INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GANDHINAGAR

DISCIPLINE OF MATHEMATICS
MA 201: Autumn, 2014-15
Tutorial Sheet No.8

1. Examine the following series for convergence.

X
X
(n!)2
n!
(i)
; (ii)
;
n
1 (2n)!
1 n

X
X
1
1
(iii)
; (iv)
;
n=10 ln n
n=10 n ln n

X
1
1
;
(vi)
;
p
n=10 n ln n
n=100 ln(ln n)

X
X
n1000
1
(vii)
; (viii)
.
p
n=1 n!
10 n(ln n)

(v)

2. For what values of x, the following series are convergent?

X
X
xn
xn
(i)
; (ii)
;
1 n!
1 n
n

X
X
1
(iii)
(xn + xn ); (iv)
;
n
n
1
1 x +x
(v)

n(n 1) . . . (n r + 1)xnr ;

(vi)

n=r

3. If

xn+r
.
n=1 n(n + 1)(n + 2) (n + r)

an is a convergent series of positive terms, prove that each of the following series

(i)

a2n ;

an
;
1 1 + an

X
an
(iii)
;
1 n

(ii)

(iv)

ln(1 + an )

is convergent.
4. If

nan is convergent, prove that

an is convergent.

5. Find the radius of convergence of the following power series:

X
X xn
X
X
X (2n)!
(i)
xn (ii)
; (iii)
n!xn (iv)
n(n 1) (n k + 1)xn ; (v)
xn ;
2n (n!)2
n!
2
n=k

6. Consider the equation (1 + x2 )y 00 + 2xy 0 2y = 0.

P

(i) Find its general solution y = an xn in the form y = a0 y2 (x) + a1 y1 (x), where y1 (x) and
y2 (x) are power series.
(ii) Find the radius of convergence for y1 (x) and y2 (x).
(iii) Show that y1 (x) is x. Use this fact to find a second independent solution [same as y2 (x)
in (i)].
7. Find a power series solution in powers of x for the following differential equation
(1 + x2 )y 00 4xy 0 + 6y = 0
8(a). Show that the fundamental system of solutions of Legendre equation
(1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 + p(p + 1)y = 0

consists of y1 (x) =

n=0

a2n x2n and y2 (x) =

a2n+2 =
a2n+1 =

n=0

a2n+1 x2n+1 , where a0 = a1 = 1 and

(p 2n)(p + 2n + 1)
a2n ,
(2n + 1)(2n + 2)

(p 2n + 1)(p + 2n)
a2n1 ,
2n(2n + 1)

n = 0, 1, 2,
n = 1, 2, 3, .

(b). Verify that

1 1+x
ln
for p = 0
2 1x
x 1x
y2 (x) = P1 (x) = x, y1 (x) = 1 ln
for p = 1.
2 1+x
y1 (x) = P0 (x) = 1, y2 (x) =

1 dn
[(x2 1)n ], is called the Rodrigues formula for
n
n
2 n! dx
Legendre polynomial Pn of degree n. Assuming this, find P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 .

(c). The expression, Pn (x) =

9. Show that
(i) Pn (x) = (1)n Pn (x)
Z

(iii)

1
1

Pn (x)Pm (x) dx =

(ii) Pn0 (x) = (1)n+1 Pn0 (x)

2
mn
2n + 1
Z

10. Suppose m > n. Show that

m n is even?

(iv)

xm Pn (x) dx = 0

if m < n

xm Pn (x) dx = 0 if m n is odd. What happens if

X
1
=
Pn (x)tn is called the generating function
11. The function on the left side of
2
1 2xt + t
n=0
of the Legendre polynomial Pn . Using this relation, show that
0
(x)
(i) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) (2n + 1)xPn (x) + nPn1 (x) = 0 (ii) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
0
(x) xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn (x)
(iii)Pn+1

(v) P2n+1 (0) = 0, P2n (0) = (1)n

(iv)Pn (1) = 1, Pn (1) = (1)n

1 3 5 (2n 1)
.
2n n!
2