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y:
/o-
Crown
7s.
8vo.
6 c?.
The Elements
Part
Part
I.
PART
ELEMENTS OF
I.
STATICS.
and
and Dynamics.
in
the Elements of
7s. Qd.
Third Edition.
Ex.
3s. Qd.
Part
II.
tions.
De
I.
up
to
3s. 6d.
in one
Yolume.
7s. Qd.
NATURE
says ; " ...It would be difficult to find a better introduction to Plane Trigonometry."
SCHOOL GUARDIAN
The
clearness,
and accuracy
"
"
The
PRACTICAL TEACHER
competitors
it
cannot
fail to attain
position."
The
made a
EDUCATIONAL REVIEW
says;
luxurious."
GLASGOW HERALD
done.
CORRESPONDENT
aontion:
C.
J.
263,
ARGTLE STREET.
THE ELEMENTS
OP
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
THE ELEMENTS
OF
COOEDINATE aEOMETRY
BY
S.
L.
LONEY,
M.A.,
^^^l^^mU. MASS.
MATH, DEPTi
MACMILLAN AND
AND NEW YOEK.
1895
[All Bights reserved.']
CO.
CTambrtlJse:
PRINTED BY
J.
&
C.
F.
CLAY,
150553
PKEFACE.
"TN
present
Junior Students.
The
Polar
Beginners and
for
Within these
Coordinates.
is fairly
limits I venture to
fully
since
it
is
hope
been omitted.
elementary conceptions
all,
and they
character.
are,
in
The examples
general, of an
are especially
elementary
numerous in
PREFACE.
vi
for
reading
Mr W.
J.
am much
be
criticisms,
suggestions, or
grateful.
S.
EoTAIi
corrections, I
HOLLOWAY COLLEGE,
Egham, Surbey.
July
4, 1895.
L.
LONEY.
CONTENTS.
CHAP.
I.
II.
Introduction.
...
Algebraic Kesults
Equation to a Locus
Locus.
IV.
....
.
Length of a perpendicular
Line.
51
by one equation
VII.
66
loci
Transformation of Coordinates
Invariants
42
VI.
39
58
Oblique Coordinates
Examples of
31
.44
"
Bisectors of angles
The Straight
24
19
III.
pendicular
PAGE
73
80
88
90
94
109
115
CONTENTS.
Vlii
PAGE
CHAP.
VIII.
The Circle
118
Equation to a tangent
126
137
.150
160
Systems of Circles
Orthogonal circles
X.
148
IX.
.145
.160
Kadical axis
161
Coaxal circles
166
The Parabola
Conic Sections.
174
180
Equation to a tangent
Some
187
190
195
Diameters
Equations in terms of one variable
XI.
The Parabola
{continued')
.198
....
211
The Ellipse
225
Equation to a tangent
Some
Conjugate diameters
237
......
249
.231
....
206
.217
XII.
206
254
265
266
The Hyperbola
Asymptotes
Equation referred to the asymptotes as axes
One variable. Examples
242
271
284
.
296
299
CONTENTS.
CHAP.
XIV.
IX
....
XV.
General Equation.
Tracing of Curves
PAGE
306
313
322
....
.
322
......
......
......
XVI.
General Equation
Tangent
Conjugate diameters
326
329
332
338
342
349
349
352
356
358
......
.......
j)air
of tangents
drawn
The director
The foci
The axes
circle
367
369
The
LM=B?
conic
On
364
365
....
370
378
380
382
385
Confocal conies
.......
Circles of curvature
385
Envelopes
Answers
392
398
407
xiii
ERKATA.
Page
,,
,,
87,
Ex.
27, line 4.
,,
282, Ex.
,,
3.
line 5.
"and Page
37,
Ex. 15."
CHAPTER
I.
INTRODUCTION.
Quadratic Equations.
The
ratic equation
a'3^
may
easily
+ 6x + c =
be shewn to be
&
JlP'
4ac
'^"'^
2^
2i.
They are
and unequal,
equal, or imaginary,
according as the quantity b^iac is positive, zero, or negative,
therefore real
i.e.
2.
and
according as
b^
4:ac.
the coejicients
the
at a time,
is
and so
L.
on.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
Ex.
If
1.
a and
/3
ax'^
2.
If a,
+ bx + c = 0,
i.e.
x^
+ - x + ~ = 0,
a
a + p=
we have
Ex.
and a^ = -.
j8,
x^+-x^
of
we have
+-x + - = 0,
a
+ p + y:
^y + ya + a^=:and
o-Pl-
3.
It can easily be
of the
equations
a^x
h^y
G^z
= 0,
a^ + h^y + c^z = 0,
and
X
IS
~ ^2^1
^1^2
^1^2 ~ ^2^1
'^1^2
~ ^2^1
Determinant Notation.
4.
The
is called
quantity-
a determinant of the
Exs.
(1)
d-yf
d^
^1,
a-})^
aj)^,
so that
= Ob^^ 62&i
!4, 5i
3,
(ii)
-7,
-4|
-6 = 3
6)
-{-
7)
- 4) = 18 - 28 = -
10.
DETERMINANTS.
!,
5.
The quantity
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
8.
The quantity
j
(h.1
^2>
%J
^4
61,
&2)
hi
^11
^25
^1) ^2
^3>
5
^3) ^4
is
K
i X
^2
<^2>
h,
^3
^4
Clo
^3> ^4
i^lJ
^35
C-,
^3}
&i,
+ 6^3
h
4
33
62J
^4!
C^
&1,
cCj_
ELIMINATION.
Elimination.
Suppose
11.
we have
+ a^y =
aj^x
(1),
\x +b^y ^0
two unknown quantities x and
between the
be some relation holding between the four
^or, from (1), we have
bi, and 63
(2),
y.
There must
coefficients
6*i, ctaj
and, from
(2),
we have
y~
%'
-=
y
i.e.
a-J)^
=-^
of -
we have
ajb^ =
(3).
'^
0.
This result
coefficients of
12.
we have
a-^x + a^y + a^^ =
\x+ h^y^ h^z =
G^x + G^y + C3S =
unknown quantities
and
between the three
(2),
(3),
x, y,
and
z.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
By
we have
three equations
%,
Two
of
ELIMINATION.
14.
and
If again
we have
a-^x
dil/
cf'zZ
+ a^u =
0,
h^x
h^y
b^z
b^u
0,
Ci;
c^i/
G^z
c^u
0,
djX + d^y
d.^z
d^ 0,
it
1J
CHAPTER
COORDINATES.
II.
OX
07
and
15. Coordinates. Let
be two fixed
The line
is
straight lines in the plane of the paper.
the axis of y, whilst the
called the axis of cc, the line
two together are called the axes of coordinates.
OX
OY
The point
is
more
OF to meet OX
M.
The distance OM is called
the Abscissa, and the distance
parallel to
in
OX
2/i, 2/2,---
If the distances
the coordinates of
2/'.
y",---)-
OM and MP
P are,
{x, y).
OM
OX
COORDINATES.
then from 21 measure a distance
MP
OY
{=y) parallel to
arrive at the position of the point P.
For example
be equal to the unit of length and
in the figure, if
and we
MP= WM,
OM
16.
YO
negative.
P2 b i^
*li
its
symbol (
c,
Finally,
positive
17.
and
Ex.
(i)
d).
if
P4
lie
-1),
(ii)
(-3,
and
(iii)
(-2, -3).
OX
w.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
10
In general,
it is
however found
to
OX
be more convenient to
They are then
The system
few
articles is
To find
20.
of coordinates
known
as the Cartesian
and
(a^sj 2/2)-
Draw
rallel
J/j
to
to
and M^.
OX to meet M-^P^ in R.
'
jvT
Then
z P^i^Pi
We therefore have
P^P^^
(a^i
- x^)
(2/1
- 2/2) cos
(180
- (o)
= (Xi-X2)2 + (yj_y2)2+2(Xi-X2)(yi-y2)COSCO...(l).
If the axes be, as is generally the case, at right angles,
we have
<o ==
90
The formula
0.
then becomes
P^P^ -
(x,
- x^Y +
(2/1
- y^Y^
11
V(Xi
- x^)^ +
(Yi
- y^)^
(2).
is
The formula of the previous article has been proved for the
when the coordinates of both the points are all positive.!
Due regard being had to the signs of the coordinates, the formula
21.
case
y2= -^.
P^ = 31^0 + OM^ = 7 + 5
and
RPt^ = EM-^ + l/iPj = 4 + 6
=
The
Yi
-2/2 +
2/1.
(a?!, 2/1)
and
(x^, y^).
M,
M
{x^, y^),
M,
Po the point
we have
(x^, y^),
and
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
12
MP = y,
and
i/^z^a
QM^^x^,
2/2-
and
.
From
PjP
PP^
m^
m^
x=
t.e.
Again
-
MP = y^-y.
PR^
ifv-tt/Uey *T"
x^
i/VoOO-i
^^
P,P R,P
PP2 P2P2
mi (3/2 - 3/) = 7^2
y-y.
mi
m^
so that
y=
and hence
-^^
Wi +
x'
2/2-2/'
{y
- 3/1),
^-^
.
7?22
The coordinates of the point which divides PiP^ internally in the given ratio rrii tyi^ are therefore
:
nil
If the point
mi + nig
+ ^2
Q
nil
The proof
""
^^2
'^i
" ^^2
is left
as
an exercise
Cor.
joining
Ex.
D is
B
Take
the
ABC 'prove
5C
D is
that
line through
B i>er-
BC
BG=a,
Then
In any triangle
1.
as the axis of x,
as origin,
as the axis of y.
pendicular to
Let
of the line
{x^,
23.
lohere
13
so that
the point
is
C>
^D2=ra;i
Hence
2 (^D^ + DC^)
and
let
be the point
-^Y + i/i^
Hence
(a, 0),
::=
DG^=f~y.
and
^C'2.= (a;i-a)2
and
+ ?j^2^
AB^=^x^-\-y^.
Therefore
This
is
2?/i2
+ a^.
2aa;i
Hence
AD
AB
:
and
(ajg,
The
coordinates of
Let
and
let its
By
J5,
and G be
D are therefore
-^
and
AD
2Xiy "T Xq
^_
So
y^) respectively.
2
;
2+1
^ ^1 + 3^2 + ^3
3
^^2/rt^^3.
3
^^
.
in the ratio 2
1,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
14
In the same manner we could shew that these are th^ coordinates
and CF in the ratio 2 : 1.
of the points that divide
Since the point whose coordinates are
BE
x-^
+ x^ + x^ and ^L^2+l_3
3
3
lies
it
lines
This point
is called
EXAMPLES.
I.
3_
4.
(a, o)
6.
{a cos a, a sin a)
1.
2.
(2, 3)
{am^^,
7.
and
(4,
5).
7),
(o, 6).
5.
and
points.
{a cos
|S,
{b
+ c, c + a) and
a sin
{c
+ a,
+ b).
/3).
Lay down
- 3)
10. A line is of length 10 and one end is at the point (2,
the abscissa of the other end be 10, prove that its ordinate must be
3 or - 9.
if
11. Prove that the points (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a), and (2a + s/3a, oa)
are the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose side is 2a.
12.
and
(1, 2)
are
13.
(2,
-2),
(8, 4),
(5, 7),
and (-1,
1) are
14. Prove that the point ( - xV. f I) is the centre of the circle
circumscribing the triangle whose angular points are (1, 1), (2, 3),
and ( -
2, 2).
16.
of the point
which
(1,
3)
and
(2,
7) in
the
4.
divides the
same
and
:
3.
4.
1,
2)
[EXS.
- 8,
15
18.
to
EXAMPLES.
I.]
- 4)
3,
7) in
- 3,
4) is trisected
and
22.
{x^,
2/i)
the
and the
h,
Jfc
x-y + l=:0.
If
24.
ABC and O
be any other
and
25. Prove that the lines joining the middle points of opposite
sides of a quadrilateral and the Une joining the middle points of its
diagonals meet in a point and bisect one another.
-4,
(^2'
^1 + ^2
+ 3^3+ +^n
^j^^ yi
+ y^ + Vz+'-'-^Vn
n
[This point
is
called the
points.]
(am,,
^)
(a
^)
{am,,
^J
and
is
at
{am^m^,
the
same
^^)
To prove that the area of a trapeziitm, i. e. a quadhaving two sides parallel, is one half the sum of the
two parallel sides multiplied by the perpendicular distance
24.
rilateral
between them.
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
16
Let
BC
ABGD
AD
and
parallel.
Join
dicular
to AD^ produced if necessary.
Since the area of a triangle is one
B
half the product of any side and the
perpendicular drawn from the opposite angle,
area
we have
AL.
Then
last article,
= i [(^3 - ^1) (2/1 + ys) + {002 - ^z) (2/2 + 2/3) - (^2 - a^i) {Vi + 2/2)]On simplifying we easily have
^ ^ I (^172 - XaYi + y^zYz - ^372 + XgYi - x^yg),
or the equivalent form
^=J
[^1
(2/2
- Vz) +
^2
(2/3
- 2/1) + ^3
(2/1
we
Cor.
origin (0, 0)
^1)
2/1)
^2>
2/2?
^3j
2/35
- 2/2)].
may be
written
^
'-
triangle
2/2)
is
(^12/2
^'22/1)*
AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL,
17
26. In the preceding article, if the axes be oblique, the perpendiculars AL, BM, and CN, are not equal to the ordinates y^ y^ and
2/3, but are equal respectively to yi sin w, 2/2 sin w, and y^ sin w.
,
The area
isin
{x^y^
xu
fsm
I.e.
yi, 1
wx
27. In order that the expression for the area in Art. 25 may be
a positive quantity (as all areas necessarily are) the points A, B, and
G must be taken in the order in which they would be met by a
person starting from A and walking round the triangle in such a
manner that the area of the triangle is always on his left hand.
Otherwise the expressions of Art. 25 would be found to be negative.
order,
(x.^,,
CJV,
y^), (x^,
and
DH
y^\ and
{x^, y^).
of X.
of the quadrilateral
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
18
ABCn
= AOBG+ AOCD- aOBA- AOAD.
2/1/5
V^2)
(^35
2/2/3
is
whose angular
EXAMPLES.
(^n2/i
- a'l^/ri)]-
II.
(1, 3),
and
7, 6)
(5,
3.
4.
{a,
5.
{a,c
6.
{a cos
7.
(a7?ij2^ 2a7?i;^),
8.
9.
l>
1).
2.
and
8,
- 2).
(5,2),
+ a),
(pi,
lam-,.
{a, c)
<p-^),
[arn^^
b sin
\am^,
{aWaWg, a
and
(7?i2
and
2avi^.
+ %)}
-Jawo,
^-^cl
Prove (by shewing that the area of the triangle formed by them
a straight line :
10.
11.
(-i,
12.
(.
and (-3,16).
is
[EXS.
POLAR COORDINATES.
II.]
19
13.
(1,1),
14.
(-1,
6),
15.
If
(3,4),
(5,
(-3, -9),
cos
(3, 9).
if
OP^ OP2
-7).
(4,
-8), and
(5,
Suppose
to be a fixed point, called the origin or
pole, and OX a fixed line, called the initial line.
join OP.
angle
XOP
OP
OP
tells
the distance of
is
along this
direction.]
The angle
XOP
OX
OP
position of
P is
is
positive
if it
r,
the
(r, 0).
31.
(ii)
Ex.
Construct
150), (iii)
330), (v) (3,
(3,
(-3,
(-3, -30).
the
positions
(-2, 45),
-210) and
'points
(i)
(2,
80),
(iv)
(vi)
of the
if
/^
ff\
^\^
,->^^
^^^^^^^^^"^^
'/^^^
let
>/
yC
""-.,
''-.,
'p
M"
(ii)
For the second point, the radius vector revolves from OX
through 150 and is then in the position OP^ ; measuring a distance 3
along it we arrive at Pg
22
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
20
(iii)
For the third point, let the radius vector revolve from OX
through 45 into the position OL. We have now to measure along
OL a distance - 2, i.e. we have to measure a distance 2 not along OL
but in the opposite direction. Producing iO to Pg, so that OP3 is
2 units of length, we have the required point P3.
To
get the fourth point, we let the radius vector rotate from
330 into the position
and measure on it a distance
-3, i.e. 3 in the direction
produced.
thus have the point P^y
which is the same as the point given by (ii).
(iv)
OX through
OM
MO
We
it
be in the
will
- 30,
We
is
MO
(-3, 330),
(3,
In general it v^ill
by each of the polar coordinates
(r, 0), (- r, 180 + 6), {r, - (360 or,
6%
co-
ordinates
(r,
e\ {-r,7r +
6), {r,
{- r,
(tt
$)}.
gives the
same point as
before.
[-r, ^
is
r,
+ (2n + 1)180]
6
180],
i.e. is
the point
[r,
6\
A and B
coordinates be
(r^,
lX0B = 6^,
POLAR COORDINATES.
21
AOB
let
(r-^,
0^),
(r^,
62),
and
(rg, ^3)
its
AABO=AOBC+aOCA
-AOBA
(1).
Now
So
and
Hence
(1) gives
A ABC = J
\r<^r^
sin (^3 -
6^ +
r^r^ (sin
0-^
0^)
+ r^r^ sin
35.
Coordinates,
Let
{Oo
and
to
0^)].
Polar
conversely.
OX
OX
OM=x,
MP = y, LMOP =
e,
OP = r.
and
From
the triangle
X'
MOP
O:
we
have
x=
OM=OPcosMOP = rcosO
(1),
y=
(2),
(3),
COORDINATE GEOMETRY,
22
and
(3)
and
(4) express
Cartesian coordinates.
XOX'
YOT.
and
Ex.
Change
to
{!) r
and (2)r=a^cos-.
a
(1)
i.e.
= asind,
by equations
(2)
and
(3), x^-\-y^
(2)
2^2
(2), it
--
becomes
(1
{2x^ +
i.e.
= ar + ar cos 6,
EXAMPLES.
Lay down
(3,45).
5.
(-1, -180).
9.
(2a.-^).
2.
(-2, -60).
6.
(1,
-210).
30)
>
and
3.
7.
(4,135).
(5,
(4, 120).
and ("'!)
(2,330).
8.
(>
|)
13.
-675).
4.
n.(-2a.4').
10.{-a,l).
III.
14.
+ cos^),
i.e.
12.
Q,
= ay.
r=acos2- =
i. e.
r, it
(7, 105).
23
EXAMPLES.
[EXS. III.]
(0, 0),
(3,
|)
and
( 3,
form an equiJ
lateral triangle.
16.
(2, 60),
(-^. i)'
18.
and
(5, 150),
(3, 90).
and
(7,
210).
('i)'^^*l(-2.
-y)-
points
19. x = J3, y = l.
20.
x=-^B,
y = l.
21.
x=-l,
y = l.
(5,
Change
25.
23.
I).
24.(5,-^).
(-6, I).
26. y = xtana.
x^+y^=a\
28. x^-y^=2ay.
29. x^=y^{2a-x).
27. x^ + y^ = 2ax.
30.
{x^
+ y^)^ = a^{x^-y^).
r=a.
32. ^ = tan-i??i.
= a2cos2^.
34. r = asin2^.
35.
40.
'T
?-2
33. r = acos^.
o'^
39^
r^=ai sin-.
= 5h sin 6 cos
sin 2d =2a^.
36.
CHAPTER
III.
EQUATION TO A LOCUS.
LOCUS.
called its
It
is
and
on the circumference of a circle whose centre is
whose radius is a. The circumference of this circle is
therefore the " Locus" of P when it moves subject to the
shall be equal to the
condition that its distance from
lie
constant distance
a.
37.
dition.
APB
AB
is
to be
two
fixed points
as diameter then
P may
be any
EQUATION TO A LOCUS.
25
39. One single equation between two unknown quanx and y, e.g.
x+y=l
(1),
cannot completely determine the values of x and y.
tities
*\P6
\Q
vPs
^1?
OM
\1
Vs
\P
Such an equation has an infinite number of
Amongst them are the followins:
a:
= 0,1
solutions.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
26
the equation
(2,
1), and
P4,
(3,
2),
satisfy
(1).
On making
that
all
QM
would
(1),
satisfy (1).
40.
Amongst an
+ 2/2 = 4
number
infinite
(1).
x = 2A
x= V3|
J?>\
x = J'I\
2/=2r
2/=x/3r
2/=V2
x = -'2,\
2/^0
x^-.^?>,\
/'
2/^--i
x=
= 0,
2/ = -2j
x=l,
53
\
'
x^l
x=^i
J\
V3/'
-J2A
3/=-v2r
y=i
x = -l,
r
\
y=-si^)'
EQUATION TO A LOCUS.
27
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
28
we took
Both
of its branches
would be found
to stretch
away
to
with
we
if
sufficient
42.
it will
This equation
is
Hence
curve.
Def.
Equation to a curve.
The equation
to
43.
will be
locus.
is
indefinitely
both ways).
is
the dotted
is
x'^
y'^^ 4,
and the
definite
circle.
OX
EQUATION TO A LOCUS.
29
44.
We append
45.
the algebraic
is
equal
to
sum of
its
distances
a constant quantity a;
to its locus.
Take the two straight lines as the axes of coordinates. Let {x, y)
be any point satisfying the given condition. We then ha,wex + y = a.
This being the relation connecting the coordinates of any point
on the locus is the equation to the locus.
It will be found in the next chapter that this equation represents
a straight
line.
[x
- af + /} +
{ (a;
+ af + if] = 2c\
i.Ci
This being the relation between the coordinates of any, and every,
point that satisfies the given condition is, by Art. 42, the equation to
the required locus.
This equation tells us that the square of the distance of the point
{x, y) from the origin is constant and equal to c^ - a^, and therefore
the locus of the point is a circle whose centre is the origin.
is
Ex. 3. A point moves so that its distance from the point (-1,0)
always three times its distance from the point (0, 2).
satisfies
We
on squaring,
x'^
i.e.
every, point
required equation.
It will be found, in a later chapter, that this equation represents
a circle.
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
30
EXAMPLES.
IV.
41,
sketch
1.
2x + dy = l0.
4.
2.
^x-y = l.
= 0.
5.
x'^-2ax-Vy'^ = Q.
3.
y'^
= x.
6.
^x = y^-^.
^' + ^'=1.
'4^9
A and B being the fixed points (a, 0) and ( obtain the equations giving the locus of P, when
8.
is
PA"^
10.
11.
PB^ + PC^=2PA^, C
9.
a, 0) respectively,
(c, 0).
12. Find the locus of a point whose distance from the point
equal to its distance from the axis of y.
which
(1, 0)
15.
{a
b,
and
(0,
-2).
14.
(2, 3)
is
and
(1, 2)
sum
is
three times
(a, 0)
is
its
distance from
its dis-
is
equal
to 3.
20.
from
21.
its
its
(3, 0) is
(0, 2) is
equal to
4.
(0, 2).
its
from the
is
its
distance
origin.
23. In the previous question if the first distance be (1), always half,
(2), always twice, the second distance, find the equations to the
and
respective loci.
CHAPTER
THE STRAIGHT
LINE.
IV.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES.
Then the
always
c,
this line
is
so that
x=c
(1).
coordinate
y.
2/
= 0.
and
let
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
32
OC
of y such that
is
c.
m.
^^^^ O
Draw PM perpendicular
G parallel to OX.
to
MX
it.
OX
to
meet in
^a
line
through
of
be
cu
and
?/
so that
OM=x
MP
MN =C]Srt^iia + 00 = m.x +
c,
y = mx+c.
i.e.
The equation
Cor.
the origin,
of
2/,
is
i.e.
of the last
for straight
A^B^ in the
latter case
both
and
c are negative
quantities.
careful consideration of all the possible cases of a few propositions will soon satisfy him that this verification is not always
necessary, but that it is sufficient to consider the standard figure.
THE STRAIGHT
33
LINE.
= a;tanl20 + (-3),
y= -x^S-S,
y + x^S + S = 0.
?/
i.e.
i.e.
50.
1^0
off given
find
a and
i7itercepts
OX
Let A and B be on
such that OA = a and OB =
AB
Join
and produce
which cuts
and
OY
respectively,
and be
h.
it in-
Let
be
PM
to
OX.
We require the
relation that
By
Euc. YI.
3/,
so
we have
4,
OM_PB
MP _AP
^"""^
OA~AB'
'OB~AB
OM MP PB + AP =
+
^.e.
This
AB
OB
OA
1,
lying on
51.
The equation
may
he also obtained
by expressing the fact that the sum of the areas of the triangles
and OPB is equal to OAB, so that
OP A
from
straight
line passing
equal but of
a.
the
off intercepts,
off
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
34
The equation
-a
x-y = a
i.e.
(3,
(1).
3-(-4) = a,
and therefore
The required equation
a = l.
is
therefore
x-y = 7.
Ex. 2. Find the equation to the straight line lohich passes through
the point (-5, 4) and is such that the portion of it between the axes is
divided by the point in the ratio ofl 2.
:
+ t = 1.
b
and
0)
The coordinates
the
joining these
line
2.a+1.0
If this
be the point
2.0 + 1.&
2(1
i.e,-^
and -.
we have
5, 4)
2a
b
-5:=and 4=-,
so that
The
a=--Y- and
is
therefore
X
y
-i^^l2
oy
I.e.
53.
To find
= 12.
8a;
'
= 60.
a straight
the equation to
line in tenns
of
Let
be jo.
OR
Let
OR
makes
co-
AB
PN
',
ML
and
let its
length
85
OL = OMco^a
Then
(1),
LR = NP = MF&inNMP.
and
But
LR = MP&m.a
Hence, adding
Oil/ cos a
(2).
=79,
X COS a + y sin a = p.
i.e.
This
is
54. In Arts. 47 53 we have found that the corresponding equations are only of the first degree in x and y.
shall now prove that
Any
We
i7i
a straight line.
For the most general form of such an equation is
Ax + By^C = ^
(1),
which
do
where A^ B, and C are constants, i.e. quantities
not contain x and y and which remain the same for all
points on the locus.
Let (cCi, 2/1), (a?2) 2/2)) ^iicl (rt's, 2/3) be any three points on
sents
(1).
Since the point {x-^, y^) lies on the locus, its coordinates
when substituted for x and y in (1) must satisfy it.
Hence
Ax^ +
Ry^+C-=0
(2).
C^O
(3),
Ax^ + Ry^ +
So
and
Axs +
ys+C =
(4).
Since these three equations hold between the three quantities A, B, and C, we can, as in Art. 12, eliminate them.
The
result is
=
^35
2/35
(5).
--
But, by Art. 25, the relation (5) states that the area of the
triangle whose vertices are (x^, y^), (x^, 3/2)5 ^^^ (^3> 2/3) is
zero.
locus.
32
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
36
The
locus
line could
The proposition
55.
may be
and
may also
be deduced
% + (7=0
A
C
y=-
x-^,
written
this is the
same
y = mx + c,
?3i=- and
if
=-
is
x>
Ax + By + C=0
The equation
an intercept - from
x>
We
56.
to the axis of x.
Ax + By + C =
degree
first
(1)
X cos a 4- 2/ sin a - / =
This equation must therefore be the same
(2).
as
ABC
cos a
Hence
p
cos a
sin a
-A
-B
(1).
sin a
\/cos^
a + sin^ a
Ja^ + B'
sJa^'
+ B^
Hence
cos a -
-A
s/A^
-B
sm a =
+ B^'
\fA-'
and^ p =
+ B''
is
negative.
+ B^
form (2)
sfA^
so that the
THE STRAIGHT
Ex.
57.
Reduce
to tlie
37
LINE.
^ + 2/\/3 + 7 =
+
JA'' B^= ^TTs = sJ4:=2.
Here
Dividing
by
(1)
we have
2,
i.e.
^(-i)+y(--^)-i=o,
i.e.
To
58.
(1).
an equation of
Ax + By + G =
(1).
(a)
A
Comparing
this
we
see that it
represents a straight
Its position
is
equation
off intercepts
(J
-^
and
therefore known.
jO
If
be
zero, the
(1)
A
and thus (by Art.
47, Cor.)
represents a straight
The
x.
may
straight line
If
we put y
in (1)
therefore lies
on
we have x -r.
it.
by
firnding
it.
JL
i-'i-')
~ r)
known.
also be traced
hne
The point
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
38
If
we put
G^
(-.)
oj
on
lies
= 0, we have
2/
= ^
it.
Ex.
69.
3a;-4i/
(3)
%y = x',
lines
7 = 0;
(4)
(2)
x = ^i
7a;
+ 8y + 9 = 0j
(5)
2/= -2.
of
the Hne.
Hence
The point
(0, 0) satisfies
is
on
the line.
(3,
The line ic = 2
1),
is,
by
i.e.
C.^,
lies
on
it.
The required
line is
and passes
60.
oiF intercepts
Ji.
Jj
- and from
39
the axes of
coordinates.
If
of
is infinitely great.
then reduces to
Art. 46, represents a straight line parallel to Ox.
it.
If A and
both vanish, but not C, these two intercepts are both infinite and therefore the straight line
Q .x + .y + C = is altogether at infinity.
CjL
By
By
any
straight line
is
mx -VG
(1).
and
properly determining the quantities
(1) represent any straight line we please.
we can
make
Substituting for
from
(a;',
y')^
we have
= mas' + c
(2),
(2).
y-y' = m(x-x')
(3).
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
40
This is the equation to the line going through (x\ y') making
an angle tan~^ with OX. If in addition (3) passes through
the point {x", y"), then
y=m{x
y
*
-y
X'
63.
Ex.
Find
the
we
(3),
V" v'
X" x^
*^
x),
ti
equation
3)
and
to
(4,
'
the straight
line
which passes
-2).
y=mx + c
Since
(1)
3=-m +
Hence
first
c,
point,
(1).
we have
so that c =
m + S.
becomes
(1)
y = mx + m + S
If in addition the line
-2 = 47?i + m + 3,
Hence
(2)
(2).
m=
we have
-1.
becomes
y=-x + 2,
i.e.
x + y = 2.
Or, again, using the result of the last article the equation is
i.e.
64.
To
fix definitely
we
it.
41
EXAMPLES.
the curve
may
be conceived as
EXAMPLES.
V.
4.
and inclined
at
an angle tan~i f
5.
6.
- 5 and
Find the equation to the straight line which passes through the
point (5, 6) and has intercepts on the axes
equal in magnitude and both positive,
(1)
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
(2)
7.
8.
the point
10. Find the equation to the straight line which passes through
the point ( - 4, 3) and is such that the portion of it between the axes
is divided by the point in the ratio 5
3.
:
+ 2?/+3 = 0.
+ 7r/ = 0.
11.
a;
13.
3a;
12.
5a--7//-9
14.
2a;-3?/
(0, 0)
17.
(-1,
and
3)
(2,
and
-2).
(6,
-7).
16.
(3, 4)
18.
(0,
= 0.
+ 4 = 0.
and
through the
(5, 6).
-a) and
(&, 0).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
42
and
{a
+ h, a-h).
19.
(a, &)
20.
{at^, 2at-^)
22.
( cos 01
23.
24.
(* sec 01, 6
and
a sin
(at^^ 2at;).
<pi)
and
(a cos
21.
(p^,
26.
(a^)and(a^j.
a sin
(1,4), (2,-3),
(0,1), (2,0),
^a)-
[Exs. v.]
02).
and (-1,-2).
28. Find the equation to the straight line which bisects the
distance between the points {a, b) and {a', b') and also bisects the
distance between the points ( - a, b) and (a', - b').
29. Find the equations to the straight lines which go through the
origin and trisect the portion of the straight line 3a; + 2/ = 12 which
is intercepted between the axes of coordinates.
lines.
I.
Now
L AL^X L AL.2.X.
tan L^AL^ tan \AL^X AL^X\
L
L-^AL^^
rn^
1
n^
+mii2
(1).
43
= tan-i
"'^""'^
II.
and
(2).
+ mim2
(2)
+ G^^O.
By dividing the equations by B^ and
written
and
be a positive quan-
lines
if
negative,
be
A^^x^- B^^y
B^, they
may be
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
44
To find
67.
may
he parallel.
Two
then gives
Two
is
any straight
+ C = 0. For
the
line
which
"m's"
is
of the
Ax + By + C=0.
The
Ex.
68.
Find
(4,
Any
straight line
which
+ 4r/ + 5--=0
(1).
is parallel to (1)
has
its
equation of the
form
3a;
[For the
"w"
of both (1)
and
+ 4^/ + (7=0
(2) is
(2).
the same.]
(4,
- 5)
if
3x4 + 4x(-5) + C = 0,
(7=20-12 = 8.
i.e. if
The equation
(2)
then becomes
3a;+42/
69.
To find
and
+ 8 = 0.
may
lines
two
st^'aight linesj
he 'perpendicular.
be
y m^x
y m.^x
-i-Ci,
-\- G.2_.
whose
CONDITIONS OF PERPENDICULARITY.
45
If
tan^^ r^""^^
1 +mim2
(1).
= 00
tan
be
90,
and therefore
infinite,
is zero.
The condition
1
The
to
straight line y
y = ...H-.c.,
O,
Tn-^Tn2
i.e.
tu^x
c.^
is
I.'
therefore perpendicular
, = -!.
if
y/c'-t
A^x +B^y + C^ =
which m^ =
for
and
AA
a)
m^^ ^
/
if
A,,
_
V
A^A^+B^B^ = 0.
i.e.
From
70.
it
two
straight lines
and
are at right angles
A^x + B,y + Ci = Q
(1),
B,x-A,y+C^ =
(2),
Also
of
a;
(2) is
and
Ex.
where
The
B^x'
(x', y')
perpendicular to
is
therefore
B,{x-x')-A^{y-y') = 0.
(1) is (2)
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
46
71. Ex. 1. Find the equation to the straight line which passes
through the point (4, 5) and is perpendicular to the straight line
Sx + 4ij + 5 =
Any
First Method.
(1).
last article
4:X-Sij
+ C=0
(2).
there are
4x4-3x(-5) + C = 0,
(7= -16-15= -31.
is
therefore
4:X-Sy = 31.
Any
Second Method.
point is
the given
y -{-5)=m{x~4:).
This straight line
m's
is
perpendicular to
is
1,
mX
i.e. if
- 1) = -
(1) if
1,
m=|.
i.e. if
is
therefore
y + 5=i{x-4),
4:X-'6y
i.e.
Any
Third Method.
the point
It is
(4,
- 5),
= Sl.
straight line is
y=mx + c.
It
passes through
if
-5 = 4m + c
perpendicular to
(3).
(1) if
mx{-i)=-l
(4).
4x-By = Sl.
i.e.
[In the first method, we start with any straight line which is
perpendicular to the given straight line and pick out that particular
straight line which goes through the given point.
In the second method, we start with any straight line passing
through the given point and pick out that particular one which is
perpendicular to the given straight hne.
In the third method, we start with any straight line whatever and
determine its constants, so that it may satisfy the two given
conditions.
illustrate
by
figures. ]
Ex. 2. Find the equation to the straight line which passes through
the point (x', y') and is perpendicular to the given straight line
yy' = 2a {x
+ x').
THE STRAIGHT
The given
straight line is
yy'
Any
47
LINE.
- 2ax - 2ax' = 0.
2ay + xy'+G=0
This will pass through the point
straight line required
if
2ai/ +
i.eAt
xY+C = 0,
G=-2ay' -x'y'.
G the required equation
i.e. if
Substituting in
(1).
(x', y')
(1) for
2a{y-y')
is
therefore
+ y'{x-x') = 0.
Let
P be
= m.
tan
In general
a
is
are
FNS
the given
line.
Let these
lines
the axis of
<^'
x.
The equations
to the
lines are
y -y' = tan ^ x (x x)
X (x x')
y ~y' ~ t^^
and
(1),
(2).
<fi'
Now
cf,
and
<^'^L
= L LMR + L RLM = a +
6*,
Hence
<^
= tan (a + ^) -
tan a + tan ^
^.
tan
.j
and
tan
= tan (^
.
a)
</>'
= tan
tan d
= ^
1
tan a tan
(
80
+ tan
tan a
m tan a
- a)
m tan a
tan a
-p,
tana + m
ff
.,
+7n tan a
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
48
m tan a
as
,.
EXAMPLES.
we have
,,
1
=
y-y
\^ - ^
^
^
1 + m tan a
and
(2),
VI.
2/
8.
9.
3)
(2,
and perpendicular
to
the
straight line
7aj
6,
(2,
7)
and perpendicular
to the
to the
and
10)
+ 8?/ = 5.
drawn
to the
at right angles to
it
of X.
13. Find the equation to the straight line which bisects, and is
perpendicular to, the straight line joining the points (a, b) and
(a',
&')
14. Prove that the equation to the straight line which passes
through the point {a cos^ 6, a sin^ 6) and is perpendicular to the
straight line xsecd + y cosec d = ais x cos d-y sin d = a cos 26.
15. Find the equations to the straight lines passing through {x', y')
and
xxf-\-yy'=a\
EXAMPLES.
[Exs. VI.]
XX
yy
a-
62
and
and
and
= 1,
+ xy' = a-.
x'y
16.
49
- 4)
in the ratio of 4
17. Through the point (3, 4) are drawn two straight lines each
inclined at 45 to the straight line x-y = 2.
Find their equations
and find also the area included by the three lines.
18.
Shew
the point
(3,
iJ3x + y = l are y
+2=
and y
-J3x + 2 + 3^S = 0.
19. Find the equations to the straight lines which pass through
the origin and are inclined at 75 to the straight line
x + y + ^S{y-x) = a.
20. Find the equations to the straight lines which pass through
the point {h, k) and are inclined at an angle tan~'^m to the straight
y = mx + c.
Find the angle between the two straight lines 3a; = 4?/ + 7 and
5y = 12x + 6 and also the equations to the two straight lines which
pass through the point (4, 5) and make equal angles with the two
line
21.
given lines.
73. To sheiv that the point (x', y') is on one side or the
other of the straight line Ax + By +(7 =
according as the
quantity Ax + By' + C is positive or negative.
Let
LM
any point
ix\ y).
Through
the axis of
straight line
ordinates of
Since
draw P^,
parallel to
3/,
lies
to
be
(.'',
y").
on the given
line,
we
i>x:x
have
^c'
so that
%" + C=:0,
Ax + C
.(1).
L.
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
50
Now, by
(1),
The point
{x
LM according
positive.
The point
Cor.
(cc',
signs,
y')
and the
origin are
on the same
Ax + By + G and AxO-\- B xO + C
i.e. if Ax' + By' + C has the same sign
if
as C.
If these
origin
given
line.
Ax + By-C=0
and
and
let
y^
[x-^,
(a?2, 2/2)-
The coordinates
7?ii
(1),
vu the
of the point
Tn^
TYi.j
m^x^ + m^x^
^
mj + mg
^1
^1
_i
=
m^
+ m^
7)1-^
on the given
^^
so that
line
we have
m^y^ + m^y^
^
m^ + m^
+G
_^
Ax^ + w^Ti
+^
Ax.-\-By.
''
^^^
'
/,
(3
^2/2
If the point (2) be between the two given points {x-^, y^)
and (x^, 2/2), i.e. if these two points be on opposite sides of
the given line, the ratio in-^ 711^ is positive.
:
LENGTHS OF PEKPENDICULARS.
51
have opposite
(or the
same) signs.
Lengths of perpendiculars.
75. To find the length of the perpendicular let fcdl from,
a given point upon a given straight line.
.
(i)
CCOSa+
so that, if
2/
p=
sin a
be the perpendicular on
it,
(1),
we have
cos a
2/
^^^ ^
~P'
so that
cos a
+ 2/' sin
p = x' cos a +
y\ we have
a.p' = 0,
2/'
sin
a.
(2).
Ax + By + G=^0
the equation being written so that
(7 is
(3),
a negative quantity.
42
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
52
As
by dividing
it
by V-^^ + B^.
(1)
^|A^\E'
slA^^B"
^A^-^B"
is
It then becomes
Hence
cos a
A
^'A^
The
,,
sm a =
+ B^'
,--
\/J''
^A'^
=
_
The length
and^
y')
+ B''
therefore
ap
Ax' + By^ + C
VAZ + B2
x' cos
a+
2/"
sin
from (x,
of the perpendicular
y')
on
(3) is
Cor. 1.
y.
origin
^G-rs]~AFVB\
Cor. 2. The length of the perpendicular is, by Art. 73,
positive or negative according as {x y) is on one side or
^
line.
may
also
be
As
OL^ -%
A
and
0M=-%,.
i.e.,
its
PT.
EXAMPLES.
since
53
a negative quantity.
(7 is
Hence
P<?r=
so that
Ax' + By' +
Ja^ + b^
EXAMPLES.
VII.
the point
2.
the origin
3.
the point
upon the
(4, 5)
upon the
(
- 3, -
straight line
straight line
upon the
4)
-^
3a;
+ 4?/ = 10.
- j=l.
straight line
12{x + 6) = 5{y-2).
4.
the point
upon the
(&, a)
straight line
=!
Shew
two points
a sin
If
and
(a cos
j8,
a sin
j8).
\/a2
h^, 0)
upon the
- cos
a
7.
a)
+^
sin
upon the
straight line
^= 1
is 62.
p and
straight lines
prove that
4Lp^+p'^
a'^.
ah
10. Shew that the perpendiculars let fall from any point of the
straight line 2a; + 11?/ = 5 upon the two straight lines 24a; + 7t/
20
and 4a; -3?/ = 2 are equal to each other.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
54
[EXS. VII.l
of
the
and
and
let
of the
two straight
be
lines
a-^x
h{y
(1),
fta^^
522/
+ ^2 =
{2)5
Ci
as in the figure
of Art. 66.
be the point
and
Solving
(3)
and
must therefore
this point
of
{x^,
t/i)?
^^ have
+ ^i2/i +
Ci
(3),
a2^i
+ 522/i +
<^2
W-
we have
^x
(as in Art. 3)
2/1
\__
h.^c^
a^^-ajb^
78.
The coordinates
c^a^
common
c^a^
a^^
if
found
if
a^hi
0.
Hence
point are
a-}><^a^^
are parallel
satisfy
ia^i
(4)
h-fi^
two
straight lines
parallel lines
point of intersection
is
as lines
at an infinite distance.
whose
CONCUKEENCE OF STRAIGHT
55
LINES.
79.
ineet
may
+ hyy + c^ =
a.jX + h^y + C2 =
a.p: + h-^y + C3 =
a^x
and
(1),
(2),
(3).
By
and jf
-J-
(4).
J--
Oc\C-\
T-
3 X -^r
i. e.
a^ (b^c^
i. e.
ai (b^c^
+ 63
b^c^) + b^
b^c-^)
C-\Cto
-t
^3 X
02%) +
{c^a^ c^a^ +
(ci^g
C.-^Cti
-V
~-Y
C3
0,
a^bj) 0,
(^2^3 ^3^2) =
c^ (a^b^
Cj
. . ,
(5).
+ Ci =
ftoa^i + b^yi + C2 =
a^x-^ + b^y^ + Cg =
a-^x-^
and
6i2/i
0,
0,
0.
^3
which
is
^3 )
Another
80.
<^3
(5).
If
that
(ajX
b^y
identically,
+ C;^) + q
(a^x
b.2y
c^)
r (a^x
b^y
Cg)
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
56
For in
a^x
h^y
Now
we have
this case
Cg =:
(a-^x
h^y
Cj)
{a^x
h^y
+ Co)
(!).
in a point.
81.
dx + ^y
If
Ex.
Shew
1.
-1 = 0, and
9a;
+ 5 = 0,
-5y 4- 8 =
2,
6,
and -
we have
identically
6 (2x
+ 5) + 2 (3x
32/
-I-
4t/ - 7)
-2
(9a;
5?/ -F 8)
= 0.
Ex.
satisfies
meet in a
point.
BG is y-y^ = "^-
The equation
to
The equation
to the perpendicular
x^
i'^'
- x^).
