(On the contrary, this chapter will make the claim that any rtifll search for newness
and ‘modernity in exsly modern urban Burope is blurring, rather than clarifying and
contributing to better onderstanding ofthe unique and singular early modern urban
experience. Hence ‘carly moder inreferredto inthis chapter asa chronological ideti-
fication tol, notas aconcspt. However, the early modern period was no immobile long
stretched yawn, a willbe demonstrated in the following paragraphson the morphology
tseconomy, culture, and Ina concluding paragraph-its social
Tue Ursan LanpscaPe
“The mesicval gid of most carly uiodern cites didnot alter significantly inthe period
under study. Walls and gates remained essential features ofthe urban landscape: in
‘Germany, for instance all etes of over ,000 people possessed walls’ Yet, everywhere
ln Burope ther slender and high-rise shape was remodelled by the introduction of the
sturdy trace italienne, Such bastioned enclosures were equipped to face changes in mil
‘tary warfare, and could be used as elegant tree lined promenades during peacetime.
Pasting through the town gates ofthe early modern city the streets often spread out in
narrow, iregul, and winding shapes, reflecting the organic origins and morphologi
cal path dependency of most cites. Renaissance, and later, Baroque ideas on geomet
cal town planning and renewal were only haphazardly implemented within existing
towns, usually focusing on important economic and representative civic spaces, such
as squares, city and trade halls, exchange bulldings, churches, and avenues leading to
oblemenspalazz, The impact of political or religious power was especially impor
tant, a the tefashioning of Nancy after 1590 under the reign of Charles Ill, Duke of
Lorine amply ilustates (see Plate 153). Yet, few authorities were willing or capable of
Aelberately destroying existing streets and fighting with engrained property rights,
focusing instead on suburban areas just outside the historical centre, or closet the ity
walls, where population growth was anticipated. Heidelberg on the Rhine was fsly
{typical keeping its traditional image despite repeated mltary attack (see Plate 132)
When devastating catastrophes intervened, however, cxstng cites could be entirely
cuit, as was the case inthe Val di Notoin Silly, efter the earthquake of 693, Tn cies
like Noto, Modica, and Sci, the town government took the opportunity to start from
scratch and design homogeneously baroque style ity witha clear social plan. Allin142 BRUNO BLONDE AND ILIA VAN DAMDE
all, however, surprisingly few new cities were erected. The ones that did take shape
‘emphasized, again, speci religious ideals or political-military scheme, such as the
smal, “heaing’ city of Scherpenheuvel, erected by the Hapsburg Archdukes Albrecht
and Isabella during the religious wats in Brabaat (1609), or the capital city of St
Petersburg rected by ambitious Petr I the Great in Rusia (1703) Some of them, such
asthe French military town of Brouage (erected in 153), proved vulnerable and unit
{or futare urban growth, and in doing so, they bea witnes to the red nature’ ofthe
uropean urban system by that tne.
twas only in the th century and for most parts of Europe afer 1750 at the eales,
that something ofan ‘urban renaissance’ realy didtakeroot. England especially wrapped
[ts conservative, medieval townscape in neoclassical attr, and it did so while putting
‘emphasis on nev leisure and entertainment spaces like coffee hotses, concert hallsand
‘opera houses, theatres, parks, and sports grounds. In this period to, western European
sites started to refurbish their basic iniastructare according to an enlightened
vtavm sy1 Nancy, early 1h-century map showing the dfernce between the organically
sown ville viele, the old ty, and the Inte, more geometrically siructred urbanzations,
‘alminating around a central square (fom Niclas de Fes, Table des forces de Europe ees
‘ee introduction aa fortifetion (Pai: Chee T.F Benard, 1725), Univers of An
Preciosa),
BAnLy MOUNT EURODE: 1500-8800 243,
eareg View of Heidelberg, ery sth century. The German city wat famous fore ld un
‘erst but wae severly besiege during th Ty Yere Wa iit-x648, and again tthe end
‘ofthe ith century bythe armies of Louis XIV. The mostly Protestant alain of ts zens
made the ty especialy vulnerable to relgaslinspired warfare (rom Nicolas de et, Tal des
om (Pars Cher) # Benaed 73), Univesity
Fores desma, are: eintodaction le
)
of Antwerp Prelos-
taste for order and cleanliness, eading to changes in drainage systems, street lighting,
pevements, and pedcsrian wallovays installing uniform street named, and silencing
rattling shop signs. Such dynamism rernined, however, isolated and of limited quant
‘are importance. Urban impravementin the period before the ith century remained
firstand foremosta slow, modest, and predominantly incremental process
‘While fora large numberof cites walls served the purpose of drawing « boundary
between the city and its surroundings, the economy and society of tow and country
‘ide intermingled closely The spatial boundaries between the city and the outside were
contested, among others, by the pigs, cickeus, goats, aad other animal that could be
found almost everywhere in town, Measwhile, the necessity to feed thecityled to con
stant influx of farmers, congesting urben streets and squares on an almost daly basis,244_ BRUNO BLONDE AND ILIA VAN Dance
Dat especially during macket days, Parts of che urban landscape became even more
‘uralized’ inthe early modern period, since expected demographic grove happened
onlyin ftsand stats. Thus, most cities sported mills and city greens fui and vegetable
‘gardens on empty building lots inside its walled enclosures. But ust asthe countryside
‘rept into the city so urbanization swallowed surrounding field, forests, and meadows.
Inns nd taverns nestled alongside the ribbon development of tenements leading tothe
«ity gates, providing space for public auctions drinking. and gambling, Gardens outside
the ity wal offered citizens opportunities orleisurely Sunday walks, Larger cite like
Paris or London, developed near uncontolase suburban feubours, boasting high
D. Boullier, M. Crépel, Vélib and Data: A New Way of Inhabiting The City, Urbe - Brazilian Journal of Urban Management, v. 6, N. 1, P. 47-56, Jan./abr. 2014
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Maloutas T., Segregation, Social Polarization and Immigration in Athens During the 1990s Theoretical Expectations and Contextual Difference, Vol. 31.4, 2007, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research