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b,fa=umifh wnfaqmufxdef;odrf;&ef jzpfEdkifcJhonfudk auseyfavmufatmif
&Sif;vif;jyEdkifayonf?
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vSefa&;ygwD. pnf;urf;udk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;oenf;? rnfodk@ prf;oyfoenf;?
rnfo@kd tm;jznfw
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h yfO;D . vlwef;pm;tod/
awmf vSeaf &;udk .opPm&Srd /_ .cHEikd &f nf&rdS /_ ud,
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jzpf.? 'kwd,tcsufrSm onf tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vkyfom;jynfolrsm;/
qdkvdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omru ypPnf;rJhr[kwfaom
vkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_/ eD;uyfpGmxdawG@r_ xdkr#ruajymvdkygu
wpHw
k &m twdik ;f twmtxd wom;wnf;jzpfru
_ kd vkyEf ikd pf rG ;f &Sjd cif;a=umifh jzpf
onf? wwd,tcsufrSm wyfOD;. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefjcif;/ .
Edik if aH &;aoe*FAsL[mESihf enf;y&d,m,frsm;. rSeu
f efjcif;/ Tod@k rSeu
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udk tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vlxkrsm;u rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& ouf0if
7

,Hk=unfr_&Sdjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;r&Sdygu "e&Sifvlwef;

pm;udk +zdKcs+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; ajymif;vJypfa&;udk xrf;aqmifaeaom
a&S@wef;a&muf vlwef;pm;. wu,fvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfjzpfaeaom
awmfveS af &;ygw.
D pnf;urf;onf rjzpfajrmufEikd af y? Tta=umif; tcsurf sm;
r&Syd gu pnf;urf;owfrw
S &f ef }udK;yrf;r_tm;vH;k onf rvGrJ aoGyif Avm ouf
oufESifh [dwf[efrsm;jcif;wdk@jzifh ayghysufysuftqHk;owfrnf? tjcm;wzufY
Tta=umif ; tcsuf r sm;onf csuf c sif ; ay:xG u f r vmEd k i f ? xd k t a=umif ;
tcsurf sm;udk a&&Sn}f udK;pm;jcif;ESihf tqif;&J tyifyef;cH+yD;onfh tawG@t}uHK
rsm;&SdrSom zefwD;Edkifayrnf? wdk@. zefwD;r_udk rSefuefaom awmfvSefa&;
oabmw&m;uom wGef;aqmfay;Edkifonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh TawmfvSefaom oabmw&m;onf w&m;ao r
[kwb
f J wu,fwrf; vlxv
k uQ%maqmifaom/ wu,fwrf; awmfveS af om
v_y&f mS ;r_. vufawG@vyk u
f ikd rf E_ iS hf eD;uyfpmG qufpyfro
S mv#if tqH;k owfyakH y:
vmayvdrfhrnf?
aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1917 - 1920 ckESpftwGif; r}uHKpbl;cufcJaom
tajctaersm;atmufwiG f twif;usyq
f ;kH A[dck sKyfuikd rf E_ iS hf oHr%dpnf;urf;udk
wnfaqmufEikd +f yD; atmifjrifpmG xde;f odr;f Edik jf cif;rSm k&mS ;jynf. ordik ;f qdik &f m
xl;jcm;csufrsm;a=umifhom jzpfonf?
tjcm;wzufwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1903 ckESpfY rmhufpf0g'oabm
w&m;. tvGefcdkif+rJaom tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@jyif T
awmfveS af &; oabmw&m;wckwnf;omv#if rSeu
f efa=umif;udk 19 &mpkEpS w
f
av#mufv;kH &Sd urBmt
h awG@t}uHKu oufaojycJo
h nfomru txl;ojzifh &k mS ;
jynf&Sd awmfvSefa&;awG;ac:r_ e,fy,fwGif prf;w0g;0g;jzpfjcif;ESifh awGa0jcif;
trSm;ESihf pdwyf sujf cif;ponft
h awG@t}uHKwd@k uvnf; oufaojycJ.
h ? ta=umif;
rl +yD;cJah om&mpkEpS .
f 40 ydik ;f rS 90 ydik ;f txd &mpkEpS 0f ufe;D yg; +ydKifbufr&Sad tmif
&ufpufaom/ azmufjyefaom Zmpepf. zdEydS jf cif;cHc&hJ onfh k&mS ;jynf&dS a&S@wef;
a&mufaom awG;ac:r_onf rSeu
f efaom awmfveS af &;oabmw&m;udk tmom
ief;ief;&SmazG+yD; Oa&myESit
hf ar&durS Te,fy,fwiG &f dS aemufq;kH awG@&cdS suf
rSeo
f r#ukd wckruset
f =hH oavmufaom ZGv
J @kH vwd@k jzifh rarmryef; aemufa,mifcH
8