-2/2)
2/(2/i-2/3)+^(aa-^3) = 2/2(2/i-2/3)+'2{^i-^3)
and
2/ (2/2
On
The
by them
+ ^3 (^2-^1)
(!)
(2).
(3).
sum
identically vanishes.
therefore meet in a point.
This point
82.
2)asses
and
is
x^
So the
{x
a-^x
+ \y +
c-^
(1)>
a^x
+ b^y +
Cg
(2).
(a?i,
2/1)
57
where
is
(1)
2/1,
is satisfied
where \
is
+ Ci + X
h^y
{a,^x
h^y
Co)
(3)
may
83. Ex. Find the equation to the straight line ivhich passes
through the intersection of the straight lines
2x-Sy + = 0,
Sx + ^y-5
4:
and
is
perpendicular
(1),
Gx-7y + 8 =
Solving the equations
point are given by
^1
(-3)(-5)-4x4
so that
The equation
(1),
the coordinates
- yY and
any straight
2/1
x^^, 7/1
2x4-3x(-3)
common
y-H=m{x + ^).
is,
m X f=
The required equation
i.e.
is
therefore
119a;
^^'
=Tf-
therefore
common
of their
yi
4x3-2x(-5)
x-^=
of
(2).
+ 1022/ = 125.
(2) if
point
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
58
Any
Aliter.
lines (1) is
(2
i.e.
perpendicular to
6(2 + 3X)-7(4X-3) = 0,
i.e.
(3).
(2), if
(Art. 69)
\ = u.
a
*
The equation
(3) is therefore
119a; +102?/
i.e.
-125 = 0.
(1),
a^ + b^ + c^ =
(2).
ajpc
and
b-yy
Cj^
Let the two straight lines be AL^ and AL^, and let the
between them be AM^ and A^f^-
The
triangles
so that the
perpendiculars
magnitude.
so that
let
be the point
and PN^
k),
(/i,
59
PN^
,_+
aJh
hJc
c.
and
aji
hjc
c^
(1).
aji
But
hjc
aji
Ci
hjc
+ c^
may lie on
which
If,
is
h-{y
Cj
a^ + h^y + c^
however,
+ \y +
a^x
Ci
+ })c^y + c^
VS7+b7
Vi7+bp
'
Ex.
Find
the
equations to
the
bisectors
of the
angles
3x-4:y + 7 =
and 12x-5y-S = 0.
Sx-Ay + 7 =
and -12x + 5y + 8 = 0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
60
The equation
is
lies
therefore
Bx-^y + 7 _ -12x + 5y + 8
13{Bx-^y + l) = 5{-12x + 5y + 8),
i.e.
99a;
i.e.
The equation
-772/
+ 51 = 0.
Sx-iy + l _
- 12x + 5?/ + 8
~
V32 + 42
x/122 + 52
13 {3a; - 4?/ + 7) + 5 ( - 12a; + 5?/ + 8) = 0,
t.e.
21a:
i.e.
'
+ 272/- 131 = 0.
86.
{h,
k)
x.
AP be
and
r.
Draw
PM
perpendicular
perpendicular to
PM.
AN
x--h=- AN = AP cosO=r cos
y k = NP - AP sin ^ = r sin
x-h y-k = r
to the axis of x
Then
and
6,
and
0.
Hence
of
lying on
the distance
(x, y),
let
.(1).
any point
Cor.
The coordinates
therefore
h-\-r
line are
EXAMPLES.
Let the given straight
line
61
be
Ax-By +
C^Q
(1).
are
6.
we have
+ ^ (^ + r sin ^) + (7 - 0.
Ah-[-Bk+C
(A
r cos ^)
r
Cor.
From
is
the preceding
"m" of
the "m"
For the
of (1) is
is
required.
may be deduced
(A,
k)
is
- -.
^\ =
tan ^
the length
upon (1).
drawn through
perpendicular to (1)
y.
(2),
B sin 6
if
so that
drawn from
tan
i. e.
cos 6
AP which
of the perpendicular
tan ^ and
if
\,
cos 6
sin 6
JA'- + B'
and hence
EXAMPLES.
VIII.
lines
1.
2x-Si/
+5=
and 7x-^y=S.
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
62
2.
3
.
4.
+ T=1 and
y = vi-,x-\
a;
[EXS.
-+^ = 1.
ha
and y=moX-\
cos 01 + ^ sin 01 = a
and
a;
Two
6.
of
straight lines
2x-Sy + 5 =
from the straight
and dx + 4:y =
line
5x-2y = 0.
Shew that the perpendicular
7.
straight line joining the points
a sin a) and
between them.
(a cos a,
from the
{a cos
/3,
origin
upon the
a sin ^)
lines
line
2y-Sx + l =
meets the line joining the two points
the angle between them.
(6,
2)
and
8, 7).
Find also
11. Find the coordinates of the feet of the perpendiculars let fall
from the point (5, 0) upon the sides of the triangle formed by joining
the three points (4, 3), (-4, 3), and (0, -5); prove also that the
points so determined lie on a straight line.
12. Find the coordinates
straight lines
of the point
of intersection
of
the
equations of
(3, -2).
63
EXAMPLES.
VIII.]
14.
on the axes.
Prove that the following sets of three lines meet in a point.
16.
17.
15.
18.
all
j+^
abba
+ 7 = 1,
= l,
and y = x.
meet in a point.
Shew
also that the third line bisects the angle between the other
two.
19.
may meet
in a point.
20.
(0,0),
21.
(1,0), (2,-4),
22.
(1)
(2)
and
(3)
(2,
and (-5,-2).
C meet
in a point,
the medians, i.e. the lines joining each vertex to the middle
point of the opposite side, meet in a point,
the straight lines through the middle points of the sides
perpendicular to the sides meet in a point.
lines
and 3x-4y=^S5.
x~y-4i=0 and
proving that
26.
it
lx + y + 20=0,
between them.
X
y
- +f
a
b
=1
^
y ^
^ X
and Y + ^ = 1.
b
a
27.
the point
28.
(a, b)
x-2y-a=0
and x + 3y-2a =
lines.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
64
and
[Exs.
29.
x + 2y
and perpendicular
and 3x + iy + 7 =
+S=
y-x = 8.
30.
dx-iy + l =
and cutting
31.
off
and 5x + y
-1=0
16a;-102/ = 33
and 12x + Uy + 29 = 0.
33. Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the
point of intersection of the straight lines
Ax + By + C =
(1)
(2)
(3)
and
(4)
35.
are
+ 7=1,
b
+ - = l, - + | = 2, and
a
a
t
o
+ - = 2.
a
(cos a
and
?/
Find the equations
(sin a
to
sin a)
+ cos a)
= x (sin a + cos a)
+
a:
(cos a
-sin
a)
37.
= a.
lies.
a;-?/
^3 = 6-2^3.
EXAMPLES.
VIII.]
and Bx+4.tj + 7 = 0.
and 24^ + 7ij- 31 = 0.
38.
12x + 5y-4c =
39.
ix + Sij
40.
2x + y=4: and y + Sx = 5.
41.
y-b=^
^
-7 =
65
^(rc-a).
=z
i>(^-) and y-h
^
'
'
1-m'^^
l-m2^
43.
44. Find the equations to the straight lines passing through the
foot of the perpendLcular from the point {h, Jc) upon the straight line
Ax + By + G = and bisecting the angles between the perpendicular
and the given straight line.
CHAPTER
THE STRAIGHT LINE
POLAR EQUATIONS.
V.
{continued).
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS.
88. To find the general equation
polar coordinates.
to
LOCI.
a straight line in
this
Y from
the
and
perpendicular make an
line,
line.
and
6.
will
From the
triangle
r, 6,
YP we
p,
and
a.
have
is
(6
- a).
therefore
r cos (6
a) =p.
THE STRAIGHT
LINE.
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
B be the
and
67
any point
e.
Then, since
AA0B-=AA0P+A POB,
we have
^.e.
sin (^,-^i)
sin ((9-^1)
sin ((92-^)
I.e.
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
90. In the previous chapter we took the axes to be
In the great majority of cases rectangular
rectangular.
axes are employed, but in some cases oblique axes may be
used with advantage.
In the following articles we shall consider the proposiwhich the results for oblique axes are different
from those for rectangular axes. The propositions of Arts.
50 and 62 are true for oblique, as well as rectangular,
tions in
coordinates.
91.
to
a straight
line referred to
axes inclined at
Let
an angle
to the axis
straight line.
to the axis of
y to meet OX in M^
meet the straight line
through C parallel to the axis of x
in the point N,
Let P be the point (.r, y\ so that
and
let
it
CN^OM^x,
and
NP = MP- 00 ^y-c.
5-
Fat
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
68
Since
~ir ~ 'CN~
TT
Hence
equation
3?his
is
of the
^)
/1\
7:.
form
y = mx +
we have
(1).
^
^
c,
where
7)1
sin
,
(o)
6)
sin
tan^
sin <o cos w tan ^
sin^
sin^
cos to sin
w cos
^ sin
tan v =
J
and thererore
/>
CD
.
y = mx +
angle
m sin o)
tan~i
l+mcosco
to the axis of x.
y,
92.
are respectively y
and y = x cos
w.
of length
p and makes
angles a
and ^ with
the axes
of x
and y.
Let
dicular
on
Let
it
straight line
PN and draw NP
to
OK
and
PS
perpendicular
"oerpendicular to
NR.
Let P be the point {x,
= y.
that OJV = X and
NP
y), so
and
OK
the perpen-
'
THE STRAIGHT
The
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
LINE.
69
lines
Also
to
'
being perpendicular
NB.
lSPN^lKOM=^.
Thus
We therefore have
'p = OK- OR + SP = OiVcos a + NP cos p=^xcosa + y cos ^.
x cos a + y cos /5 p = 0,
being the relation which holds between the coordinates of
any point on the straight line, is the required equation.
Hence
To find
93.
y = mx +
and y = mx + c,
and
msinoD
tan u =
ni cos
0~
m'sinw
+ 711 cos 0)
0'.
tan
^- tan ^'
ir\
tan(e-e)=j^:^^^^^-^^,
t\t\
m sm
+m cos
m sin
1 +
in
CD
CO
m sin
CO (
cos
CO
m' sin co
CO
+ m' cos
+ m' cos CO
co)
m' sin co (1 +
7?i.
cos
co)
+ m cos co) (1 +
cos co) + ?92m' sin^ co
(m w') sin CO
+ (m + m ) cos CO + mm'
(1
sm co
+ 771
CO
1+771 cos
Cor.
CO
is
J.
,,,
and tan
:.
is
therefore
(m in!) sin co
+ {m + TTb) cos 0) + 7f}im'
m = m'.
1.
Cor. 2.
+ (m + m')
cos 0} +
if
mm' = O.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
70
94.
form
Ax-\-By + G =
then
= - ^ and
7n
\-
C = 0,
=--Wt'
A'B-AB'
A'B-AB'=^0.
They are perpendicular
if
cos w.
95. Ex. The axes being inclined at an angle of 30, obtain the
equations to the straight lines ivhich pass through the origin and are
inclined at 45 to the straight line x + y = l.
Let either of the required straight lines be y = mx.
The
isy= -x + 1,
so that
m'= - 1.
We therefore have
+ (m + m')
and w = 30.
1
cos
<a
+ mm'
m+1
+ (,,,_ 1)^3- 2m
The
m=
m=
"^^^
j^.
- ^3.
i.e.
JSy + x = 0.
so that
is
a negative quantity.
L
THE STRAIGHT
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
LINE.
L and M^
Let
OL = --, and
A
OM^
-=,
71
Draw
two
axes.
Taking
and
P on opposite sides
we then have
PQ
i.e.
LM + OL OM silicon OL PE + OM
.
to the axes of
PS. ..{I).
y and
x,
so
that
Hence
and
Also
0^
C'
(72
Oif cos w
/l+l
(7
z^-'^-^zg'"'"^
C is a negative quantity.
On substituting these values
2 cos w
since
pc><(-o)xy-i+-i
c
--7.7/
PQ =
so that
Cor.
If
(0
sm o>
in
(1),
2 cos
Pi
we have
C^
CO
sm
00,
Ax^ + By' + C
VA2 + B2 - 2 AB cos CO
90,
i.e.
if
75.
sm a;.
we
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
72
EXAMPLES.
1.
IX.
inclination
to the axis of
and
(1)
2/=2^ + 5,
(2)
2y=.{^^-l)x + l.
28a;
73?/
= 101.
the tangent
find
of
the
angle
y = mx + c and
4.
liy=x
tan
my+x = d.
y=x + d
are at
w.
hexagon, two of
coordinates.
10. The axes being inclined at an angle of 30, find the equation
to the straight line which passes through the point ( - 2, 3) and is
perpendicular to the straight line y + Bx 6.
(4,
THE STRAIGHT
[EXS. IX.]
LINE.
PROBLEMS.
73
sin
From
cos w.
axes,
a given point
whose inclination
is
{h, k)
oj,
JhF+W+2hkcos^'
and that
its
equation
is
hx - ky = h^-
k^.
97.
ax + by + G~Oj
a'x 4- b'y + c' = 0.
and
This point
is,
by Art.
77,
b'c
^ab' a'b
c'a^
ab' a'b/
ca'
'be'
'
of A.
and
also the
sum of the
it;
We have
The equation
+ 7=const. = K
do
the base
^
y-=1
a
-
to
r-
(say)
is
-r
v-
^'+^(1_1)^1,
z...,by(l),
1
i.e.
-(x-y) + ^-l = 0.
(1).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
74
x-y =
i.e.
through
ih.e fixed
point
|-1 = 0,
and
{k, k).
98.
circle inscribed
(^ij
(^2 J
2/i)>
2/2)5
axi
^^G? (a^3,
hx^
are
2/3),
+ cx^
ay^
a+b+G
where
a, 6, 7ic? c
Find
hy.2
cy^
a+b+c
'
the centres
of
of
the escribed
circles.
AD
ABC
Let
be the triangle and let
bisectors of the angles A and G
and
and
CE
be the
let
Since
BAC we
(xj.yj)
point.
AD
_DG_ BD DG _a_
^
BA AG~ BA+'AC~bTc'
+
'(-,,y,)
so that
ba
DG
+c
AGD, we have
CD~
The point
<
Also
ba
0' divides
AD
AG,
i.e.
in the ratio b
b.
+ bx^
c+ b
cxs
fi
^3 + ^.'/2
c
+b
a.
D are
THE STRAIGHT
Also,
(b
by the same
article,
G+h
^ + hxo
^ + ax,
c) X
'
,,
(b
G+b
'
and
+ bx^, + Gx.^
a+b+G
ay^
4-
ay.
^
+ c) + a
(b
ax^
Again,
cVo + hy.^
+ c)x -^ ^^ +
+ c) + a
{b
+ cy^
+c
by^
a+ b
if
to the angle
ACB.
Hence
cxo
PROBLEMS.
LINE.
(Euc. VI.
A) we have
AO, _AC__ b^G
AD
externally in
(b
^
+
+
G)
cy., + by
- ay,
+ c) -^
^^
'
c + b
ana
a
(^ + c)
ayi + by.2 4- Gy^
a+b+G
a+b+c
+ c)
GXo
^
{b
bx^^
^
- ax^
^
,-,
(b
^aXj^
c-
bx2
ab+G
/axj^x2-_cxs
a+bc
\
and
99.
As
ay^
GXs
'
by^ + cyA
ab+c
+ by.^ - Gy^
a+bG
ay^
'
triangle formed
3x+4cy-7 = 0,
12x +
6y-l7 =0 and
5x + 12y -
34:
0.
AB
11)
^"'^
(i'^>-
COORDINATE GEOMETRY,
76
Hence
5p
682
yfi?-')"*(s-')'V
17
,j.-^,
-16^^"^^
5=./ 1-^?V
1)
85
==16'
12-'_ 13
/^l_i?V-^ A'
^\T)
V r'^'r ~T"'
and
/ 72
"^
V7
/19
/395T165^
_ 62Y _
~
VT~
52Y "^
16/
"~Tl222
'^'
^^Vl69
112"
112'
Hence
85
13
170
-52__676
429
c^z
The
85
13
and
C2/3
YY9,>
1615
19
871
67
429
Yj2-
170
_
1X2 ~
6^6
iT2
m
"^
1615
112
IT2"
85
13
429
85
16
^T"^
112
16
-1
dicular from
112
13
"^y^
and
3aj
II2
429'
112
^.
T^ jYo
'^
,265
The length
429
871
"^
is
^P^^ *^ straight
42/
= 0,
the perpenline
THE STRAIGHT
-21 + 1060-784
5x112
The coordinates
_170_676
255
5x112
BG
112
13
112'
429
circle
~Tl2"
429
"^
85
"le'^T'^m
429
871
1615
-417
-42~
escribed
externally are
112^112
_85
51
77
i^)^0
and therefore
PROBLEMS.
LINE.
112"^Tl2
13
429
'
~l6'^T'^ri2
-315
^""^
-^r-
100. Ex. Find the radius, and the coordinates of the centre, of
the circle circumscribing the triangle formed by the points
(0, 1),
Let
(iCi
2/j)
(2, 3),
and
(3, 5).
the radius.
Since the distance of the centre from each of the three points
is
the
same, we have
^i'+
(2/1
- 1)'= (^1 - 2)H (^/i - 3)2= (.ri - 3)2+ (y, - 5)2= J22...(l).
two we have, on reduction,
From
the
first
From
the
first
^1 + 2/1
= 3.
i2=tx/10.
101.
Ex.
Prove that the middle points of the diagonals of a comlie on the same straight line.
plete quadrilateral
Let
vertices.]
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
78
Take the
lines
BI
as the axes of x
and
y.
THE STRAIGHT
[EXS. X.]
3.
AB
and
AC
move
If a straight line
PROBLEMS.
LINE.
of
au
EF
AB% shew
so that the
79
sum
of the perpendiculars
(7, 2) is equal to
three times the perpendicular on it from a third fixed point (1, 3),
prove that there is another fixed point through which this line always
passes and find its coordinates.
4.
on
let fall
it
fixed points
(3, 4)
and
Find the centre and radius of the circle which is inscribed in the
by the straight lines whose equations are
triangle formed
5.
3a;
6.
2x + iy + S = 0, 4x + Sy
7.
8.
in the triangle
8 + v/lQ
^^-^^^Q
and
ana
Find
Find the coordinates of the centres, and the radii, of the four
which touch the sides of the triangle the coordinates of whose
angular points are the points (6, 0), (0, 6), and (7, 7).
9.
circles
Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines whose
equations are
12.
y = x, y = 2x, and y = Sx + 4.
y + x=0, y=x + G, and y = 7x + 5.
13.
11.
x-y + l = 0.
16.
y m.x-\
17.
18.
y = in^-\
and y = moX +
y=m^ + c^.
19. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the three straight
lines a^x + h^y + c^ = 0, a^x + K^y + Cg = 0., and a^x + Z>3i/ + Cg =
is
2
1
2
-^
-^
K^2 - 2&l)
(2&3
3&2) (3&1
" ^1^
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
80
20.
[ExS. X.]
Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the three straight
lines
X GOB a + y sin a- Pi = 0,
and
a;
21.
sin (7
- /3)
xcos^ + y sin/S-^g^^?
7 -2)3 =
sin (a
- 7)
0,
sin
{^-a)
lines
4y-Sx-a=0,
Sy -4:X + a = 0, 4:y-Sx-da=0,
3y-4:x + 2a=0
and
22.
is
faK
Prove that the area of the parallelogram whose sides are the
straight lines
aiX
+ biy + Ci = 0,
and
+ dj^ = 0,
a^ + b2y + d2=0
ajX + bjy
IS
1&2
a^x + b^y
+ c^^O,
- ^2^1
The
23.
sides.
24.
The
lines
a;
25.
Shew
straight lines
y=mr.x-\
is
y=.m^x-\
and y=nux-\
the point
\-a,a
{ + + +
-4 and
are two fixed points whose coordinates are (8, 2) and
is an equilateral triangle on the side of
respectively ;
remote from the origin. Find the coordinates of
and the orthocentre of the triangle ABP.
26.
(5, 1)
ABP
AB
102.
jX.
The base of a triangle is fixed ; find the
locus of the vertex when one base angle is double of the
other.
THE STRAIGHT
AB
Let
81
PROBLEMS.
LINE.
take
its
middle point
AO=OB^a.
Let
O
If
be one position of the
a
vertex, the condition of the problem then gives
lPBA^2^.PAB,
i.e.
TT
cf>
= 20,
tan <^=:tan
i.e.
Let
P be the point
h+a
k).
(li,
= tan
and
-;
ha
tan ^.
1{h + a)k
(h+ay-k^'
a
1
we have
(1),
h+a
(1).
\h + a/
-{h + aY + ^=2{h^-a%
i.e.
k''-3h^-2ah + a^^0.
i.e.
But
this
is
should
(A, k)
lie
on the curve
y^-3x'-2ax +
This
is
a''
0.
103.
Ex.
From a
point
perpendiculars
PM and
if
P move
on a fixed
MN.
moving
Ax + By +
so that
L.
(7
= 0,
we have
Ah + Bk + C =
(1).
Let the
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
82
We then have
0M= OL + LM = OL + LP cos oi^h + cos
0J\^= OL' + L'N ^LP + L'P cosoi = k + h cos w.
and
Jc
is
(0,
Hence,
of JfiV,
if
{x,
+ k cos co,
0)
y) be the coordinates
o>,
we have
and
2cc'
=h-\-h cos
CO
(2),
2y
k + h cos
co
(3).
all
the
relations
li
From
k
(2)
and
by
(3),
^ 2(a3^-y^cosco ) ^^^
sin^
But
always
{x'
- y'
cos
co)
(1),
we
+ 2^ {y x
co
obtain
cos
co)
+C
sin^
on the straight
on the straight
x{A cos
which
{y'
sin^
2
^^
00
we have
solving,
is
co ==
(cc',
0.
y)
shall
line
'2 {y
X cos
co)
C sin^ co - 0,
line
(j>)
+ y { A
cos
co)
+ J C sin- co =
0,
THE STRAIGHT
LINE.
83
PROBLEMS.
as the origin
and
OA = a and OB = 6,
that a and h
are given
quantities.
line
base
ABj
so that
OA ~~0B
(say),
and hence
OA' = \a and OB' Xb.
For different values of X we therefore have
different
positions of A'B'.
is
- +
a
=
Xb
(1).
is
(2)-
Since
is the intersection of AB' and A'B its coordinates satisfy both (1) and (2).
Whatever equation we
derive from them must therefore denote a locus going
through P. Also if we derive from (1) and (2) an equation
which does not contain X, it must represent a locus which
passes through P whatever be the value of A.; in other
words it must go through all the different positions of the
point P.
Subtracting (2) from (1), we have
^%(Ui
b\X
l(}-l
%.e.
X
a
0,
b'
Hence
y = x.
62
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
84
which
OQ
is
OAQB
where
a parallelo-
is
gram.
By
Aliter.
equations
the
solving
and
(1)
we
(2)
Hence,
if
be
h=
A.
a and k
A.,
i.e.
\+
zr ^
Ji_k
a
But
should
lie
on the straight
i.e.
P,
line
'
The
straight line
105.
Ex.
a given point
on it is taken a
is
j)oint
P such
that
OP''OR'^OS''
shew that
the locus
of P
is
livie.
Ax + By + C=0,
and
0.
y^,
and - =
THE STRAIGHT
If the angle
XOE be
PROBLEMS.
LINE.
85
and
1
;=r-5
are
therefore
cos ^
^ sin
-^
and
We therefore have
2
^cos^ + .gsin^
0P~~
+ B' sin
A' cos
C
fA
C'
A'\
^'\
(^
'
(A
and
(B
A'\
B\
EXAMPLES. XL
The base BG (=:2a) of a triangle ABC is fixed; the axes being
BC and a perpendicular to it through its middle point, find the locus
of the vertex A^
when
= a).
1.
2.
3.
is
is
given
is
given
= X).
other.
From
a point
P perpendiculars TM and PN
fixed lines which are inclined at an angle w, and which are taken as
the axes of coordinates and meet in
find the locus of
;
5.
7.
9.
if
Oll^ ON be
equal to
PM + PN be equal to
if MN be equal to 2c.
if
10.
if
11.
if
2c.
2c.
6.
if
OM- ON be equal
to 2d.
8.
if
to 2c.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
86
[Exs.
12. Two fixed points A and B are taken on the axes such that
OA = a and OB = h; two variable points A' and B' are taken on the
same
(1)
axes;
find the
(2)
__,__=A__.
when
BD
OX and
14.
another; on OF
when
and
intersection of
locus of the
OY
OX
line.
15. If a straight line pass through a fixed point, find the locus of
the middle point of the portion of it which is intercepted between two
given straight lines.
same
19. Find the locus of a point which moves so that the difference
of its" distances from two fixed straight lines at right angles is equal
to its distance from a fixed straight line.
20. A straight line AB, whose length is c, slides between two
find the locus of the orthocentre
given oblique axes which meet at
of the triangle OAB.
;
21. Having given the bases and the sum of the areas of a number
of triangles which have a common vertex, shew that the locus of this
vertex is a straight line.
and
(1)
20P.= 0R+0S,
(2)
0P^=0R.0S.
THE STRAIGHT
XI.]
LINE.
EXAMPLES.
OR
OR^
OR^
OR^
i2 is
a straight
87
is
R.^,
OR^'
line.
25.
and
if
= -x.
Two
27.
is
drawn a
CHAPTER
VI.
2/2_3a;2/
This equation
is
+ 2a;2 =
(1).
equivalent to
{y-x){y-2x) =
(2).
It
make
2/-^ =
and
also
(3),
satisfy
y-2x =
(4).
(4).
Hence equation
107.
Ex.
by
x O and by
is satisfied
all
axis of X.
1.
all
locus
is
therefore the
two axes
89
of coordi-
nates.
This equation
Trace the locus x^ hx+ &=^ 0.
Elx. 2.
It is therefore satisfied
equivalent to {x 2) (a; 3) = 0.
by all points which satisfy the equation a; 2 = and also
by all the points which satisfy the equation a? 3 = 0.
is
Ex.
3.
equation
is
by 'lO = 0. This
= 0, and therefore
4)
(2/
108.
On
multiplying
it
by a
+ 2hxy +
it
hy'^
may be
L e.
\{ax
{(ax
(1).
- ah)
y'^
0,
0.
As in the last article the equation (1) therefore represents the two straight lines whose equations are
and
ax + hy + y Jh^ ab =
(2),
ax + hy y J li^ ab =
(3),
For
and
(1)
also
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
90
+ ix^y
3a^
is
5xy'^
9y^
The expression
Scc^
4:x'^y
5xy^
9y^
7xy
term
this
sum
is 2.
homogeneous equation
two straight lines, real and
follows that a
it
110.
between the
'ihxy
by-
angle
(1).
ymiX =
the
lines
be
and y~ni^x
(2),
Equating the
have
b
xu
so that
i.
m,.
mjx)
(y
coefficients of
{nil
m.y
^2)
tUox) =
xy and
(3).
x^ in (1)
2h
b
^
ana m^m^
a
-j
and
(3),
we
CONDITIONS OF PERPENDICULARITY.
91
If
be the angle between the straight lines (2)
have, by Art. 66,
tan 6
= ^^ ~
1
^^^^
=_-
n/(^i
+ m^m^
J F~T
Hence the required angle
111.
article
Condition that
may
+ ^2)^ - ^rn-jn^
1 + m-{nio,
2Vh2-ab
.(4).
a+b
0^
found.
is
he iV) 'perpendicular,
and
of
the 'previous
(2) coincident.
(1)
90
we
is
^ and
2/^
be
zero.
if =
and
Qx^
+ llxy
6^-
Ihx'y
y^ =
0,
zero and, since they both pass through the origin, they are
therefore coincident.
This
For
if A^
= ah,
i.e.
h=
Jah,
ax^
4-
it
'^Jah
[Jax-\-
i.e.
which
may be
is
two coincident
may be
x'y
written
hy- =^0,
JhyY=0.
straight lines.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
92
112.
Tojind
c,
so that (1)
is
b{y
+ 2hxy +
by^
(1).
(1)
inclined at angles
equivalent to
B^
and
0.^
to the axis
Hence
tan
6^
+ tan ^o =
;-
and tan
Let
OA and OB
Since
tan
6^
-.
.(2).
'
AOL^ = / L^OA,
iA0X-e^ = 6^~- lAOX.
:. 2 lAOX^-B^ + e,^.
z ^(9X = 90 + z .4 OX.
2 z^OX=180 + ^i + ^2.
z
:.
Also
:.
Hence,
0^1
if
AOX or BOX,
we have
n/i
tan 2^
= tan
J.
by equations
/A
{0^
A\
^o)
'
t^i^ ^1
- tan
^ = "
+ tan
= r-^-a^
t/j
2A
^2
tan
t'a
I
6
'
(2).
tan^=^.
X
TWO STRAIGHT
2h
2tan^
^^
tan 2^
,
93
LINES.
tan^
2xy
a;
*>
*?
9.
a?"
x2
of
- y2
xy
= -r
h
Z--
I.e.
a~b
any point on
ing manner
iJii
The equations
lines (1) are,
_ y-m^x
y-vi^x
y-vi^x _ y-jn^x
y-m^x
J y
-m^x
y-iihx
\_^
{y-m^-_
+ ma^
(1 + m^) {y^ - 2m^xy + m^x^) - (1 + m-^) {y^ - ^m^xy + m^x'^) = 0,
(m^2
- m^^)
{pt^
Hence, by
(2),
-y^)
(mj + W2)
i. e.
-2fe
.,.
{x^-y-')
6
I.e.
(2).
84,
{y-m^xf
1 + m-^
i. e.
m^m^^-
i.e.
^-nd
by Art.
y-ntj^x
or,
+ m2= - Y'
(1),'
/a
is
+ 2{~-ljxy = 0,
x^-y"^ _ xy
^-
a-o
h
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
94
EXAMPLES.
XII.
following equations
1.
x^-7xy + 12tf=0.
2.
4a;2-24'cz/+ll?/2 = 0.
3.
SSx^--71xij-Uif = 0.
4.
x^-&x^ + llx-Q = 0.
5.
2/2-16 = 0.
6.
7.
x^ +
8.
2xysecd + y'^=0.
tf-xif-Ux^y + 24:X^==0.
x'^ + 2xy cotd +
7f = 0.
Shew
10.
make with
tangents
2.
11.
is
+ y^) (cos^ d
sin2 a
6)-
12.
x^ sia^acoa^9
meet
at
an angle
a.
114.
expression,
which contains
The notation
pression
vv^hich
is
in
this
ex-
is
aa^
+ 2hxy +
hy"^
+ 2gx +
yy
(1).
95
LINES.
where the
h'lf'
Gz^
%fyz
'^gzx
+ Vixy
of
(2),
If in this expression
we put
;:;
equal to unity
we
get
We
therefore, in Plane
we have
corresponding to which
Solid Geometry.
terms
it
between the
coefficients of
we
This condition
shall
article.
116.
of
To find
general equation
ax^
Tnay rejyresent
If
+ 2hxy +
each of the
will represent
+ Igx +
2/^/
+c
==
(1)
we can break
factors,
hy'^
the left-hand
first
two straight
lines.
in powers oi x;
it
by and arrange
then becomes
+ 2ax
{hy
g)
\-2y{gh-af)^g''~-ac,
i.e.
...{2).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
96
is
gVi^
i. e.
for this
a,
a^bc.
we have the
required
condition, viz.
abc
(3).
+ aby'^ + 2agx^-2afij + ac =
(4).
then
(4)
it
must be equivalent
to
where
A and B
a{A+B) = 2ga
A{h+
(5),
(6),
AB = ac
and
The equations
(5)
and
(6)
A+B = 2g,
(7).
give
^ 2fa-2gh
,
and A - B=^^-=A=..
,
/^/h^
The
ab
Aac = 4:AB =
~^^
{A+B)^-{A-Byh^-ab
'
{fa-ghf = {g-~ac){h^-ab),
i.e.
Ex.
If
two straight
If
ap - bg"^ - cli^=^^.
will represent
lines if
is
2fg
- ch~0.
118.
LINES.
97
expression
h,
<x,
may be
This
easily verified
of the determinant
Discriminant
called the
is
Ex.
119.
Prove that
1.
12a;2 + Ixy -
the equation
lOy"^
+ 13a; + 45?/ - 35 =
and find
Here
a=12,
&=-10,
/i=|,
g=^,
abc + 2fgh -
Hence
= 12 X - 10) X
(
35)
+2 X
ap -
/=-*/, and
bg^ -
- x V- x ^
ch^
- 12 x (V)^ - ( -
Solving
it
10) x (V)^
-(-35)(i)2
c=- 35.
for x,
we have
~l
7y + 13 _
24
2 3y-43
,
24""'
^+-2^-=^-,
-7
-
x= 2?/
I. e.
or
- 5w + 5
-.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
98
-f and
Ex.
2.
Find
the
6a;2
may
Here
a = 6,
The condition
(3)
= 12,
^ = 11,
i.e.
^.
Hence
Taking the
first
6^2 +
i.e.
is
EXAMPLES.
XIII.
4.
5.
1.
3.
6?/2-rci/-a;2
3?/2-8a;?/-3a;2-29a;
a;2
+ + 31?/ + ^ = 0.
+
+ lla;-5?/ + = 0.
12a;2 + A;a;?/ + 2?/2 + lla;-5?/ + 2:=0.
6a;2 + a;?/ + A-?/2-ll.r + 43?/-35 = 0.
6.
6a;2+lla;?/-10?/2
7.
12a;2-10a;?/
8.
9.
2?/2
a;
A;
may
represent
EXAMPLES.
[EXS. XIII.]
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
99
kxy-8x + 9y-12 = 0.
x'^ + is^-xij + 'if-5x-7y + k=:0.
12x^ + xy-Qif-2dx + 8y + k = 0.
2x^ + oiyy-y'^ + kx + 6y-d = 0.
x^ + kxy + y^-5x-ly + Q = 0.
15. Prove that the equations to the straight lines passing through
the origin which make an angle a with the straight line y + x = are
given by the equation
x^ + 2xy sec 2a + y^ = Q.
16. What relations must hold between the coordinates of the
equations
ax^ + hy'^ ^cx-\-cy = 0,
(i)
and
(ii)
ay'^
so that each of
17.
are
+ lxy + dy -{-ex=zQ^
The equations
a;2-7a;
+6=
and
2/^- 14?/
+40 =
120.
To prove
degree represents
all
that
straight
This
is
an equation
of the
+ A.^x''
nth degree in
=--
0.
and hence
JO
must have n
roots.
Let these roots be -m^, m^, mg, ... m. Then (C. Smith's
Algebra, Art. 89) the equation (1) must be equivalent to
the equation
'^)6-"'^)(l-0-
The equation
(2) is
by
satisfied
(!-'")='<'>
all
^ _ mi = 0, ^ - m. = 0,
/v.
tLf
*^
^'T*
tKf
m,,
- 0,
72
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
100
i.e.
by
all
lie
on the n straight
lines
Hence the
Ex.
121.
which
is
1.
proposition.
The equation
equivalent to
{y-x){y-'lx){y-^x) = Q,
represents the three straight lines
?/-2a: = 0,
y-x=.^,
all of
Ex.
2.
The equation
i.e.
y-3a; = 0,
and
origin.
= 0,
y{y-2){y-S) = 0,
y^ - 5y^ + 6y
y = 2,
y=0,
all
y = S,
and
+ my = n
+ 2hxy +
The equation
(1)
may be
Ix
is
hy"^
(1)
"Igx
+ 2fy + c =
(2).
written
+ my
(3).
'-^^ + c ('-^^)' =
......(4).
Hence
the intersections of
(2)
and
(3).
it is
clear
101
123.
The preceding
article
may be
illustrated geo-
we assume
metrically
if
"'/O
Let the given straight line cut the curve in the points
P and
Q.
The equation
The equation
(2)
holds for
all
all
PQRS.
PQ.
and
The equation
holds therefore at
Q.
(4),
which
P and
is
(3),
Q.
of
124. Ex. Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the
points of intersection of the straight line x-y=:2 and the curve
5a;2
straight lines is
+ 12a;?/-8i/2+(8a;-4i/)^^ + 12fc^Y =
(1),
102
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
Now
(1) is,
on reduction,
y = 2x and y= -2x.
These lines are equally inclined to the axes.
It
will
it
What
is
We
know
sum
(1).
of
separately zero.
2/ + c =
solution of these
re
The only
and x +
(1)
yG = 0.
two equations
and y =
Oj
the equation
is
c.
by equation
(1) is therefore
(0,c).
The same
The equation
i.e.
result
may be
{x-y-VGY^-(x + y-cf,
x y + c = ^ V 1 {x + y c).
and
(1) gives
lines
103
Each
of
We
two
(0, 0).
jX. 2.
What
is
a^
x=
i.e.
and
=i=
a,
Ex.
3.
{a,
y^
h^ = 0,
and y = d=h.
therefore
h), (a,
b),
The only real points on the locus are those that satisfy
three
of the equations
all
x=
0,
2/=0,
and a =
0.
y^
= a^y
126. Es. 1. Obtain the condition that one of the straight lines
given hy the equation
ax^-\-2hxy + by^ =
(1)
may
+ 2h'xy + bY=0
common straight line
y-m^x =
a'x^
and
(1)
(2).
and
(2),
and
(2).
be
(3).
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
104
and
Solving
(4)
and
wij^
- h'a)
^_
ab'-a'b ]^
'
we must have
{ab'
Ex.
(5).
^
_ '^h _
~ aV -a'b~2 {bh' - b'h)
ha'-h'a _
bh'
so that
+ a' =
we have
(5),
2 {ha'
(4),
a'&)2
2.
m{x^-Sxy^) + y^-3x^y=0
represents three straight lines equally inclined to one another.
+ sin3^ - 3 cos^^
equation gives
sin ^
= 0,
m(l-3tan2^) + tan3^-3tan^ = 0,
i.e.
3tan^-tan3^
If
m=tan a,
tan 3^ = tan
a,
i.e.
= |,
or 60 + ^, or 120 + ^.
60
+ |,
and
120 +
to the axis of x.
They are
Ex. 3.
equation
lines represented
+ hd + d^ = 0.
y-miX = 0,
y-m2X=0,
and
y-m^x=0,
by the
(1)
EXAMPLES.
105
c
mj^+m2+m^= --
and therefore
(2),
(3)i
m^m^m^ = - -^
and
(4).
-1
711^111.2=
From
(4)
and
(5),
we
have,
(5).
we have
a
and
therefore,
from
(2),
The equation
(3)
+a
then becomes
a f
a^ + ac
i.e.
+ a\
_b
+ bd + d^ = 0.
EXAMPLES. XIV.
1.
y^-x^ + 3xy
(y
-x) =
a) sin
a=
2/
V3'
and that
3.
Shew
J3{A^ + B^)'
=
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
106
[ExS.
if
= a2(l + m2).
Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the points
5.
of intersection of the straight line
kx + hy = 2hk
{^-h)^+{y- k)^ = c^
if
h^+k^=c^.
Prove that the angle between the straight lines joining the
origin to the intersection of the straight line y = 3x + 2 with the curve
x'^
istan-i?^.
3
Shew
that the straight lines joining the origin to the other two
7.
points of intersection of the curves whose equations are
ax^ + 2hxy
+ by^ + 2gx=0
a'x'^ + 2h'xy + hY + ^g'x =
and
will
be at right angles
if
g{a' + b')-g'{a + b) = 0.
What
8.
by the equations
x^-y^=0.
9.
x'^-xy = 0.
10.
x^-xy^ = 0.
13.
11.
x^-x^-x + l = 0.
14.
x^ + y^=0.
17.
{x^-lf + {y^-4y=0.
19.
{a;2-a3)2(^2_52)2 + c'*(?/2-a2)
21,
(x + y)^-c^=0.
23.
Shew
tliat
12.
x^y = 0.
15.
18.
22.
xy-ay = 0.
x^ + y^ = 0.
{x'--l){y^-^)=0.
16.
{y-mx-cY + {y-m'x-c')^=0,
= 0.
r=a sec
20.
{x-a)^-y^=0.
(<?- a).
the equation
bx^-2hxy + ay^=0
represents a pair of straight lines which are at right angles to the pair
given by the equation
ax^ + 2 Jixy + by^ 0.
24.
+ by^=0.
EXAMPLES.
XIV.]
26.
is
Shew
27.
If
107
same
pair.
+ 2h'xy + bY=0,
by them be perpendicular, prove that
lines represented
ha'b'
h'ah
-a
b-a
28. Prove that the equation to the bisectors of the angle between
the straight lines ax^ + 2hxy + by'^=0 is
h {x^ - y^) + {b -
a)
w,
29.
+ by'^=zQ
make
if
a;
7t
= acosw,
If the axes
x^ + 2ocy cos
w + 2/^cos
2a;
31.
cos 3a {x^
Sx'^y)
its
area
is
equilateral triangle.
3 sJSa^.
Prove also
if
= ab
and bg^=^af^.
that the distance between them
h^
V
33.
an
is
9'- ac
a(a{a + b)'
If the equation
ax^
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
108
34.
'
[Exs. XIV.]
If the equation
35.
Shew
straight lines
ax^ + 2kxy +
is
a point (x\
y')
by^=0 and
lx
+ viy = l
such that
a+
^ _y' _
~ m~ aw? - 2hlm + bP
i>
two
+ dy^=0
2pjh^-ab
& cos^a - 2/i cos a sin a + a sin^ a
let fall
from the
straight lines
+ by"^
ax''^ + 21tx'y' + by'^
J{a-bf + 4:h^
ax^ + 2hxy
^^
the
'
by the
40.
a)^ {a
+ c + e) = 0.
41.
+ Qa=0 and
+ d = 0.
CHAPTER
yil.
TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES.
127.
It
is
We
128.
To
the directions
OX
Y'
OL = h and LO' = h.
Let
and
y'.
Draw
PN perpendicular to OX to meet
OX'
in N'.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
110
Then
ON^x, NF = y,
We therefore have
X ^ 0N= OL + O'N' = h + x\
and
y = FP = LO' + N'P = k + y'.
origin is therefore transferred to the point Qi, k) when
substitute for the coordinates x and y the quantities
The
we
X + h and
The above
article is true
y'
+ k.
or rectangular.
Let
OX and OF be
OX'
F in
Y'
the plane
of the paper.
Draw
dicular to
FN
OX
to
OX and
FN.
be X and
have
ON^x, NF = y, ON'^x',
and N'F = y.
The angle
We then have
X = 0N= OL -MN'= ON' cobO-N'F sine
= x' cos y
and
y=
sin
(1),
(2).
CHANGE OF AXES.
Ill
X' cos
for
X and
^ y' sin
+ y' cos
y.
to be turned through
an angle
6,
(Ji,
k)
we have
to
substitute
h + X cos
for
X and y
sin 6
and k + x
sin
+y
respectively.
OY
OX
130.
cos 6
Ex.
1.
Transform
to parallel
projection of
the fact that
equal to the
lines.
2, 3)
the equation
We
2
(x'
substitute
- 2)3 + 4 (a;' - 2)
(?/'
+ 3) + 5
2x'^
i.e.
Ex. 2.
equation
Transform
to
flj'
cos 30
+ 2fj3xy-y'^=2a^.
to substitute
- ?/ sin 30 and
^^r
t.e.
+ 4xy + 5y'^-22 = 0.
x'^
(?/'
a;'
- and
^--^
(^'
x'^-y'^ = a^.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
112
EXAMPLES. XV.
Transform to
1.
parallel
(1,
-2) the
equations
and
y'^-4:X + 4y
(2)
2x^ + y^-4:X + 4y = 0.
What
2.
+ 8 = 0,
(1)
{x-a)^+{y-b)^=c^
become when
(1)
(2)
the point
What
3.
it is
b),
b-c)?
{a-b){x^ + y^-)-2abx=0
become
4.
if
the origin be
moved
to the point
equations
x^-y^ = a\
(1)
(2)
and
(3)
5.
Transform
to axes inclined at
an angle a
the equations
and
(1)
x^+y^=r^,
(2)
a^
point
By
2,
{h, k),
Find the angle through which the axes may be turned so that
the equation
may
Ax + By + 0=0
a;
= constant,
this constant.
CHANGE OF AXES.
*132.
angle w, to another
set
inclined at
set,
113
axes, inclined at
of
an angle
w',
an
the origin
remaining unaltered.
__
/""1M
N L
X
M
O
Let OX and (9Fbe the original axes, OX' and OY' the
new axes, and let the angle XOX' be 0.
Take any point P in the plane of the paper.
Draw PN and PN' parallel to 07 and OY' to meet OX
and OX' respectively in N and iV", PL perpendicular to OX,
and N'M and X'M' perpendicular to OL and LP.
Now
z
PNL = L YOX =
Hence
0),
and PN'M' =
Y'OX =
oi'
B.
if
(1).
Also
x-ryco&oi^OX+XL=^OL=^OM-\-X'M'
= x cosO + y'cos{oy' + e)
Multiplying
by sinw,
(2)
(1)
(2).
we have
X sin
(o
[This equation
dicular from
=x
(3)
upon
The equations
sin (w
may
OT
^) + y'
sin
(oi
also be obtained
and proceeding as
w 6)
(3).
and
(1)
(3) give the proper substitutions
for the change of axes in the general case.
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
114
'^133.
become
and
x=
x'
y=
^' sin
+ y' cos
+ y sin
cos 6
6
+
+
(w'
(w'
6),
6).
and
=X
y sin o> =
X
sin
isi
a:;'
sin (w
sin 6
^)
y'
cos (w
0)^
y' cos ^.
These particular formulse may easily be proved independently, by drawing the corresponding figures.
Ex.
-2
= l from
f^
rectangular axes
to
axes inclined at an angle 2a, the new axis of x being inclined at an angle
(1)
to the old
Here 6= -a and
become
a;
Since sin a =
(a;'
w'
= 2a,
+ y)
cos a
and y =
we have
to
[y'
x') sin a.
cos a =
Ja'^ +
x/a2+&2
given equation becomes
x'y'=i{a'^ +
i.e.
b'^
b^).
and
sin
(oi
6)
sm 0)
_
y = k-vx
+y
sin
-.
+y
smo)
sin
w' 6)
sm w
(o>
^>-7
sin (w'
sinw
&)
.
115
CHANGE OF AXES.
+ 2h'xY + by%
By
x being inclined
at
an angle 6 to the
+ y' cos. 6
X and y respectively.
Hence ax"^ + 2hxy + by'^
We then have
= a cos^ ^ + 2/i cos ^ sin ^ + 6 sin^
= 1 [(a + &) + ( -6) cos 2^ + 2/1 sin 2^]
b' = aBin^d- 2h cos ^ sin ^ + 6 cos^^
= i[(a + 6)-(a-&)cos2^-27isin2^]
(9
tt'
and
/i'=
(1),
(2),
= i[2;icos2^-(a-&)sin2^j
By
Also,
(3).
adding
Hence
4a'&'
1)
and
(2) ,
- 47i'2
= (a + 6)2 _ i{2h sin 2d + {a- b) cos 20]^+ {2h cos 20 -{a- b) sin 20}^
= (a + &)2 _ [(a - 6)2 + 4/i2] = 4a6 - 4h%
so that
a'b'-h'^ = ab-h^.
136. To find the angle through which the axes must be turned so
that the expression ax^ + 2hxy + by^ may become an expression in which
there is no term involving x'y'.
82
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
116
vanishes
(3), if
27icos2^ = (a-Z>)sin2^,
2h
tan 2(9=
i.e. if
is
-.
a~h
therefore
(S)
i tan~i
a particular
is
folloM^ing
case,
more
general proposition.
If hy any change of axes, without change of origin, the
quantity ax- + ^hxy + 6?/" becomes a'x'^ + 2h'xy + 6'^/^, then
a+
2h cos w
sin^
a'
b'
2h' cos
w'
'
sin^ w'
lo
ab-h^
and
=^
sm"
db'-K''
sm^
.
o)
(i)
a7id oi' being the angles between the original and final indrs
of axes.
Let the coordinates of any point P, referred to the
original axes, be x and y and, referred to the final axes, let
them be x and y
By Art. 20 the square of the distance between P and
the origin is o^ + 2xy cos a> + 2/^, referred to the original axes,
0)
and
x'^
We
+ 2xy
X-
Also,
by
+ Ixy cos w +
supposition,
2/^
= a;'^ + ^xy
cos
-vy''^
(1).
we have
+X
cos
(o)2
-(a +
X) {b
X),
EXAMPLES.
i.e.
by
\2 (1
i.e.
117
cos^ w)
^
by
X^
+X
+ X{a + h-2h
a+
2hcos(ji
r^
cos
ab
+ ab-
oi)
h^
= 0,
h^^
=
-r-^
,,,
(4).
+X
r^-^
sm^ to
=0
(5).
'
^
sm'^ci)
Hence we have
a + b 2h cos cu
a'
sin^ (o
sin^
ab-h2
and
co'
a'b'-h'2
sin2 0)
sin2
cd'
EXAMPLES. XVI.
The equation to a straight line referred to axes inclined at 30
1.
to one another is y = 2x + l.
Find its equation referred to axes
inclined at 45, the origin and axis of x being unchanged.
Transform the
2.
inclined
at
30
to
equation
rectangular
2x'^
axes,
=2
3 sjSxy + Sy^
the axis of
from axes
x remaining
unchanged.
If
5.
obUque
transformation be
.,
prove that
,.
.,
7-
CHAPTER
VIII.
THE CIRCLE.
138. Def. A circle is the locus of a point which
moves so that its distance from a fixed point, called the
The given distance is
centre, is equal to a given distance,
called the radius of the circle.
139.
To find
the equation to
circle, the
axes of coordi-
Let
Let
OX
and
OF
let
a be
its radius.
be the axes of
coordinates.
Let P be any point on the circumference of the circle, and let its coordinates be X and y.
OX and
join OP.
Then (Euc.
I.
47)
i.e.
This being the relation which holds between the coordinates of any point on the circumference is, by Art. 42, the
required equation.
140.
To find
rectangular axes.
the equation to
circle referred to
any
THE CIRCLE.
Let
OX and F be
(9
119
circle
CM
FN
OX
Draw GL
NF.
perpendicular to
Hence, since
(x-h)2+ (y-k)2 = a2
we have
This
is
a;2
141.
(1).
Some
circle,
whose centre
is
the point
3, 4)
may
be
noticed
(a)
h^
i.e.
The equation
(1)
i.e.
+ Jc'^=a^.
then becomes
x'^
+ y^-2hx-2ky = 0.
Let the origin be not on the curve, but let the centre
(jS)
the axis of x. In this case k = 0, and the equation becomes
{x
(7)
diameter.
lif \-y^
lie
on
= a^.
By
have
taking
at C,
(8)
the case of Art. 139.
Tiero,
we
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
120
The
(e)
radius,
circle will
The equation
be equal to the
x^ + y^-2hx-2ky
To prove
a^
always represents a
its centre
rectangular.]
find
{X
Comparing
+ k^ = 0.
+ 2/'+2^a;+2/2/ + c =
circle for all values
may be
+ gf 4-
{y
c,
and
to
written
2/2/
+/^) = cf +f'
- c,
+ff = {JfTp^cf.
this
(1),
of g,f and
radius.
+ 2gx + cf) + {f +
i.e.
is
and
This equation
is therefore
+ 7f-2hx-2ky + h'^ = Q.
{a?
142.
MG
if
k = a.
i.e. if
(1) of Art.
140,
we
Hence
and a =
h^-f
h = -g,
is
-hf^-c.
Jg""
whose centre
is
the point
Jg^-^f^ c.
is real.
= c,
If g^
is
imaginary.
In
this case the equation does not represent any real geometrical locus.
It is better not to say that the circle does
1.
The equation
x"^
it is
+ ij^ + 4^x -
6y =
form
{x
+ 2f + iy-Bf = lS = {JlS)\
circle
whose centre
is
the point
- 2,
3)
and
2.
The equation
45a;2
121
is
equivalent
to
('-|)^ + (y +
i.e.
and
F=f + ^*5-H=/A,
whose radius
143.
degree
is
whose centre
is
and
=15
may
represent
circle.
be zero.
144. The equation (1) of Art. 142 is called the
general equation of a circle^ since it can, by a proper
choice of g, f and c, be made to represent any circle.
The three constants g, f, and c in the general equation
correspond to the geometrical fact that a circle can be found
to satisfy three independent geometrical conditions and no
more.
Thus a circle is determined when three points on it
are given, or when it is required to touch three straight
lines.
145.
To find
Let
{x-^
y-^)
The equation
to
AP is
to
y-yi=j^i^-^i)
BP is
-2/2=^' (^-^2)
(Art. 62)
(1).
(2).
2/
But, since
APB
is
(1)
and
(2)
APB
is a right angle,
are at right angles.
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
122
^-Vi h^ljh^ _
_
(h-x-^){h-x^)
i.e.
+ {k-yj}{Jc-y2) = 0.
But this is the condition that the point {h, k) may lie on the curve
whose equation is
{X - x^) {x - x^) + {y- y^) {y - y^) = 0.
This therefore
146.
is
Intercepts
made on
The
where the
(1).
circle (1)
x,
i.e.
ax^ + 2gx + c =
The
(2).
and
Xj^
x^
we have
^+
29
^2
'
and
(Art. 2.
Hence
A-^A^ = x^ -x-^= J{x-^-\-x^^
=
a2
- 4x-^i
Again, the roots of the equation (2) are both imaginary if g^<ac.
In this case the circle does not meet the axis of x in real points, i.e.
geometrically it does not meet the axis of x at all.
The
circle will
zero, i.e. ii g^
if
the intercept
A-^A^,
be just
= ac.
147. Ex.1.
the points
to the circle
circle
be
x^ + y^ + 2gx + 2fy + c =
(1).
Since the three points, whose coordinates are given, satisfy this
equation, we have
l + 2^ + c =
(2),
and
36-12/+c=0
25 + 6^ + 8/+c =
(3),
(4).
EXAMPLES.
Subtracting (2) from
(3)
and
(3)
from
123
we have
(4),
2^ + 12/= 35,
+ 20/=ll.
/=*/- and g=z -iJ-.
and
65f
Hence
Equation
(2)
then gives
= ^-.
(1)
is
Ex. 2. Find the equation to the circle which touches the axis ofy
at a distance + 4 from the origin and cuts off an intercept 6 from the
axis of X.
Any
circle is
= 0.
+ c = 0.
to 4, so
i.e. at
+ 2gx + l&:=0,
points distant
-g+slT^^
and -g-Jg^lJG,
Q = 2^g^-ie.
Hence
Therefore
^=
is
+ U = 0.
EXAMPLES. XVII.
Find the equation to the
circle
1.
Whose
radius
is
2.
Whose
radius
is
3.
Whose
radius
is
4.
Whose
radius
is
is
is
- 1,
is {a,
centre
x^ + y^-ix-8y
= ^l.
Q,
Sx'^
2).
( - 5,
is
6).
- h).
{
- a, -
6).
+ Sz/ - 5x- Qy + 4 = 0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
124
+ y^=k{x + k).
7.
x^
9.
Jl+m"^
Draw
{x^
x^ + y'^
8.
[ExS.
= 2gx-2fy.
tlie circles
10.
x^ + y^ = 2ay.
12.
5x'^
H,
3x^ + 3y^=4x.
+ 5y^=2x + 3y.
13. Find the equation to the circle which passes through the
points (1, - 2) and (4, - 3) and which has its centre on the straight
line
305
14.
(0, a)
+ 42/ = 7.
to the circles
and
15.
17.
(1,1), (2,-1),
19.
(, &)> (j
-&)>
16.
(0, 6).
and
18.
(3, 2).
-4), and
(5,
and
-6).
(1, 3).
and(a + 6, a-b).
ABGB
AD
AB
x^-\-y^
21.
origin
= a{x-\-y).
circle
to 3
22. Find the equation to the circle passing through the origin
and the points (a, 6) and (6, a). Find the lengths of the chords that
it cuts off from the axes.
23. Find the equation to the circle which goes through the origin
and cuts off intercepts equal to h and h from the positive parts of the
axes.
24.
which passes
through the two points on the axis of x which are at a distance & from
the origin.
which
to the circle
25.
26.
27.
28.
(1,
is of
radius
a,
(
2,
3).
-2) and
29.
point
TANGENT TO A CIRCLE.
XVII.]
125
31. Points (1, 0) and (2, 0) are taken on the axis of x, the axes
being rectangular. On the line joining these points an equilateral
triangle is described, its vertex being in the positive quadrant. Find
the equations to the circles described on its sides as diameters.
32. If 1/ = mx be the equation of a chord of a circle whose radius is
the origin of coordinates being one extremity of the chord and the
axis of X being a diameter of the circle, prove that the equation of a
circle of which this chord is the diameter is
a,
+ m2)
(1
(c2
- 81, -
38).
2x + 3y = 2,
x + 2y = 3,
4:,
and
2x-y = B.
35.
{x^ , y^)
and
angle 6
is
{x
dx-2y =
- x^)
{x
- x^) + (y - yj)
(y
- y^)
- 2/2) - {x -x^)
{y
(y
- y^)] = 0.
36. Find the equations to the circles in which the line joining the
points {a, h) and {b, - a) is a chord subtending an angle of 45 at any
point on its circumference.
let
the point
Art.
(Fig.
139)
be the point
y').
The equation
by Art. 62,
to
any straight
y~
Also the equation to
y'
line passing
= m, {x x)
OP
3/
through
T is,
(1).
is
= |*
(2).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
126
The
and
mx^ = -l,
m=
II
I. e.
i.e.
the
if
(Art. 69)
>
y
Substituting this value of
tangent at {x\ y)
m in (1),
is
y-y =--f{^-^h
xx+yy x'^ + y
t.e.
(oj.
XX'
+ yy' = a2.
Tangent.
Def.
Let
Join
TQ
then
FQ
is
called
secant.
X^
^^--,___^^
this definition,
{x\
if
imint
The equation
FQ
to
is
y-2/'
Since both
(cc',
then
(1)-
f^(-^')
and
x"^
By
127
circle,
we have
= a^.
y'"^
we have
subtraction,
x"^-x" + y"'-y" = 0,
{x"
i. e.
It
X +x
,
(y"
+ y') ^
0,
y +y
(1),
the equation to
FQ
y-y'=-^^'(''-'')
(^)-
(2)
is
it ulti-
becomes
2x
y-y' = -7y-A^-^\
^y
yy'
i. e.
is
therefore
+ yy' = a2
(3).
Our
definition of a tangent
same straight
and Euclid's
151.
(x'y y')
definition there-
y'^
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
any point
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
128
The equation
PQ
is
2/-2/'
to
and
x"^
y"'
y'^
a point
C^!(-x')
(cc",
'lgx'
2fy'
+ 2gx" +
(x"
- x) {x" + x' +
2g)
y y
X -X
(y"
X +X
y +y
(1),
we have
(2),
c^^
(3).
2/(y" -
y')
= 0,
+ y' + 2/) = 0,
{y"
circle,
2fy" +
- y')
(1).
on the
y") lie
By subtraction, we have
^- _ x'^ + y"^ _ y- + 2g (x" - x') +
i. e.
y") lying on
(x'\
therefore
Zg
+2/
the equation to
PQ
be-
comes
X + X + Ag
Now
let
Q be taken very
coincides with P,
The equation
i. e.
(4)
put x"
y"
= y'.
then becomes
y' {y'
to
+f)+x
fO
{x'
/
+ g)
(2).
This
may be
XX'
which
is
152.
for
written
+ yy' + g (x + X') + f (y + y) + c = O
The equation
x^y
to the tangent at
(x', y') is
there-
fore obtained
XX
, V
x and
y {y +/) + 0^(03' + ^) =
^. e.
,.
This
is
153.
line
y^mx
with the circle
x'
The coordinates
(1)
meets
(1),
= d^
(2).
of the points in
(2) satisfy
If therefore
we
y^
-\-
we
both equations
solve
them
line
as simultaneous equations
common point or
points.
+ {mx +
x^
x^ (1
i.e.
c)^
+ m^) + 2mcx +
c^
(1
(c^
a^)
- =
by Art.
is positive, zero,
(3).
1,
real, coinci-
or negative,
according as
a? {\
i.e.
+ m^)
a^,
-\-
m^)
c^
is positive, zero,
or negative,
according as
c^ is
In the
<=
or
>
marked
a^ (1
m^).
II,
all
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
130
The
We
2mc
1 + m"
c^
_,
cC-
+ m^
Hence
^1
^2 = Jip^i
^2)^
^x^x^ =
2
-z
J.
"2
"r 7Yh
+m^
2/2 = {mx-^ +
"~
<^)
(^^2 +
Q and
c)
= rri
R we have,
{x^
since
x^.
Hence
QR = J(yi - y^Y +
K-
oc^y
a^ (1
1
Jl+ m'
+ m^)
+ 7n^
(x^^
- x.^
c^
155.
2/2
The straight
+ 2yx + 2fy +
line
y = mx + ajl + m^
is
always
a.
= 0.
inter-
As
131
y = mx +
meets the
circle in
if
But
The
if
straight line
y = mx +
c is
circle if
G^a J\
i.e.
772^,
y=
is
mx + a Vl + m2
(1).
The above
156.
which
result
may
may
also be
be written
a2
x'
y= --+-
x'
Put
'm,
so that x'=
y'^{m^+l) = a^,
The equation
(1)
(1).
i.e.
relation
.r'-
+ ?/'2 = a^
gives
= /Jl+m^.
then becomes
y = mx + afjl + m\
This
is
~ma
Vi + w2
and
7i + W''
157. If we assume that a tangent to a circle is always perpendicular to the radius vector to the point of contact, the result of
Art. 155 may be obtained in another manner.
For a tangent
centre
is
92
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
132
The
straight line
perpendicular on
y=mx + c
i.e. if
This method
is
will therefore
it
touch the
circle if the
a, i.e. if
= a /sjl + m^.
circle.
Ex.
158.
+ y^-6x + Ay = 12
x'^
4a;+3i/
Any
The equation
its
'
+ 32/ + (7 =
(1).
to the circle is
-3)2 + (2/
(a;
The
+ 5 = 0.
that
if it
+ 2)2 =52.
^l7^f=:5
Hence
(7=
so that
V4H32
-6=t25 = 19or
-31.
are therefore
+ 32/ + 19 =
4a;
(Art. 75),
and
4;r
+ 3?/-31 = 0.
of
159. Normal. Def. The normal at any point
and is
a curve is the straight line which passes through
perpendicular to the tangent at P.
To find
normal at
the j^oint
X-
and
2/
= a%
X-
(1)
i.e.
y^
+ Igx +
The tangent at
(.t', 3/')
2/2/
is
XX + yy a^,
X
a^
,x +
y^
y
y
0.
(x', y'^
of
133
y-y'
mx
where
^m{x- x),
(- %] = -
(Art. 69),
1,
y'
y-y
is
therefore
^-'(^-^-^)'
X y xy =
i. e.
0.
which
If
to
(2)
is at once
the straight line joining
is
(;', 2/').
The equation
'
to the tangent at {x
i/-^
+ ^yx + %fy +
fu
CI
point
y) to the
circle
-.x-^-gx +/-^^+
X +
y = --
IS
(Art. 151.)
line,
this tangent,
is
where
y+f
m^,
I.e.
1,
x + g
The equation to the normal is therefore
y-y'-^K~^{^-x),
X
+ g
i. e.
y {x'
'
(Art. 69),
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
134
EXAMPLES.
XVIII.
1.
a;2
2.
4^2 + iy^
16a;
+ 24y -^ 117
at the point
a;2
4.
-JC'
+ 2/^ = 4 which
to the circle
4,
- -V)
to the circle
a;
+ 2^ + 3 = 0.
a;
5.
x'^-\-y'^
= c-\
and find
its
point of contact.
6.
may
7.
line
=2+J
+ l = Q.
x+y
x- + y^-2x-2y
2,
9.
cccos
may
touch the
sin a - a^ sin^ a 0.
10.
line
a+?/sina-p =
circle
a;2
touch the
may
line
Ax-\-By + G Q
may
circle
{x-af+{y-hf=c^.
Find the equation
11.
a?
which
(i)
(ii)
and
is
(iv)
12.
(iii)
= mx + c,
is
Find
(6, 0),
triangle
whose area
is a-.
which the
straight line
meets the
13.
and cut
circle
+ y^ = r".
x'^
EXAMPLES.
[EXS. XVIII.]
135
14. Find the equation to the straight lines joining the origin to
the points in which the straight Hne y = rnx + c cuts the circle
x^ + y'^ = 2ax
+ 2by
Hence
Find
may
also the
subtend a right
may
touch the
circle.
has
its
which
to the circle
(3, 4)
5x + 12y
16.
straight line
= l.
a
the centre being in the positive quadrant.
17.
Hne
2a:
(1,
3)
18. Find the general equation of a circle referred to two perpendicular tangents as axes.
19. Find the equation to a circle of radius / which touches the
axis of 2/ at a point distant h from the origin, the centre of the circle
being in the positive quadrant.
Prove also that the equation to the other tangent which passes
through the origin is
{r^-h'^)x + 2rhy = 0.
20.
(a,
p)
21.
Two
circles are
is
passes through the points ( - 1, 1), (0, 6), and (5, 5).
this circle the tangents at which are parallel to the
straight line joining the origin to its centre.
22.
circle
(ajj,
The equation
y^.
to
circle
'3t?
\- y"^
', and
any tangent
be
caii he
mx +
is,
a J\ +
by Art.
rn?.
155,
drawn
let
the
COORDINATE GEOMETllY.
136
If this
v/i
mx'i
aj\
(xj^,
y^ we have
+ m^
(1).
This is the equation which gives the values of m corresponding to the tangents which pass through (x-^^^ y^).
Now
(1) gives
?/i
y^
m^ {xj^
i.e.
i. e.
jiid\ a Jl
+ m^x^ =
2rax-^y-^
a^)
m^,
ahn^^
2mx^y^ + y-^^ a^ =
(2).
The
roots of
(2)
by Art.
are,
1,
coincident or
real,
imaginary according as
(2xi?/i)^
i. e.
(.r/
a"^) (2/1^
a^)
is
according as
a^
i. e.
a"^
Xj^
according as
If
+ y^)
is
x-^
+ y^
=- a?.
x^ + y^>
the centre
the circle.
is
(x^^,
from
y^)
it lies
outside
161.
T without
{x-^^
y^
lies
circle
If
TP and TQ be drawn
PQ joining the points
two tangents
to
To find the
drawn to the
(^1,
2/i)-
Let
(oj'j 2/')
and
be the point
The tangent
and that at Q
y^),
and
y") respectively.
(a?",
XX
(x^,
137
at
F is
+1/1/'
a-^
(1),
is
xx" + yy" d^
(2).
both
(1)
and
(2).
Hence
and
x-^ + y^y a?
(3),
= cir
.(4).
x^od'
The equation
to
FQ
is
i.e.
Q, lies
on
+ yyi=a2
is true, it
is
y-^y"
then
xxi
For, since (3)
F, lies on (5).
(5).
y),
(5).
Hence both
(5) is
(5),
i.e.
If the point {x^, y^) lie within the circle the argument
of the preceding article will shew that the line joining the
(imaginary) points of contact of the two (imaginary)
+ yy^
a^.
In the next
straight line.
be proved to be a
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
138
To
163.
(^ij
2/1)
the
Jincl
equation
to
the 'polar
Let
QR
tangents at
are (A, k).
the point
Q and
QR
Hence
of
d^.
is
:Z^
Since the
variable point
equation
relation
+ y^
(1)
always
(A, k)
Hence
(2) is
it
follows
that
the
= a2
(2).
(x^, y^).
+ 2gx + 2fy + c =
xx^ -^yvi + g (x + xi) +/ (y + yi) +
o(^
is
(1).
is
xxi + yyi
(x'l,
true
is
lies
a"
y^
c=^ 0.
If the point
(x^, y^)
it.
be on the
circle,
(Art. 150.)
139
be drawn from
(x-^
y^.
We
see therefore
defined as follows
that
have
been
The
the
circle.
165.
The equation
to
OP^ which
is
(0, 0)
to
(!)
^.e.
P is
xx^
By
+ yVx cC"
(2).
one another.
of P.
OP - ^x^+y},
COORDINATE GEOMETRY,
140
of
thus
necessary) take a point
OP is equal to the square of
ON
Through
OP
(2)
ON OP a^.
any point P is therefore constructed
upon
from
OiV,
circle.
LL' perpendicular to
To Jind
166.
the pole
on
to
circle.
^a;
(1)
and
LL'
lies
any
if
let
line
be
% + (7-0
circle
(1).
be
{x-^, y-^.
Then
i.e. it is
+ yVi cv^-O
Comparing equations (1) and (2), Ave have
xx-^
J B
so that
Xt
is
yz a^
'
A
(2)
+ 2/2 +
l.yx
circle
be
+ 2fy + g=Q.
(oji,
y^,
(2).
i.e.
Comparing
-
By
then
(1)
+yyi +
xx^
and
141
g{os
x,)
with
(1)
sc^
(3),
we
+ 9 _ Vi+f^
A " B
must be
(Art.
1 63),
(3).
therefore have
9^1 +/2/1
+g
C
we have
the values of x^
2/1.
Ex.
Find
9x+2j-28 =
(1)
2x^+2y'^-Sx + 5ij-7 =
yj) be the required point the line
polar of (x^, 2/i)' whose equation is
If
(.Tj,
(1)
(2).
i.e.
Since
(1)
and
(3)
4.'Ci
-3
Hence
and
(3).
we have
Xj^
= S and
= - 1,
t/^
so that the
167.
Let
spectively.
a;^
If
the 2')olar
and
be the points
{x-^,
y^ and
(.Tg,
2/2)
^^-
The polar
+ 2/2 _ ^2 jg
of
(x^,
y^
xx-^
with
+ 2/2/1 =
respect
to
circle
Cb^'
the
+ 2/22/1 =
ct^
T if
(!)
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
142
is
Cor.
and Q,
(x^,
that
can he
and
(1)
a?-^y'^
(2)
x?
y^
= a\
+ 2gx +
2/^/
= 0.
be
TQ" = x^^ +
Hence
(2)
y^-
(x
i.e.
In this case
a^,
is
the
- a\
circle
x^
x" ^-y"-
be
0,
+ gf-v{y+fY = f+f'-c.
the point (
is
g,
f) and
Hence
Therefore
TQ^ ^
{x,
+ gf +
(y,
+ff -
(f +p
+ c.
(Art. 20).
- c)
In each case
to the circle
being written so that the coefficients of x^ and y" are each
unity) the square of the length of the tangent drawn to the
circle from the point {x^, y^) is obtained by substituting x^
and 2/1 for the current coordinates in the left-hand member
of the equation to the circle.
*169. To find
he drawn from
can
the point
(x-^^
y^
d^.
ANY
143
POINT.
(A, k)
(^1, Vi)'
Since any straight line touches a circle if the perpenit from the centre is equal to the radius, the
perpendicular from the origin upon the line joining (x^, y^)
to (A, k) must be equal to a.
dicular on
The equation
points
two
is
yQ^~~ ^'i)
i.e.
__
Hence
Vi
J(h-x,f+(k-y,y
(kx^
hy^y = a^ [{h oo^y + {k 2/1)^]-
so that
k)
always
lies
on the locus
This therefore
The equation
(h,
(1).
is
(1)
may
(x^
y'^-
CL^)
{^i
+ y\ ^) = x'^X{' + y^y^ +
a^
+ 2xyx{y^
(2).
of
drawn from
form
is,
similarly,
= \xx^^yy^^g{x\x^^f{y^ry^) + cf
(2).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
144
EXAMPLES.
XIX.
1.
(1, 2)
2.
(4,
3.
1)
x'^
4.
(5,
I)
(a,
6)
+ y^ = 7.
2x" + 2y^=ll,
a;-
circle
to the circle
+ y^-4x-&y + 5 = 0.
5.
circle
circle
Sy^-1x + 8y-9 = 0.
circle
x^ + y^ + 2ax - 2by + a^ -
Find
7.
+ 2y = l
2x-y = G
8.
2x + y
6.
+ 12 =
48;r
54?/
circle 5x^
+ 53 =
Sx^
10.
= 0.
x^ + y^-4x +
9.
b-
+ oy^ =9.
circle
By-l=0.
circle
+ 3y^ + 5x-7y + 2 = 0.
ax + by + 3a^ + 36^ =
x^ + y^ + 2ax
+ 2by = a^ + b^.
is
12. Find the equation to that chord of the circle x'^ + y^ = 81 which
bisected at the point ( - 2, 3), and its pole with respect to the circle.
13.
circles
(1,
2)
+5=
and
x'^
+ y^ + 2x + 8y + 5 =
coincide ; prove also that there is another point the polars of which
with respect to these circles are the same and find its coordinates.
14. Find the condition that the chord of contact of tangents from
the point (x', y') to the circle x^+y^=a^ should subtend a right angle
at the centre.
[EXS. XIX.]
145
17. Tangents are drawn from the point {h, k) to the circle
x^ + y^ = aP; prove that the area of the triangle formed by them
and the straight line joining their points of contact is
ajJi^
+ Ji^-aY
+ k^
h^
of the tangents
drawn
18.
19.
-7x-6y = 12 from
2, 3).
the point
(6,
7).
20.
to the circle
21.
circles
+ 37/-36a; + 81 = 0,
a:2^.,y2_i6^_12y + 84 = 0,
3ic2
and
them
are equal in
The
22.
ic2-hy"^-2Xic
23.
drawn
(1)
(2)
171.
to
= c^
To
of a
circle referred
polar coordinates.
Let
centre
OX
circle.
R and a,
L XOC = a.
be
so that
00 M
of
and
L.
10
the
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
146
Then
we have
OP' -20C. OP
CP- ^
OC'^
-r
cos
i.e.
a''^P^ + r'-2Prcos(e~a),
i.e.
r'-
This
is
-2Rr cos
C OF,
- a) + R"" - a" ^0
{0
(1).
- 2Rr cos ^ + E^ - a^ = 0.
be taken on the
circle, so that
B=OG = a.
The general equation then becomes
r^-2arcos{d-a) = 0,
^^M
r=2acos{d - a).
be on the circle and also
i.e.
and
a=0,
let
In this case
circle.
R a.
is at
For,
if
OCA
0|
figure.
be a diameter, we have
0P=0^ cos ^,
r=2aQO8 0.
i.e.
two values be
If these
equation
called
r-^
and
we
have, from
(1),
7\r^
= product
of the roots
E^
OP.OQ^P'-a\
the rectangle OP OQ
i.e.
The value of
same for all values
.
is
Euc.
iii.
a"^,
is therefore the
It follows that if we drew any
to cut the circle in P^ and Q^ we
.
of
This
rg,
0.
= OP^ .OQ^.
36, Cor.
147
174. Find the equation to the chord joining the points on the circle
r 2a cos 6 whose vectorial angles are d^ and 6^, and deduce the equation
to the tangent at the point 6^.
The equation
to
any
^ = rcos((9-a)
pass through the points
If this
(2a;
cos
(1).
6^ and (2asin^2
^j^,
^2)' ^^^
have
2a cos
(^j-a)=^ = 2acos
cos
d-^
cos (2^^ - a)
Hence
+ cos a = cos
2^1
i.e.
since d^
and
^2 ^^^
-a=
On
= 2a cos
substitution in
The equation
We
+ cos
(2).
a,
6-^
cos
d.^^
d.-^.
(1),
r cos (^
Art. 150,
a)
-(2^0 -a),
a d-^ +
(2), j?
cos {9.^~a)
general, equal.
iiot i'^
Hence
(2^.,
^.3
^1
^2)
is
= 2a cos ^1 cos ^2
(3).
is
found, as in
by putting
2acos2^j^.
6.,
+ 7] 2a cos {9-^
cos
(^
7) cos
(9.^
7)
2^j
EXAMPLES. XX.
1.
r=A
2.
cos 9
+ B sin
9.
tangent.
3.
r = a sin ^;
(3) r = ttcos^;
(4) r = asec^;
= acos(^-a); (6) r = asec(^-a).
Prove that the equations r = acos(^-a) and rb sin (9 -a)
(5) r
4.
^- a;*
cos 2^
-2a- cos
102
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
148
[Exs. XX.]
on the straight
r^-r [cos
8.
{d
60)
+ 2 cos
{0
30)]
+ ^3 = 0.
line
- = acos d + h sin^
r
may
touch the
175.
circle
To find
= 2c cos d.
an angle
circle referred to
to.
Let
circle.
OX
OM=h
and MC=.k.
PNinL.
Then
and
Also
CL = MN =
OM x - h,
LP^NP-NL^NP -MG^y- k.
z CLP - z ONP= 180 - z PNX = 180 -
Hence, since
we have
i.e.
x^
(x
+ y^ + 2xy
(y
cos
=-
+ LP^ -
WL
- k)2 + 2
(x
CL^-
- h)2 +
OiV -
w - 2x
[h
--
LP cos CLP = a\
h) (y
- k)
+ k cos w) ~2y
ik
176.
As
in
Art.
is
cosco
+ h cos w)
therefore found.
142
it
may be shewn
that the
equation
aj-
+ ^xy cos
oi-\-
= 3?,
2M COS w or.
+ JiT + k^ +
tu.
y"
'2gx
+ 2fy +
OBLIQUE COORDINATES.
Ex.
49
represents a circle
If
and find
its
centre
-2
(1)
and radius.
cosw=|,
D6COII1GS
x'^
(1) if
+ =4
+ h^b
7i2 + A;2 + 7i;e-a2= -2
we have h = l and k 2.
2/i
/c
(2),
'ih
and
Solving
(2)
and
(3),
(3),
(4).
Equation
(4)
then
gives
a = 3.
so that
The equation
point
(1, 2)
and
EXAMPLES. XXI.
Find the inclinations of the axes so that the following equations
represent circles, and in each ease find the radius and centre ;
may
1.
x'-xy-\-y'^~2gx-'ify = 0.
2.
x'^
+ fjZxy+if-^x-%y + 5 = Q.
4.
+ 2xy
cos
whose centre
is
circle
x^ + 2xycoso} + y'^-2a
7.
+ ^)cot- +a^cot^-=0.
if
8.
circle
(.T
{g
+fm)^ = c
(1
+ 2m cos
o)
+ m^)
circle
and
{x", y").
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
150
If,
MOP equal
seen to be a
(1)
of
that
article.
The
is
may
the value of a
" the point a."
With
To find
178.
equation
tlie
the circle xr
y8, 07i
y^
joining
= a-.
Let the points be P and Q, and let OA^ be the perpendicular from the origin on the straight line PQ ; then OJV
bisects the angle POQ, and hence
z
X0]^= 1 (
Also
The equation
X cos
If
to
a+
PQ
j8
p-^"
+ y sm
-^
we put P = a we
at the point
is
a+
2^
i8
a cos a- /?
a,
X cos a + y sin a = a.
This may also be deduced from the equation of Art. 150
by putting x' = a cos a and y =cb sin a.
179.
circle
be in the more
general form
(x
- hy
(y-ky^ a',
(Art.
40),
ONE VARIABLE.
THE CIRCLE.
we may
(A
Here a
F in
is
cos
(X
^ +
a,
LOP
the form
sin a).
ct
above equation.
satisfy the
the angle
151
{x
+ yS
IN
h)
cos ^r^
-^
{y
7\
Ic)
sm
#180. Ex.
K) cos a +
Find
and
(2/
a.
)8
is
li)
common
the four
a +
= a cos ^^
sin a
= a.
ox'^
+ 5i/ - 22x + iy + 20 = 0,
5a;2
20 = 0.
+ \^-f+{y-ir^ = SK
circle is (\^- + cos d, -| + sin d).
(x
Any
point on the
Any
The equations
first
is
- V- + 3 cos 0, f + 3
sin 0).
by the
last
article
+ |)sin^ = l
(1),
+ -V-)eos0 + (?/-|)sin0 = 3
(2).
(a;-
and
(a;
i^)cos^ +
{y
cos ^
cos
From
the
first
If 0=:^, the
<p
we have
i.e.
solving,
^'
dor(p = d + 180.
'
i.e.
(f)
-llcos^ + 2sin^-5
~ llcos^-2sin^-l"5
llcos^-2sin^ = 5
On
common
if
we have tan
=|
or -
-^^.
(4),
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
152
which satisfy
which do not
satisfy
it.
tan^=
Corresponding to
which
= 180+ ^,
If
- 11 cos
+ 2 sin
(3)
give
^-5
~ -llcos^ + 2sin^-15'
11 cos -2 sin ^= -10
(9
i,e.
tan^=-for^.
so that
The
0=1,
cos0=-|
solutions of
(3)
are therefore
= 1,
cos
found to be
sin0=f, -i^,
On
(5).
This gives
2^5,
f,
and -^^;
(1),
the
common tangents
are found to be
3a;
+ 42/ = 10,
4a;-3i/=
181.
We
= 50,
7?/ = 25.
7.^-24?/
and
5,
24.^+
cellaneous examples on
loci.
Ex. I. Find the locus of a point P lohich moves so that its distance
is always in a given ratio [n
1) to its distance
from a given point
from another given point A.
as origin and the direction of OA as the axis of x. Let
Take
:
the distance
OA
be
rt,
so that
is
the point
{a, 0).
any position of
we have
OP2=n2.^p2,
i.e.
x'^-\-y'^
i.e.
(a;2
= n^[{x-a)^-\-y-'\,
+ 2/2)(n2-l)-2an2a; + 7i2a2=0
P is
Let this
and
OB
zero in
-.-.-
(1).
a circle.
(1).
Hence
^^
00=
na
n+
and
1
^^
0D=
na
n-15.
THE CIRCLE.
We therefore have
CA=
^^^^^
AD =
and
n+1
OG
153
EXAMPLES.
n-1
OB
GA=AD =
''-
Ex. 2. From any 'point on one given circle tangents are drawn to
another given circle ; prove that the locus of the middle point of the
chord of contact is a third circle.
Take the centre of the first circle as origin and let the axis of x
pass through the centre of the second circle. Their equations are
then
a;2+2/2=a2
(1),
and
(.'c-c)2
where a and
and
+ r/2 = &2
(2),
the circles.
- c)
6,
a sin
where
6)
is variable.
chord
Its
is
{a cos 9
c) -{-ya
^m 6 = 1^
(3)
is
Any equation deduced from (3) and (4) is satisfied by the coordinates of the point under consideration. If we eliminate 6 from them,
we shall have an equation always satisfied by the coordinates of the
point, whatever be the value of 6. The result will thus be the equation
to the required locus.
Solving
(3)
and
we have
(4),
^^y
/I
=
a Bin 6
7/ + (.r-6f'
and
_
a cos 6 - c
so that
acos^ = c+
y^ix-c)
~f+{^c^cf'
62 {x
y^ +
c)
{x- cy
Hence
a2
The required
is
c)-
^,
+ y^
-c)
+ .
+ {x - c)2
locus is therefore
(a2
This
^~^
^
y^+(x-
c2) [?/2
a circle and
its
(.^
_ c)2] = 2c62
centre
[x
easily found.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
154
Ex. 3. Find the locus of a point which is such that its polar with
respect to one circle touches a second circle.
Taking the notation of the
two
circles are
and
Let
{h,
x^ + if=a-
(1),
(a?-c)2 + ^2^62
(2).
Jc)
respect to (1)
Its polar
xh + yk = a^
Also any tangent to
(2)
[x
If
then
^,
with
is
(3)
has
c)
be a tangent to
(3),
its
cos d
+y
(2) it
sin d = b
must be
of the
cos d
9
c cos d + b
= sin
=
Therefore
(4).
form
(4).
,5
a"^
= hh, and
sin
d{a^-ch) = hk.
The
Aliter.
found.
is
(5).
+ y^) = {a^-cxf.
(3)
may
touch
(2)
may
be otherwise
For, as in Art. 153, the straight line (3) meets the circle
points whose abscissae are given by the equation
k^{x-c)^ +
x^-
i. e.
The
{h^
{a^-hxf^b%\
+ a^hf={h^ + F)
h^h^ + B) = {ch-aY-,
which
in the
(cZ;2
i.e.
(2)
is
equation
(5).
is
EXAMPLES.
THE CIRCLE.
155
Let
initial
O be
as the
line.
\d
C"
where
the given
condition,
?-
we have
a2=^VtZ2-2 cos^
Q
-2
(1),
is
2^cos^=-
55
(2.
is a'
r2-2rd'cos0 = a'2-d'2
Comparing
such that
(1)
and
(2),
we
Hence
hi
and
The required
centre
is
2= __
d'^-
n"^
^^^^^.^
J=
^-^
~z^
d^
on the same
from the
-^,
(3).
Z'2/7
,r-
is
whose
a"
centre at a distance
line as the original
'^
kH
^
d--
a^
fixed point.
When
the equation
lies
(1)
is
OG.
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
156
Ex.
PQ
5.
is
a straight
the point
ivhich
Take O as the origin, let the radii of the two circles be R and R',
and let the lines joining their centres to O make angles a and a' with
the initial
line.
The equations
to the
two
if
S be
172
(2)},
a').
PQ, we have
therefore
is
+ R'co3{e-a')
= {R cos a + R' cos a') cos ^ + (JR sin a + R' sin a'} sin 6
= 2R''co8{d-a")
2R" cos a" = R cos a + R' cos a',
where
(1),
and
Hence
(a
a')
and
jR
a'
EXAMPLES.
1.
XXII.
A point
moves
so that the
sum
is
circle.
157
EXAMPLES.
[EXS. XXII.]
Find the locus of the vertex of a triangle, given (1) its base and
6.
the sum of the squares of its sides, (2) its base and the sum of m times
the square of one side and n times the square of the other.
7.
a-y cos a b
circle.
From
9.
a point
on a
circle
FN
drawn
to
two
are
find
10.
lies
chord of contact
another
circle.
11.
x^ + y^
= aP which
12.
x'^
is
circle
+ y^=a? which
on OP
is a fixed point and P any point on a fixed circle
taken a point Q such that OQ is in a constant ratio to OP ; prove
that the locus of Q is a circle.
13.
is
14.
OP
is
any
circle
18.
21
circle
is 2/^
COORDINATE GEOMETHY.
158
[ExS.
19. A straight line moves so that the product of the jDerpendiculars on it from two fixed points is constant. Prove that the locus
of the feet of the perpendiculars from each of these points upon the
straight line is a circle, the same for each.
AP
BQ
POQ
BOA
AB
PQ
Two rods, of lengths a and b, slide along the axes, which are
21.
rectangular, in such a manner that their ends are always concyclic
prove that the locus of the centre of the circle passing through these
ends is the curve 4 {x^ - y'^) a'^ - b^.
22. Shew that the locus of a point, which is such that the
tangents from it to two given concentric circles are inversely as the
radii, is a concentric circle, the square of whose radius is equal to the
sum of the squares of the radii of the given circles.
23.
it
Shew
that
if
circle x^
circle
to the
to the
Prove also that these three circles pass through two points and that
the distance between the centres of the first and third circles is
sixteen times the distance between the centres of the second and
third circles.
24. Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let fall from
the origin upon any chord of the circle x- + y'^-\-2gx + 2fy + c=i(i which
subtends a right angle at the origin.
Find
OPQ
25.
and
Through a
ORS
to
meet the
PR
28. A tangent is drawn to the circle {x - a)" + y" = b- and a perpendicular tangent to the circle {x + a)'^ + y- = c" find the locus of their
point of intersection, and prove that the bisector of the angle between
them always touches one or other of two fixed circles.
;
EXAMPLES.
XXII.]
29.
it
159
'
Ill
on the
proportional between the perpendiculars from the point upon the two
tangents.
30.
From any
a sin
a),
is 2a.
(acos/S, asin/3),
and
(sin a
33. Find the length of the common chord of the circles, whose
equations are (x-af + y'^ = a? and x^ + (1/ - h)-=^JP, and prove that the
equation to the circle whose diameter is this common chord is
(a2
34.
+ &2)
(a;2
common
circles
c-2
V^c- - 2
is
Hence
35.
(a
h)-K
two
circles
may
-4^0^
and
to the
X' + y'-oax
common
common
(1)
x'^
+ 7f-2x~&y + 9 =
and
(2)
x^
+ y^ = h-.
{x
a)^
x-
touch.
circles
+ 4:ay = 0.
+ y-^ + ex-2y + 1 = 0,
CHAPTER
IX.
SYSTEMS OF CIRCLES.
[This chapter
182.
may he
Orthogonal Circles.
when
Def.
Two
first
circles are
at P,
must
Hence
also
be at right angles.
O^Oi=O^P^-vO.JP\
The
a;2
and
a;-
161
2gg' + 2ff=c
i.e. if
Radical Axis.
1S3.
+ c'.
The
Def.
radical axis
of
two
circles is
equal.
and
and
circles
+ y' + 2gx +
2fi/
be
G^0
(1),
let (x^,
it
By
^1^
we have
Art. 168,
+ Vx +
^9^1
2/2/1
a^i"
2/r
2g^x^
i.e.
lie
+ 2fy^ +
c^,
0.
should
(iCj, 2/1)
This
is
(3).
is
and
it
"m"
i.e.
of
is
therefore
-^
{,
-9x-{-9)
-tA.
9-9i
The
The product
of these
7.
is
Hence, by Art. 69, the radical axis and the line joining
the centres are perpendicular.
L.
11
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
162
184.
R,
RADICAL AXIS.
185.
163
183 be
aS"
0, the equation (3) to
the radical axis may be written S S' = 0, and therefore
the radical axis passes through the common points, real or
and aS" = 0.
imaginary, of the circles S =
In the
last article
we saw that
which the
this
circles
When
2,
two
we must then
circles.
meet
circles
be
^=
and
The
(1),
'S^'^O
(2),
S"=^0
(3).
and
(2) is
the straight
line
S->S'
The
and
(4).
.S"-.S"'=:0
(5).
Hence
is
.S'-aS'"-0
(6)
But
meet in a
This point
is
and
(5).
(1).
point.
called the
Radical Centre
of the three
circles.
112
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
164
to
Hence the tangent from
the circle A = the tangent from it
is also a
to the circle C, i.e.
point on the radical axis of the
circles
and
>v
/^"^^
^/^v^'
^^7\
I
C.
^^
\
j-
187.
equation of
the
aS'
is
Hence the
equation S=XS'.
proposition.
S + Xu
EXAMPLES.
XXIII.
+ y^-2ax + c =
1.
x'^
2.
x^ + y- - 2ax
circles intersect
orthogonally
and x^ + y^ + 2by -c = 0.
+ 2hy + c =
and
x^ + y^ + 2hx
+ 2ay -c = 0.
Find the equation to the circle which passes through the origin
cuts orthogonally each of the circles
3.
and
x^ + y^-ex
+8=
and x^ + y^-2x-2y = 7.
of circles
ic2
EXAMPLES.
RADICAL AXIS.
x^ + y--xy
6.
+ Qx-ly + 8 =
&nd
x^
165
+ ij' -xy-4 = 0,
x^+y^ + x + 2y + S = 0,
7.
sets of circles
x^ + 2f-h2x
x^ + y^-7x-8y-d
and
(a;-2)2+(z/-3)2 = 36,
8.
(a;-4)2 +
and
(i/
+ 4:y + 5 = 0,
= 0.
Prove that the square of the tangent that can be drawn from
circle to another circle is equal to twice the product
of the perpendicular distance of the point from the radical axis of the
two circles, and the distance between their centres.
9.
common
is
bisected
by the
11. Find the general equation of aU circles any pair of which have
the same radical axis as the circles
j.2^y-2
4.
an^
x^ + y^ + 2x
+ 4:y = &.
12. Find the equations to the straight lines joining the origin to
the points of intersection of
x^ + y^-4:x-2y
4:
and
x'-
+ y^-2x~'iy -4^ = 0.
PQ
14.
(0, a)
gonally
15.
Prove that the two circles, which pass through the two points
(0, - a) and touch the straight line y = mx + c, will cut ortho-
and
if c2
= a2 (2 + m^).
circles orthogonally.
16. If two circles cut orthogonally, prove that the polar of any
point P on the first circle with respect to the second passes through
the other end of the diameter of the first circle which goes through P.
\x+9i>
y+fi,
9i^+fiy+ci
\x + go,
y + f^,
g^x
+ gz,
y + fs,
\x
+ f^y + c^ =0.
g-i^+UJ+H
COORDINATE GEOMETEY.
166
Coaxal
188.
Def.
Circles.
system of
circles
Tojind
Since,
of coaxal
radical axis of
circles.
any pair
of the
the origin.
The equation
of
any
to
circle
with
its
is
x^
Any
y'^
2gx + c-0
(1).
is (0, y^).
it
is,
The
obtained by putting
we have two
If c be negative,
as in Fig.
I.
of Art. 190.
points of in-
tersection as in Fig.
'& II.
189.
The equation
circle of the
system
may be
(x-gY +
2/2
^/-
= [Jf - cf.
COAXAL CIRCLES.
It therefore represents a circle
(^,
0)
is
when
Hence
circles
g^
G,
i.e.
g^
167
whose centre
is
the point
c.
i.e.
when g Jc.
These
we have
point-
point-circles are
is
I.,
real,
190.
Then a
circle,
whose centre
is
let
TR
be the tangent
T and whose
radius
is
system orthogonally.
TR^
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
168
Fig. II.
In Fig.
and 7^2
II.
they
These orthogonal
jDass
circles (since
they
all
Also
if
the original
circles, as
in Fig.
I.,
intersect in
imaginary
We
A
ORTHOGONAL
CIRCLES.
169
For the circle, whose centre is T and whose radius is TR, meets
or does not meet the line 0-fi,2 according as TR^ is > or < TO^,
i.e.
TO^^-O^R^
according as
is
>
TO^,
>
as
TO^ +00^^-
i.e.
according as
00-^ is
<
O^R,
i.e.
is
L e. according
0-fi^ is
TO^,
the
equation
to
any
two ghien
circles orthogonally.
Take the
two
may be written
a? ^y^ 2gx + c =
and
a?
4- y'^
in the
form
(1),
2g^x +c
(2),
for each.
{x-Ay + {y-Bf = E^
The equation
(1)
....(3).
{x-gf + f-^[J^::rcy
(4).
{A
- gf ^E^-^m^. [V/^]^
A^-^B'-1Ag = R^-c
A--vB''-'lAg^ =
(5),
Hence ^ = 0, and
= B^ +
i?-
c.
if
E'-c
we have A
(5).
(g
(6).
- g^)
^^^
0.
=
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
170
where
B is any
(3),
+ 2/'-2%-c =
(7),
quantity whatever.
its
is
B) and
JB"^ + c.
c is
all circles.
Any
therefore
y"^
The equation
to
any
to
(1) is
therefore
i.e.
it
c.
ORTHOGONAL CIRCLES.
Whatever be the value
the points (+
system of
194.
of
171
through
circles
any three
circles orthogonally.
By
has
its
its
orthogonally has
OD
Ex.
Find
of the three
circles
2x + ny+ 4 =
(1),
+ 2/ + lx+ 6y + ll =
x^ + if- x + 22y+ 3 =
(3).
x^ + 'ij^ +
x'^
The
and
(2),
(2) is
5x-lly + 7 = 0.
The
and
(3) is
8x-l&y + 8 = 0.
These two straight Hnes meet in the point
the radical centre.
(3, 2)
which
is
therefore
(3, 2)
to
is therefore {x
x^ + ?/2
195. Ex. Find the locus of a point which moves so that the length
of the tangent draion from it to one given circle is X times the length of
the tangent from it to another given circle.
As in Art. 188 take as axes of x and y the line joining the centres
The equations to the two
of the two circles and the radical axis.
circles are therefore
x'^ + y''-2g^x + c = Q
(1),
and
a;2
+ ^2_2^^a; + c =
(2).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
172
Let (h, k) be a point such that the length of the tangent from
always X times the length of the tangent from it to (2).
it
to
(1) is
Then
Ji^
Hence
{h, h)
always
on the
lies
x'^
circle
+ cr=0
+ y^-<ix^-^^
1
(3).
A"'
This
(2)
system to which
(1)
and
belong.
(1) is
Hence,
if
"\
O^Os =
The
is
(f/^,
0^0^
X^
required locus
is
"^^
0),
^toZ\^ ^)
'
and
so that O1O3
the point
0.^
(2) is
'
and O3 we have
,
~ ^3 = -^YZi
(^2
" ^i)>
1.
the centre of
EXAMPLES. XXIV.
Prove that a common tangent to two circles of a coaxal
1.
system subtends a right angle at either limiting point of the system.
Prove that the polar of a limiting point of a coaxal system
2.
with respect to any circle of the system is the same for all circles of
the system.
[EXS. XXIV.]
COAXAL CIRCLES.
EXAMPLES.
173
+ y'^-2kx + b =
and
two
x- + if-2k'x
circles
+ 5=Q
circles
10. From the preceding question shew that the centres of similitude {i.e. the points in which the common tangents to two circles
meet the line of centres) divide the line joining the centres internally
and externally in the ratio of the radii.
If x + y sj -l = tan{u + v /sf -1), where x, y, u, and v are all
prove that the curves tt=: constant give a family of coaxal circles
passing through the points (0, 1), and that the curves ?; = constant
give a system of circles cutting the first system orthogonally.
11.
real,
12. Find the equation to the circle which cuts orthogonally each
of the circles
x^-\-y'^
and
x'^-\-y^ + 2g'x-{-c = 0,
+ '2.gx + c = 0,
x^ + y'^ + 2hx + 1ky + a=.0.
{x-cf-\-y'^=a'^,
and
cutting
x^ + {y
and
15.
a;2
Shew
orthogonally the
-l))'"
a'^.
orthogonally the
+ 2/2 + 7^-9?/ + 29 = 0.
circles
{x-aY + {y-hf = h\
is
{^x--bf+{y-af=d^
and
a;2
CONIC SECTIONS.
CHAPTER
X.
THE PARABOLA.
196. Conic Section. Def. The locus of a point
P, which moves so that its distance from a fixed point is
always in a constant ratio to its perpendicular distance
from a fixed straight line, is called a Conic Section.
The
denoted by
The constant
denoted by e.
The
Focus
and
is
usually
S.
is
Eccentricity and
called the
is
Directrix.
The straight line passing through the Focus and perpendicular to the Directrix is called the Axis.
When
Section
is
When
When
the eccentricity
called a
e is less
e
is
is
Parabola.
than unity,
it is
called
it is
an SUipse.
called a
Hyper-
bola.
[The name Conic Section is derived from the fact that
first obtained by cutting a cone in
THE PARABOLA.
197.
To find
a Farahola.
the equation to
Let
ZM.
Draw 8Z
175
ZM
the directrix.
We
perpendicular
ZA
as
AX
origin,
perpendicular to
it,
as
the axis of
x,
and J.F,
as the axis of y.
/S'P,
PM perpendicular
respec-
We have then
aSP^ =
Pif ^
{x - of + 2/2 r= ZN'' =
^.e.
y2
{a
+ xf,
= 4ax
(1).
This being the relation which exists between the coon the parabola is, by Art. 42, the
ordinates of any point
equation to the parabola.
Cor.
The equation
(1) is equivalent to
the geometrical
proposition
PN^ = 4:AS.AIi.
198. The equation of the preceding article is the
Throughout
simplest possible equation to the parabola.
this chapter this standard form of the equation is assumed
unless the contrary
is
stated.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
176
If instead of
as
directrix
^M
AX
the axes
of
would be
(x
+ y^ = x",
= ia{x a)
y'^
i.e.
2a)-
(1).
SX
the axis
and a perpendicular line
be taken as the axes of coordinates, the equation is
Similarly,
if
aj2
+ 2/2 = (a? +
y^
i.e.
the point (-
may
17
[x^
i.e.
+ a)
(2).
by transforming the
the equation
origin, firstly to
(a, 0).
be easily obtained.
i. e.
4:a(x
2a)2,
The equation
199.
directrix
a, 0)
SL
(2,
3)
200.
:==
To
iax
(1).
the point A.
If
y be
X be
x meets
only.
y meets
only.
is
PN
PN
THE PARABOLA.
The
equal in magnitude.
PP'
line
177
double
called
is
ordinate.
of infinite length.
QN
.'.
4:ax
is
Hence the
< iax
negative.
is
y'^
is
if
y"-^,
i.e.
QJV%
proposition.
SL = distance
of
la.
The quantity la
is
any point
P is the distance
The
principal
focal distance
8P.
= PM = ZN= ZA+AN'=a +
x.
12
COORDINATE GEOMETEY.
178
Ex.
Find
and
+ 12ar-202/ + 67 = 0.
written
y^-5y=-Sx--^^,
{y--^f=-Sx-s^- + ^^=-3{x + i).
i.e.
EXAMPLES. XXV.
1.
2.
(a,
&)
^
and
XI
+ f=
ah
directrix -
1.
= 4:X + ^y.
3.
y^
5.
x^-2ax + 2ay = 0.
7.
Draw
the curves
(1)
y'2=-4:ax,
(2)
x'^
6.
2/^=4y-4a:.
x'^=4:ay,
p when
(ii) (9,
+ 2y = 8x-7.
4.
and
(3)
the parabola
y'^
x-z=-4:ay.
= 4px
goes through
12).
= 18x
is
10. Prove that the equation to the parabola, whose vertex and focus
are on the axis of x at distances a and a' f om the origin respectively,
y^ = 4:{a'-a){x-a).
is
.
11. In the parabola y^=Qx, find (1) the equation to the chord
through the vertex and the negative end of the latus rectum, and
(2) the equation to any chord through the point on the curve whose
abscissa is 24.
represents a
vertex and
its
13. Prove that the locus of the middle points of all chords of
the parabola ?/2 = 4aa; which are drawn through the vertex is the
parabola y'^ = 2ax.
[EXS.
THE PARABOLA.
XXV.]
EXAMPLES.
179
a chord
a;2-2'/&
+ &2 = a2.
its
16. Prove that the locus of a point, which moves so that its
distance from a fixed line is equal to the length of the tangent drawn
from it to a given circle, is a parabola. Find the position of the
focus and directrix.
17.
If a circle
and
line
a parabola.
18. The vertex ^ of a parabola is joined to any point P on the
curve and PQ is drawn at right angles to AP to meet the axis in Q.
Prove that the projection of PQ on the axis is always equal to the
latus rectum.
19. If on a given base triangles be described such that the sum of
the tangents of the base angles is constant, prove that the locus of
the vertices is a parabola.
Two
common axis
line parallel to the
parabolas have a
site directions
if
any
22.
parabola
is
a diameter of a given
drawn
to pass through
circle of radius a,
and
A and
P, the ends of
have as directrix a
the axes being AB and
to
parabola
IS
203.
- + ,^^=1,
To find
the points
parabola
2/^
The equation
= 4acc
(1).
y = 7nx +
is
.(2).
122
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
180
(1),
we have
{mx + cf 4:ax,
m^oc^ + 2x (mc - 2a) + G^ -
i.e.
This
(3).
is
roots, real,
The straight
line therefore
The
{2(mc-2a)f-47^iV
or negative, i.e. according
positive or negative, i.e. according as mc
is
204.
To find
aTnc +
as
positive
is
a^
is
ia.
y mx + c
If
(o^i
as in Art.
{^x^
x^j
= (ajj + x^)
of intersection, then,
last article,
^x^x^
_4(mc-2a)^
~
m*
4:C^
_l&a{a-mc)
m^
wi'*
'
yj^-y^ = m{x^-x^).
and
= Jl +
205.
(^'3
(1).
y-^
y) 9f
m'-^
To find
i^^^
(x^
\/(l/i
- ajg) = ^2
2/2)^
+ (^1 ~ ^"2)^
Jl + mP
J a (a - mc).
any point
= 4:ax.
parabola y^
The
Let
P be
a point
(x", y")
on the
parabola.
The equation
to the line
2/-y'
Since
and
P and Q
both
lie
PQ
is
f5f'(^-'')
(!)
y'^^4ax'
(2),
y"^^4.aa/'
(3).
181
..
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
182
The
which
two points
in two
i.e.
i.e.
2ay
iirrc^
- amc
a
so that
0,
in
we have
(1),
as the
y = mx +
m
the tangent of th6 angle which
axis of x.
the
the tangent makes with
In
this equation
tyi
is
=m,
put
In this equation
^
i.e.
and hence
The equation
Also
it is
(1)
y'^
-r-
4a
a
m^
= ^,
and
m
2ax'
y = ma
,^.
(1).
(^,
207.
normal
{x\ y')
is
straight line
2a
,.
yz=z-{x + x).
Its equation is therefore
y =
2fi
where
m' x
rr
rri'
{x
x'),
= -^
11
i.e.
^i'
2a
(Art. 69.)
NORMAL TO A PARABOLA.
and the equation
to the
normal
183
is
y-y'=^(x-x')
To
208.
exj^ress the
y = mx
In equation
(1) of
2a
,(1).
2a7n
am^.
= m,
%.e.
- am.
^.
/2
Hence
The normal
is
y =
=^
4a
therefore
y + 2am = m
y=
t.e.
and
it is
aiir.
{x
am %
mx 2am am^
2am)
of the curve.
209.
Def.
If
of a conic section
the tangent and normal at any point
be the
meet the axis in T and G respectively and
the
is called the Subtangent and
ordinate at P, then
Subnormal of P.
To find
If
the length
Art. 205,
yy 2a{x-\- x)
(1).
AT^ we
the point where this
of
have to find
straight line meets the axis of
i.e.
PN
NG
NT
we put
2/
= 0in
(1)
tc,
and we
have
x=^-x
Hence
(2).
AT=AN,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
184
N always
2J^iV
= twice
and
the abscissa
of the point P.
Since
TFG
is
a right-angled triangle,
we have
(Euc.
vi. 8)
FN'^^TN.NG.
Hence the subnormal
NG
_ PiP _ PN^
The subnormal
the parabola and
is
is
The equation
i.e.
to
mx-y = 2am+am^.
y^ 4:ax.
The parabola is
The straight lines joining the origin to the
is
intersections of these
m= ^sJ2.
i.e.
Ex. 2. From the point where any normal to the parabola y^ = ^ax
meets the axis is draion a line perpendicular to this normal ; prove that
this line always touches an equal parabola.
The equation
of
any normal
The equation
to the
normal
to the parabola is
y = mx 2am - am^.
in the point {2a + am'^,
is
where
The equation
is
therefore
y = m,[x-2a-^^,
i.e.
0).
y = m^{x-2a)
185
EXAMPLES.
This straight line, as in Art. 206, always touches the equal parabola
y^= - 4a (a;- 2a),
whose vertex is the point (2a, 0) and whose concavity is towards the
negative end of the axis of
x.
EXAMPLES. XXVI.
Write down the equations to the tangent and normal
1.
2.
?/^
y^=9x,
= 6a;
whose ordinate
3.
rectum of the
4.
rectum of the
is 12,
parabola y^ 12x,
parabola ^2 4.^
(.^
a).
5.
which
is parallel to
point of contact.
A tangent
6.
the axis
to the parabola
of 60 with
8.
(i)
the
tangent, and
y^=9x which
10.
y=x-x^.
Prove that the straight line y = mx + c touches the parabola
11.
?/^=4a
(a;
+ a)
'
if
c=ma + .
Ix
+ my + w =
13. For what point of the parabola y^ 4:ax is (1) the normal equal
to twice the subtangent, (2) the normal equal to the difference between
to the
= 4aa;
common
and
tangents of
= 4&i/,
14.
the parabolas
15.
16.
Two
?/2
.'r2
equal parabolas have the same vertex and their axes are
common tangent touches each at the
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
186
[ExS.
PN is
is
the
common
that
NQ
such that
AT = %NP.
19. Prove that the chord of the parabola y^ 'iax, whose equation
isy -'XiJ2 + 4:a^2 = 0, is a normal to the curve and that its length is
6 ^Sa.
If perpendiculars be drawn on any tangent to a parabola from
axis, which are equidistant from the focus,
prove that the difference of their squares is constant.
20.
y^={fi^ + fi~^)^ax.
23.
point
that
If the tangents at the points {x', y') and {x", y") meet at the
[x-^, y-j) and the normals at the same points in {x^, y^, prove
(1)
.,=y^
(2)
.ni
y,=y^f
V.^-yV^^,
x,=2a+y-^- X, and
y,
- "^^^^
25.
26.
of the
= 8ax whose
normal intersected between the curve and the axis is a parabola whose
vertex is the focus and whose latus rectum is one quarter of that of
the original parabola.
27. Prove that the distance between a tangent to the parabola and
the parallel normal is a cosec 6 sec^ 6, where 6 is the angle that either
makes with the axis.
XXVI.l
EXAMPLES.
187
HA
Two
equal parabolas have the same focus and their axes are
a normal to one is perpendicular to a normal to the
other
prove that the locus of the point of intersection of these
normals is another parabola.
30.
at right angles
31.
If a
shew that
32.
have a
it
common
a-c
b)
cannot
>2.
33. If aP>8h-, prove that a point can be found such that the two
tangents from it to the parabola y^=4tax are normals to the parabola
x^=^by.
34. Prove that three tangents to a parabola, which are such that
the tangents of their inclinations to the axis are in a given harmonical
progression, form a triangle whose area is constant.
35.
at
Prove that the parabolas y^=4tax and x^ = 4:by cut one another
an angle tan
2 {a
+ 6)
Shew
intersect
of each.
their axes
x^ + 4:a{y-2b-a)
right angles at
at
and
y'^
= 4:b{x-2a + b)
common end
having
its
Some
211.
(a)
If
the tangent
the
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
188
P is equally inclined to
Let
P be the point
the axis
and
the
(x, y).
KSP
is
If the tangent
a right angle.
at
Por
z SPT=^ L PTS=^ L KPM.
Hence the two triangles KPS and
have the two
sides KPj PS and the angle KPS equal respectively to the
two sides KP,
and the angle KPM.
Hence
z KSP = z KMP = a right angle.
KPM
PM
lSKP=lMKP.
Also
(y)
sect at right
PS
For, if
since z P'SK
directrix in
is
by
(13),
and, similarly,
189
MKP = z SEP,
M'KP' -
SKF.
Hence
z
PKP' = J
z:
(8)
lies
ymx-\
The equation
is
2/
The
and
lines (1)
= --(^-)
a)
mX
7n
i. e.
(2).
meet where
(2)
a = m[x
nix
(Ij.
-^
in
where x 0.
Hence
Also,
Y lies
by Euc.
SY^ = SA.ST=AS.SP,
212.
To prove
that through
{x^^
y^
The equation
to
any tangent
y = mx
If this pass
is
-\
(x^, y^),
).
we have
y,
= TUX, +
tny^ + ^ =
m^Xj^
i. e.
(2).
of x^
is
in
of
(real or imaginary).
(1),
a different tangent.
in
we
have,
by
substi-
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
190
The
positive,
if y-^
y-^)
4:ax-^
lie
be
without
the curve.
The two
i.e. if
the point
(cCj,
y^
lie
if
y^
4a.x\
be negative,
y',
is
yy' = 2a
(x
x).
is
yy" 2a{x +
If these tangents
y^,
and
The equation
to
is
coordi-
y^y'
= 2a{x^+ x)
(1)
y^y"
= 2a{x^ +
(2).
QR
is
x")
then
= 2a(x + Xi)
3ryi
x").
is true,
the point
(3).
on (3).
y") lies on (3).
y') lies
{x",
QR
214.
bola
is
The polar
of
To find
2/1)
THE PARABOLA.
Let the tangents at
coordinates are (A, k).
Q and R meet
191
in the point
whose
T(h.Wji.
We require the
its
locus of
(h, k).
ky = 2a(x +
k)
(7i,
h).
(r^
y^)
we haye
%i = 2a{x^ + h)
Since the relation (1) is true, it
always lies on the straight line
(1).
{hj k)
3ryi
Hence
is
(2) is
= 2a(x + xJ
(2).
(ic^,
y^.
Cor. The equation to the polar of the focus, viz. the point
Q = x + a, so that the polar of the focus is the directrix.
[a, 0),
When
(x^, y^) is
is
the same
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
192
T be
Let
the point
{x^^
2/1)3
yy^=-2a{x +
Through
equation
is
T draw
x^)
in
its
(2).
V and
(1).
therefore
y=yi
Let
is
the curve in P.
^ x^
and
(3).
2/1
yi and
2/1.
4:a
abscissa of
:Z^
Since abscissa of P=
by Art.
fore,
abscissa of
V
there-
Cor.,
22,
is
the
P is
2/1'
yy,=
which
is
2a^.^f^
parallel to (1).
T is
T we
to
Fso
therefore
draw a
line
P and
through
produce
that
tangent at
217.
parallel
to the
the polar of
Let
The
be the point
polar of
Since
it
(x^, y-^)
and
T the
point
{h, k).
passes through T,
yj^k
we have
= 2a{x-^ + h)
(1).
polar of
Since
T isyk = 2a
(x+h).
equatio
193
is satisfied
by the coordinates
Xj^
proposition.
Cor.
and
218.
To find
parabola.
line be
Ax + By+C=0.
If its pole be the point {x^,
y-^),
it
straight
line as
i.e.
2a
_ 2axi
-yi
xi
I.e.
219.
To find
can he drawn
to the
^
= j and y^= -
2Ba
-j-
of the tangents
drawn
(^, k) is
y=
%.e.
-x^-^
k
y.
-
must be
If this be a tangent it
y
,
so that
hy,
mx
^ = m and
a
k
y^
kx.
of the
form
-{
kx.i a
=
h x^
m
hy.
~-
x^
Hence, by multiplication,
k
a
i. e.
I^
(lb
y^
- x^^ =
{k
hy^
kx^
y^)
[hy^
kx^.
13
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
194
k)
(A,
{i. e.
a(x-x^y = {y-y^)
{xy^-yx:^
{f - \ax)
- 4arci) = {2/2/1 -
(2/1^
(1).
same as
(a?
+ x^f.
all
make
the same
y^^-
fore
y - mx + c
where
is
'^,
(1 ),
different for
is
the
the
same.
4:ax in points
4:a (y
4:a
V
^
I.e.
y
^
c),
Aac
=^0
i.e.
the ordinates of
and Rj be
y'
of F, the
from equation
(2).
'
(2).
The coordinates
of
V therefore
2a
y=m^
so that the locus of
of the curve,
F is
straight line
whose ordinate
is
The tangent at
3/
2a
this point
is,
y = Tnx
and
is
195
-\
by Art.
a
is
therefore
m"
205,
Hence the
which is
and meets the curve at a point the
tangent at which
221.
bisected at
is
to the
is
it
is
goes through
k{y-k) = 2a{x-
equation
+ h).
is
(Art. 67).
h)
PF
QB
diameter.
Any
may
therefore be stated
223.
the diameter
QR
(Fig., Art.
y = mx +
220) be
(1),
132
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
196
and
the tangents at
let
QR
Then
Q and R meet
at the point
2/2/1
Comparing
this
= 2a{x +
= m,
,,
(1),
T lies
we have
2a
so that Vi
2/1
and therefore
drawn
(Art. 213).
x^)
with equation
2a
on the straight
->
^*
line
2a
But
the diameter
P V which
PVX
Let
PVhQ
Draw
curve,
to the
y.
PN perpendicular to
e^
/.
and
the tangent at
P F in L.
X and VQ be
PY
the
let
YPX=iPTM,
Then
iAS. A]S[^PN^ = ]SfT^ ts,Ti^e=^.AN^
:. ANr=:AS. cot^ e = a cot^ e,
PN = JIASTaN = 2a cot
and
Now
QM'- =
tan^
6.
6.
4:AS.AM=4:a.AM
(1).
Also
THE PARABOLA.
EXAMPLES.
(1),
we have
+ y sin Oy ia (a cot^
i. e.
if-
sin^ 6
is
197
+ x + y cos
6),
^ax.
therefore
y'^^lpx
(2),
where
p-
T^=
(1
^ot' Q)
a^ AN= SP
is
The equation
(2) states
that
QV'^^iSP.PV.
225.
The quantity
4^j is
parameter of the
which is
called the
diameter
PY' = ST=SP^p,
Q' V""
so that
and hence
^ip.PV'^ ip\
Q'R' =-'2Q'V'
ip.
+ x).
(x
any
point.
EXAMPLES. XXVII.
Prove that the length of the chord joining the points of
1.
contact of tangents drawn from the point (Xj, y^ is
ijy-^ + 4a2 fjy^^
- 4aa; J
a
2.
{x^^
of contact
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
198
[Exs. XXVII.]
What
4.
which
is
is
(2,
3) ?
^x
Wliat
is
PQ
QN
RM
Two
a point O.
From
of
is
a
mr
2a
7n
Hence, for
all
2a\
is equal to the
on the curve. By Art. 206, this
tangent of the angle v^hich the tangent at the point makes
lies
v^^ith
the axis.
is,
at this point
-\
my + X =
2a +
a
-,
in-
is
199
228. The coordinates of the point could also be expressed in terms of the
of the normal at the point ; in
this case its coordinates are am?' and 2am,
is,
The equation
by Art. 205,
+ X + am^
mi/
to the
229.
tive signs
normal
mx
2a7n)
0,
is
1am,
am?.
X=
at2 and
y = 2at.
ty
and
=x +
at^,
The equation
(atj^,
is easily
and
2at-^
{at^,
2at^
found to be
y {h +
The tangents
^2)
= 2x +
2at-f^.
at the points
{at^^
and
2at^
iat^^
are
t-^y
=^x-\- at^,
and
t.^y
x-\- at^.
The point
of -intersection of these
{<X^1^2}
^(^1
2at^
two tangents
is clearly
^2)}-
(a<^,
2a)
may, for
=
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
200
230.
If the tangents at
TQ
(1)
TP
(2)
ST^=SP.SQ,
and
and
the triangles
(3)
and Q meet in
T, prove that
are similar.
Let
{atjt^, a(ii
+ t2)}-
The equation
(1)
[t-^
i. e.
The
to
SP
is
y=
2at ^
{x
-l)y-2t-^x + 2at-^ = 0.
TU, from T
perpendicular,
on
a),
this
straight line
a{t ^^- 1)
(fi
+ 1^) - 2^1
ati tg + 2at^
{t^^
t^^t^)
(^i
PST
same numerical
value.
and
t^-^).
231.
parabola
is
The area
[at^, 2at^,
and
{at^^,
2at^.
The area
and
[at^t^, a{t^-\-t^].
=W{t^-ts){t^-t^){t^-t^).
these areas is double the second.
first of
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
201
and
(aig^ ^at^),
2afj),
{atj^,
As
at
Q and
a{t2 +
{at^t^,
{at^^,
2at^).
t^)}.
{afgfi,
and
circle
{at^t.^, a{tj^
x^ + y^ + 2gx + 2fy
Since
it
+ t2)}.
be
+c=
(1).
we have
a\%^ + a2 (<2 +
and
Subtracting
(3)
a
Similarly,
from
{fgS (fi
from
(3)
(2),
1^'2 4- 2gat^t-^
(3),
(2)
and dividing by a
{t^
t^),
(4).
we have
{i'(*2 +
From
t.^)^
(4),
3)
we have
we have
and 2f== -alt-^ +
+
values in (2), we obtain
tjt^)
= a'^{t^ts +
tstj^
t.^
+ t^- t^t^ts].
+ t-it2).
*i^2^3)
{a, 0).
233. If
be any point on the axis and POP' be any chord
passing through 0, and if
and P'M' be the ordinates of P and P',
AM' = AO\ and
P'M'= - 4a AO.
prove that
AM
Let
PM
be the point
PM
{h, 0),
(afj2, 2atj)
The equation
to
PP'
is,
{t^
If this pass
[h, 0),
we have
-2h = 2at-^t^,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
202
Hence
and
Cor.
PM
PM' = 2a\
icus,
be the focus,
If
2atc^
(--)=- 4a
=4^2
AO = a,
^0
AO.
and we have
1
The points
{at^, 2at-^
and
of a focal chord.
234.
To prove that
three tangents to
formed by
a parabola
y = nhx+
(1),
-y=m^ + nt
(2),
y = mgX-\
and
The point
of intersection of
(2)
(3).
m.
and
(3) is
to be
The equation
y-a{ + ) =
X
?/+ =a
I.e.
of
rl
+ 1 +
X
a
~\
(4).
(3)
y+
1
X =a ( _ + _+
\
+=a
X
?/
wig
is
line
\
,
+\ + ni-^m^m^J\
f \
\^\
common
5)
(1)
ci
6.
^2
and
(6),
ONE VARIABLE.
EXAMPLES.
i.e.
x=-a^
and
is easily
/111 +
y = a['-\
on the
203
directrix.
EXAMPLES. XXVIII.
If w be the angle which a focal chord of a parabola makes with
1.
the axis, prove that the length of the chord is 4a cosec'-^ w and that the
perpendicular on it from the vertex is a sin w.
2.
A point
upon the
triangle.
directrix,
latus rectum.
is
a harmonic
mean between
and
if
If
T be
TL
is
a certain point
it,
then
1
PK^'^'QK^
is
the
same
The normal at the point (at-^, 2atj) meets the parabola again
6.
in the point {aU^, 2at2) prove that
;
point
{at^, 2at)
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
204
[EXS.
10. Prove that the area of the triangle formed by the normals to
the parabola at the points {at^, Satj), {at^, 2at^ and [at^y Satg) is
\
11.
is
(2
- h)
(3
- h) ih - h) ih + *2 + 3)'.
equal to
= 4a
(a;
-8a).
curve
{y^-iax)
{y
of + a^c^ = 0.
{h^
which subtend a
+ A;-) = 0.
all
tangents
19.
is
PQ
progression.
rji^r2^=16a2{ri^ + r2^).
21.
D, E, and
point
EXAMPLES.
XXVIII.]
ONE VARIABLE.
205
m^J
LOL' and
24.
a point
the parabola.
25. -A- circle and a parabola intersect in four points; shew that the
algebraic sum of the ordinates of the four points is zero.
Shew also that the line joining one pair of these four points and
the line joining the other pair are equally inclined to the axis.
26. Circles are drawn through the vertex of the parabola to cut
the parabola orthogonally at the other point of intersection.
Prove
that the locus of the centres of the circles is the curve
2i/2 (22/2
27. Prove that the equation to the circle passing through the
points {at^, 2,at^ and (2a<2^, 2at^ and the intersection of the tangents to the parabola at these points is
ic2
[t^
+ 1^
(1
t-^
t^)
+ a2 1^ t^ (2 -
1-^
t^
= 0.
TP
and Q meet
and
TQ are
at a point
2y^ = a{x
a).
and
AQ
cot ^i
+ cot ^2 + 2 tan0 = O.
CHAPTER XL
THE PARABOLA
{continued).
Some examples
The
If
it
straight line
^mx
is
-]
{h, h)
we
have
m^h-mk + a =
If
(1).
we have
this equation
--
(by Art, 2)
(/ik)
h
.(2),
and
(3),
to
TP and TQ
are then
nux
^ y
yni,^.
ymiX + and
1
m^
-^
tana
m^ - m^
+ m^m^
k^
ijjm-^
+ m^)^ - ^m^ m^
1 + WljWg
_4a
a
+h
by
(2)
and
(3).
THE PARABOLA.
.-.
k^-4:ah = {a + h)^t&n^a.
m^^=
From
on the
As a
that
T always
of the point
7/2
We
207
LOCI.
(3)
1.
we then have
straight line
x=
lies
Prove that the locus of the poles of chords which are normal
parabola y^ = 4:ax is the curve
2/2(a;
Let
PQ
be a chord which
+ 2a) + 4a3 = 0.
is
normal
at P.
Its
equation
is
y = mx-2am-am^
Let the tangents at
h and
so that
k,
Since
PQ
is
we
and
Q. intersect in T,
require the locus of T.
{h, k) its
(1).
is
yk=2a{x + h)
m=
(2)
represent the
then
(2).
same
straight line, so
Hence
8a^
from the
first
of
_ 2ah
~T~'W~~k''
i.e.
k^{h + 2a}
The
T is
2/2(a;
+ 4a^=0,
therefore
+ 2a) + 4a3=0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
208
First Method.
Let
PQ be
any
and let
sucli chord,
y = mx + c
its
equation be
(1).
The
y^=^ax
(2),
= 4ax {y - mx).
These straight
c
(Art. 122)
+ 4am=:0.
(Art. Ill)
equation to
FQ
y=m
{x - 4a)
i.e.
the
(1),
is
a;
(3).
at a constant distance
4a from
AA' = 4a.
middle point oi
PQ
be
we
{h, k)
2a
Also the point
on
{h, k) lies
li=:
(3),
so that
(4).
we have
k = m{h-4a)
If
between
(4)
and
(5)
we
eliminate m,
.(5).
we have
kJ-^{h-4a),
k^=1a{h-4ia),
i.e.
= 2a
(a;
-4a).
This is a parabola one half the size of the original, and whose
vertex is at the point A' through which all the chords pass.
Second Method.
Let
P be the
point
(afj^,
2at^ and
be the point
{at^, 2aio).
The tangents
of the inclinations of
and
are
Since AP and AQ
*1
*2
tih= -4
i.e.
PQ
.(6).
is
+ t^y=:2x + 2at^t^
(7).
THE PARABOLA.
This meets the axis of
ic
209
LOCI.
at a distance -atit2,i.e.,
by
from
(6), 4a,
the origin.
Also, {h, k) being the middle point of
PQ, we have
2k = 2a{tj^ + t2).
and
Hence
k-
= 2a\t2=
so that the locus of
(h, k) is,
{h, k) is,
2a{x- 4a).
The equation
Tbird Method.
+ 1^^)
y^
the point
{tj^
-8a2,
to the
chord which
is
bisected at
by Art. 221,
k{y-k) = 2a{x-h),
ky - 2ax=k^ - 2ah
i. e.
(8).
As in
Art. 122 the equation to the straight lines joining its points
of intersection with the parabola to the vertex is
{k^
These
{k^-2ah)
Hence the
+ 8a^ = 0.
locus as before.
(8)
becomes
ky - 2ax = -
8a^.
(4a, 0).
EXAMPLES. XXIX.
From an external point P tangents are drawn to the parabola find
the equation to the locus of P when these tangents make angles 6^ and
$2 with the axis, such that
;
+ tan 6^
1.
tan
dj^
2.
tan
6^
3.
4.
di
5.
tan^
6.
cos ^1 cos $2
L.
+ ^2
6-^
tan
is
is
constant
constant
d^ is
constant
+ tan^ ^g
is
is
= 6).
= c).
(
= d).
= 2a).
constant
constant
= X)
/u),
14
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
210
[ExS.
\.ax
prove that
= {x + of.
is
2/2-3a;2-10aic-3a2^0.
y = {x-a) tan
9.
2a.
at the vertex is
an
equal parabola.
10. Shew that the locus of the point of intersection of two tangents,
which with the tangent at the vertex form a triangle of constant area
c^, is the curve x^ [y^ - 4:ax)=4:C^a^.
11. If the normals at P and Q meet on the parabola, prove that
the point of intersection of the tangents at P and Q lies either on a
certain straight line, which is parallel to the tangent at the vertex, or
on the curve whose equation is y^ {x + 2a) + 4a^ = 0.
Two
13. Shew that the locus of the poles of chords which subtend a
constant angle a at the vertex is the curve
(x
2ax + by + 4:a^=0.
Two equal parabolas, A and B, have the same vertex and axis
16.
but have their concavities turned in opposite directions prove that
the locus of poles with respect to B of tangents to A is the parabola A.
;
17.
Shew
18.
y^Aax with
X.
XXIX.]
20.
normal
(/?.,
POINT.
211
k).
to the curve.
21.
are
22.
23.
I.
24. are such that the normals at their extremities meet on the
parabola.
- 2am)^=8d
{x
h).
Two parabolas have the same axis and tangents are drawn to
26.
the second from points on the first ; prove that the locus of the middle
points of the chords of contact with the second parabola all lie on a
fixed parabola.
27. Prove that the locus of the feet of the perpendiculars drawn
from the vertex of the parabola upon chords, which subtend an angle
of 45 at the vertex, is the curve
r2
The
straight line
y mx 2am amP
arn^
If
this
and 2am
(2).
k = mh 2am, am,\
%.e.
arn?
+ (2a h) m + k
(1)
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
212
through
0.
iiu,
and m^ be the
we
have
m^ +
+ m^ = 0.
m.^
and
2/3,
we then
2/1
have,
2/2
by
normals be
2/^,
y^,
(2),
+ 2/3 = -
2o^
{m^
+ ^2 + m^) =
0.
of the proposition.
We
237.
Ex.
Find
the locus of
Any normal
point
is
to
y=mx-2am-am^, and
this passes
through the
{h, k), if
am^ + {2a-h)m+k =
If
then
nil
roots,
+ m^ + m^ =
we
(1).
have, by Art.
and
mim2m^=
(a)
If
k
(4).
m^^
(4),
root of (1)
and hence, by
we have
-+{2a-h)~ + k = 0,
a^
be at right angles, we
m^-.
Of
i.e.
(3),
2,
(2)
k^=a{h-3a).
substitution,
'
THREE NORMALS.
EXAMPLES.
213
The locus
whose vertex
is
+ (2a + am^^) = 2
(2a
+ am^^)
i.e.
If
and
we
(5)
(5).
From
(2)
and
(3),
(2),
we have
and
(2)
(3), (4),
(6).
give
m^ + 2m^m^ =0
i.e.
Solving
(6)
and
(7),
(7).
we have
2a vi.mo= z
^
3a
7t
,
^
2 x
and ot^-^ -^
fe
3a
27afc2
i.e.
2a-h_
~Sa^ ~
3a
we have
(4),
2a-h
~ a
= 2(7i-2a)3,
is
27ai/2=2(a;-2a)3.
238.
point
As
point
(A, k)
know
and
if
mj + ^2 + m3 =
m^vi.^
and
+ m^m-^ + m^m^
mnW.,??io
'
By
Art. 202
(1),
"
2a ~ h
we have
(2)
(3).
'
^
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
214
^P-^Q-^^ ^
Hence
^1 _^ ^^^2) (i
+ ^^^2) (i +
,,,^.2)
(1)
and
(2),'
we have
and
Hence
(^y,by
SP.SQ.SR
^
=1+2
(l)and(2).
li-2a
+ fli-2ay
)+-
SP.SQ.SR = SO^.a.
i,e.
EXAMPLES. XXX.
it
O when
drawn from
1.
2.
two of them make angles with the axis the product of whose
tangents
is
axis.
2.
3.
4.
two of them make equal angles with the given line y = vix + c.
the
5.
constant.
sum
6.
7.
them
is
is
the axis is
constant.
always in a given
direction.
The normals
meet in a point
8.
at three points P, Q,
PQR
lies
on the
axis.
THREE NORMALS.
[EXS. XXX.]
EXAMPLES.
215
PQR
is
13. the circle circumscribing the triangle PQR goes through the
vertex and its equation is 2x^ + 2y- -2x{h + 2a) -ky = 0.
is
the curve -2
+ t^ ~ ''
16.
0,
O makes
tt.
progression.
Prove that the normals at the points, where the straight line
meets the parabola, meet on the normal at the point
18.
lx + my = l
/4am2
(
4am
r
\
j
of the parabola.
and
If the
if
point.
20. If the normals drawn from any point to the parabola cut the
line x=2a in points whose ordinates are in arithmetical progression, prove that the tangents of the angles which the normals make
with the axis are in geometrical progression.
21.
PG,
the normal at
G and is
22. Prove that the equation to the circle, which passes through the
focus and touches the parabola y^ = 4.ax at the point [at^, 2at), is
x^-
+ y^- ax {St^ + 1) - ay
{St
- t^) + SaH^=0.
the curve
27 ay- = {2x - a) {x - 5a)-.
its
centre
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
216
[Exs.
XXX.]
23. Shew that three circles can be drawn to touch a parabola and
also to touch at the focus a given straight line passing through the
focus, and prove that the tangents at the point of contact with the
parabola form an equilateral triangle.
25. Prove that the locus of the centre of the circle, which passes
through the vertex of a parabola and through its intersections with a
normal chord, is the parabola 2y'^=iax-a^.
26. -A- circle is described whose centre is the vertex and whose
diameter is three-quarters of the latus rectum of a parabola prove
that the common chord of the circle and parabola bisects the distance
between the vertex and the focus.
;
27. Prove that the sum of the angles which the four common
tangents to a parabola and a circle make with the axis is equal to
mr + 2a, where a is the angle which the radius from the focus to the
centre of the circle makes with the axis and n is an integer.
and
-P^ and
Q.
is
31. The sides of a triangle touch a parabola, and two of its angular
points lie on another parabola with its axis in the same direction
prove that the locus of the third angular point is another parabola.
239.
form
We
shall
now transform
Let the new origin have as coordinates [h, k), and let
new axis of x be inclined at to the original axis, and
the new angle between the axes be o>'.
PAEABOLA.
By
Art. 133
we have
and
217
x and y to substitute
for
(w'
^)
X sin Q + y sin
(to'
^)
+^
A,
respectively.
The equation
{x sin B-\-y sin
+ ^|^ = 4a
(o>'
^)
(<o'
^)}^
{x cos ^
+y
cos (w'
6^)
+ A},
i.e.
\x sin ^ +
2/
sin
+ 1y
{h sin (w'
2c {A;
^)
- 2a cos
- 2a cos
sin ^
(w'
^)}
^}
^^^
4^;^
^q
(l)-
We
notice that in
it
By
tion to
the last article the most general form of the equaany parabola is
{Ax-^Byf-v2gx+2fy-^c =
(1).
V + ^gx +
(2).
A^{x-af =
Comparing equations
(2)
and
g- A^a, and
(3).
(3),
we have
A^a^
(4).
f=-B%,
and
c=^B''b'
(5).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
218
From
(4)
and
(5),
c,
B = A^
sothat
B = -A'^,
(6).
we have
sign,
f^-A'j,
-'A\
and G=A'a\
we have,
as the required
('?_iy_?^_^+i=o
a
\a
0/
t.e.
we have
(7).
\a
\a
0/
ao
0/
ah'
a
I.e.
^ /
-+
/v/
^j
=lj
yivi=i
^.e.
<)
(8)
The
< h,
positive.
There
signs.]
is
>&, and
is clearly
the abscissa
ordinate
is
signs
so
n^
v>-,
a
no part of the
cui-ve
must be - and +.
PARABOLA.
241.
sign in
(6),
TWO TANGENTS AS
we took
219
AXES.
the positive
(- +
\a
_2--^
+
a
I-)
= 0,
242.
(x', y')
Let
(cc", 2/")
The equation
to the
two points
Ix
^
sl
~a
lie
/y
The equation
/
y
or,
by
M'
Ivi
^/| = l = Vl^-^/y
(3).
(1) is therefore
y ~
sly"
I
sJX
-Jy
sly"
j-r,
i~,
\JX
\JX
(3),
,
sjh
y-y=--,;
(2).
s]a
s]x
sjx'
y).
(1)-
^gz^
= -^
so that
is
sly"
-h,
sja six
^y
r,\^
+ sjX
,.
^n
+ sjy
+
,.
F=X^-^)
ycc
...
(4).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
220
Jh
y-y =--7-
then obtained
y') is
sly'
-7^ (x-x),
s/a \Jx
%.e.
slax''^ slhy'~
This
is
\' a ^
^^^*
h~^
[In the foregoing we have assumed that [x', y') Hes on the portion
(Fig., Art. 243).
If it lie on either of the other portions the
proper signs must be affixed to the radicals, as in Art. 240.]
PAQ
Ex.
To find
u
^+ - = lmay be
CO
tangent.
(5), if
SO that
s.
'V
~-i
\'
- + ^ = 1.
Hence
This
fv'
tm.I^
h
and
''
is
is
"
x'=
^'=
and
**
al
bm
if
_i
243.
'
To find
the
SOP-
angle
OSP
and
the
QSO
are
SQO.
S, then,
TWO TANGENTS AS
PARABOLA.
Hence S
AXES.
221
lies
The equation
to this circle
x^
+ 2xy cos
is
oi
+y^ = by
).
The
On
and
intersections of (1)
and
solving (1)
(2),
(2)
we have
air"
qP'
244.
If
that
+ 2ah
cos
To find
<o
cos
the point
The equation
is
<o
6'
F is y = -x.
to
S parallel
therefore
a^h
r=
If
a^
+ 2ab
cos
w +b^
,
* ^-
+ 2ah
ffl^
'
Now V is
F)
6"
ay-bx= ~
a^
h
( C
I
a\
ah^
+ablab
\
(a?
\
I
a^
+ 2ab
cos
b^)
-
cos
o)
6"
w + 6v
'
to
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
222
245
To find
directrix.
we
find
Similarly
the directrix.
to
we can
A straight
OX is
line
The equation
OQ
to
(Art. 93)
which
is
on
perpendicular
(/, 0)
+7n cos
o>
= 0.
this
is
then
x+
2/
cos
(0
=y
(1).
/
a
b cos
The point
^.
.,
o)
ab
cos
x{a +
to
ab
0,
+1/ (b
0))
cos, (0
+a cos
to the directrix
b cos
b cos
<o
//^
The equation
\a + b cos
1
(X)
(0
a+
'
'
(Art. 242)
^ cos
^'
-I.
if
on
is
it.
(0/
therefore
is
+ a cos w) = ab cos oo
(2).
\aP
+ 2ab
cos
5^
'
a"^
+ 2ab
by Art.
96, after
246.
equation
w+
b^J
+ 2ab
cos
oo
6^)t
some reduction.
To find
to the
(a^
cos
(2)
4<x^6^ sin^
a'^b
oo
vertex
aiid the
'
TWO TANGENTS AS
PARABOLA.
223
AXES.
The vertex
i.e. its
a?
h^
+ 2ah cos
a?
<o
6^
X
yy -^-1+1
=
and by
.(Art. 240),
fx
\a
by
i.e.
From
we have
a" 0-
x=
(2).
1
a?'
+ lab
<>
cos
a>
a^b (a
Similarly
alP"
6^
{ci?
{h
\-
a cos
+ 2a& cos
(0
w)^
IP'Y
b cos tof
'
(a?
+ 2ab cos w +
b^Y
its
b cos
co)
6^ {b
a^
,-,
(6
cos
^.e.
+a
cos
(0
+ 2ab
r
co)
^
+ a cos
2/
cos
5 cos
b^f
H
a%(a + b cos o>)"^
-^
= 0,
)r-j~
(o
cos
+ fj
( + 2ao
.
j^
.6
2/
a+
oo
uif
co
a^
+ 2ab cos
co
6^
EXAMPLES. XXXI.
If a parabola, whose latus rectum is 4c, slide between two
1.
rectangular axes, prove that the locus of its focus is x'^y^=c^ {x^ + y^),
and that the curve traced out by its vertex is
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
224
3.
of the parabola
that db = c^,
is
(- +
\a
[ExS.
XXXI.]
r-l)j = aht
the curve
{x'^-\-']ff
^ 3,nd
e^xy.
6.
TP
and
TQ
are
TT'
B,
QQ'
Tq_
_TP' _Q'R
x'^-y^-hx + ky=: 0.
prove that the locus of the focus of the parabola touching the sides at
B and C is a circle whose centre lies on the line bisecting the angle
BAG.
11. Parabolas are drawn to touch the axes, which are inclined at
an angle w, and their directrices all pass through a fixed point (h, k).
Prove that all the parabolas touch the straight line
h + k sec
0}
= 1+ ^r-r^
k + h sec w
CHAPTER
XII.
THE ELLIPSE.
247.
The
ellipse
is
focus,
and
let
SZ
be
A on SZ, such
SA = e.AZ
that
SA' = e.A'Z
L.
(1).
ZS produced,
(2).
15
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
226
= e{AZ^A:Z) = 'l.e.CZ,
CZ = -
i.e.
Subtracting
(1)
from
(2),
(3).
we have
e{A:Z-AZ)^SA'-8A^{SG^CA')-{GA-CS),
e.AA' = 2CS,
i.e.
CS a.e
and hence
(4).
x,
and a
line
through
The
The
focus
S is
relation
(x
SP" = e^
0).
+ aef-y^^e^(x+'^\
then gives
(Art. 20),
i.e
-2
i-e.
If in this equation
-2^^i
:i^
a'{l-e')
(^)-
we put x = Oy we have
y = + a\/le^j
The equation
(5)
CB
i.e.
be called
6,
then becomes
-+L = l
a2^b2"-^
(6).
^
^
THE ELLIPSE.
248.
The equation
227
(6) of
may be
written
c?
Q(?
if'
a^
Jf
x^
Def.
the curve,
axis.
AA'
Also
is
x)
'
AN.NA'
BC
::
called the
is
x) {a
o?
AN.NA'
The points A and A'
PJV^
c^
FN''
i.e.
{a
AC\
major
The equation
referred to
perpendicular line as axes, is
(^-^)'
^'
a-
as origin,
CZ=
AX
and a
0^
since
and
ZX and ZK as
axes
is,
(-3'
+
^-
=h
The equation to the ellipse, whose focus and directrix are any
given point and line, and whose eccentricity is known, is easily
written down.
For example,
the line
2a;
if
+ 3?/ + 4 = 0, and
tion is
i.e.
261*2 + 181i/2 -
192a;?/
152
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
228
whose
eccentricity
250.
for
Ax + By + C = 0, and whose
directrix is
the curve.
On
is
Draw Z'K'
perpendicular to
perpen-
dicular to Z'K'.
The equation
(5) of Art.
247
may be
written in the
form
x^
2aex + ah^ +
{x
i.e.
y^
^'^^
2aeaj
- aef -^ y^ = e^ (- - x\
c?,
ST^^e^PM"".
i.e.
P of the
its
251.
curve
is
For
we have
SP = e.PM,
and S'P^e.PM'.
Hence
= e.ZZ' = 2e.CZ=^2a
= the major axis.
(Art. 247.)
Also
and
S'P -
where
x' is
PM' =
NZ' = e CZ' -
the abscissa of
P referred
CN -?i- ex',
to the centre.
THE
252.
By the preceding
method
article
of constructing
Take a piece
an
ellipse.
ellipse.
aS"
we can
229
of thread,
and
LATUS-RECTUM.
ELLIPSE.
foci.
and
aS",
method.
253.
Latus-rectum of the
ellipse.
=e
= a ae^
= -.
254.
(Art. 247.)
To
%4-'
COORDINATE GEOMETRr.
230
yi-s
or
(3).
From
X
is
(3),
it follows,
similarly, that, if
impossible,
above
is
y>h
or <:-6,
x.
number
c,
and
255.
The quantity ^ +
-7^
i^
negative^
zero,
or
(/
without the
upon, or
ellijjse.
tlirough
Art. 247,
PiP _
"W ~
If
Q be
^'
y', i.e.
that
V''
PN^
0-
h-
-,
x'^
a^
QI^, is
< FN,
so
RADIUS VECTOR IN ANY DIRECTION.
Hence, in this
case,
r +
I.e.
Similarly,
negative.
'2
'2
-^ +
a"
1 IS
"v^
if
231
^-
1 is positive,
6^
vector
from
the
centre
The equation
(6) of Art.
coordinates becomes
r^cos^^
r^sin^^
a'W
drawn at any
Since
r^
= ^a
62
value of r
is
r-s
tit^
r--;,
we
(a2-62)sin2(9'
when ^ = 0, and then
Similarly, B
==
greatest
see that the *=
it is
equal to
a.
r, viz. h.
257.
Auxiliary circle.
NP
Let
be any ordinate of the ellipse, and
produced to meet the auxiliary circle in Q.
let it
be
232
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
gives
PN^
SO tliat
QN'
::
BC^
PNBCb
QN""AC"a'
Y
AG\
We have
233
and
(f>,
<f>
(f>
Hence, by the
last article,
<f>
Since
" the point
To obtain
259.
two points on
ff>
known when ^
is
given,
is
it
often called
is
<^."
the equation
the ellij^se
The equation
,
2/
and
(a cos
6 sin
<^',
them
- 6 sm <h
6 sin
d)'
a cos
fp
-,
-6
sin
</>
a cos ^V
(x
^
^f)').
is
a cos d))
'
_b
2cosl(<^ + <^>inl(</>--c^)
a 'Ssin !(<}!> + </,') sin i(<^-</>y'^
cosl(<^
=--
-i f-h
.
'
<^')
sin J (^'
7\
cos<^;
{x-a cos
</>),
<^)
i.e.
C&262
a;
- cos
+ + y
(ft
cb'
Y-
ch
Sin
ch'
-^~ = cos
-
4>
<i>
cos
^'
+
^
+ sin
.6
^
^2
</>
r
<^-c^'
^ + </,'-l
-cos|^<^--^^-^J=:cos^^l-^
This
P',
is
sm
6'
,-,
(1).
The equation
X
+
- sin
- cos ^-^ + V
a
<i)
<t>
them
+ (h'
--^
(i>
is
=cos
(i>-<t>'
r2
P and
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
234
This straight
major axis.
line
and
(1) clearly
make
same
the
intercept
on the
Hence the straight line joining any two points on an ellipse, and
the straight line joining the corresponding points on the auxiliary
circle, meet the major axis in the same point.
EXAMPLES. XXXII.
Find the equation to the ellipses, whose centres are the
whose axes are the axes of coordinates, and which pass
through (a) the points (2, 2), and (3, 1),
and
(/3) the points (1, 4) and (-6, 1).
Find the equation of the ellipse referred to its centre
1.
origin,
2.
is
and whose
eccentricity is |,
(4,
and
0)
(1)
6.
to
+ Sy^ = a^,
(2)
5x'^
+ 4y'^ = l,
and
- 4,
0)
and
and whose
(3)
5y^-S0y = O.
rectum be equal
one half
7.
(-1,
1),
eccentricity is ^.
8.
Is the point
(4,
9.
ellipse
lV?
to,
drawn
to the point (4
25x2 + 162/2=1600.
10. Prove that the sum of the squares of the reciprocals of two
perpendicular diameters of an ellipse is constant.
AP
with the
13. Prove that the locus of the intersection of
straight line through A' perpendicular to A'F is a straight line which
is perpendicular to the major axis.
[EXS. XXXII.]
235
PLM
15.
an
ellipse,
lab
and
^, 0,
\{/,
is
0-^ yl/-d
d-(t>
sin -^-^ sm i-^ sm
^
.
Prove also that its area is to the area of the triangle formed by the
corresponding points on the auxiliary circle as 6 a, and hence that
its area is a maximum when the latter triangle is equilateral, i.e. when
:
27r
0-^ = ^-0 = .
16.
major
17. Shew that the perpendiculars from the centre upon all chords,
which join the ends of perpendicular diameters, are of constant
length.
a + /3 + 7 +
of
IT
radians.
[See Trigonometry, Part II, Art. 31, and Page 37, Ex. 15.]
The tangent
at any point
of a circle meets the tangent at a
in T, and T is joined to B, the other end of the
diameter through A ; prove that the locus of the intersection of
19.
fixed point
AP
and
BT is
20.
an
ellipse
From any
whose eccentricity
point
P on
is
.-
PN is
NQ
the ellipse,
drawn perpendicular
21. Given the base of a triangle and the sum of its sides, prove
that the locus of the centre of its incircle is an ellipse.
22. With a given point and line as focus and directrix, a series
of ellipses are described; prove that the locus of the extremities of
their minor axes is a parabola.
23. A line of fixed length a + b moves so that its ends are always
on two fixed perpendicular straight lines; prove that the locus of a
point, which divides this line into portions of length a and b, is an
ellipse.
24. Prove that the extremities of the latera recta of all ellipses,
having a given major axis 2a, lie on the parabola x^= -a{y- a).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY,
236
Tojind
260.
of any straight
the intersections
li7ie
with
the ellipse
T + |I=1
(1).
y ^ TThx +
The coordinates
line
be
(2).
and
(mx + cf
^ir~ "
'^
a'
x" {a^mP
i.e.
This
is
b')
'
+ 2a^mcx + a'
(c"
- If) =
(3).
realj coincident, or
The
(2)
two points
real, coincident,
The
imaginary according as
(2a^?7ic)^ 4 (b^+a^ni^) x a^ (d^lr) is positive, zero, or negative,
i.e.
i.e.
according as h^(h'^-\-a^m?)l?c^
according as
261.
on
ellipse
As
c^ is
To find
< =:
or
in Art. 204,
, ,
x^
^=
so that
X,
y = mx +
c.
we have
Marine
X-, -f-
the length
is
Xo =
Yh
or {c^
,
J
^nci X1X2
a^mr +
2a6 sja-nr +
7,-7,
b'
Th
o"
=^
Ir)
7
= J{x^ - flJa)^ +
(2/1
262.
237
To find
b^
c^
b^
Let
P and Q
y')
The equation
ellipse,
PQ
whose
is
(!)
y-2/'=J^|'(^-*')
Since both
P and Q
on the
lie
10
coordi-
ellipse,
we have
ro
(2)'
a-'='
,2
-^^+v=l
(^>-
Hence, by subtraction,
y"^-y''_^
x"'-x'^
"^
a^
(
'
**^'
_b^ x" +
^^'^^''"
On
6^
a''y"
x'
+ y''
PQ
becomes
y-yf
0''
= X and
y"
=y
-T
5-77
to
,v
,{x~x)
the tangent
.^
(4).
we take Q
we put
limit,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
238
The equation
(4)
then becomes
ox,
-2 +
i.e.
a"
-.T
0"
c?
is
"*
a2
-2
>
y^
1'
h^
% equation
(2).
therefore
"
b2
Cor. The equation to the tangent is therefore obtained from the equation to the curve by the rule of
Art. 152.
As
y = 7nx +
meets the
ellipse in points
af (62
ahn")
(1)
h'')
0,
it
\ja?m^
+ y^.
y = mx+ Va2m2 + b2
This
is
and
(2).
- c?'m
y^
'
239
ellipse, if
p2
= a2 cos2 a + b2 sin2 a.
may
Similarly, it
touches the
265.
ellipse, if
Equation
eccentric angle is
Substituting
we
+ b^m^ = v?.
tangent at
the
to
whose
point
the
<f>.
The coordinates
of Art. 262,
aH^
my = n
(ft).
^ + ^D sin ^ = 1
- COS
3>
may
This equation
also be
(1).
Find
The equations
+V
is
sin
and
<p'.
0'
= 0,
1
= 0.
obtain
X
sin
and
- COS
a
We
<p
is
a
- sin 0'
'
-1
cos
<p'
- cos <p
sin (0
0')
i.e.
2a COS
+ <b
(b
sin
(b
d)'
^,
2b sin
y
(b
^ + 0'.
sm -
1
<b
2 sin
~^
(h
dt
d)
cos
<b
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
240
^=a '=-2iiM)
Hence
and
COS i{(f>-^')
266.
Equation
COS J (0
normal
to the
= i,!i^i <|J3.
-
j,
<p')
y').
i.e.
a'y
where
y'
m(x x')^
^-\ = -l,
m ^ ^,
i.e.
ay /
(Art. 69).
o-'x
ft
The equation
to the normal
is
X - X'
y-y
a2
b2
^.e.
267.
angle
is
Equation
to the
normal
X
,
{x
- x),
y' = --,
<j>.
The coordinates
it
therefore y
a cos
<^
and
b sin
<j!>,
<i>
becomes
=:
cos
<p
sm <^
by
sm ip
<p
ax sec
ax
cos
is
therefore
^ by cosec ^ =
a2
b2.
(f>.
# 268.
Equation
The equation
to the
to the
241
normal at
as in Art. 266,
_
ay
Let^, = m,sothat- = ^-^^.
,
a^u
^-
Hence, since
the relation
-^
y"^
=
^
62
1> ^^^
obtain
b^m
y
The equation
to the
~ Ja^ + hHi^'
normal
is
y=mx-
therefore
f-
^.
This is not as important an equation as the corresponding equation in the case of the parabola.
(Art. 208.)
When
it is
in terms of
269.
To find
the
and
sub-
normal.
16
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
242
The equation
P is
to the tangent at
(Art. 262)
? + f^=l
y
(!)
x=-,
^
CT^
i.e.
CN'-
GT.GN=a^=GA^
I.e.
we put
(2).
NT
x'^
a?
a^
^CT-GN=^-x'^
X
X
,
The equation
to the normal
XX
x
To
find
where
it
(Art. 266)
~y
y'
meets the
is
^^^^~
axis,
y
x_
'
we put
7
2/
0,
and have
>
'a?
Ga=^x = x'-^,x'='^^x'=^eKx'^e\GN...{3).
i.e.
CO
CO
^GN-GG^{l-e^)GN,
NG::NGv.l~e^'.l
i.e.
::
h"
a\
(Art. 247.)
Pn
Gt.Gn^h\
Some properties of the ellipse.
SG = e,SP, and the tangent and
270.
(a)
external
By
Art. 269,
we have CG=e^x'.
normal at
bisect
the focal distances of P.
the
Hence
Also
Hence
3,
243
251.
It follows
SP and ST.
If SY and S'Y' be the perpendiculars from the foci upon the
(/3)
tangent at any point P of the ellipse, then Y and Y' lie on the auxiliary
Also GY and S'P are parallel.
circle, and SY S'Y' = b'^.
.
The equation
to
any tangent
is
X co^a + y Bva.a=p
where
(1),
a (Art. 264).
If
be the point
+ ae)sin a-
j/cos a
then, since
{h, k)
lies
0)
(2).
on both
(1)
and
(2),
we
have
h cos a + k sin a sja^ cos^ a +
b^ sin^ a,
a= -ae sin a =
- ija^ -
h sin a - ^ cos
and
b^ sin^ a.
h'^
+ k'^ = a'^,
so that
Y lies
Similarly
Again S
it
is
may
the point
Hence, from
- ae,
and
lies
on this
circle.
(1),
SY=p-\-ae cos
SY
Thus
0)
a,
S'Y' =^2
a.
(Art. 75.)
_ a2g2 cos2 a
CT=
Also
and
therefore
a^
_a{a-eCN)
S'T=~-^-ae=
^,,
ON
GT
''
Hence
GY
"'
GN'
CN
^__CT
parallel.
Similarly
GY' and
SF
parallel.
162
are
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
244
If the normal at any point P meet the major and minor axes
g, and if GF he the perpendicular upon this normal, then
(7)
in
and
FF.PG^ &2
PF.Pg = a2.
at any point P
aj^^
The tangent
0")
is
ah
Hence Pi^= perpendicular from G upon
this tangent
ah
(1).
VP
cos^
The normal
at
sin^
fjb^ cos^
(p
a'-^
sin^
is
-^--X=a^-hcos
sm
If
we put y = 0, we have GG =
cos 0.
a cos
(2).
+ 62 sin3
cos
J
= h^
"2 COS^
+ &2 sin^ 0,
PG^-Jb^cos^(p
+ a^sin^(p.
^
i.e.
From
If
this
we put
and
a;
(1),
in
^sin0j.
(0,
Hence
so that
From
^^~h
this result
'^^^ ^^^^
and
(1)
we
sin
+ ^2 sin^ 0.
therefore have
PF. Pg = a\
Any
y 7nx +
is
sja^rri^
6'^,
is
y--in''^\J'''{-^3*^^-
if {h,
and
mil
ink
+A=
we have
+ fe-
(1),
+ Ir'nn?
(2).
sjahii?
sjo?
245
EXAMPLES.
relation
(P + W)
i.e.
Hence the
+ m^) =
+ W)
h'' + k^ = a^ + h\
(1
(^2
+ m%
k) is the circle
(Ji,
+ 2/^ = - +
(1
h^,
EXAMPLES. XXXIII.
Find the equation
to the tangent
and normal
+ Qt/^ = 20,
1.
2.
3.
at the ends of the latera recta of the ellipse ^x^ + 16?/2 = 144.
4.
4a;2
= 137
whose ordinate
is 2,
ellipse
T2 =^ '
and the
directrices.
Find the points on the ellipse such that the tangents there
7.
are equally inclined to the axes.
Prove also that the length of the
perpendicular from the centre on either of these tangents is
x/'
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
246
[ExS.
10.
recta,
e4
+ e2 = l.
If
11.
MQ
MP meet
any ordinate
SP
Two
and
the tangent at
.L
in Q, prove that
are equal.
tan~i
aey
Shew
14.
a^
\.^ =
'\.
and the
circle x~
+ y'^ = ab
Ir
a b
tan~^ ~7=?
y/ab
tan~i X I ,
16.
and
r,
is
common
_'ix
y^
/>-
a'^
and
y'^
a;2
a^
b^
2x _
c
Prove that
The tangent
CG.CT= CS^.
18.
perpendicular on it
and (2) the least value
oiTtisa + b.
Prove that the perpendicular from the focus upon any tangent
line joining the centre to the point of contact meet on the
corresponding directrix.
19.
and the
20. Prove that the straight lines, joining each focus to the foot of
the perpendicular from the other focus upon the tangent at any
point P, meet on the normal at P and bisect it.
XXXIIIJ
EXAMPLES.
247
21. Prove that the circle on any focal distance as diameter touches
the auxiliary circle.
22.
its
greatest value
is
CP and
the normal at
2a6
23.
fillipse, if
b'~
+ 2 =
(a^
24.
lines
a^
i2
- - l+ =
a
9-
lx
+ my=n
is
a normal to the
and -
line
6^)2
two straight
^ - 1 = 0.
Prove also that they meet at the point whose eccentric angle
is
2tan-ii.
25. Prove that the locus of the middle points of the portions of
tangents included between the axes is the curve
Q
Q
27.
The normal
loci of the
4^,2
4^.2
^2(1^,2)2
28.
|- = 1,
anda%2 + 62^2^|(,,2_62)2.
feet of
ellipse is
number
29.
If a
30.
The normal
minor
GP is produced to
is
Q, so that
GQ = n.
jtck
a^{n + e^-ne^y
GP.
+ -^o = 1.
n%^
31. If the straight line y = mx + c meet the ellipse, prove that the
equation to the circle, described on the line joining the points of
intersection as diameter,
(a2m2 +
32.
62) (a;2
is
on the
ellipse.
concentric ellipse.
Prove that
MN
{a^
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
248
[EXS. XXXIII.]
33. Prove that the sum of the eccentric angles of the extremities
of a chord, which is drawn in a given direction, is constant, and
equal to twice the eccentric angle of the point at which the tangent is
parallel to the given direction.
34.
+ fa
in the points
right angles.
272.
-^
that through
To prove
The equation
to
and Q are
(cci,
at
3/1)
two tangents
any tangent
is
y = mx + sja^m^ +
b^
at
mcci =
sjo^m?
(1).
(x-^^,
y-^,
we have
IP-,
i.e.
i.e.
m^{x^-a^)-'imXjy^+{y{--)^Q
(2).
The
and
we
have,
different, if
(- 2x^y^y - 4
i. e. if
(a?!^
11
+^ ^
a^
i.e. ii
"
be positive,
0^
i.e. if
the point
The
{x^, y-^
h-x^^
be
a'^y^^
- a-62
on the curve.
by sub-
be negative,
i.e.
if
the point
if
249
y^
(a?i,
lie
(Art. 255).
coordinates are x
is
y',
^ + ^'
=,
y\
is
It
a^
Jy"
62
a^
57,
whose coordi-
-^
l^^
^' + 2/_|:^l
and
The equation
to
^^
^2).
^
0^
a^
is
then
^^^=^
For, since (1)
is true,
Hence
is
(3)-
y') lies
on
(3).
on
joining (x',
QR the required chord of contact of tangents from
274.
(''^1)
2/i)
(3).
(3)
To find
'^'^'i^t'
the equation
Tespect to the
of
the
{x^,
v/i)-
ellip)se
S-J=l-
[Art. 162.]
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
250
^),
its
Q and
meet
in the point
whose
k).
{Ji,
QR
yk
xh
~^'^'^
Since this straight line passes through the point
(x^, ^j),
we have
ky^
hx^
+
a
^=
(!)
it
(A, k) lies
^^W=^
Hence
(2)
Cor.
The polar
is
X. ae
a^
i.e.
(^)-
a
e
When
(a^i,
the tangent at
y^
is
on the
ellipse, its
polar
is
the same as
it.
T passes
through P.
To find
277.
the coordinates
the pole
of
251
of any given
Ixii/e
Ax + By + C=0
Let
(x^, 2/i)
the polar of
be
Then
its pole.
(1).
(1)
^" + f'-l=0
Comparing
is easily
can
as
and
(1)
(2),
..(2).
seen to be
to the
the point
(x^^j
y^.
The equation
(fljj,
2/i)
of
(A,
k) to
is
^ - Vl
k y^
y=j
^x+^
t.e.
hy.
kx.
^\
must be
of the
form
y = mx + s]a^w? +
h^.
Art. 263.)
Hence
rnJ^,
h x^
Hence
But
^^'
f
\
and f^^lJl^V =
\ h x^ J
^Y = faV
\h-xj
"
h-x^
W + Jl
6'.
may
lie
on the locus
{xy^
This equation
tangents.
is
(1).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
252
It
/^' ,2/'
279.
i\
To Jind
chords of the
(1) is
A_
^3//
/^^i'
the locus
equivalent to
of
the
f^^i
2/2/1
ellij)se.
QR,
is
y = 7nx +
where
c is different for
(1),
{mx + cY
-1.
a-
i. e.
(2).
[h, k).
*T*
1,
t^o
we have
a^mc
C^Vl^
(3).
IP'
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
Also
lies
on the straight
253
= mh + c
and (4) we eliminate
k
If
between
(3)
a^TTb
^"
(k
a?rri'
(A, k)
locus
is
we have
tnh)
'
+ }f
always
The required
c,
= ~ a^mk
hVi
i. e.
(4).
(5).
lies
on the straight
line
(6).
y 7n-,x, where m,
^r
^'
mm.
I.e.
(7).
m and
b^h
a?k^ +
= __^-.
m=-^.andc
y-h'^
The
required equation
is
^~
i.e.
therefore
a'k''^
'
a?k
^^{y-Jc)+~{X-h)=0.
It is therefore parallel to
the polar of
{h, k).
we
see that
any diameter
mm
7/
m^x
62
'-a^
W-
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
254
in this
to the
Hence
said to be conjugate
to the other.
Two
jugate,
diameters y
if
miXli
^
g- ,
a-*
any diameter
is
In the Figure
the
ellipse,
QBj
(a;',
y)
is
^' + ^'=1
a-'
(2).
'
^
o"
we have
a-'y
the point
i.e.
(cc',
y^
lies
on the straight
line
a^m,
QR
and
Cor.
CD
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
255
283.
QR
the
(Art. 279) be
(1).
^V^^l
The equations
(1)
and
its
(2)
(2) therefore
i.e. {h^
k) lies
on the straight
line
am,
which, by Art. 279, is the equation to the diameter bisectHence T lies on the straight line GP.
ing the chord QR.
284.
If
P is the point
<^
P and D,
of the ends,
and
(f>',
[a cos ^, h sin
then
</>),
<^
and
cf>'
of a
differ
the equation to
CPis
y~x. tan
(1).
</>
So the equation
to
CD is
y X
- tan
a
<^'
(2).
6^
i. e.
if
i.e. if
tan
<^ ^^
a^
cot
cf}'
a^
tan
(<^'
^-^'= + 90.
90j,
if
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
256
Cor.
ing to
1.
P and D
For
have
p and d be
if
circle correspond-
by Art. 258, we
Cor.
then
is
2.
285.
From
Hence,
+
if
c(>,
<^),
b sin
<^),
then
b sin (90
PJ^ and
<^)}
DM be
it
is
follows that
if
<fi,
P be
the point
( a sin
i- e.
<^,
the ordinates of
b cos
</>).
and
i),
we have
iTP
CM
and
286.
If PCP' and
BCD'
CP^ + CD^
is
CJSr
MD
constant,
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
Let
and
P be
h sin
257
<^.
ordinates are
a sin ^
i.e.
and
h cos
<^),
<^.
We therefore have
(1)
and
b"^
cj>
b'^
Hence
the sum
KLMN
By
Euc.
we have
36j
I.
area
CU
where
is
KLMN = 4
CPXD
-4. GU.PK=iCU.CD,
.
area
C upon
the tangent
at P.
Now
- cos
a
<l>
+T
sin
(i)
P is
= 0,
we have
ab
ab
C (J
Hence
Thus the area
J a" sin''
sin2<^
/cos^^</)
<f,
b^
cos'
CD
<f>
CU.CI) = ab.
of the parallelogram
KLMN = iab,
287.
equal
at P.
If
to the
P be the
point
(p,
SP = a + ae cos
L.
then,
tf),
and S'P a
ae cos
^.
17
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
258
Hence
= a^ sin^ <^+b'
Ex.
288.
If
and
cos^
<^
the locus of
and
PD,
(1)
(2)
(3)
P is the point
If (x, y)
(1)
^=
If
D is
we eliminate
2
and
(a cos 0, h sin 0)
we
d)
and D,
(
-a
upon PD.
PD, we have
^' ^^^ ^ =
h sin
+ & cos
2
We obtain
^ + |2=i[(cos
+ cos 0)2] = ^.
The tangents
are
-cos0 + vsin0=l,
a
= l.
-- sin0 + rcos0
^
and
By
By
Art. 259,
on putting
0'
and concentric
= 9O + 0,
ellipse.
the equation to
PD is
make an
xcosu + ysm(a=p.
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
259
cos (45 + ^)
= a cos
CO
cos 45
, ,
& sin
w cos
45
i.e.
the
locus required
(f>
b^ sin^
(f>
tan^
giving
^ = 45,
i.e.
The equation
to
CP is
P be
=
0,
and
CP^ =
be ex-
CDK
we then have
a^ sin^
(f}
h^
cos^ ^,
^ = Ij
or 135.
then
h
y = x. tan
*.e.
2/
and that to
CD is
^,
= -^
(1)>
y~ x cot <^,
a
^.e.
2/
If a rectangle be
= + -^
(2).
and
The
The length
290.
of each equiconjugate
is,
Supplemental chords.
by Art. 286,
Def.
The chords
and
on an ellipse to the extremities,
joining any point
P'j of any diameter of the ellipse are called supplemental
chords.
Supplemental chords are parallel
to
conjugate diatneters.
172
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
260
<f>,
The equations
^ oo^
to
*^
and
^+180 + ^!
X
cos
2
a
;r
FB and
+ ^^ + ^
2/
-r
Sm
sin
ilii-cos ^^1
^;;
y cos
^^
^
^\
..
cot
til
'
(2).
'
^
= - tan ^^^
CO
This proposition
= sm ^
the lines
-z:
The m "
The product of
a^
- - sm ^Hr^ +
2
a
*.e.
FE'
and JR
and
<^i
If
g
so that,
by Art. 281,
to conjugate diameters.
let
Since
chords parallel to
Hence
therefore
GV.
So CF' bisects
CF and GV are in
PP' and
JPB,.,
all
GV
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
261
a'
and
respectively.
h'
Ax' + 2Hxy-\-By'=l
Now
0), lies
on
Aa" =
So since Q, the point
Hence
A^-jz-, and
a^
(1),
so that
(2).
Bh'^ =
(1).
on
(1),
we have
1.
B=
-=-f.
h^
CP
^+^-=1
Cor. If the axes be the equiconjugate diameters, the
equation is x^ + y^ = a'^. The equation is thus the same in
form as the equation to a circle. In the case of the ellipse
however the axes are oblique.
292.
when
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
262
If
be the point
[x', y'),
the tangent at
it is
Putting y = 0, we have
^rj._a'^_GP^
I.e.
CV.CT=GP^
i.e.
EXAMPLES. XXXIV.
1.
In the
ellipse
qF
tt
= 1> ^^^
(2, 1)
and
is
- J,
4:X^
+ 7y^=8,
and
(1)
(2)
1),
between them
5.
is
In the
tan"^
a^
ellipse -s
+ ^=l,
write
down
x-y = 0, x + y = 0,
6.
2/
= -^-
Shew
iy-x O,
y = ^x, and
and
Shew
and Q on an
that the four lines which join the foci to two points
touch a circle whose centre is the pole of PQ.
ellipse all
[EXS.
EXAMPLES.
263
PM
= CK.LM.
What do
when
PN be
is
on the
ellipse ?
the ordinate of
and the
13.
CPTQ
ellipse
is
prove that they intercept on the ordinate through the nearer focus a
distance equal to the major axis.
14. Prove that the angle between the tangents that can be drawn
from any point [x^ y{) to the ellipse is
,
2ah
tan~i
x{^
/~-^^yl
+ y-^ -a^-b^
to the
Prove that the bisector of the angle between these lines also
bisects the angle between the tangents TP and TQ that can be drawn
from T, and hence that
lSTP=lS'TQ.
16. If two tangents to an ellipse and one of
that the locus of its centre is a straight line.
17.
its foci
be given, prove
conjugate diameters.
y=mx+ a/
inter-
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
264
[Exs.
XXXIV.]
GQ
is
21. Prove that a chord which joins the ends of a pair of conjugate
diameters of an ellipse always touches a similar ellipse.
4a&cosec(0i-02),
it is
least
when
diameters.
23.
-A.
directrix;
the focus.
pair
of
If the tangent at
24.
(1)
diameters
conjugate
is
two
any point
P meet in
prove that in each case the rectangle LP PL' is equal to the square
on the semidiameter which is parallel to the tangent at P.
.
25. -A. point is such that the perpendicular from the centre on its
polar with respect to the ellipse is constant and equal to c shew that
its locus is the elhpse
;
^2
2/2^1
26.
ellipse -3
'rg
=1
to the circle x'^ + y'^=r'^ prove that the chords of contact are tangents
to the ellipse a^x^^- h^y'^ r^.
;
If
= -5 + -s
r^
a^
0^
ellipse.
{hh)'^
FOUR NORMALS TO AN
265
ELLIPSE.
The normal
any
at
cos
point,
<p
(A, ^),
we have
J!L_JL=v
COS
For a given
^, is
sm
<p
If this
is
sm
</)
(1).
'
^
<jt>
eccentric angles of
through
{h,
h).
<k
Let
cos
d>
^=
tan
-:,
so that
^,
and
sni
\-f
hkf +
Let
^1, ^2)
2^3
7,
(ah +
hi ^^(i
(1),
'^*
we have
a^e
ok
2/,2
2t
aV) +
h ^6 the
2i5
(ah -
a^e^)
-hk =
...
(2).
2,
^X
kk +
^2^3^4
and
lH-t-4
ah ^
by Art.
+ tan^t
i.e.
cb
+ ^2+^3 +
^1^3
+ 4^1 +
^1^4
^4
^2^3
^ah +
-2
^^-
a?e^
^2^4
+ kh =^0
^
54^li^2
+ ^1^3 = - 2
^j^2^o^4=:-l
ah a^p}
TT
(3),
(4),
,
(5),
(6),
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
266
{h
^ + il + h\ -
and hence
^1-^3
<^i
__ ^1
+ ^2 + ^3 +
</>4
= (2n +
We
294.
Ex.
1.
loci
Find
of chords of an
of
The
QR
shall conclude the chapter with some exconnected with the ellipse.
the locus of the intersection of tangents at the ends
which are of constant length 2c.
the polar of P,
is
equation
its
x^
[W
(^
a^j
^l +
2/2
is
^y
h^
V
fc^\ _2i
W-\
2xh
and
which
Q and R meet
meets the
by
\^
2/i
angles.
ellipse,
If
_^
two right
^3
1)??
= an odd multiple
amples of
='''^+2'
we have
125),
Ti^
of this equation,
be the ordinates of
"^
a2
62
-^'
so that, by subtraction,
~ 2/1
i.e.
i'h
^2^
V.^2
the abscissae of
+ ^2/^2-
R, we have from
Q and
2+^=1'
2/2
and ^1^2
-j2;,2
^2-^-2p:;-^2;i;2'
and
'
~ ^l/'
(1)
'
THE
The
267
which
EXAMPLES.
ELLIPSE.
is
{h, k)
always
Ka'^y^J-y
&2
on the curve
lies
"^
aP )
V^ + P~-^j'
Ex. 2. Find the locus (1) of the middle points, and (2) of the poles,
of normal chords of the ellipse.
The chord, whose middle point is {h, k), is parallel to the polar of
(h, k) and is therefore
,
i^-h)^,+ {y-k)^^=o
If this
be a normal,
it
(1).
aa^sec 6
- by cosec
= a^-h^
(2).
We therefore have
gsec 6
"T
_ - 6 cosec 6
%
a^
b^
fh^
cos^:
so that
h{a^-b^)
sin^=-
and
a^-b^
k (a2 -
fc2)
'
/i2
k-^
a^
b^
Jf\
\^ '^ by
'
y^'^by
d,
fc2\2
@4:)(^-^i='--^^
The equation
e4:r(^3-'-'^>=
Again, if (x^, y-y) be the pole of the normal chord
equation must be equivalent to the equation
^^ + ^^=1
Comparing
(2)
we have
a^sec0_ 6^ cosec
and
^
&2,
vT'
(
W\
= cos2^ + sin2^= 5+5)
a^
so that
\x^
y^j
the latter
(3).
(3),
^1
(2),
(a
62)2
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
268
Ex.
Chords of the
3.
and coaxal
Any
ellipse
-k
is
ellipse
2 +
^2
yz=mx+
is
^Ja^m^ + p^
(1).
Let the tangents at the points where it meets the first ellipse meet
in (h, k). Then (1) must be the same as the polar of {h, k) with
respect to the first ellipse,
the same as
i.e. it is
^~"
a^^b''
Since
and
(1)
(2) coincide,
'h~
we have
k~
Ti
and
m=--^T,
a^ k
Hence
^''^
fja^m^ + jS^ ==
Eliminating m, we have
a4/c2
i.e.
+P
-/^2'
^2
i.e.
ellipse
1)2
and
respectively.
EXAMPLES. XXXV.
The tangents drawn from a point P to the ellipse make angles
and $2 with the major axis find the locus of P when
;
1.
^1
+ ^2
2. tan
i^
3.
tan
4.
tan^
^1
- tan
d-i
[Compare Ex.
constant (=:2a).
^i + tan 62
is
constant
d^ is
constant
+ tan^ ^o
is
constant
= c).
= d!).
(
= X).
1,
Art. 235.]
61
[EXS.
THE
XXXV.]
ELLIPSE.
EXAMPLES.
269
which meet
6.
if
sum
the
at a given angle a.
if
if
the
sum of
of the
midSle points
of
is
h.
chords of an ellipse
c.
(/i,
Tc).
= 2c).
2 [ax sin a
+ by cos a)
(-.:)-
20.
+ y"^)
The polar
fixed circle,
[a^x^
of a point
whose centre
is
{o?x^ +
b^y'^)
P with
of the ellipse.
Shew that the locus of P is a
parabola, whose latus rectum is a third proportional to the diameter
of the circle and the latus rectum of the ellipse.
Prove that the locus of the pole, with respect to the ellipse, of
^
X
v^
1
any tangent to the auxiliary circle is the curve -4 + n = -^
21.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
270
22.
circle,
whose
[EXS.
XXXV.]
Shew that the locus of the pole, with respect to the auxiliary
of a tangent to the ellipse is a similar concentric ellipse,
major axis is at right angles to that of the original ellipse.
23. Chords of the ellipse touch the parabola ay^= -2b^x; prove
that the locus of their poles is the parabola ay^ = 2b^x.
sum
an
to
of
ellipse
a2a;2
+ hY = {a^ + ^^f
and
An
+ p = 1,
to the ellipse -g
about
ellipse is rotated
its centre,
which
is fixed
+ 2/2)
(a;2
its
new
position is
is
another
ellipse.
drawn
ellipse,
of
is
y^
_
\^^+by
'
CHAPTER
XIII.
THE HYPERBOLA.
295.
The hyperbola
eccentricity e
is
is
To find
the equation to
a hyperbola.
ZK
Let
be the directrix, 8 the focus, and let
perpendicular to the directrix.
There will be a point
SZ
SA--^e.AZ
(ly
be
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
272
called
and
2c&,
let
A\ on
/S'^
pro-
(2).
be the middle
(2), we have
'la^AA'^e.A:Z-e.AZ
= e\CA' + GZ'\-e\_GA - GZ] = e,2GZ,
GZ=-
i.e.
Adding
(1)
i,e.
(3).
we have
e (AZ +A'Z) = SA' + SA = 2GS,
e.AA' = 2.GS,
GS = ae
and
(2),
and hence
(4).
Let G be the origin, GSX the axis of x, and a straight
line GT, through G perpendicular to GX, the axis of y.
Let P be any point on the curve, whose coordinates are
be the perpendicular upon the directrix,
X and y, and let
and PiV the perpendicular on ^^^.
FM
The
The
focus
aS'
the point
is
(ae, 0).
relation
gives
l2
{x
x^
i.e.
Hence
aef + y^ = e^\ x
i.e.
==1
(5).
(e^
1)
is positive.
Let
it
X2
y2
(^)'
r2-b2=^
where
and therefore
b'^=^a'e^-a^^GjS^-GA'
GS^ = a^ + b^
(7),
. . .
(8).
THE HYPERBOLA.
296.
PF^_AF.NA'
so that
we put
If
b'
::
d\
(6),
we have
CZ
y'^-
lf,
in imaginary
points.
Def. The points A and A' are called the vertices of the
hyperbola, C is the centre, -4^' is the transverse axis of the
curve, whilst the line BB' is called the conjugate axis,
where
and B' are two points on the axis of y equidistant
from C, as in the figure of Art. 315, and such that
B'G =
CB^h.
+ ae)^
0),
_
p-1'
2/2
~"^2
^'+2--|' + e2-l = 0.
i.e.
directrix
x^
a;2
and
a^
^
y^
w2
1^
b'^
2x
and
foot of the
2a;
+__=!_
^
ae
e^
The equation
tricity are
to the hyperbola, whose focus, directrix, and eccenany given quantities, may be written down as in the case
298.
There
exist
to the curve.
On SO
S',
such that
SG=CS'^ae,
and another point
Z',
such that
ZC = CZ' =
a
e
18
274
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
Draw Z'M'
duced to meet
AA^ and
perpendicular to
in M'
let
FM be
pro-
it
The equation
(5)
of Art. 295
may be
written in the
form
tc^
i.e.
S'P^
i.e.
+ aef +
2/^
= e" {Z'G +
^^ + ^aex + a^,
= e^(-+a3j
CNf = e^ PM\
.
The
difference
For
(Fig.,
Hence
= e.ZZ' = 2e.CZ=2a
the transverse axis AA'.
and
where
x' is
Also
P referred to
the centre
as origin.
300.
i.e.
of the curve
By the
=
from
the directrix
^e.SZ=e{CS-CZ)
= e CS eCZ=ae^ ~a =
.
by equations
(3), (4),
and
SL
THE HYPERBOLA.
To
301.
275
--^=1
The equation may be written in
(1)
^=**\/5^
(^)'
,2
or
a!
From
and
(2), it
/^ +
= fli
follows that,
if
^<
cf?^
(3).
i.e. if
is
lie
between a
therefore no part
For
all
y.
The curve
consists of
two
portions, one of
which extends
302.
The quantity
y'),
and
'^^
positive,
zero^
or
let
the ordinate
182
QW
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
276
Q meet
through
Art. 295,
^ _ FIP_ _
and hence
If
Pi\^,
Similarly,
i.e.
QN,
than
is less
|^<_^-, ^.e.<__l.
Hence, in this
if
-j->0,
a
case,
i.e. is
positive.
we have
303.
1-
sothat
a given
= ^
to~
-^
To find
the length
y'
negative.
direction.
The equation
when tran^rred
to polar
coordinates, becomes
(cos- e _Biv? e\
sin^e
COS- 6
cos-e/b'
,\
i5=^--^^=-j-.--(;?-ten^^j
t.e
,,,
(1).
So long as tan^
^<
-^,
of r corresponding to
any value
of
0.
52
For values
are negative,
Any
radius
of tan^
0> ^,
drawn
of r imaginary.
277
inclined at an angle
tan~-^
to
CX.
the form
(1) in
7*
cos2^(^-tan2(9^
we see that
when ^ = 0.
Also,
least
is
when tan
For values
of
=-
CA
is
is greatest, i.e.
the value of r
is infinite.
between
^^
For values
and tan~^ -
the positive
a
values of R give the portion AR^, and the negative values
give the portion A'R^.
of 6
between
is
ellipse.
"When
it is
X = a sec
may be
equation
and
y = b tan <f>
Art. 295.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
278
and from the
a tangent
foot iV of
NU to this circle,
CU=CNco^NCU,
x = GN=:a^QGNCU.
i.e.
The angle
Also
<^.
(j>
JV^F
so that
JSFU
::
a.
circle.
305.
differs
c^> <
As
straight line
X cos a + y
a tangent,
The
is
b^
sJa^TYi^
always a tangent.
The
is
b^.
As
y = mx +
is
a^Tn^
if
p^ = a^ cos^ a b^
straight line
a tangent,
if
Ix
?i^
= j^
sin a
sin^
a.
my = n
aH^ - m^.
[Art. 264.]
The normal
306.
With some
is,
279
as in Art. 266,
It follows that,
same
foci
307.
points
shewn
aS'
The equation
{a sec ^,
tan
(j>)
to be
X
a
4>'
cos
^ y
7- sm
^
.
^+
ct>
c{i
4>
cos
+
^
2
<h'
.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
280
sin
= cos d).
</)
It could easily be
normal
it
to
the
is
ax sin
<^
+ by
The proposition
308.
=^{a^
+ b^) tan
^.
hyperbola.
As
from
in
Art.
(iTj, 2/i)
273,
^^1
As
the
is
y^j
^^
y^i
a^
52
-1
any point
__
(x^,
2/1) is
a^
The proposition
also, if
we
replace b^
of Art.
278
is
309.
by b\
locus of the intersection
< a^,
b^ a^,
If 5^
If
the radius of the circle is zero, and it reduces
In this case the centre is
to a point circle at the origin.
the only point from which tangents at right angles can be
drawn to the curve.
>
a^,
281
name "rectangular"
will
The
eccentricity
For,
Ex.
311.
2t*2
and R.
As
Find
a^
J2.
^2.
this case,
a^
so that
is
the centre
=l
meet them in
Q and R.
X cos a + y sin a =p
is
a tangent,
p^ a^ cos^
if
a-h^ sin^
a.
But p and a are the polar coordinates of Q, the foot of the perpendicular on this straight line from C.
The polar equation to the locus of
is therefore
r2
i.e.,
= a2cos2^-62sin2
6',
in Cartesian coordinates,
(x^ + y^f^a^x^-h^y^
If the hyperbola
equation
is
r2
is
The equation
to the perpendicular
on
we eliminate
From
and then
(2),
we
0,
shall
Substituting in
(1)
{x^
sind>=
sin
:=r
/
>/ 1 -
sin^
the locus
ay'
j-
is
(2).
we have
tan
(1).
hx-ayB\n
If
it
hx
^Ja^y^ h^x^
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
282
EXAMPLES. XXXVI.
Find the equation to the hyperbola, referred to its axes as axes of
coordinates,
1.
2.
is
is
4,
foci
is 13^
3.
(3,
-2),
4.
is
is^/2.
In the hyperbola 4a;2- 9i/^ = 36, find the axes, the coordinates
5.
of the foci, the eccentricity, and the latus rectum.
which
4x'^
- 9y^=l
first
curve.
ah = m
CC
13
^^'
lines
Prove that the straight
j-
5/
and -
'?/
+^=m
always
-^
to,
p = l and ^-
of,
the
common
tangent
t^=1-
[EXS.
XXXVI.]
THE HYPERBOLA.
EXAMPLES.
283
16.
25a;2-16t/2=400
which
is
(5, 3).
17.
SF.S'P=GF^.
18. the distance of any point from the centre varies inversely as
the perpendicular from the centre upon its polar.
19.
if
the normal at
then PG=Pg=PC.
22.
The normal
to the hyperbola ,
MP
^=1
NP are
which
is
drawn
to the axes
prove
magnitude
and position, prove that the locus of the point of contact of a tangent
drawn to it from a fixed point on the other axis is a parabola.
24. If the ordinate MP of a hyperbola be produced to Q, so that
MQ is equal to either of the focal distances of P, prove that the locus
of
is
lines.
25. Shew that the locus of the centre of a circle which touches
externally two given circles is a hyperbola.
26. On a level plain the crack of the rifle and the thud of the ball
striking the target are heard at the same instant; prove that the
locus of the hearer is a hyperbola.
27. Given the base of a triangle and the ratio of the tangents of
half the base angles, prove that the vertex moves on a hyperbola
whose foci are the extremities of the base.
28.
a^
y^a^
'^
b^
=1
is
the curve
29. Find the locus of the pole of a chord of the hyperbola which
subtends a right angle at (1) the centre, (2) the vertex, and (3) the
focus of the curve.
30.
y^=^ax
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
284
31.
W-
a?-
XXXVI.l
[EXS.
Prove that the locus of the pole with respect to the hyperbola
=\
of
3j
ng the
foci,
is
the ellipse
whose diameter
circle,
the line
11
4 + ri =
a^
is
a^+b^
34.
1c)
is
the point
and which
is
similar to
line,
gether at infinity.
313.
As
To find
the asymptotes
of the hyperbola
y = 7nx +
(1)
{ -
a'Tiv')-
must be
(c^
6^)
=Q
(2).
(2)
infinite.
Hence
x^
2a^mcx - a^
(C. Smith's
and X in
it
must both be
zero.
We therefcwre have
h^
a^jn^ = 0, and
a^mc
0.
ASYMPTOTES.
m = =*=-,
a
Hence
and
285
= 0.
(1),
we
have, as
the^fc
^^
- aj.
-W =: =fc
The equation
tion, is
Cor.
For
infinite if
7?2
values of
all
Hence any
straight
line,
(2) is
which
is
parallel to
infinity
314.
point
As
f rcj
ajj^
where
i.e.
on -clearing of
- 6^
Ja^m^
^
surds,
m2 {x^^ -
One
-{
b^^
a2)
i.e.
is
m = -,
the asymptote
itself.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
286
315.
Let A' A be the transverse axis, and along the conjugate axis measure off CB and CB\ each equal to h.
Through B and B' draw parallels to the transverse axis
and through A and A' parallels to the conjugate axis, and
let these meet respectively in K^, K^^ K^, and K^, as in the
figure.
y=
a
x,
'
=
and y
^
,
are
b
x,
'
of the asymptotes.
316.
Since
P lies
NP^-slx'^-a''
a
ASYMPTOTES.
Since
is
287
NQ = -
we have
is
3/
= - x,
PQ = NQ - NP =
Hence
QP' ^^a
and
Therefore
(x'
^
PQ .QP' = ^
^-
(x'
slx'^
- a\
sj^-a\
jcc'^
'
- (x'^ - a')} = h\
Again,
PQj-{^-^W^r^) =
ax' +
Jx'''-a''
ah
x'
+ \/x^ a^
finally,
when
PQ
The curve therefore continually approaches the asymptote but never actually reaches
distance, the curve
it,
asymptote.
This property
asymptote.
is
^S'
upon an
circle.
This
COORDINATE GEOMETRY,
288
be proved
directly.
For
Also
we have
GA^= CS.cz,
and hence
CF^ = CS CZ,
.
i.e.
By
(Art. 295)
CF CZ.
CZF= l CFS= a
CS CF
::
right
circle.
318.
319.
has
BB'
and BB'.
Thus the hyperbola
is
a'~^
^'
^-^ = 1
a'
b'
(2).
^
^
ex?
F~a'
THE HYPERBOLA.
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
289
is
totes of (2).
its
asymptotes.
is
320.
Intersections of
jugate diameters.
The
y = m^x
straight line
a^
b'
by
X-
i.e.
by the equation
^
The
a^
0^
i.e.
a^m^
<
>
or
6^,
according as
m^
is
numerically
<
or >
(1),
i.e.
^'
^1^2
Hence one
/ox
=^
of the quantities
(2).
m^ and m^ must be
less
Let mj be < -, so
that,
by
(1),
y = m^x
19
COOEDINATE GEOMETRY.
290
Then, by
m^ must be > -
(2),
so that,
by
(1),
the straight
CL
line
y = m^x
will
points.
to
jugate hyperhola.
a
if
= m^
are conjugate
y"
-|.-1
(1).
^i'^2==-2
(2).
Cv
Now
from
'^= = l-^ =
(^)-
a^
as
(2).
3/
m^m^ =
h^
so that
a^
As
straight line
so that the
'
a'
m^x meets the hyperbola in real points.
the equation x^
line
a
(
-zj
A \y
i.e.
by
.t^
a^y
ra^ a^ h"^'
CONJUGATE DIAMETERS.
THE HYPERBOLA.
Since mo > "
Hence the
291
proposition.
323.
and
and
its
Let
The equation
tan
CP is
^
4>
Jx=x
a sec <^
therefore
- sm <p.
a
I
whose
tan ^).
to the diameter
y=
is
cf),
^=1
^x
line,
Avhich
sm
b
<fi
192
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
292
<^,
a tan
(j>,
h sec
^) so
that
</,,
and
Hence
(sec2
^ - tan^
</>)
= c*2 -
51
f sind)
a
If
and
Q^
sind)
=^cos d),
^
(1).
/'
= cosd)
(2).
'
This point
lies
cos
^
sin ^
lies
those at
C on
ah cos
^
1
a6
sJhHec^<j>
+ d'tQ.n^4>
ah
CD
FK'
THE CONJUGATE HYPERBOLA.
SO that
i.e.
293
The area
KK^K'K^
therefore
CPKD, CDK^P\
4a6.
PK^
324.
5-F =
W-
%-%-'
-(2)-
and-^-|^ = -l
a^
(3).
0"
We
now we transform
as before.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
294
it
be required
Sx^-5xy-2y^ + 5x+ny-8 =
Since the equation to the asymptotes only differs
it must be of the form
...(1).
from
it
by a
constant,
Since
lines.
(2)
Sx^-5xy-2y^ + 5x + lly + c =
represents the asymptotes it must represent two
(2).
straight
c=-12.
i.e.
The equation
is
where X
For
is
(1),
any constant.
we
substitute
- A^
for X^
^e
G^)
shall
(2).
its
conjugate hyperbola.
It follows that
Oj)
= X^
x'^
{x cot
i.e.
X cot
a-y = 0,
and x tan a + y = 0.
= const.
THE HYPERBOLA.
EXAMPLES.
295
The constant could be easily determined in terms of the semitransverse and semi-conjugate axes.
In Art. 328 we shall obtain this equation by direct transformation
from the equation referred to the principal axes.
EXAMPLES. XXXVII.
1.
Through the
it
_ + _=!.
prove that
Shew that the chord, which joins the points in which a pair of
4.
conjugate diameters meets the hyperbola and its conjugate, is parallel
to one asymptote and is bisected by the other.
Tangents are drawn to a hyperbola from any point on one of
5.
the branches of the conjugate hyperbola; shew that their chord of
contact will touch the other branch of the conjugate hyperbola.
6^'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
296
11.
C is
t2 = 1
[ExS.
XXXVII.]
at
any point
To jind
328.
a hyperbola referred
the equation to
to its
asymptotes.
Let
is
Draw
PH
parallel to one
let
CH
.(1).
'"
52
,2
a"
and
HP
P referred
to
the asymptotes.
sm a
and hence
cos a
1
,
Draw I{]V
the point
PM
ASYMPTOTES AS AXES.
Then, since
PH and HR are
297
parallel respectively to
CL
PHR ^LLCM=a.
GM^ GN+HR=CHcob a + HPco^a
Hence
and
"we
and
MP
have
Hence, since
(A,
required equation
^) is
is
xy =
when
^y =
J.
329.
of the
is,
Let
{x", y")
(cc',
be any point
y')
a point
Q on
it,
so that
to the
we have
^y = c2
x"y" =
and
The equation
to the line
2/
PQ
(1),
0^
(2).
is
-y'=fc|^
then
(-=')
(3).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
298
(2),
c'
y"-v'
"
we have
299
ASYMPTOTES AS AXES.
As
331.
y^
is
{x\ y')
line is
y
^
If
2c
0)
obtain,
y
X
= --,x + r'
by Art.
m^x' Xy
cos
0)
cos
0)
-,
(if'
we then
93,
cos w)
X (x y
cos w)
=r
x'.
0^
is
y"^
co
asymptotes.
One
The equation xy = c^
tion
clearly satisfied
by the
substitu-
x = ct and y = -
Hence, for
are
is
ict, -
lies
all
values of
t,
it
may be
is
by Art. 329,
The tangent
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
300
is,
by the
last article,
c
y
or,
when
(l
the hyperbola
is
rectangular,
and
" t"
^1 + tj
Vi + ^2
The line joining " t^" and " ^2/' which is the polar of
point, is therefore, by Art. 331,
this
The equations
are
2c,
'
'
and
(ct,,
down
the equation
334.
it also
its
asymptotes be
(1).
c'^
let their
j-espectively.
As
QR
is
x + yt2ts=c{t^ + ts).
The equation
is
P perpendicular
to
QR^
therefore
h
I.e.
y + ctihh=hh[f + jjj]
(2)-
ASYMPTOTES AS AXES.
301
RP is
2/
+ ciU3=ir^ + j-7T]
of
(2)
and
"'''''')
"
ig,"
if
(^)-
(3) is clearly
{~4j^
Also
Q perpendicular
^'^'
Hence the
proposition.
we have
t^t^t^t^
ij," "
t^" and
1.
= c^
meet in
ti2^34=l,
(1)
(2) the centre of mean position of the four points bisects the
distance between the centres of the two curves,
and
(3)
the centre of the circle through the points "ij," "f2" "^g" ^^
circle
be
x^ + y^-2gx-^y
+ k = 0,
Any
is
(ct,jj.
If this lie
we have
cH^ + -^-2gct-2f- + k = 0,
so that
i4
- 2^ t^+-t^--^t +1 =
c
If
t^
fg, *3,
and
^4
c^
h + h + t, + t,=^
Dividing
by
circle,
(1).
'
hhhh='^
and
on the
(2),
we have
11112/
(3),
2f
(4).
2,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
302
The
centre of the
i. e.
is
mean
the point
joining
(0, 0)
and
Also, since
i^
||
{t^
k ^
j
+ *2 + 3 + 4). | (^- + ^ + ^ +
l^f
) ?
^^^
tliis is
(^,/)
1
= -^-^-^ we have
,
i-icgi's
EXAMPLES. XXXVIII.
1.
2.
Shew
foci of the
hyperbola
a^ + b^
xy= j
-
are given by
meet at an angle
NP
NQ
PM
OM
A variable line has its ends on two lines given in position awd
6.
passes through a given point ; prove that the locus of a point which
divides it in any given ratio is a hyperbola.
7.
where 6
The coordinates
is
variable
"
[EXS. XXXVIII.]
THE HYPEKBOLA.
EXAMPLES.
303
i=-l.
15. If Pj, P25 ^^cl P3 be three points on the rectangular hyperbola
x^ and x^ prove that the area of the
xy = c^, whose abscissae are
triangle P^P^P^ is
x-,^,
^-i
J;o
wo
at these points
is
common
Shew
xy = c^is
21.
(a.
x = k and y = h.
1cy
are
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
304
22.
y = mx + c\/ -
straight line
is
m
I
[EXS.
always touches the
/--
of - 711
23. Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let
from' the centre upon chords of the rectangular hyperbola xy
which subtend half a right angle at the origin is the curve
fall
= c^
{x'^
is
+ 2/^)
{xy
- c^) = d^xy.
26. Shew that the pole of any tangent to the rectangular hyperbola xy^c^, with respect to the circle x^ + y^ = a^, lies on a concentric
and similarly placed rectangular hyperbola.
27. Prove that the locus of the poles of
rectangular hyperbola xy = c^ is the curve
{a;2-
28.
Any tangent
o
2/2)2
all
+ 4c2^i/ = 0.
= ah
meets the
ellipse
30. A. point moves on the given straight line y=mx; prove that
the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let fall from the centre upon
its
ellipse
-2
+ ^=
'^
is
a rectangular
33.
Q, r]
XXXVIII.]
THE HYPERBOLA.
EXAMPLES.
305
all lie
on a
circle of radius
37.
it
meets the
Hence prove that the locus of the centre of a rectangular hyperbola which circumscribes a triangle is the nine-point circle of the
triangle.
hyperbola.
20
CHAPTER
XIV.
Let
ZS
Let
initial line,
draw
ITS
and
FOCUS
ZM the
and produce
on the
we have
SP = r,
and
iXSP^O.
Draw
PN
perpendicular
PM
SL = e
SZ^
we have
szJ-,
e
Hence
r=
SP = e.PM=e,ZN
= e{ZS + SN)
I
r=
cos
0.
6 008 6^
.(1).
307
r=
336.
1 + e cos d
IS
=z
1-cos^
we have
^
=^d
I
^
2
sm^ .
= l, and
the equation
^e
cosec^ -
If the initial line, instead of being the axis, be such that the axis
inclined at an angle y to it, then, in the previous article, instead of
6 we must substitute d -y.
is
The equation
-=l-ecos(^-7).
To
337.
= \e cos 6.
r
Case
When
= 1^
I.
is zero,
we have -
0,
and hence
infinity to
As
from
- increases
to 1,
to 0,
r decreases from
i.e.
I.
to
^l.
from - to
^
from
6.
As
so that r is infinite.
to
I,
CO
to
2, i.e.
r decreases
Similarly, as
from
- cos
to
and, as
The curve
Art. 197.
is
co
FPLAL'P'F' oo
202
of
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
308
Case
i.e.
When
e<l.
II.
we have - = 1 e,
is zero,
247.
As
0,
increases from
1 e
to
increases from
-e
to
1, i.e.
r decreases from
i.e.
1,
to
I.
- increases from
to
e,
i.e.r decreases
from
to
+e
^.
Case
where
of the curve,
6),
and then
the curve
is
to
sym-
When
III.
to 1e, i.e.
since e > 1.
e > 1.
(e 1), and
is
0 to cos~^
(e 1)
i.e.
i.e.
")
to
(e
Thus 1e cos
0,
1) to
to
0,
cc
is
therefore
to oo
We
A'P^R oo
309
For
of the curve.
than -
and therefore r
so that
-e cos
is
from cx) to +
As
00
cos 6 is
is
Hence, as 6
is positive.
- then
1 ecos^
tt,
increases
from
Now
to
6^
+ e and hence r
to 1
= TT,
is
<
is
of
+e
SA < SA'.
such that
For values
decreases from oo to
tt
we
therefore
ao
RPA^
For
of the curve.
this portion
positive.
is
As
increases from
tt
cos~^ -
to 27r
cos 9 increases
from
to
so that
1,
ecos^
decreases from
to oo
AL'R^
Finally, as
+e
to 0,
Corresponding
oo of
27r,
the
ecos^
increases from
ally
from
to
e,
to
so that
e,
i.e.
e cos 6
is
decreases algebraic-
negative
and
increases
numerically from
to
decreases from go to
of 6
we have
portion r
is
1,
and therefore r
the portion, oo
negative.
is
negative and
R{A\
of the curve.
For
this
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
310
r
is
of the curve
A'P^R'
00 00
is
RPAL'R^
oo oo
R^A'.
338. In Case III. of the last article, let any straight line be
dravm through S to meet the nearer branch in ^, and the further
branch in
The
q.
and we have
l-ecos{XSq-f^7r)
*-^*
(1)
+ ecosXSq'
^^^~l + ecosXSq'
339.
Equation
to the directrices.
SZ and
- and -
I.e.
since
+2
e(e2-l)'
[Art. 300.]
^^=-e-^^)'
The equations
to the
two
r cos o =
and
r cos
c^
rl
21
+ -
\je
e(e^
-]
1)J
le^+1
e
e^l
Equation
to the
311
asymptotes.
315)
= OS sin ACK^ = as
^
.
+ }p
s/a"
CQ makes
The perpendicular on
axis.
angle
makes an
therefore
cos-i
^+
from
it
= h.
CQ
is
= r cos
^ 9 cos~^ -
= r sin
6 cos~^ -
r cos 6-
341.
Ex.
1.
y-^
cos "^
-)
= r sin
the
similarly
{d + cos~* - j
is
sum of the
constant.
Let PSP' be any focal chord, and let the vectorial angle of
so that the vectorial angle of P' is ir + a.
(1)
By
equation
(1)
P be a,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
.312
(2)
vectorial angles of
Q and
7^7^
= 1 -e cos
We then have
- + a and -^ + a.
Q' are
+ a = l + esina,
|
and
Hence
+
e
cos a
+ e cos a
+ esma
e^
cos^ a
21
1-e sin a
1-e^ sm^ a
^^
27
'
Therefore
1
and
1-e^ cos^ a
PP''^'QQ'^
therefore the same
is
Ex.
a conic
Let
e^ sin^
"^
2Z
PSQ
PSX being
of
'
iJ
so that
d,
1-e cos d
and
Let
~ ^2F'
section is
SP
r and
_2-e^
for all
2.
21
+ e cos
let its
+ 6)
'
polar coordinates be
d.
.=SP-BP=SP_^+^=
Then
^-
2
ecos^
^
Ll-cos^
+ e COS ^J
r^-eVcos^^rrZe.
i.e.
1-
e'-^
cos 20'
?'cos0.
(1)
latus-rectum
I.
may
(i-')[-ir^J+'/=4-(^j
and
342.
P of the
point
313
\~e cos B.
conic section -
P be
Let
ecosa
(1),
- = 1 - e cos i3
(2).
and
By
sin(;g-a)
sin(6>-a)
By means
- sin (^
sin
r^
of equations (1)
- a) = sin (^ a)
{1
(j8
PQ
- 6)
^1
and
(2) this
e cos /3} +
sin
is
'
equation becomes
{(i-6){\e
cos a}
= {sin(^ -a) + sin {(3-0)} -e {sin (^ -a) cos^ + sin (/3-^) cos a}
.
cos 20-a-B
B-a
= 2^ sm ^
^r
e{(sin^ cos a - cos ^ sin a) cos ^ + (sin /5 cos ^ cos ^ sin ^) cos a}
2 sin ^^
I
.e.
This
is
B-a
= sec -
points,
cos [B
e cos
sin
ifi
- a),
//,a
+ y8
"
^^_^A_ecos^
cos
'
..,(3).
and
^, are given.
i.e.
of the tangent at
we put
/5
= a, and
we take Q
the equation
then becomes
- =cos
This
point a.
is
(^
a) ecos^
(4).
COOKDINATE GEOMETKY.
314
343.
If
joining chord
-=Lcos(^-7) -ecos^
(1).
L and 7,
it
I,
if it
{r^^ a),
we have
i.e.
Similarly,
cos (a
-7) = !
(2).
{r^, /3)
Lcos(/3-7) = l
Solving these,
we
The equation
(1) is
(3).
i = sec
we obtam
(3),
then
(-^0^ -ecos^.
-=sec
As
COS
then
I
-=QOS{d-a)-eGosd.
r
^344.
point
(r^
^1)
To find
the
with respect
\e cos 0.
The coordinates
r^
and
61
must therefore
satisfy equation
cos(^i a)-ecos^i
(1).
(2).
Similarly,
315
we have
cos ($1 a) = cos (^1 /?),
(1),
and therefore
^1
- a = (^1 /?),
[since a
and
= ^1
t.e
2
Substituting this value in
ay
^r-
cos
Also,
by equation
^-^r
%,e.
(-
e cos d
= hecos^,
and
(4).
fi is
= sec -
cos
ij
cos
cos
'
"
- = cos (6^
^
J
(5).
(r^, 6-^.
to the
normal
i.e.,
d-i
This therefore
of the point
e cos
(3) of Art.
(3).
we have
(1),
= COS \
2
n
%.e.
/?
at the point
is
= cos (0 a) e cos 0,
in Cartesian coordinates,
a?
(cos a
e) + yBina = l
(1).
i.e.
^cos^ + ^sin^ = -
(2),
Ax + Bi/ = l
(3).
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
316
a-e) + Bs>ma =
(cos
cos a
A=
+ ^ sin a =
(5),
1 ecosa
B = (1
and
The equation
(2)
346.
If
we have
(5).
ecosa) (e cosa)
/^
e sm a
then becomes
Zesina
r(l
le
e
a)~esuid = ^
sui(0
^"^
e cos a
sm a cos + {e cos a) sm =
I.e.
(4).
we have
,
we have
e cos a)
sin a
.-.
cos a
The tangent
is
therefore
and p
is,
by the
B-a
- = sec^-^r- cos
2
The equation
j- + gcos(^-7)l j-
6^) is,
by Art. 344,
r {e
*-
^x->
a -6)}
'i
elsm(a-y)
l-ecos(a-7)
,
and Q of a
347. Ex. 1. If the tangents at any two points
meet the directrix
conic meet in a point T, and if the straight line
is a right angle.
corresponding to S in a point K, then the angle
PQ
KST
POLAR EQUATION.
^-
3l7
EXAMPLES.
/3
respectively, the
- = sec^ ^cosT^-'^Vgcos^
Also the equation to the directrix
(1).
by Art. 339,
is,
-= -ecos^
(2).
r
If we solve the equations
coordinates of K.
But, by subtracting
SK bisects
so that
Also,
^
2
i.e.
Ex.
2.
PSQ
TSX=
(2),
we
focus
constant
we have
SP and
we have the
(2)
(1)
7 - S,
the line
PQ
If,
7,
we
a conic
is S.
and
P and Q is
By
TSX='^
and
SQ.
vectorial angle of
KST= L KSX -
is the
is
(1),
'
Hence
the angle
from
and
by equation
equal to
(2)
(1)
P and Q are
therefore
- = cos(6*-7-5)-ecos^
(1),
- = cos(6'-7 + 5)-ecos^
.(2).
tangents.
Subtracting
(2)
from
(1),
we have
Hence, (since 5
is
not zero)
7 + 8).
we have 7=^.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
318
Substituting for
in
we have
(1),
-=cos5-gcos^,
r
Isead
i e.
rectum
- = sec5cos(^T
7)
-ecos^,
i,e.
(3).
Comparing this with equation (4) of Art. 342, we see that it always
touches a conic whose latus rectum is 21 cos 5 and whose eccentricity
is ecosS.
Also the directrix is in each case the same as that of the original
^
For
conic.
^,
sec 5
both
and
cos 5
^
are equal to -
e cos 5
e sec 8
r-^r^r^r^
(1)
= ^
and.
/x
(2)
J-i
r^
rg
its
and d
and
is the
are the
latus
diameter of the
rectum and
circle,
- + - + - + - = 7.
21
lohere
equation
7-4
pole,
initial line, so
is
- = l-ecos^
at
be inclined
an angle 7
If,
in
(1).
r,
between
and then
i.e.
and
From
i.e.
(1)
(1)
we have
(2),
r=dcos{d-y)
we eliminate 6, we
cos
6=
and
l
,
(2).
shall
have an equation
r^.
(r 1\^
\/ ^~\
(2) gives
POLAR EQUATION.
Hence, by Art.
'2''3''4
Dividing
(4)
by
319
we have
2,
'V2^3^4 =
and
EXAMPLES.
(3),
(%
-^
(4).
we have
11112
-+-+- + - = 7.
rj
r.
ra
r^
EXAMPLES. XXXIX.
In a parabola, prove that the length of a focal chord which is
1.
incHned at 30 to the axis is four times the length of the latus-rectum.
The tangents at two points, P and Q, of a conic meet in T, and S
is the focus ; prove that
2.
if
3.
if
ST^=SP
SQ.
-^7^;^
= ^
where
b is
The
vectorial angle of
is
and Q.
Hence, by reference
angles of
and Q be on
to Art. 338, prove that, if
different branches of a hyperbola, then ST bisects the supplement of
the angle PSQ, and that in other cases, whatever be the conic,
ST
PSQ.
number
given conies.
prove that
^^
+ ^-^-^-^
is
constant.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
320
tExS.
10
-=-ecos0-l
r
represent the
same
conic.
line is
ZC0S5
Two
14.
them
is
turned
15. Two ellipses have a common focus ; two radii vectores, one to
each ellipse, are drawn from the focus at right angles to one another
and tangents are drawn at their extremities prove that these tangents
meet on a fixed conic, and find when it is a parabola.
;
16. Prove that the sum of the distances from the focus of the
points in which a conic is intersected by any circle, whose centre is at
a fixed point on the transverse axis, is constant.
17.
to the parabola r
a,
8
a
y
r=a cosec - cosec ~ cosec ^
2
it
=z
1
and
j3,
the triangle
2a
- cos d
drawn
at
y, is
fa+B+y
sm
.
'
2
V
the
focus.
through
always passes
-)
r=
is
r^^
B
a
y cosec -8 cos fg
- a cosec ^ cosec ^- cosec ^
'
a + P+y
^ + y + 8S--\
POLAR EQUATION.
XXXIX.]
20.
Shew
EXAMPLES.
321
{9
is
2a).
22.
Prove that the locus of the vertices of all parabolas that can be
circle of radius a and having a fixed point on
is
r=2acos^-, the
it
Shew
23. Two conic sections have the same focus and directrix.
that any tangent from the outer curve to the inner one subtends a
constant angle at the focus.
common
25.
will
tangent,
An
(1
PSQ
g
is
equal to 2 sin-^ p,
if
_ e^^) + 1^
(1
- e^^)
+ ^l^l^e-^e^ cos a = 0.
ellipse
+r)(Ui)+(z-.)(i + i)=4.
[Make use of Art.
338.]
a
27.
If the
is 5,
L.
prove that
a,
/3,
r=a cosec^-,
vectorial
25=a + /3 + 7-7r.
21
CHAPTER
XV.
348.
The
FM
When S does
e is
<=
or
>
1.
The
Circle
is
therefore a
let
S lie on
is zero,
coincide.
In
SF=e.FM,
t\H
we have
.
^,,
and whose
FM
/oF
If e > 1, then
lies on one or
other of the two straight lines
and SU' inclined to KK' at an angle
SU
direc-
S and Z
323
e< 1,
If
of
the
PSM is imaginary,
If,
KK\
KK' and S
SU
two straight
and SU'
consists
be at infinity and
be on
meeting at
lines
lines.
infinity,
will
i.e.
be
be two
Finally, it
both be
may happen
may
of a conic section
we must
therefore
include
An
(1)
(3)
(4)
Two
(2)
and a
A Parabola.
A Hyperbola.
straight
imaginary, inter-
or
real
lines,
point).
349.
To shew
of
the second
degree
aoi?
+ 2hxy +
hy^
+ 2gx +
2/?/
(1)
section.
tively.
The equation
then becomes
y sin Oy + 2h (x
a (x cos
+ h(x
(1)
sin
+y
cos
Oy + 2g
y sin 0)
cos
(x cos
y sin
+ 2/{x
i. e.
x^ (a cos^
+ 2h cos
+ 2xy
+ 2/^ {a sin^
6 - 2h cos
sin
{h (cos^
OsinB +
+ y cos
{x sin
6)
6)
+y
sin 6
cos 6)
= 0,
b sin^ 0)
- sin^ 0)-(a h)
h cos^ 6)
+ 2x
+ 2y{fcosO-gsine) + c =
(g cos
cos 6 sin 6]
+/sin
(2)
212
0)
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
324
Now
this equation
i. e.
may
h
so that
(cos^ 6
i. e.
i. e.
vanish,
tan 20 =
so that
^,
2h
-,
between
therefore known.
On
First,
let neither
The equation
(2), let it
nor
become
(3).
B be zero.
(3)
,/
A[x^-)^B[y^-j^)=-^^^-c.
-7
n)
F^
+-^-c = K
Tr^^,-^
K
K
(say)
(4),
(5).
'
B
If
ellipse.
K
K
An
If -J
and
If they
represents a hyperbola (Art. 295).
negative, the locus is an imaginary ellipse.
it
be both
If
be zero, then (4) represents two straight lines,
which are real or imaginary according as A and B have
opposite or the same signs.
or
be
325
and
zero,
let it
be ^.
in the form
F\2
-(-3
"^
F^
2G
2BG
0.
_F
~2G'^2M' ~B y
J^
__c_
By^+2Gx^0,
2G
r^--^^'
^.e.
(Art. 197.)
By^ + 2Fy +
we
also
have
zero, the
= 0,
F
F^
G
'^^B^^\/w-r
this represents two parallel straight
imaginary.
and
lines,
real
or
350.
The
Def.
When
the origin
For
is
+ 2hxy +
by'^
is
in the form
+ g-0
(1),
the centre.
y) be any point on
aa;'2 + 2Aa;y + 62/'' + c =
let (x,
This equation
may be
(1), so
that
we have
(2).
a (- ^f + 2A (- a;') (- y') +
6 (-
yj + c = 0,
also lies
on
(1).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
326
origin.
The
origin
is
When
351.
is
given in the
form
+ 2gx + 2fy + c =
the centre only when both f and g are
aa?
the origin
is
27tC2/
hy"^
(1),
zero.
and
ax'^
Subtracting
'i.hxy
hy'^
+ 2gx
Ihx'y'
hy'^^
(3)
+'ify'-\-c
2gx' -2fy'
+ c=^0
(2),
(3).
we have
gx +fy' - 0.
from
(2),
which
when g
and
f= 0.
and y we have
ax^
y)
b (y
+ yY + 2g(x + x)
that
(x,
327
(2)
must vanish, so
we have
and
ax + hy + g =
(3),
+f =
(4).
hx + hy
With
(4),
we
have, in general,
Ify +
ch^
bi/^
,
,
,.
by equations
(6),
_,
(5),
A
~ab^^^'
where
is
(Art. 118).
The equation
(2)
aaf
This
is
+ 2hxy +
by^ +
^ =
-7
0.
Find
and
its
The
~x-iy + Q = 0,
centre
The equation
2x^-5xy-Sy^ + c' = 0,
where
is
thus
2x^-5xy-3y^ + 7 = 0.
(Art. 352.)
new axes
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
328
353.
article
For,
both
if
ah
1^
be
When
infinite.
zero,
the last
(4) of
y.
ah h^
parabola.
The
centre of a parabola
Again,
-= - =^
therefore at infinity.
of the
same
if
is
equation,
(3)
and
(4)
is
reduce to the
viz.,
ax + hy + g = 0.
We then have only one equation to determine the
centre, and there is therefore an infinite number of centres
all lying on the straight line
ax
In
-{-hy -{-g
O.
section consists of a
pair
of
354.
is
from equations
(3)
and
(4)
to
x and
y,
may
355.
Ex.
second degree
The
centre
Find
may
{x, y)
and
from the
article.
hx + by+f=0
(1),
(2).
it
329
becomes
ax^+2hx7j + hif + c' =
where
c'
Now
the equation
(3)
(3),
= gx+fy + c.
if c'
be zero,
gx+fy + cQ
i.e. if
The equation
and
(1), (2),
(4)
(4).
the relations
if
be simultaneously true.
by Art.
12,
This
a, h,
h,
f =0.
b,
is
356.
To find
of the conic
+ 2hxy +
hy'^
(1).
Also
(2) is to
'2hxy
be a pair of straight
+ A, =
(2).
lines.
Hence
(Art.
(c + X) + ^fgh - af - 6/ - (c + X) K- = 0.
ahG + 2fgh-af^-hg^-c
=
ineretore
A=
,
ah
ao
+ 2hxy +
hy^
a^
116.)
-^
j-^.
ab A"
7^=
+ 2gx + 2/y + c
. .
.(2).
+ 2hxy +
hy"^
+ 2gx + 2fy + c
y^
= 0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
330
straight lines
as(?
+ Ihxy +
hy'^
(1)
are parallel to the lines (2) of the last article, and hence
represent straight lines parallel to the asymptotes.
Now
>=
<
or
i.e.
ah.
the curve
is
Also,
circle if
a=
straight lines if A =
also these straight lines are parallel
;
if the terms of the second degree form a perfect square, i.e.
h^
if
358.
The
ao(?
ah.
+ 2hxy +
hy^
+ 2gx + 2fy +
Curve.
Condition.
h^ < ah.
A^ = ah.
Ellipse.
Parabola.
W- > ah.
Hyperbola.
a=
Circle.
Two
and A =
a +
Rectangular hyperbola.
Two
h,
0.
0.
A-O,
imaginary.
i.e.
ahc+2fgh-af^-hg''-ch''^0.
A = 0, and h^ ~ ah.
EXAMPLES.
331
If the axes of coordinates be oblique, the lines (1) of Art. 356 are
at right angles if a + 6- 2/icos a;=0 (Art. 93); so that the conic
section is a rectangular hyperbola ii a + b-2h cos w 0.
Also,
h= a cos
is
a circle
if
=
&= a
and
la.
EXAMPLES. XL.
What
conies
do
the
following
and
equations
1.
2.
lSx^-18xy + S7y^ + 2x + Uy -2 = 0.
3.
4.
2x^-72xy + 2Sy^-4:X-2Sy-^8 = 0.
5.
6x^-.5xy-Qy'^ +
6.
Sx^-8xy-Sy^ + 10x-lSy + 8 = 0.
14:X
"When
represent?
+ 5y + 4:=0.
7.
8x^-\-10xy-Sy^-2x + 4:y = 2.
9.
8.
10.
19a;2
11.
=a
+-
and ?/=
a;
13.
14.
If ^
15.
a;
16.
a;
What
17.
= a tan (^ + a)
= acos(^ + a)
{x,
y)
{x,
y)
when
and
are represented
?/
= &cos (^ + i8).
by the equations
{x-y)^ + (x-a)^=0.
when
*--)
12.
y).
18.
xy + a^=a{x + 2j).
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
332
19.
20.
x^ + y^-xy{x + y)
22.
x^ +
24.
{r
26.
r+-=3cos^ + sin0.
28.
r (4
y'^
+ {x + y)
+ a^{y-x) = Q.
21.
(a;2-a2)2_ 2/4=0.
{xy-ax-ay) = 0.
23.
a;2
25.
rsin2^ = 2acos^.
6-a){r-a cos 6) = 0.
cos
[Exs. XL.]
+ a;r/ + 2/2=0.
27.
-3
359.
sin'-^
To
d)
= 8a cos d.
trace the
a^ +
and
to
find
2hxy +
its latus
b'lf'
2^cc
yy + c =
(1),
rectum.
= yS^,
so that
becomes
{ax
(2).
+ Py = 0,
i.e.
-Z".
= and
,
therefore
and
Va2 + ^2
cos 6
/8
sJa^
+ P"'
an angle
TRACING OF PARABOLAS.
333
JT cos
Fsin
i. e.
0,
Ja' + ft'
and
for
y the quantity
JTsin^ + Tcos^,
-"--^+1^
The equation
T' (a? + yS') +
(2)
Y \J{a? +
(Art. 129.)
y8^).
then becomes
<^-^)^^'(^f^-^j
^.e.
where
/i
= 0,
(^)'
Bl
= - ~^
(4)
^
^2^l=J^xff=K^{a'+0 " " a^ + yS^'
and
H=
I.e.
The equation
rectum
is
(3)
,
(a'
of
i.e.
whose axis
is
parallel to the
new
axis
+ JS'f
referred to the
new axes
is
the
360.
Equation of
the
axis,
and
coordinates
of the
X,
it
is
K.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
384
The equation
i.e.
ax^Py = Kj^TW=^-"^^
i.e.
(6).
+ =
'^
^ilT^+^^^+^-^2/
(6)
(7).
PK
be a
361. It was proved in Art. 224 that if
diameter of the parabola and Q V the ordinate to it drawn
through any point Q of the curve, so that ^ F is parallel to
the tangent at P, and if 6 be the angle between the diameter
P V and the tangent at P, then
^F2 = 4acosec2^.PF
If QL be perpendicular to
to the tangent at P, we have
P F and
QL^QVBm.e, and
so that (1)
is
^i:'
QL^ - ia cosec
(1).
QL' be perpendicular
= PFsin6i,
QL'.
is
(2),
some constant.
Ax-\-By+G^O
(3)
TRACING OF PARABOLAS.
is
335
is
parallel to (3).
362. To trace the parabola given hy the general equation of the second degree
ax^+ ^hxy +
hy"^
(1).
A^
ah.
~ /3^,
h=
so that
ayS,
c)
and the
(2).
The equation
{ax
(2)
may
+\=
/3y
therefore be written
A,
/3y
+\=
(5)
2x{Xa-g) + 2y(j3X-f)+X^-G =
and
i.e.
(6)
so that
a{Xa-g) + pH3X-/) =
so that
(4).
ax +
i.e.
(3).
X=
a?
0,
(7).
'
+ ^^
The lines (5) and (6) are now, by the last article, a
diameter and a tangent at its extremity also, since they
are at right angles, they must be the axis and the tangent
at the vertex.
;
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
336
The equation
(4)
may now, by
(7),
be written
z e.
(a?
Ex.
363.
+ 13^) f
The equation
- 'iixy + 16r/2 -
18a;
101?/
+ 19 = 0.
is
(3a;-42/)2-18a;-101^ + 19 =
(1).
and cos^=|.
i.e.
3X +
4Y
=
i.e.
and hence
=
;
for
^x-Ay
the
for
quantity -57.
The equation
(1)
therefore becomes
2572_i[72Z-54Y]-i[303Z+404r| + 19 = 0,
25r2-75Z-70r+19=0
i.e.
This
But
is
(2)
147
r2_i_=3Z-^|,
i.e.
(7-^)2=3Z-i| + f|=3(Z+f).
(2).
OX and
OY.
TRACING OF PARABOLAS.
337
lA
Referred to
It is therefore
and whose
AM
axis is
AL.
Second Metliod.
(3a;-4?/
The equation
can be written
(3).
lines
Sx-4y + \=0
(101- 8X) + X2-
(6X + 18)a; + y
and
may
(1)
19 =
be at right angles.
Hence X
is
given by
Let
AL
-4:y + If = 15
8X)
{4.x
(Art. 69),
+ 3i/ + 2),
(^^r--^^^
<^)-
3a;-4^ + 7 =
(5),
L.
22
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
338
Method.
+ 2Axy +
hy"^
=1
We know that,
(1).
when
the equation to
a central conic section has no term containing xy and the
axes are rectangular, the axes of coordinates are the axes of
the curve.
First
tan2^--^
(2).
'
The axes
an angle 6 given by
can be written
2 tan ^ _ 2A _ 1
of coordinates at
Now
(2)
(2).
l-tan^^"^^6-X^'^^^'
.-.
tan2^ + 2A.tan(9-l
=0
(3).
cos2(9 4-sin2^
=
a
cos^
+ 2h cos
sin $
+b
sin^
1+tan'^
a + 2h tan 6 +
b tan^ 6
(4)..
from
we
(3)
we
839
obtain
semi-axis.
The
directions
and magnitudes
both found.
Second Method.
conic are, as in the
The
2^=.-^.
tan
When
method, given by
first
axes of coordinates,
let
- + ^-1
rm
-2
+ ^2 = ^ +
(6),
-l^^ah-h'
and
(7).
arp-'
and
hence by
The
(6)
we
we have
1
get ^
and
difficulty of this
(-^
02)
and hence ^
-^^'j
we
In
.
method
lies
and
a+
~7yi=
an angle
w,
the equa-
2h cos w
ah //
-
'
222
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
340
Cor.
axes are,
The reciprocals of the squares of the semiby (3) and (4), the roots of the equation
1.
2^
From
Cor. 2.
Area
{ci
h)
Z + ah -h^ = 0.
we have
equation (4)
an
of
= 7ra/5 =
ellipse
\lah
Ex.
365.
1.
14a;2
Since
By
h^
- 2)^ - 14 11
is
the curve
(1).
[Art. 358.]
is
The equation
l^x^ - ^xy +
therefore
where
c'
is
lly'^
+ c' = 0,
The
,.
60,
(2).
by
-4
2h
*"^2^=^36=i43ri=-2tan^
l-tan2^
so that
^'
2 tan^ ^ - 3 tan
and hence
- 2 = 0.
- 4 cos ^ sin ^ + 11
r''^
= 2,
= 60
When
tan
^1
When
tan
6^=-^
'i'
sin^ d)
(2) is
+ tan2^
14-4tan6' + lltan2
= 60x ^^^^=6.
r^^=GO x
j^j:j:|^_
=4.
6'*
341
2.
clined at
axis of X
Draw BCB'
to
ACA'
at right angles
would be found, as a
veri-
Ex.
2.
Since
(^7
+ if + 10x-10y + 21 =
.(1).
The
3_
x + y -5 = 0,
and
^ = 2.
^=-2, and
so that
The equation
through the
centre, is then
a;2
i.e.
The
3a;i/
+ 2/2 + 5 - 2) - 5 X 2 + 21 = 0,
x^-3xy + y^=-l
(
tan 20 =
2h
a-b
20=90
so that
0^= 45
and hence
The equation
r2 (cos2
(2)
-3
1-1
0-3 cos
sin
:0O,
or 270,
and 02=135.
in polar coordinates
is
+ sin^ 0) =
(sin^
+ tan2
l-3tan0 + tan2
l
I.e.
by
+ cos^ 0),
(2).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
342
When
^1
= 45,
r^^^ -
^-^ =2,
When 6'2=135,
2--" r^'2>
-2
2
1
so that i\ = sl'^
+ 3 + 1"
so that
^v
-2
5
-2
the
GA
the
asymptotes.
The curve
transverse axis
On
is
is
putting a;=0
it
will
Hence
366.
0*3=3,
Tojind
0(9'
= 7,
First,
let
7i^
ah
2hxy \-hy'^=
(1).
is
ellipse,
its axes,
By
and
let
343
ellipse, referred
^^+|-^
and
=^+
we have
(2),
(^)'
a^^"''^"'^''
Also,
to
be
if e
be the eccentricity,
have,
a be > ^,
if
2-
we
a.
" 2-6"
But, from (2) and
(3),
a'
<2'
ZS^
we have
Hence
ab
e"
2-e^
'
s/(a-bf +
a+b
Secondly^
let h-
a hyperbola, and
axes be
let
h^
4:h^
^^^'
e^.
^ _ ^^ =
-2Hence
so that
a^
o2
a^
B^ = T^
'
+ /3^ = +
/r
x/(a^
abr
s-nd a^B^
= -r^
- ^J + 4a^/3^ ^ +
hr
abj
^^'^
h?-]l
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
344
In
this case, if e
'"^-
j:^^~a''^'~~
^^'
e^.
N2
e is
^a-bY + 4:h^
\2-e')
i.e.
a+
'
+ hf
(a
of the equation
e^
367.
{ab
To
- h')
+ {{a-bY +
ih'}
(e^
- 1 ) - 0.
+ Ihxy + by^
1.
will
be
(- sjr^ ri cos
"Ex..
Here
Also
6^
Find
ri2
= 6,
and
The coordinates
7-22=4, so that
sjrf^=^2.
through
are therefore
FOCI OF A CONIC.
345
OX and OY are
2 V2
2V2\
x/5'
it
if
aS'
latus rectum
is
equal to
3,
^aS' is J.
20 COS
Z-
2 J)
i.e.
sin 6
^,
any conic
be traced.
369.
Ex.
1.
(^^^T-K'^^T+ = and
+ Sy-5 =
PM
and
PN
PN are
3x-2y +
-^w
4:
^^^
2x + 3y-5
--^w-
PM^
I.e.
PN^
2x
<^'-
are at
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
346
The
along
locus of
therefore
is
an
ellipse
Ex.
2.
What
is
{x'^-a^f + iy^-a^)^=a*?
+ y^f-2a^{x^ + y^)+a*=2xY,
{x^ + y^-a^)^-{^2xyf=0,
{x^ + y/^^y +y^- ^) (^^ - fj^^y +y^- ^^) = O{x^
i.e.
i.e.
i.e.
The
These
and
would be found to be
EXAMPLES.
of 135 to the
XLI.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
{x-4:ij)^=51y.
2.
{x-y)^=x + y + l.
{5x-12yf=2ax + 2day + a\
{4a; + 3?/ + 15)2= 5 (3a; -4?/).
+ 24a;2/ + 92/2-5a;-10?/ + l = O.
9x^+24^y + 16y^-4:y-x + 7 = 0.
144a;2 - 120xy + 25y^ + 619a; - 272^ + 663 = 0, and
16a;2-24a;2/ + 9?/2 + 32a; + 86?/-39 = 0.
4a;2-4a;2/ + 2/2-12a; + 62/ + 9 = 0.
16a;2
+ 7?/2=48.
10.
12a;2-12a;i/
12.
x'^-xy~6y^=Q.
11.
3a;2+2a;?/
+ 32/2=8.
a;2-2a;2/cos2a + ^2 2a2.
15.
xy = a{x + y).
17.
2/^-2a;?/
2a;2
14.
16.
2a;-22/
= 0.
a;2-2a;2/cosec2a-f2/^ = a2.
xy-y^ = a^.
18.
x'^
+ xy + y^ + x+y = l.
LEXS. XLI.]
+ y-2 = Q.
+ 36a;?/ + 25?/2- 196a; -122?/ + 205 = 0.
19.
2x^ + Zxii-2y'^-lx
20.
40a;2
21.
25.
26.
22.
23.
24.
27.
28.
2/2-4a;i/
30.
lla;2
Find the
foci
and the
34.
35.
Shew
33.
+ 9)2=3.
+ 4aa; = 2a2.
32.
5a;2 + 6a;?/ + 5?/ + 12a; + 4?/ + 6 = 0.
a;2 + 4a;?/ + ?/2-2a; + 2/y-6 = 0.
31.
(4a;-3t/
a;2-3a;i/
4a;?/
- 3a;2 -
2a?/
= 0.
+ 62)
(^^2
2ab-hs/a^~+^.
is
36.
\/ r
are
respectively,
37.
and that
and
are
where
+ 2hxy + ay^ = d
is
the discriminant.
oot-(*l^i^A.
Prove also that if two parabolas meet in four points the distances
of the centroid of the four points from the axes are proportional to the
latera recta.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
348
[ExS. XLI.]
+ lly = 2,
42. Prove that the eccentricity of the conic given by the general
equation satisfies the relation
e^
where w
43.
origin,
is
h
e^
(a
4="
(a6
- h^) sin^ w
'
quantities
cos
P + 9^ - 2fg
^^
''
c,
0}
sm^w
ap+bg^-2fgh
=^^
sm^w
-^
and
-.-^sin^w
are
CHAPTER XVL
THE GENERAL CONIC.
In the present chapter we shall consider properwhich are given by the general equation
370.
'2Jnxy
hy^
+ Igx + ^fy + c =
^ (tc,
3/),
^ (a;,
Similarly,
side of (1)
<^(aj',
On
y)
= 0.
of the left-hand
are substituted for x and y.
when x and y
The equation
371.
(1).
dividing by
independent constants -
c,
and -
To determine
372.
To find
any foint
Let
{x,
{x",
= ax^ +
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
y") be any other point on the conic.
y)
2hxy +
hy"^
.(1).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
350
(x\
"
The equation
y) is
2/-2/'
= |^(^-^')
(2).
Since both
and
(ic',
3/')
'
+ 2^(x'-a.") +
5 {y""
- 3/"^;
2/(2/'-2/'')
- y")
- x")
(5).
But
- x"y") = {x' +
2 (o^y
x") {y'
{x'
{y'
+ y"\
{^ - x")
* ^'
y~
h{x'
a:;...^
=- -7-7 + 1^,
y-y
^ ^
hx +hy
,
+
+f^
>
hy'
<7
(^
0,
we put
,,
- ^\'
{ax
i. e.
therefore
is
(x
+ x) + f (y + y')
+c=
(7).
foi- a^,
yy' for
y-vy iovly.
3/^,
xy'
xy
for 2xy,
x+
od
for
2a?,
and
351
i. e.
For the terms of the second degree on the two sides of (1) cancel,
and the equation reduces to one of the first degree, thus representing
a straight
line.
Also, since
putting
Hence
So
is satisfied
by
a point lying on
on
(1).
(1).
them.
Putting x" x' and y" =y' we have, as the equation to the tangent
at
{x', y'),
[y
- if) + &
{y
- y'f
= ax^ + ^hxy +
2axx' + 2}i {x'y
i.e.
374.
To find
may
on the
conic.
any straight
line
+n=
(1),
(2).
Substituting for y in (2) from (1), we have for the equation giving
the abscissae of the points of intersection of (1) and (2),
x^ {am?
If (1)
{bn^
(3).
equal.
- 2fmn + cm^).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
352
On
{lif
- hg)
+ 2lm{fg-ch) = 0.
Ex.
Find
+ 4:xy + 3y^-5x-Gy + S =
the straight line a; + 4i/ = 0.
x^
Tlie equation to
(1),
is
+ 4^ + c =
(2),
where c is to be determined.
This straight line meets (1) in points given by
3x2 _ 2x (5c + 28) + 3c2 + 24c + 48 = 0.
The
if
{2(5c
roots of this equation are equal, i.e. the line (2) is a tangent,
or -8.
+ 28)}2 = 4. 3.(3c2 + 24c+48), i.e. if
c=-5
are therefore
+ 4?/-5 = 0, and
As
375.
{ax'
+ hy
-{
g)
X + {hx +
by'
-Q 0.
x + iij
it
(cc,
may be proved
y)
is
+/) y + gx +/y' +
is
that
0.
therefore the
376.
+ hy +g){x- x) +
To find
{hx'
+ by +/){y
Any
such chord
is
y) = 0.
y = mx.
y = 7nx->rK
(1).
+ 2gx + 2fy + c =
in points whose abscissae are given by
ax^ + ^hx {mx + K) + b {mx + Kf + 2gx + 2f{mx + K)+ g=^0,
i. e. by x^ {a + 2hm + bm^) + 2x {hK + bmK + ^ + fm)
+ blO + 2fK-\-c = 0.
ax^
+ 2hxy +
by"^
THE GENERAL
If
and
fl?i
CONIC.
x^
have
cy{ h
X^ ^x ^
+ hm)K + g+fm
a + 2hm + bm^
X1
+ X2
(h
2
Also, since (X, Y)
on
lies
+ bm) K+ gf+/7n
a + 2hm + b7)iF
(1)
If
(3).
This relation
(a
^'
we have
Y-^mX+K
relation
'
we have a
is
i. e.
The
therefore the
== 0.
to
parallel
is
is
we
have
a + h (m + m')
i.e.
a+
Am
w,
h + bm
+ bmm' =
(5).
This
lines
377.
equation
To find
may
whose
is
2Hxy+By^=0
(1),
.'.
(1) is
B
and hence
L.
(2).
(1)
hey = mx
equivalent to
[y
- mx)
m-\-m'=
[y
- m'x) = 0,
--, and mm
=^
23
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
354
Ah-2Hh + Ba = 0.
i.e. if
378.
pair,
their equation.
and
+ hy'^=l
a'x^^-2h'xy
The
(1),
+ l)Y = l
(2).
straight lines
(1)
and
(3),
(2) if
Ab-2Hh + Ba = 0,
Ab'-2Hh' + Ba' = 0.
and
A
ha'
h'a
we have
-2H__ B
~ W^afb ~ hh' - b'h
(3),
we
x^ha'-h'a)-xy{ab'-a'b)4-y^{bh'-b'h) =
are always conjugate diameters of both
Hence
(1)
and
(4)
(2).
always a pair of conjugate diameters, real, coincident, or imaginary, which are common to any two concentric conic
there
is
sections.
EXAMPLES.
XLII.
we
2.
3.
Two
straight line
lx
+ niy = l may
touch the parabola {ax-bijf-2 {a^ + &-) (ax + by) + {a^ + b'^f = 0, and
shew that if this straight line meet the axes in P and Q, then PQ
will, when it is a tangent, subtend a right angle at the point {a, b).
parabolas have a
common
[EXS. XLII.]
4.
Shew
r-
cos a
i-:-,
355
= sin^ a is inscribed in
= a^ and y^ = h^, and
a^
ab
h^
the rectangle, the equations to whose sides are x^
6^,
is of
a.
A variable tangent to
P and Q prove that
(a2
+ 7i2) + 2h {a + h) xy+y'^
{h'^
+ h^) = a + b.
Given the focus and directrix of a conic, prove that the polar
7.
of a given point with respect to it passes through another fixed point.
Prove that the locus of the centres of conies which touch the
8.
axes at distances a and b from the origin is the straight line ay = bx.
9.
ax'^
+ 2hocy + by^=l
the conic
a {Ji'x + b'yf -
27i [a'x
+ h'y)
{h'x
10. Find the equations to the straight lines which are conjugate
to the coordinate axes with respect to the conic Ax^-{-2Hxy + By^ = l.
coincide,
and
interpret the
result.
and
(2)
12.
2x'^
+ ^xy -^y^=l.
+ by^=l and
a'x^ + 2h'xy-\-b'y'^
=l
first conic, if
ab'-{-a'b-2hh' = 2{ah-U'^).
^,
,
= ^ +rr-^
by"^ = 1 is
the conic ax^ + 2kxy
rf^
^ + ^
ab-lva+b
13.
379.
Two
conies,
real or imaginary.
and
a'x^
0.
232
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
356
380.
section
Equation
Let
and
to
the inter-
S'
ax" + 2h'xy +
h'y^
^fy +
+ 2g'x + If'y +
c'
(1),
(2)
Then
is
(3)
and (2).
S and aS^' are both
sections of (1)
For, since
and
2/,
Hence
is satisfied
(3) is a conic
tions of (1)
and
intersec-
(2).
As
{a
- \a)
0^2
2 (A
- Xh') xy
+
(h
- \h') ^ +
2(f-\r)y +
2 (^
{c-Xc')
- Xg') x
=
(1),
{a
Now, by Art.
- \a') (b - Kb')
Xc')
- Xg') (h - Xh')
(g - Xg'f - (c - Xc') (h - XhJ
=
(2).
+ 2 (f - Xf)
if
(g
Now
(2)
found from
is
it
357
a cubic equation.
The thi-ee values of \
when substituted successively in (1),
will,
two
conies.
In
this case, \i
hyperbolas,
and y"^
= (a- Xa') + {b- Xb')
efficients of x^
=:(a
+ b)-X{a' + b') - 0.
i.e. any conic through the
S ~ XS' ^ 0,
is itself
rectangular hyperbola.
Cor. If two rectangular hyperbolas intersect in four points
A, B, G, and D, the two straight lines AD and BC, which are a conic
through the intersection of the two hyperbolas, must be a rectangular
hyperbola. Hence AD and BC must be at right angles.
Similarly,
BD and GA, and GD and AB, must be at right angles. Hence is
the orthocentre of the triangle ABG.
Therefore,
each point
is
if
three.
383.
7/*
Z = 0,
i/==
0,
^= 0, and 11 =
be the equations
the
LN=X.MR
For L = passes through one pair of
and N=0 passes through the other pair.
(1).
its
angular points
Hence
LN =
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
358
MR
is the equation to
Similarly
passing through the four points.
Hence
another conic
N=0
i!I=0 and
E = 0.
Hence If a
384.
the intersections of
given straight lines.
Let
*S'
given conic.
Let
u-0
tions to the
be the equaand v =
two given straight lines
where
u = ax + hy
V = ax + Vy
and
\- Cj
-f-
c'
^^
/S'
S^X.u.v
(1).
= 0,
i. e.
Similarly
-y
therefore
^S'
and
359
(1) represents
points.
the point
"Ex..
(1, 1)
2x-y - 5 =
and Bx + y -11 = 0.
same points.
Find
also
+ 2 + 5-7-8 + 6=X{2-l-5)
(3
5) {Sx
+ 1-11),
+ y -11)
i.e. i{
...
{1).
\=-^\.
(1),
i.e.
is
+ X)2 = 4 (1 - 6X)
X=|[-124V101.
I.e. if
385.
if (2
(1),
we have
(5
+ X),
S = Xuv.
Let
I.
^t
the figure of
points
and
The
conic
Q coincide.
S = Xuv then
goes
at
and therefore touches the
original conic at
as in the
figure.
II.
Let
^6
coincide, so that v
and v =
= u.
i.e.
in
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
360
P and
the points
B,.
The equation
conic
to
the second
As a
=
be
'DW
particular case
where u =
meets it, i. e.
and w
are tangents and
it
.u
is
a conic to which
is the chord of
contact.
Let u
III.
tl=rO
LINE AT INFINITY.
Line at
386.
861
infinity.
().x
+ 0.y + G =
0,
is
called
We
infinity.
parallel straight
lines
are
and
Now
may be
(2)
Ax + By + C =0
(1),
Ax + By+G' =
(2).
~^ (0
Ax + By + C + ^
a;
3/
(7)
0,
0.x + 0.y + C =
Hence
(1), (2),
387.
and the
0.
line at infinity
meet in a
S=Xu
where X
point.
is
constant^ ayid
u=
(1),
is the
equation of a straight
line.
The equation
(1)
= Xz*
/S'
X (0
2/
1),
u=
Hence
S^
^ and 0.c
(1) passes
0.2/
0.
aS'
and
S = \u
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
362
Particular Case.
Let
S = x^ + y^ a^,
S = represents
Any other circle is
so that
x^
x^
i.e.
circle.
+ y^- 2gx
2ft/
+ y^ a^=2gx+2f'i/
is
of the
form
*S'
= 0,
a^
c,
= Xil
upon
is
S^\{0.x + 0.y+lY,
and therefore, by Art. 385, has double contact with S =
where the straight line .x + Q .y +1 =0 meets it, i.e. the
tangents to the two conies at the points where they meet
the line at infinity are the same.
The
(real or
conies
S=0
imaginary) asymptotes.
Particular Case.
Let
S -=^0
denote a
circle.
Then
SX
EXAMPLES.
EXAMPLES.
363
XLIII.
What
1.
is
and
and that
a'x-
{a'
- V) = h' (a-b).
4.
conic
is
common chord
1),
+ ^ = 1
at the
circle,
x^ + i/-2ae^x
= a^{l-e^--e^).
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
SQ"^
[EXS. XLIII.]
C.
14. Prove that the general equation to the ellipse, having double
contact with the circle x^ + y^=a^ and touching the axis of x at the
origin, is
c^x^
(x,
y)
ao(f
+ 2hxy +
hy"^
Let
be the given point (x,
points where the tangents from
touch the conic.
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
y'), and let P and R be the
The equation
fore
^^
u=
to
PR
is
there-
0,
+ hy -\-g)x
+ {hx + hy +/) y + gx +fy + c.
The equation to any conic
where
(ax'
S=\u\
ao(?
^. e.
(Art. 385),
+ ^hxy + hy^ +
X \{chx + hy + ^) cc
-f-
+ Ify + c
{hx +hy' +f)y + gx +fy' +
'^gx
c]^
(!)
Now
TP
and
TR
is
a conic
DIRECTOR CIRCLE.
which touches the given conic at
which also goes through the point T.
section
365
and
and
we can
Also
points, viz. T^
it
i.e. if
^'=-irr'>
^\-
i.e.
where
tt
is
(x, y) X
(x',
cf,
y) = u2,
+ gY]
+ 2xy [hcj) (x, y') (ax' + hy + g) (hx + by' +/)]
+ 2/' [b4> (x, y) - (hx + by' +fY\ + other terms =
^f?
\a^
[x', y')
(ax + hy'
0...(1).
(x', y')
Now
the
sum
i.e. if
i.e.
(a
b)<t> (x',y')
(ax + hy'
0.
0,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
366
the parabola.
The
centre
)
(%^^
^^'H
ab - h^J
\ab - Ir
is,
ax^ + 2hxy
and
if
a and
/3
be
its
+ hy^ + c' = 0,
we have,
semi-axes,
l-^il^
i + ^^
_c"
.1.1
{a- +
_ ah-li'^
^2--^^2-'
h) g'
^o
The equation
A
^"^^
(Art. 364,)
^2
gh-afY_
{"-w^^'^iy
{a + h) (abc
{a
+ b)c'
ab - h^
ah ~ h^J
(Art. 352).
hP-f
the
to
Take the focus of the conic as origin, and let the axis
X be perpendicular to its directrix, so that the equation
the latter
may be
The equation
therefore
of
to
0.
is
+ 2/2-2e'^x-e2P^0.
The equation to the pair of tangents drawn from the
origin is therefore, by Art. 389,
jK2(l-e2)
i.e.
[x^ (1
i.e.
2^2
2/^
+ y^ =
of x^ and
x'
i.e.
Here the
coefficient of
coefficients
xy
is
zero.
(1).
y"^
367
it follows,
o(?
and
y"^
will still
may be
Let
(aj',
2/')
+ ^hxy +
hy'^
be a focus.
The equation
"Igx
By
drawn
+ ^fy +
0.
is
(gx'
+fy +
c)]^.
We therefore have
acf>
(x\ y')
and
7i0
(ax + hy'
(a?',
+y* )^,
i.e.
+ hy' + gf - {hx +
{ax'
by'
+ff _
{ax'
<!>,&;)
Cor.
we
wfoci.
foci,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
368
imaginary line y
ing eccentricity
=0 is
is
{0,
sj^^-o^]
is
a focus, the
/&2_a2
Similarly for the hyperbola, except that, in this case, the eccentricity is real.
395.
Ex.
Find
1.
16a;2
The
focus
{IQx'
is at infinity
and
and are
is real.
- 2ixy + %2 - 80a; -
140?/
-1-
100=0.
is
1 2y'
- 40)^ - ( -
+ 9y' - 70 )^
12a;^
rj
{16x' - 12y ^
_
~
- 40) ( -
12a;^
+ 9y' - 70)
-12
first
12
(16a;'
- 12y' - 40)2 + 7
(ig^/
_ i2y' _
40)
-12
{4 (16a;' - 12y' - 40) -
i.e.
12a;'
{ 3 (16a;'
so that
16a;'
and
The second
9y'
12a;'
+ 9i/ - 70)
- 70)}
12ic' -h
%' - 70) } = 0,
50)x(-400) = 0,
.
- 12^' - 40 = - 48,
12a;'
-[-V- 70 =-64.
^2^,
40)
2/' (
12a;'
48 X 64
_ ^ox^ ^ ^, ^^g^, _
i.e.
- 40) 4- 4 ( -
= ^
y
then have
12^/'
(100a;'-75?/' +
i.e.
We
(1).
00
-88a;'
536a;'
-I~o
268
,^^
-t-100,
so that
(1, 2).
70^' + 100
369
Ex.
Find
2.
55a;2
The
- SOxy + 39^2 -
- 24^/ - 464=0.
40a;
(55a;^
15y'
- 20)^ - ( -
15a;^
+ S9t/ - 12)2
16
_ {55c(/
15y'
20)
- 15x' + 39?/^ -
12)
-15
first
(55a;'
pair of equations
- 15^' -
i.e.
(1).
gives
(1)
(5a;'-3?/'-l)(3a;' + 5?/'-4)
i.e.
^--3"
,
y'=
or
Substituting this
first
= 0.
5a;' -
3a;'
(2)'
-4
5--
(3).
(1),
we obtain
- o/;/o
1)2=
25 (2a;' - 1X2
/
giving
a;'
On
(1),
=2
or -
1,
340a;'2- 340a;'
Hence from
-1355
,
(2) y'
or -
we
finally
2.
same
pair of equation
have
2a;'2-2a;'
+ 13 = 0,
We
396.
conic.
By
The
(ax + hy + gf
(hx + by +fy _
+/)
h
(1)
represents
L.
foci.
24
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
370
But, since
it
ax + hy + a
give
7
ihoc
"T"
j^
oy
^,
two
represents
it
straight lines.
~r
The equation
axes of the
general conic.
= ax^ + 2hxy +
<^ (aj,
y)
F be
any point
y')^
(a;',
+ 2gx + Ify + c =
.(1).
and through it let there be
hy-
straight line at
with the axis of x to
curve in Q and Q'.
an angle Q
meet the
The coordinates
any point
from P
drawn a
on
this
line
of
distant r
are
c^
+ r cos Q and
y'
+ r sin 0.
(Art. 86.)
If
this point be
on
(1),
we
have
a{x'
i.e.
r^ [a cos2
+ 2h
cos ^ sin
+ 2r [(ax + hy' + g)
6*
cos d
& sin^ 0]
+ {hx + by +/)
sin ^]
+
^
;-(2).
of P.
If
P be on the
of T obtained from
curve, then
(2) is zero.
<f)
(x,
y)
is
zero
INTERCEPTS ON LINES.
371
398.
directions through
PQ PQ'
PR
PR'
same for
is the
article,
PQ PQ' = product
^
a
if
PRR'
9
a cos^
dividing (1) by
PQ
PR
0'
+ 2A
(2),
6'"^
6 sin^
''
{^^
y)
0'
sin
cos
/jx
sin ^
be drawn at an angle
PR pp'=
On
y)
{^\
+ 2h cos
cos^ 6
of
of the roots
So,
the conic
The values
the last
to the
/o\
6' -\-h
0'"'^
sin^
^'
we have
sin^ 6'
1}
sin^ 6
'
x'
The quantity
therefore the
is
p>
'
same
for
all
positions of P.
Cor.
lines
If
CO'"^
,^
OR
PQQ' and
is
where
two given
parallel to the
Q and
CQ'
directions.
Q' coincide,
PRR
PQ^C(r'
PR' ~
PQ _ CQ"
""
OR'"'
'
be
^'
PR ~ CR"
of
to
conic,
the parallel
242
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
372
399.
PQ.PQ'=^
and
P^Q,,P^Q;^
cos^ 6
-\-'2ih
PQ.PQ'
so that
(^',
y)
6'
K,
sin
(9
+6
sin^
6 sin^
'
y")
cos 6 sin ^
'
<i>{x,y')
PiQi-P^Qi
^{x",y"y
400. If a circle and a conic section cut one another in four 'points,
the straight line joining one pair of points of intersection and the
straight line joining the other pair are equally inclined to the axis of
the conic.
For (Fig. Art. 397) let the circle and conic intersect in the four
points Q, Q' and B, B' and let QQ' and RB' meet in P.
But, since Q,
PQ
Q',
.
.-.
CQ" = CB".
Also in any conic equal radii from the centre are equally inclined
to the axis of the conic.
Hence GQ" and CB", and therefore PQQ' and PBB\ are equally
inclined to the axis of the conic.
as origin,
and
let
2/3/
+c(!)>
is
cut har-
'
373
polar coordinates,
+ 2h cos ^ sin ^ +
r^ {a cos^
6 sin^ 6)
i.e.
c.
0)
+ a cos^
we
Hence,
have
TT^i
OF
if
the chord
yc-T^,
OF
sum
+ 2h cos
OFF' be drawn
+b
sin
at
an angle
sin^O=^ 0.
to
OX,
g cos 6
+y sin 6
c
Let
-ff
2___1_
OF ~
Then,
if
OR = p, we
of"" OF'
have
^cos^+ysin^
P
so that the locus of
F is
+/.
g p cos
.
or, in
p sin
Oj
Cartesian coordinates,
gx+/y + G^O
But
conic
(2).
(2) is
(1), so
0P+0P'=-2
and
OP.OP'=
a cos2
'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
374
(1)
If
be the point
we have
(p, 6)
g COB
-i(np,oP'\p-^[^ujr-tLjjr
)
d+f sine
2hcoseBmd + bs'm^d'
ap cos2 d + 27ip cos 6 Bin 6 + hp sin^ d + gQOBd-\-f sin ^ = 0,
i.e.
acos'^d +
in Cartesian coordinates,
i.e.,
ax^ + 2 7ia;i/
+ by^+gx +fy = 0.
If
be the point
{p, 6),
np
OP'
^^.^
we have
in this case
/
i.e.
aa:2
i.e.
= c,
+ 2/ia;^ + 6?/2 = c.
402.
conic.
To find
The lengths
{x\ y') at
397.
an angle 6
If {x', y') be the middle point of the chord the roots of this
equation are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, so that their
algebraic
The
sum
is zero.
sin ^
= 0.
is
i.e.
This
is parallel
m=
,
a + hm
^
h + bm
-J-
a + h{m + m')
i.e. if
if
+ bmm' = 0.
This
is
EXAMPLES.
375
403.
equation
r2 (a cos^ ^
The
i.e.
(x', ?/')
= 0.
if
{a cos2 ^
I.e. if
The
tangents through P.
P inclined
at
an angle 6 to
= tan0
^^
x-x
If we substitute for tan 6 in (1)
to the pair of tangents from P.
On
substitution
from
(2).
(2)
we
we have
{aix-x')^ + 2h{x-x'){y-y')
+ b{y-y'y~}<t>{x',y')
EXAMPLES. XLIV.
Two
points
P is
a rectangular hj^erbola.
7;
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
376
[Exs.
Prove that the director circles of all conies which touch two
4.
given straight lines at given points have a common radical axis.
whose equation
is
2xy
{x^
m^h - k
y = mx-
where
m is
sides of the
triangle.
Find the
6.
300a;2
8.
9.
7.
10.
10a;
- lOy -19 =
and
+ 2hxy + hy^ =
a-h ~
~~
a^-b^'
11. Prove that the locus of the foci of all conies which touch the
is the hyperbola x^-y^=a^- h^.
four lines x= ^a and
y=b
let
Then
(a;2
+ ^2)
^^^2^2
_j.
54)
^ 4aPx^y\
14. Conies are drawn touching both the axes, supposed oblique, at
the same given distance a from the origin. Prove that the foci lie
either
on the
straight line
x^ +
15.
and a common
x = y, or on the circle
+ 2xycos o}=a{x + y).
y'^
XLIV.]
377
16.
diameter of which
^^, + QO^'
Prove that
^'
^on^i^ni.
is
19.
in
7-rs
OQ^
= Tvvio +
OP^
y^T^
OP^
is
is
O.
BC of
making use
>Sf
it,
then
-^^^
oP
+ ^,
hP
is
all direc-
22- Obtain the equations for the foci also from the fact that the
product of the perpendiculars drawn from them upon any tangent is
the same for all tangents.
404. To find the equation to a conic, the axes of coordinates being a tangent and normal to the conic.
Since the origin is on the curve, the equation to the
curve must be satisfied by the coordinates (0, 0) so that the
equation has no constant term and therefore is of the form
ax^
+ 2hxy +
h'lf
+ 2gx +
yy 0.
when
2/
we must have
0,
is
PQ
if
point on the
(1)
(1).
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
378
if
PQ passes
have
we
+ bc + 2/= 0,
ac
I.e.
=a
(3).
66),
a+b
constant for all positions of PQ.
But c is the intercept of PQ on the axis of
y, i.e.
on the normal
at 0.
The
normal
straight line
which
at
This point
is
PQ
on the
2/
is
distant
v from O.
a+b
If
2;ic-2/m = 0,
^
I.e.
But
is
= ^I-= constant.
h
Hence, in this
case,
PQ.
on the tangent
at 0.
to conies 2^<^ssing
through four
CD
let
OA = \,0B = V, OD -
ix,
B.ndOC^fx\
Let any conic passing
through the four points be
ax^i-2h'xi/ + by^
+ 2gx+2/y+c=0...{l).
in this
If we put y =
equation the roots of the
resulting equation must be A and
A,'.
let
BA
and
Similarly
On
fijULof
=a
2g
and
aX\\
and %f
(X
substituting in (1)
2hxi/
X')
h=
y-
we have
where
379
POINTS.
^-^
h'
XX'fifx'
(1),
We
taken in this
DA
x=
l+y-,-l=0,
2/=0,
%^_1
=
A
and
0,
fx
0.
fJi
The equation
lateral
A BCD
is
^--K^^O(^^o
w,
i.e.
/xfxx"^
+ xy (X/jl' +
X'/ji
On
2h we
- hXX'ixii) +
n-ix!
(X
X')
XX'
y"^
x~ XX'
(fji
fx)
y +
XX'fjbfji
0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
380
407.
he
Jive
points.
is (1) of
Ex. Find the equation to the conic section which passes through
the five points A, B, C, D, and E, whose coordinates are (1, 2), (3, 4),
(-1,
3),
(-2, -S),and{5,
The equations
y + 3x-5 = 0,
The equation
is
to
6).
DA
4:y
to
C,
and
therefore
{y
(1)
(1).
must be
4:03.
To find the general equation to a conic section
which touches four given straight lines, i.e. which is inscribed
in a given quadrilateral.
THE CONIC LM =
381
R~.
Let the four straight lines form the sides of the quadriABCD. Let BA and CD meet in 0, and take OAB
and ODC as the axes of x and y, and let the equations to
the other two sides BG and DA be
lateral
l-^x
l^x
+ m^y -1 =
0.
of contact of
ax + hy 1 =
By
0.
then
is
2Xxy = (ax + hy Vf
(1).
is,
straight line
as in Art. 374, found to be
A.
Similarly,
should touch
= 2(a-Zi)(6-mi)
will be
it
BG
touched by
AD
(2).
if
X = 2{a-l){h-m^)
(3).
means
of (2)
and
(3).
we
solve (2)
2& - (mi
and
(3),
+ W2 _ _
m^ -7112
~~
we obtain
2a-(Zi +
h~h
y_^
~
2\
-^
(^1 ~
409.
we have
^2) ("*i
~ ^^2)
= 0, M=0, and
conic, viz.
two straight
lines.
II, the
equation
LM=R'
represents a conic touching the straight lines
M=
0,
where
R=
meets them.
(1),
Z=
0,
and
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
382
M=0
M jx^L and
B [xL
M
fx.
This point
410.
two
jyoints
may
of
lies
aL + hM-\-R^O
Since
a and
6,
it is of
the
first
at our disposal,
(1).
it
straight line.
If it pass through the point " /x " it
= fxL and fxL.
the substitutions
Hence
Similarly,
a+
if it
6/x^
/x
satisfied
by
(2).
a +
(3),
Lfxfx'
fM'
/X/X
substitution in
bfx''
/x'
"
we have
(3).
we have
On
must be
fX
fX
(1),
+ M-(ix +
[x')JR
is
0.
By
Lfx^
M- 2fxE =
0,
'
EXAMPLES.
383
EXAMPLES. XLV.
Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let fall
1.
from the origin upon tangents to the conic ax^ + 2hxy + by' = 2x is the
curve
{h^ - ah) {x^ + y'^f + 2 {x^ + ^2) {p^ _ /j^)
+^f = Q,
In the conic
2.
ax'^
is
ao h^
4. A system of conies
prove that
and
is
drawn
(1)
(2)
5.
all
a conic section.
Find the equation to the conic passing through the origin and
-1, 1), (2, 0), and (3, -2). Determine its species.
(1, 1),
the points
Prove that the locus of the centres of all conies, which pass
7.
through the centres of the inscribed and escribed circles of a triangle,
the circumscribing circle of the triangle.
is
8.
all conies,
(0,
h),
is
the curve
($.-t)(''^^y')=^'-yA, B, C, and
AB
AD
CD
BC
R
O any
;
J^ "^
OR
J^_~
OR'
J^
OS
''"
OS'
^JXK'fxfx'.]
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
384
[ExS.
XLV.
11. Prove that the locus of the centres of the conies ch'cumseribing a quadrilateral ABGD (Fig. Art. 405) is a conic passing through
the vertices 0, L, and
of the quadrilateral and through the middle
points of AB, AC, AD, BG, BD, and CD.
Prove also that its asymptotes are parallel to the axes of the
parabolas through the four points.
[The required locus is obtained by eliminating h from the equa2fjufjL'x + 2hy - fifx,' {\ + \')=0, and 2hx + 2X\'y -XV
+ fM') = 0.]
tions
{fjt.
12. By taking the case when XX'= -/">' and when AB and CD
is a triangle having
are perpendicular (in which case
as its
orthocentre and AL, BM, and CO are the perpendiculars on its
sides), prove that all conies passing through the vertices of a triangle
and its orthocentre are rectangular hyperbolas.
ABC
its
13. Prove that the triangle OML (Fig. Art. 405) is such that each
angular point is the pole of the opposite side with respect to any
conic passing through the angular points A, B, C, and D of the
quadrilateral.
[Such a triangle
is
called a Self
Conjugate Triangle.]
system of conies
is
inscribed in the
same quadrilateral
prove
that
16. the locus of the pole of a given straight line with respect to
system is a straight line.
this
17. the locus of their centres is a straight line passing through the
middle points of the diagonals of the quadrilateral.
AC, and
quadrilateral.
19. Prove that only one parabola can be drawn to touch any four
given lines.
Hence prove that, if the four triangles that can be made by four
lines be drawn, the orthocentres of these four straight lines lie on a
straight line, and their circumcircles meet in a point.
CHAPTER
XYII.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
On
411,
[If
A and
positive
be both positive,
JB
The equation
curve
it is
it is
to the normal at
an
(1).
ellipse
if
one be
a hyperbola.]
any point
is
XX
y'
(/,,
k),
we
have
h
y'
(A-)x'y' + hy'-Akx'=:0
i.e.
(2).
{A-JB)xy + hy-Akx =
The point
(3).
on the curve
L.
(x', y')
(1).
25
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
386
and
(A, k)
its
them pass
general
lie
on a
412.
A^-\-By''^\
it
and
By
where
it is
met by
l^ + m,^
(2),
+ m^y =
(3)
l^x
(1),
at the points
(h, k).
+X
these
{l-^x
(2)
+ m^y
and
(3) is
1) (^2^
m.^y
1)
0...(4).
same four
of
it
(5)
points.
and
(5)
co-
efficients of a^
zero,
A + Xl^l^ = 0, B + Xm^m^ ~ 0,
Therefore X
=^ 1,
lih
and -
+X = 0.
and hence
(6).
all
CONCURRENT NORMALS.
The
387
and
(5),
we have
A-B
Cor.
1.
L^m^
The
j^^
a^-h''
Cor.
7^
2.
in the form
m
The
be an
(8).
ellipse,
we have
t^^frix
= -5 and B = j^.
cH^^
and
,^.
(7),
h^
-4
'
m-,
],-_.^lz1
and
Bh
AB
+ mo
j-^
^ y-^
h=
so that
"
-Ak
IP'm^^
(9),
m^ + m,
^^
- m-^
-^
(a^
5^??^l^
- O'') j.
y = m^c +
^,
c=
mi
and
3/
= m'x +
mg
7/^1
c',
75
^.
be given
we have
and
ma
77iy/i'
= and
cc'
6^.
252
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
388
If a,
/3,
7,
and
BS
are
cos
.y=.-a..-cot^-+
sm-^
'-^
& cos
and
2/
- a^ - cot
a
+
^2
i-
7+0
sm^-
[Art. 259.]
we have, by
_=mm'=-5
cot ^ cot
a^
2
a^
*.
tan
^=
a + iS
7+5
cot
^hr-2
(tt_
tan
_ 7+l5\
"27
V2
a+/3
7+5
__=n7r+---
TT
,.
a + /3 + 7 + 5=(2w + l)7r.
*.e.
414.
ellipse
is
ellipse be
^i+f:=i
a^
(1),
0'^
and
be the point
let
As
{h, k).
drawn from
on the
lie
hyperbola
kx
hy
\a^
a^e^xy = aViy
i.e.
b^J
b^kx
and
G,
(2).
D are
therefore found
by solving
From
(2)'
we have
Substituting in
a;4a2g4
(1)
= -o-n 5-\
y
^
a^{h-e^x)
(3).
CONCURRENT NORMALS.
If
a?!,
x^, x^,
_
S be
If
the point
of this equation,
2ha^
- ae,
we have, by
SA=.a + ex-^.
0)
389
EXAMPLES.
we have
(Art. 2),
a^h^
Art. 251,
:.
= -^ {(^ + ae)2 +
/c2}-,
on substitution and
'
simplification,
= k.SOK
Aliter.
If p
*S^^,
SB, SG, or
SD
p=a + ex,
we have
x=-{p-a).
i.e.
and
easily
(3)
we obtain an equation
in the fourth
have
^%
^3 before.
PQ
and that
to
If the
BS
PQ
be
y = m-^x + Cj^
(1),
y = m^-\-C2
(2).
and
mim2=-g
(3),
1^
-
(4).
c-^c^=.
through which
g=m^f+Cj^
PQ
passes,
we have
(5).
Now the
i.e.
A
Bm,
i.e.,
by
(3),
y--m^x
(6).
it,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
890
Now, from
(4)
and
(5),
c= so that, by
(3),
the equation to
B{g-M)'
BS is
y=mr,''-B{g-fm,)
Eliminating m^ between
(6)
and
(7),
we
^'^^-
{Ax^ + By^){gx+fy)+xy = 0.
ES
is
(Art. 400),
EXAMPLES. XLVI.
1.
sum
the
If
point
to
an
ellipse be constant,
4
^-r
>
is
focus.
If four normals be drawn from a point
to an ellipse and if
3.
the sum of the squares of the reciprocals of perpendiculars from the
centre upon the tangents drawn at their feet be constant, prove that
the locus of
is a hyperbola.
4.
The normals
at four points of
C(?i
CG^
"^
G^a,
GG^'^CG^~ GG^+GG^+GG^+GG^'
6.
Shew
which pass through the four points in which the normals drawn from
any point on a given straight line meet an ellipse is a pair of conies.
7.
are a,
If the
j8,
and
y,
sin
(j8
+ 7) + sin (7 + a) + sin
concurrent.
an
(a
+ iS)=0.
PQB
maximum
be a
15, shew that if
ellipse, the normals at P, Q, and
are
CONCURRENT NORMALS.
[EXS. XLVI.]
EXAMPLES.
391
Prove that the normals at the points where the straight line
x^
v^
+ i~?-y = 1 meets the ellipse
-^ + ^ =1 meet at the point
^
a cos a &sma
a^
b^
8.
- ae^ cos-* a,
-J sin** a
aY
Tangents to the
10.
on the
ellipse -2
ellipse 2
+ f^=^;
j^
{x
=^
t ae^) = 0.
Any
ellipse -g
+ |j=l
and Q meet on a
12.
in the points
fixed diameter.
Chords of an
ellipse
ends meet on a
P and
is
a \/
a+b
its
circle.
13. From any point on the normal to the ellipse at the point
whose eccentric angle is a two other normals are drawn to it prove
;
xy + bxsina + ay cosa = 0.
Shew
(^2^2
15.
ABC
is
nj2
+ 72=1
having
each side parallel to the tangent at the opposite angular point prove
that the normals at A, B, and G meet at a point which lies on the
;
eUipse
16.
a2a;2
The normals
at four points of
2 tan-i - and that they are parallel to one or other of the equi-conjugates of the ellipse.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
892
[EXS. XLVI.]
17.
^
+ |o
I2
le ellipse -2
the
-o
(a, /3), is
the point
18. Prove that the product of the three normals drawn from any
point to a parabola, divided by the product of the two tangents from
the same point, is equal to one quarter of the latus rectum.
19. Prove that the conic 2aky = {2a-h)y^ + 4:ax^ intersects the
parabola y^=4:ax at the feet of the normals drawn to it from the point
{h, k).
20.
From
a point
{h, k)
drawn
to the rectangular
hyperbola xy = c^; prove that the centre of mean position of their feet
(h- k\ aiid that the four feet are such that each is the
) J
,
Confocal Conies.
415.
Def.
Two
when
To find
the elli2^se
2
All conies having the same foci have the same centre
and
axes.
?4=i
h^^
0).
{^sJA - B^
0).
The
The
These
same
if
A-B = a^-h%
i.e.ii
.*.
(^)-
;;;;;;
CONFOCAL CONICS.
The equation
(2)
then becomes
^
which
is
393
19
-^5
A,
416.
For
different values
of X
to trace the
conic given
hy the equation
-^-=1
(1).
infinitely
great
radius
is
therefore
confocal
of
the
system.
is
b^
marked /
in the figure.
b^.
The
and the semi-
to
let
b^,
let
COOKDINATE GEOMETRY.
394
SX
and SX'.
SH
SX
As X
and
becomes
gets less
less
and
less,
less, so
When
vanishes,
wholly imaginary.
417.
there
these
t + t^l
and
let
(f
g).
395
CONFOCAL CONICS.
Any
we have
+^^ =
This
Put
two values
b^
(2).
is
fore gives
is
of X.
a^
The equation
i.e.
/>c2
fjL
+ aV.
then becomes
(2)
+ /x(aV-/2-/)-^2^iV =
we
(3).
On substituting in (2)
hyperbola.
418.
we thus
and
let
+
Xi
70
b'^
them meet
The equations
xx'
+ X^
.
1,'
and -yT-+TT-r^=l'
b'^ + X,
a'^ + X^
y').
Cc'
yy'
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
396
(Art 69)
if
+ 7JJ-^vT^^v^ = ^
But, since (x\
2/) is
common point of
we have
^
2
By
^^
+
+
^
52
and
^'^"^
+ x,~''
subtraction,
4-
a'
X,
h'
+ X,~
'
we have
/2/_i
l_Vv'^^-^
a;-
^-A=o
/2
**^'
(a^
+ X^
*"
{a\-\- X,)
(F+ Aj)
(6^
X,)
"
^*
12
= I5
conic,
confocal
to
X cos a + y sin a =p
Any confocal
of the system
is
x^
+ ./:^ = l
,
The
(1)
(2).
if
+ (&2 + X)
X =_p2 _ a? cos^ a -
This only gives one value for X and therefore there is only one
conic of the form (2) which touches the straight line (1).
Also X + a,2=^2^^^2_
therefore real.
j2^ gin2
jj_a
j.gal
quantity.
The
conic
is
CONFOCAL CONICS.
EXAMPLES.
397
EXAMPLES. XLVII
Prove that the difference of the squares of the perpendiculars
parallel tangents to two given confocal
1.
sin^ a
eUipses,
circle.
6.
point
P is taken
P lies
that
it
which passes
is
on the curve
x-h = hy-kx
drawn from a
-k
9.
each
is
b^+\
is
a straight line.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
398
[Exs. XLVII.]
11. Prove that the locus of the pole of a given straight line with
respect to a series of confocals is a straight line which is the normal
to that eonfocal which the straight line touches.
12. A series of parallel tangents is drawn to a system of eonfocal
conies prove that the locus of the points of contact is a rectangular
hyperbola.
;
The
13.
to
any
14.
circle,
(ah-h?f
if
{a'b'-h'Y
'
Curvature.
420. Circle of Curvature. Def. If F, Q, and R
three points on a conic section, one circle and only
any
be
can be drawn to pass through them. Also this
circle
one
determined by the three points.
completely
circle is
Let now the points Q and R move up to, and ultimately
meets the
421, Since the circle of curvature at
conic in three coincident points at P, it will cut the curve
The line PP' which is the line
in one other point P'.
to the other point of intersection of the conic and
joining
the circle of curvature is called the common chord of
curvature.
CIRCLES OF CURVATURE.
399
We
the length
T=0
S=0
If
be the equation to a conic,
the equation
to the tangent at the point P, whose coordinates are at^ and
2at, and L =
the equation to any straight line passing
through P, we know, by Art. 384, that jS +
is
the equation to the conic section passing through three
coincident points at
and through the other point in which
\.L.T=0
X=
meets aS^-0.
If
A.
be the
and
L be
circle of
know that L =
T=0.
In the case
S=
2/2
of a parabola
(Art. 229.)
t(y
+ x at'~0,
L ^ ty + X
so that
The equation
y^
where
2at)
4ax {
1
Sat^.
\(ty
Xi^
X af)
A.,
i.e.
{ty
is
therefore
+ x ^af) =
\ = ^
I
+f
0,
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
400
we
A,,
i.e.
Cor.
If
+ ff.
(1
SP equal
2
423.
To find
the 'point
P (a cos
The tangent
equal to
is
h sin ^)
of the
It
cos
<f>
+T
sin
d)
a cos
(x
rg
1-
1.
sin<^
,\
^ (y oI sm d>)
= n0,
,.
ch)
'
1/
- cos
i. e.
of curvature at
ellipse -3
The
Va
P is
at the point
cos<^.
SP^
<^,
to a + at\ so
</>
The equation
is
therefore of
the form
,2
y^
+X
- cos
- cos
Since
it is
circle,
</)
^ + f sin ^
the coefficients of
x'^
equal, so that
1
-g
and therefore
+A
cos^
^=
X=
77;
sin^ <^
6^ cos^
cf>
a^ sin^
and
(1).
y^
must be
CIRCLES OF CURVATURE.
On
substitution in
curvature
(^
b')
(1),
401
is
^^
<l>
(1
+ cos
(1
cos
2cf>)
2,^)
cos
2(j>\
- cos^ ^1
^x
+ h/+
</>)
= 0,
- 0.
~y- sm^ ^1
+ &^{2cos2<^-sin2^}
(a^ sin^
(i)
6^ cos^
6Y
The centre
i,
^7^
alter
some reduction.
is
cos^ ^,
sin^
(g^ sin^
<j>
^ j and whose
+
cos^
radius
is
^
<j!>)
Hence
CD^ =
a^ sin^
L.
cos^ ^,
of curvature p
\^-^rn
<^
P have
2/'
ao5
as coordinates x'
5 sin
^[y^-w-y)
<^,
and
3/'
^^-^
26
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
402
may be shewn
that the
{x\
point
y') of
equation to the circle of curvature at any
In a similar manner
Cor. 3.
9
II
%)C
the hyperbola
it
1 is
^aW
We
3^ +
Hence,
if
<^
= an even
multiple of
be supposed given,
<^
u
have
^
tf
that 6 equals
Hence the
4:7r-di
^
27r
be given, we
1, 2,
Qtt -
we
3,
4:7r
cf)
are
see
or
and
cj>
whose
circles
angles
eccentric
2mr.
2mr-cf>
=:::
if
i.e.
tt
d>
and
Gtt
is
</)
all
cf).
Also since
27r
d)
r +
J+ -
47r
we
d)
Gtt
3
,
d)
i-
o
-
all lie
on a
circle.
+^=
4r7r
= an even
,,.
27r
-
d)
4^7r
Gtt
(b
multiple ot
^
tt,
d)
j
and
</>
EVOLUTE OF A CURVE.
403
points Pj,
circles
<^^^
/*2>
-^3'
on another
all lie
circles
and
circle.
425.
volute of a Curve.
The locus of the
centres of curvature at different points of a curve is called
the evolute of the curve.
426.
Then
ic
(<x^^,
2a^)
422.)
.-.
i.e.
21ay^
is
the curve
= i{x~2ay.
meets
also
(20-, 0).
parabola
the
where
27a2aj
i. e.
= (a;-2a)^
x=
where
^a,
and therefore
y = ^4.J2a.
Hence
it
the points
(8a,
4^2).
427.
If
point
Evolute of the
ellipse
11
+ ^= 1.
a^
{x,
{ct,
x=
a'-b^
cos^
<fi
and y =
a'
-
sin^
<fi.
262
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
404
Hence
{axf + (hyf =
Hence the
{a?
- h'f
{cos^
/,
+ sin^
is
</>}
= {a' - h'f.
the curve
{axf-\-(hyf = {a?-h'f.
This curve could be shewn to
be of the shape shewn in the figure
where
CL =
a^-
CL'
CM^CM'^ a'
and
The equation
to the evolute of
hyperbola
would
be found to
the
be
{axf-{hyf=^{a? +
428.
h'f.
If
two
conies,
with
it.
the osculating
circle.
405
429.
Equation
to
conic.
Hence
S= \T^
is
T0
conic.
Ex.
The equation
of
(1)
at the origin is
ax^ + 2hxy
+ b7f-2fy + \y^=0
(2).
iay = 0.
its
equation
is
{ax + hy)^=2afy.
EXAMPLES. XLVIII.
If the normal at a point P of a parabola meet the directrix in
1.
L, prove that the radius of curvature at P is equal to 2PL.
and D, of
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
406
5.
and
is
[Exs.
R are the
QR
is
normal
Q and B
is
-3+
X
-2 = 1
y
^.nd
to the ellipse
x^
a2^
&2-(a2_ft2)2-
a^j)^
*-(!)*-
In general, prove that there are six points on an ellipse the
7.
circles of curvature at which pass through a given point O, not on the
be on the ellipse, why is the number of circles of
If
ellipse.
curvature passing through
it
only four?
any point
a^
(a;2
V^-2^'
'^'
Prove also that the locus of the .pole of the chord of curvature
the curve
r^
is
circle of
+ y^) = 2y.
XLVIIIJ
ENVELOPES.
407
14. Shew that the equation to the parabola, having contact of the
third order with the rectangular hyperbola icy = c^ at the point
(-.
i)-
{x-yt^)^-4ct{x + yt^)
is
+ 8cH^ = 0.
15. Prove that the equation to the parabola, which passes through
the origin and has contact of the second order with the parabola
y'^^ax at the point (at^^ 2ai), is
^
(4a;
"Ity)
= 0.
x^ - 2txy -
2/2
locus of
its
+ i/2y
"^
"^
'
&2
Envelopes.
is
at right angles to OP
Conversely, if through
we draw any
PY
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
408
We
know
always cuts
off
totes.
433.
lines given
by the equation
m^x my + a =
(1),
where
is a quantity which, by its variation, gives the
series of straight lines.
ENVELOPES.
409
we have
w^h
mk + a =
(2).
Now the
if
lies
(A, k),
i. e.
if
l?
4:ah,
is
the
By
ma
y = mx H
it is clear
that
it
we
= ^ax.
method
to the
X^P-{-\Q +
form
R=
where X
(1),
are
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
410
T be
T to
Conversely,
if
the envelope.
the
two straight
lines
given by
(1)
to the envelope.
(1) shall
is
Q^ = 4.PR
This
is
(2).
The method
435.
P,
Q, and
roots.
cuts off
Let the given straight lines be taken as the axes of coordinates and
let
off intercepts
/ and
g from
the axes is
<^>-
rl='
If
off
be constant,
\f .g
fg=zconst.=K^
.
i.e,
On
substitution for g in
becomes
we have
sin w = const.,
(1),
(2).
EXAMPLES.
ENVELOPES.
By the
411
/, is given
by the equation
xy=-^.
I.e.
y=mx + c.
The condition then
gives
md + c
jjl + m^
so that
c^
The equation
-md + c
^
= constant = ^%
Jl + m^'
,
then
By
[2xyf = 4
This
is
(a;2
of coordinates
and whose
Ex.
3.
Find
an
ellipse
be
+
a^
^r,
= 1.
0^
P must lie
the form
(c
The chord
hence
its
c cos 6
.c sin d
ellipse,
and
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
412
a
Let t^tan -
Then
since
l-*an21
^_^2
+ tan^
is
ex 1-t'^
The envelope
2(
cy
^2g2
^2
-:;
r-,
a^ + b^
_^
^2g2
Since
2t
r^
a^ + b^
2/^
= a^ - &2
_i
this equation
represents a conic
ellipse be
W'
%*t=^
and
let
lx+m7j = l
and
By
lj^x
(1),
(4),
and therefore
(3).
we then have
11-^=
BO that, by
(2),
+ miy = l
^^^
-X_^|_=l,
1=
W*
*^%=~i^
-r^
(/, g),
we have
be substituted in
m^a%^y + m {a?gy -
413
EXAMPLES.
ENVELOPES.
If this value of
W-fx
(2), it
becomes
- a^ft^) - d^g = 0,
{a^gy
i.e,
- hjx -
a%Y =
- ^a?g a^&s^
.
(5)
437.
To find
the envelope
lx
where the
quantities
I,
+ TYiy + n ^
m, and n
(1),
are
connected hy the
relation
aP + hm? +
[Equation
-
and
cn^
+ Ifmn +
(1) contains
whilst (2)
is
"Ignl
+ Vilm =
(2).
We
on sub-
we
stituting in (1)
It
is easier,
aV'
htn^ \-g(}x-\-
(a
i. e.
/
2gx + cx^)
(
+ my) + 2hlm =
(Ix
0,
2 {cxy
gy -fx + h)
^{h-2fy + cf) = 0.
The envelope
{cxy - gy
i.e.,
of this
is,
by Art. 435,
(b
- 2fy + cy\
on reduction,
x^ (be
-D +
y' (ca
+ 2x{fh-bg)^-2y{gh-af) + ab-h'' = 0.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
414
The envelope
The envelope
Cor.
i. e.
if
438.
Ex.
lohich subtend
Any
is
or
0,
if
is
abc
%fgh
if
straight line is
Za3
The
a parabola
+ m7/ + w =
(1).
ny^ = - 4:ax
{Ix
+ my)
i.e.
If
2/J'ia^m^-4aln
tana=
j-z
^^
16a2Z2
i.e.
With
a;2 (
is,
by the
last article,
+ 2x
i.e.
n+4:al
the ellipse
[a;
EXAMPLES. XLIX.
Find the envelope of the
straight line -
a
1.
aa + b^=c.
^2
a + ^+s/aF+^=c.
a^
b^
^'
2.
+ ^=1 when
+ ^2=1-
the
sum
drawn
to
it
7.
is
constant.
is
from
;;
[EXS. XLIX.]
ENVELOPES.
EXAMPLES.
415
FN
MN
10. Shew that the envelope of the chord which is common to the
parabola y^=:4:ax and its circle of curvature is the parabola
y^ + 12ax = 0.
11. Perpendiculars are drawn to the tangents to the parabola
y^=4:ax at the points where they meet the straight line x = b; prove
that they envelope another parabola having the same focus.
y^ fl
+ ey_
with
19. Shew that the envelope of the polars of a fixed point
respect to a system of confocal conies, whose centre is 0, is a parabola
having GO as directrix.
in
RS
is
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
416
[ExS.
XLIX.]
ABGD
A circle,
any point
23.
is
In the conic
-=l-ecos^
which
{x
+ a).
25. Prove that the envelope of the polar of any point on the circle
{x-\-af+{y + hf=h'^ with respect to the circle x^+y^=c^ is the conic
h^
26.
(a;2
-=l-ecos^
are
h
r \r
ecoBd
= le.
ANSWERS.,
(Pages
I.
13.
1.
5.
5.
7.
2.
14, 15.)
3V7.
3.
15.
18.
20.
(-1,1); (1.1);
^^-
\'a + b'
/c
\^
V-^
+ +m
II.'
(Pages
29.
5.
a?.
7.
a2(w2-n3)(m3-mi)(mi-W2).
la^im^-m^im^-m-^ivi-^-m^.
la'^ (mg - W3) (wig - wij) (m^ - mg) -f- mjin^m^
8.
13.
1.
3.
2fl& sin
201.
14,
2^5.
17.
'^-.
27.
r=2acose.
13.
33.
35.
(a;2
38.
2/2
40.
^^ - 3x^2
30.
(Pages
Jj
28.
22, 23.)
14.
x/79.
iV3r cos 2^
r2
31.
+
+ 4flx = 4a2.
L.
2ac.
96.
18.
= a2 cos 2^.
a;2 + 2/2 = aa;.
a-bj'
4.
III.
12.
'
18, 19.)
10.
6.
2).
J'
1.
2.
16).
(1,
19.
34|).
7'
'
-I); (-11,
(-i,0); (-1,
17.
-I).
(I,
^+&
+ Z+m
32^15.
9.
{j)x^
^^-
2a sin -^^.
6.
s/aJ+b\
4.
2/2)2z=a2(a;2-2/2).
25.
r^=ci\
= 2a sin ^.
x^ + 2f = a^.
34.
35,
39.
16.
s/7a.
29.
1(8-3^3).
^=a.
26.
r cos ^ = 2a sin^
32.
^.
y = mx.
{x^
a;i/
x'^-if = a\
27
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
11
(Page
IV.
30.)
20.
22.
X'-\-2ay =
23.
(1) 4a;2+3?/2
8.
2ax + k^-=^0.
10.
4a;2(c2-4a2)
12.
15.
18.
?/
fl^2
.'c2
a'^.
+ 2a2/ = a2;
(2) x''
V.
1.
y=x + l.
2.
4.
52/-3a; + 9=:0.
7.
(1)
9.
a;^'
a;
16.
18.
ax - by = (lb.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
41, 42.)
x-y >^^-2^2> = 0.
6a; - 5?/ + 30 = 0.
6.
x^y + 1 =
x-y = ^.
a;-2/-5 = 0.
2a;
3.
+ 3y = 6.
2/-a;=l.
(2)
+ a:V = 2.-cy.
2/-^ = l-
20.
(Pages
5.
+ 2/ = ll;
10.
8.
20?/
-9a; = 96.
(-2&) a;-
x-\-y=0.
+ 10x = ll.
&?/ + &^ + 2a&- a2 = 0.
ii22/ + ^ = {*i + ^2)ly
17.
19.
15.
21.
^j(i + i2)-2a;=:2fl^if2.
X cos 1 (01 + 02) + 2/ sin i (01 + 02) = a cps J
^
2/
01 + 02
01 + 02
01 ~ 02
-cos?^+|sin^^=cos'^-^--^.
(01
02).
x + Sy
VI.
1.
90.
8.
4y + 3a; = 18.
(Pages
tan-iff.
2.
9.
a;
13.
2a;
15.
yx' -xy' = 0;
(a - a')
12.
(6
121y-88a; = 371;
17.
a;
20.
2/
21.
tan-iH;
2/
= 4;
4.
10.
a.r
+ 2?/
16.
= 3;
= ^;
tan-i-f.
3.
7?/-8rc = 118.
+ 4?/ + 16 = 0.
11.
48, 49.)
4i/
+ lla;=10.
= a\
ftr/
&')
33?/
-yy' = x'--y'^.
xx'
-24a; =1043.
4i.
19.
(l-m2)(?/-7f) = 2m(a;-/i).
9a;-7i/ = l;
7a;
+ 9?/ = 73.
a;
2/
60.
+ x/3a; = 0.
ANSWEES.
(Pages
VII.
1.
^.
5.
a cos J (a -/S).
2.
53, 54.)
a^
5^.
3.
2f.
+ ab-b^
4.
Ja^ +
9.
8.
|^(&V^MT^), ol.
/
'
,4.
'297*
(Pages 61-65.)
+ b'
= a',
^'
+ b'J'
%y = 4.x + ^a.
'
(f,i); tan-160.
(2, 1); tan-i,^.
14.
45; (-5, 3)
24.
x-y=ii.
25.
27.
a^y-b^x=ab{a-b).
28.
30.
+ 23^ = 11.
+ X (^'a; + J5
^ic + 5j/ +
19.
w?! (2
^3)
(2)
= 3jc.
3;r + 42/ = 5a.
2/
31.
-;g7,
'?/
-^,--^, and
(3)
39.
x-2y + = 0;
40.
^(2V2-3)+?/(x/2-l) = 4V2-5;
99a;
43.i;-29y = 71.
26.
y = x.
29.
a;
+ ?/ + 2 = 0.
is
(4)
^.^.^^y^ ^..
+ 77?/ + 71 = 0; 7a;-9y-37=0.
y = 2', x = 6.
38.
23.
- 23?/ = 64.
13.r
+ C) = where A
37.
a;- 3^ = 9; 2.r-?/ = 8.
(h/-!^)-
21.
23a;
-^,,
17^29'
11.
13.
20.
(1)
' + &;
(1,1); 45.
9.
and - f
(-4,-3).
33.
a& \
_a&_
a+6
12.
10.
4(2 + ^3).
{a cos i (01 + 02) sec i (01 -0o), asini (01 + 0^)860 i(0i- 0^)}.
/ a{b-b')
2bb' \
130
^"
8.
41\
29"
^1 + m^
11.
VIII.
- 11
2x + y=:S.
44.
+ ?/(V2 + l) = 4^2 + 5.
{y-b){m + m') + {x-a){l-mm') = 0;
[y - 6) (1 - ?u7?i') -{x- a) (m + ?/t') = 0.
33a; + 9?/ = 31; 112ic- 64?/ + 141 = 0; 7y-x = 18.
a;(3+V17)+2/(5 + V17) = 15 + 4^17;
a;(4 + V10) + ?/(2 + ^10) = 4VlO + 12;
a; (2
V34 - 3 V5) +2/ V34 - 5V5) = 6 V34 - 5 V5.
A{y-k)-B{x-h)=^{Ax + By + C).
45.
a;(2V2 + 3)
41.
42.
43.
b'-^
x.
272
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
IV
(Pages
IX.
tan-i^;
(2)
I.
(1)
3.
tan-i^^^tancj.
7,
10.
12.
10?^
11a;
+1=
(Pages 7880.)
(6
+ ^/10
I
9.
j'V
10.
(-13^,194).
14.
^.
16.
^ (w^a
17.
i(Ci-Co)2-f
(f,f)-
24.
10i/
11.
^'^3)
{>^h
- ''^h)
/8-VlO
2"y'V
'
- 3, -
3)
'
12.
4.
7||.
XI.
1.
3.
+ l)a;=(m-l)a.
13.
f.
M&-c)(c-a)(a-&).
(Ci-Co)2]
2^1
iL U
^ + (Cs-Ci)2
+
lf(C2-Cs)^
18.
oV-^
i-3
+ 29?/ + 5 = 0; = 5a; + 2;
(4 + i^/3, f + W3).
+ ^lO N
6
6
J'
1^2, 4^2, 4^2, and 6^2.
25a;
lo
" 'm2)^2m^m^m^.
(^'h
K-wi2-
+ 32 + 43 = 0;
(4 + iv/3, f + v/3)
(7?i
and
'
2-V10\
15.
23.
26.
/ 6-^10
n^.^.^.
^^'S'^*'"^?-
120"
W^'J'
+ VlO
'
35-7^5
7V5-27 \
m-
(-ii, If);
5.
120"""'
11.
^IH-
^^
(-7,3).
/-85 + 7V5
^-
tan"!^^.
2.
X.
4.
72, 73.)
15.
2/
52a;
+ 80i/ = 47.
(Pages 8587.)
4.
(w + ?i)
(a;2
+ Xa;2=:Xa2.
+ a^)- 2aa;(m-/) = c2.
?/2
2.
?/'-'
12.
6. a;-?/ = <icosec2-.
+ = csec2|.
= 2ccosecw.
j; +
8. 2/-^ = 2ccosecw,
a:2 + 2a;i/cosw + 2/^=4c2cosec2w.
(& cos w + a).
(^^ + y^) cos w + a;?/ (1 + cos^ w) = a; [a cos w + &) +
a;(m + cosw)+i/(l+?cosw) = 0.
ai/2 + &a;2+(a + &)ic?/-a?/(a + 2&)-&a;(2rt + 6) + a&(a + 6) = 0;
(i)
20.
5.
7,
9.
10.
II.
.T
2/
?/
2/
(ii)
27.
y=a;.
circle,
If
19.
centre 0.
P he the
point
[h, k),
straight line.
h
a;
,
+ - = 1.
2/
ANSWERS.
(Page
XII.
94.)
5.
7.
a;(l-sin^)+?/cos^ = 0;
8.
r/siii^
1.
3.
9.
a;
{l
+ sin^) + ^cos^ = 0;
0.
XIII.
-);45.
1,
(I,
4.
9.
14.
fori=f.
17.
Siz
+ e.'c^se;
1.
(1) i/'2=4a;';
2.
(1)
(2, 1);
2.
-15.
6.
11.
16.
5?/-6a;=14.
(2)
98, 99.)
tan-if.
(i)
7.
8.
14.
12.
6.
c{a + h) = 0;
XV. (Page
2x'^ + y"' = 6.
(-f, -t);90.
-10 or -171.
3.
2.
{ii)
5.
8.
tan-ij;
3.
2x'-^Qy' + l=::0.
4.
?/'2=4a;'cosec2a.
x^ + y^ + 2x-4:y
2.
3^
=L
x^ + y^-2ax + 2hy = 2ab.
5.
(2,4); ^61.
8.
{o,-f);Jp+g'-
18.
19.
21.
a;'^
- 4?/'2 = ^2.
6.
(Page 117.)
a;'2 + ^3a;y = l.
3.
x'^
+ y'^-=8.
(Pages 123125.)
XVII.
16.
= bd.
-C-^^^M^a,
1.
13.
ox ae
a;'2
XVI.
14.
= 0,
112.)
4.
-3.
13.
e
(f,
2.
a;2
4.
a;^
l);ix/l3.
9.
7.
(^
o)
(-7--^. -7tT=0
'
^-
'"
15a;2
&(a;2
+ 7/ - aa; - fcy = 0.
x'^ + i/-5x-y + ^=0.
a:2
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
VI
23.
25.
27.
28.
30.
31.
33.
36.
+ y^--hx-ky = 0.
24. x^ + if-2ijja^-b^=b'^.
+ 2/2_iOa;-10?/ + 25 = 0.
26. a;2 + 2/2-2aa;-2a?/ + a2=0.
^2 + 2/2 + 2(5^^12)
+ 2/) + 3710Vl2 = 0.
x^ + y^-ex + 4y + 9 = 0.
29. 6 (a;2 + 2/2)=a; (ft^ + c^).
a;2 + i/2+6V22/-6a; + 9 = 0.
x^ + y^-3x + 2 = 0;
2x^ + 2y^-5x- ^Sy + S = 0;
2x^ + 2y^-7x-jSy + Q = 0.
{a;+21)2 +
+ 13)2=652.
34. 8a;2 + 8y2 - 25a; -3^/ + 18=0.
a;2 + i/2=a2 + &2; x'^ + y^-2{a + b)x + 2{a-b)y + a'^ + h^ = 0.
cc'^
a;2
{a;
(i/
XVin.
-12^ = 152.
2.
24a;
+ 2i/=2V5.
4.
x + 2y
^-
9.
1.
5a;
3.
a;
5.
[-^^
8.
fc
10.
11.
12.
;j2)'
= 40or-10.
= a;(0,
Aa + Bb + C=:i=c >Ja^+B\
(1) y = mxajl + m^;
(3) axy Jb^-a?=ab',
2^?-2-^2-p^2.
13.
a;2
+ 10?/ + 151 = 0.
+g + 2f= J5 ^g^+f-c,
&).
Yes.
7.
+ = a ^/f+m^
+ = aV2.
(2)
m?/
(4)
a;
a;
i/
+ ,/V2aa; = 0;
a;2
+ 2/2V2?/ = 0.
14.
15.
aj^
2c=ia + b^
16.
a:2
17.
5a;2
18.
19.
{x-if-V{y-hY=r''.
20.
XIX.
(Pages 144,
^aFVb\
+ 2/2- 2ca;-2c?/ + c2=0.
x'' + y^-2ax-2^y = 0.
a;2
145.)
1.
x + 2y = 7.
2.
8a;-2y = ll.
3.
x = 0.
4.
23a;
+ 5?/ = 57.
5.
by-ax = a\
6.
(5,10).
7.
(I.
-tU
8.
(1,-2).
9.
(i,
10.
(-2a, -26).
11.
12.
3?/-2a;=13; (-W-,-W)-
18.
iV46.
23.
(1)
(2)
(6,
13.
(2,-1).
14.
19. 9.
20.
V2a2 + 2a& + 62.
+ 33a;?/ -28?/2- 715a; -195^ + 4225 = 0;
123x2 - Uxy + 3?/2 _ C64a; + 226?/ + 763 = 0.
28a;2
-i).
--V-).
21.
a;'2
+ ^'23,2a2.
(,
2)
|.
ANSWERS.
XX.
Vll
(Pages 147,
148.)
+ a^ cot^ a = 0, r = 2a sin 6.
2.
r-
6.
8.
&V + 2ac=:l.
(^
a)
XXI.
1.
2.
120O;
(Page
(^-^^4^);
149.)
^-fV/^^^T^..
(8-6^3, 12-4^3);
J^l -24.^%.
Jp + g^-2fgG0S(a
f g-fcoSQ} f-g cos o} \
sm-^ w
sm w
/
\ siu-^ w
x^- + ^2xy + y^--x{4: + 3^2)-2ij{3 + ^2) + S{J2-l)=0.
a;2 + a;?/ + 2/2 + 11a; + 13?/ + 18 = 0.
(a; - x') {x - x") + {y - y') (y - y") + cos w [{x - x') {y - y")
30;
4.
5.
8.
+ {x-x"){y-y')] = 0.
XXII.
4.
(Pages 156159.)
circle.
5.
9.
a;^
11.
circle.
16,
(1)
17.
The curve
ft
-A.
SlU
^r
?'
(2)
A circle
= a + acos^,
6.
-A.
circle.
12.
circle
circle.
03
(3)
circle.
The polar
of 0.
24.
The same
33.
2ah^sJa^TV\
36.
(i)
(ii)
circle in
each case.
35. a Vtt
+ 4i/ = 10, 2/ = 4, and
= wia;+ c ^/l +
where
2/
(& + c)
x = Q,
3a;
3?/
= 4a;.
??^'^,
XXIII.
+ 3?/2-8.v + 29?/ = 0.
3.
3a;2
5.
x + mj = 2.
8.
(If.ii^).
13.
{y-xf=0.
6.
(6-c)
lDX-lly = lU.
4.
6x-7y + 12 = 0.
7.
(-1,-1).
(A + l)(a;2 + 2/2) + 2\(a; + 2?/) = 4 + 6\.
11.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY.
Vlll
XXIV.
8.
13.
(Pages 172,
x^-y^ + 2mxy = c.
x^-
+ 7f-cx-by + a^=0.
XXV.
1.
(7a;
173.)
+ {a-c)y-ck=0.
y^-lQx-18y
-4: = 0.
+
12.
k{x^ + y'^)
14.
x^
(Pages
178, 179.)
3.
5.
('|); ^ = ; 2a;
8.
(i)i;
2.
1.
3.
4.
5.
(ii)
4.
(a, 0).
(2,6).
9.
= 4;
2;
(4,4).
(1,2);
2/
= 2;
4;
(0,2).
y^-2x',y-12 = m{x-2i).
4a;
3.'c
a;
+ 2/=108.
2/
^)
a;
+ 2^ + l = 0;
2/
8.
(3a,
(i,
2^3a); ^|,
-2);
2z/
14.
h^y
a;
(3a,
+ a\v + aibi = 0.
4?/ == 9a;
9.
+4
4?/
= + 36.
a;
2^3a).
a;=0.
+ Sy+l = 0.
56t/
5.
XXVIII.
(8,8).
15.
XXVII.
ix
= + 8;
-^aV
13.
25.
11.
a;
7.
4.
6.
|)
= 25.
(Pages 203205.)
28.
It can be shewn that the normals at the points "^i" and "ig"
meet on the parabola when tjt^=2
then use the previous
;
example.
XXIX.
4.
y = bx.
y = [x-a) tan 2a.
6.
x^ = iuL^i{x-af+y^].
1.
(Pages 209211.)
2.
cx = a.
3.
y = ad.
y^ = 2a{x-a).
ANSWERS.
20.
y^-ky = 2a{x-h).
22.
(8a2 + i/2_2aa;)2tan2a
23.
y^ + 4:ay^{a-x)-lQa^x
24.
y^ = a{x-a),
4.
A parabola.
+ an'^=0.
(Pages 214216.)
y^ = ^ax.
2.
5.
27at/^
1.
(a)
2.
20a;2
5.
(l)y;
3a;2
+ 5?/=32;
3.
+ 7?/ = 115.
+ 2y'^=100.
7x^
7.
x + 4V3t/ = 24V3;
W^;
11a;
-4^3^ = 24^3
+ 9^/2= 1152.
(0,tVV5);
(0, 1).
and
Without.
8.
13.
(Pages 245-248.)
x + ^y = 6', 9a;-3?/-5 = 0.
+ 6?/ = 137;
6ic-25t/
25a;
3.
a;V74?/ = 16;
5.
?/
= 3xiVH^;
Use
Arts. 145
x + 2y = L
3.
3a;
4.
9a;2- 24a;?/
5.
a2?/
1.
x^
+ 20 = 0.
4a;T2/V7-l V7.
(=^/^\/65, =F^VV195).
and
260.
XXXIV.
1.
4.
and
8.^2
2.
3.
(2)1;
(0, 5)
I;
-V-;
XXXIII.
31.
4.
x'^
W6; (^iV6,0);
(3)
^.
(/3)
+ 36i/2 = 45.
./3
1.
XXXII.
9.
3.
straight line.
6.
7.
21.
= 16a2(4aa;-?/).
XXX.
1.
IX
(Pages 262264.)
2.
+ 8i/ = 9;
2a;
2a;-7'(/
+ 8 = 0; (-1,
-i).
= 3i/.
+ &2^ = 0;
a2y-62a; = 0;
ahj
+ h^x = 0\ ay + hx = 0.
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
X
5.
(a;2+?/2_a2_52)2^4cot2a(&2.r2 + aV-"&^)-
Q,
ay = bxta,na.
7.
&2a;2
8.
x^ + aY=a^h^{a^ + h^).
9.
h^x^
+ a2l/2)2z=c2(6%2 + ^4y2).
10.
(62a:2
11.
12.
fe^a; (a;
13.
C2a262
14.
15.
29.
+ a2^2_4^2^2^
+ aY=2a%y.
1)
(^)4a;2 4.
^4^2)
^ Q.
^,2)
PK
XXXVI.
1.
3.
(Pages 282284.)
16a;2-9i/2 = 36.
65a;2-36?/2=441.
5.
6,
7.
7?/2
8.
(5,
4,
{^13,
0), 2|-.
15.
9^ = 32;r.
29.
(1)
9.
a;2
12a; -9?/
+ 29a =0.
125a; -48^/
= 481.
^=-5^2;
(a2 + 2&2) _ a^ - 2^^ea; + a^ {a^ - h^) = 0.
&%2+aV='&M&'-');
At the points
(a,
(2)
b>J2).
(2a; +
+ 2)
+ 2){x + 2y + l) = 0,
3a;2+ 10^;!/ + 8^/2 + 14x + 22i/ + 7 = 0;
1 = 0.
3a;2 + lOcKy + 8i/2 + 14a: + 22i/
{2x + y
?/
(fv/6a, =FtV6a);
XXXIX.
19.
= 32.
242/-30a;=V161.
16.
XXXVIII.
16.
6.
3a;2-2/2=3a2.
{^'+^')\/^2^-
XXXVII.
1.
4.
9.
-V-)-
2/=^x/"^^&^;
8.
25a;2- 144^2=900.
a;2-2/2
14.
(3)
2.
(.i;
+ 2?/ + l) = const.
(Pages 302305.)
(^^W^^.
x/6a).
(Pages 319321.)
to Cartesian
ANSWERS.
XL.
1.
A hyperbola
2.
An
4.
5.
Two
6.
A hyperbola; (-|i
7.
8.
9.
10.
ellipse;
hyperbola
(2, 1)
XI
c'= - 26.
- H,
straight lines
- -io)
^=
(-H
if);
3.
46.
^'
= 0.
A parabola.
c'=~j\\.
-gV);
{y
= 4a2.
12.
a;2-7/2
14.
{x-yf-2{x + y)+i = 0.
16.
^2
13.
(aa;-67/)2
15.
(.T3/
= (a2_^2)
+ |^-2||cos(a-^) = sin2(a-/3).
22.
23.
Two imaginary
24.
A
A
20.
21.
26.
circle
and a
straight line.
circle.
27.
V 676
'
^^^
25.
hyperbola.
point.
A parabola.
An
ellipse.
(Pages 346348.)
9.
169/
Two
12.
28.
2.
29.
31.
(TyVVioTi,
^i^^VVio^);
32.
a ,
fa
(2-^4'^^'
33.
(-|=fW6, 4iV6);
K/3.
34.
(--llv/6, ltv/6);
2.
11.
;,a;).
and a parabola.
28.
10.
straight lines.
XLI.
7'
17.
18.
(^^
+ a&)tan(a-(Q) = &.r-a7/.
tan^i=-|, tan^2 = fj
7-3
'i
7-2
3rt
5V\/3.
,_\
T'=2^^j' ^^^
30.
fV^-
hJ^oT^io.
COORDINATE GEOMETKY.
Xll
XLII.
1.
3;
(1)
(2)
10.
Ax + Hy =
11.
.r(.c
3;
(Pages 354,
4;
(3)
2;
(4)
Hx + By = 0;
and
(5)
355.)
4;
(6)
3;
(7) 3.
+ 3?/) = 0;
(2a;-3?/)2=0.
XLIII.
1.
6.
(-1,5) and
8=
conic touching
where
XLIV.
9.
15.
(4,
(Pages 375377.)
-3).
(-|,-f).
7.
8.
(^^
'
^)
constant.
16.
If
is
constant.
XLV.
5.
17.
+ ly^-12x-lSy = 0.
The narrow ellipse (Art. 408), which is very nearly coincident with
the straight Hne BD, is one of the conies inscribed in the quadrilateral, and its centre is the middle point of BD.
This middle
Qx^ + 12xy
point,
lie
XLVI.
7.
9.
(Pages 390392.)
and
Take
l^^x
+ vi^y -1 =
From
thus
obtained,
chord of the
ellipse.
14.
b'^
cos,6,
sja^ +
b'-'
sin.6)
on the director
circle.
15.
20.
maximum
of Art. 333.
ANSWERS.
XLVII.
11,
Xlll
The locus can be shewn to be a straight line which is perpendicular to the given straight line
also the given straight line
touches one of the confocals and its pole with respect to that
confocal is its point of contact ; this point of contact therefore
lies on the locus, which is therefore the normal.
;
14.
As
XL VIII.
5.
(Pages 405407.)
XLIX.
1.
3.
x^
-^
+ ^2=1.
5.
central conic.
w^
4.
(Pages 414416.)
2.
A parabola
6.
x^ + y'^- c {x + y)
c-
+ - = 0.
A parabola.
7.
lines.
19.
The line joining the foci is a particular case of the confocals and
the polar of O with respect to it is the major axis ; the minor
axis is another particular case, so that two of the polars are lines
to the conthrough G at right angles ; also the tangents at
focals through it are two of the polars, and these are at right
are on the directrix.
Thus both G and
angles.
21.
The crease is clearly the line bisecting at right angles the line
joining the initial position of G to the position which C occupies
when the paper is folded.
__
Zcosa
23.
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