cJhayonf? k&Sm;jynfonf &mpkESpf0uftwGif;wGif r}uHKpbl;aom emusifyif

yef;r_/ pGe@f vw
$ rf u
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dk nf;aumif;/ r}uHKpbl;aom awmfveS af &; ol&aJ umif;0g'/
r,HkEdkifavmufaom pGrf;tm;jzifh xufoefpGm pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;/ avhvmjcif;/
vufawG@ppfaq;jcif;/ pdwfysufjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ Oa&mytawG@t}uHKudk
csdefxdk;jcif;ESifh E_dif;,SOfjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ wu,fwrff; 'kuQqif;&Jrsm;udk
jzwfoef;+yD;rSom wckwnf;aom rSeu
f efonfh awmfveS af &;oabm w&m;jzpf
onfh rmhupf 0f g'udk &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfayonf? Zmpepfu Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;udk wdik ;f
wyg;odk@ twif;armif;xkwfjcif;a=umifh 19 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;&Sd awmfvSefaom
k&mS ;jynfonf urBmah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_omefrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrSr&Sdaom us,fjyef@aom EdkifiH
wumh qufo,
G rf r_ sm;pGmudv
k nf;aumif;/ u,f0aom taumif;qH;k owif;
rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &&SdcJh.?
tjcm;wzufwGif Tausmufqpfyrmcdkifrmonfh oabmw&m; a&;
tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhaom aAmf&SDApf0g'onf urBmay:wGif tjcm;
rnfonfh ae&mwGirf S tvm;wlr&SEd ikd o
f nfh u,f0onfh tawG@t}uHK&&Sad ponfh
15 ESpf=um 1903-1917 vufawG@ordkif;umvudk jzwfoef;cJhonf? t
a=umif;rl T 15 ESpfwmtwGif; TawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsKd;onfvnf;
aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_omef trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y/ +idrf;csrf;
a&;ESihf rkew
f ikd ;f qifr/_ ajratmufvyk jf cif;ESihf ajAmifvyk jf cif;/ tpkuav; v_y&f mS ;
r_ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ ygvDrefenf;ESifh t=urf;zufenf;wdk@. vsifjref+yD; pHkvif
aomqufwu
kd f ajymif;vJjcif;rsK;d onfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;rnfonfh wdik ;f jynf
wGifrS qifwldk;rSm;r#yif r&SdcJhay? Tr#wdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; tjcm;
rnfonfh wdkif;jynfwGifrS Todk@aom acwfrDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;
tm;vHk;. wdkufyGJomefrsm;/ xl;jcm;csufrsm;ESifh enf;emrsm;tm; u,f0pGm
pkpnf;Edik rf r_ &Scd ahJ y? xd@k jyif wdik ;f jynf.acwfaemufusrE_ iS hf Zmxrf;yd;k . &ufpuf
r_a=umifh Twdu
k yf o
JG nf txl; vsijf refpmG &ifu
h suv
f m+yD; tar&duESihf Oa&my
Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHK. oifah wmfaomaemufq;kH awG@&cdS suf udk tmom ief;ief;
ESihf tatmifjrifq;kH &,lco
hJ nf?
9

(3)
aAmf & S D A pf 0 g'ord k i f ; . t"d u tqif h r sm;
awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifaomESpfrsm; (1903-1905)? }uD;rm;
aom rkefwdkif;. eD;uyfvmr_udk ae&mtESH@tjym; cHpm;ae&onf? vlwef;pm;
tm;vHk; v_yfv_yf&G&GESifh jyifqifpdkif;jyif;aeaom tajctaewGif &Sdae=uonf?
jynfywGirf l Edik if aH &;t& e,fEiS cf &H olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;onf awmfveS af &;
tajccHjy\em tm;vHk; . oabmw&m;a&;bufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf?
t"duvlwef;pm; 3 ck/ t"duEdik if aH &;tEG,f 3 ck jzpfonfh vpfb&,f"e&Si/f
"e&Sifaygufp 'Drdkua&pDorm; (qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDESifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;
wHqyd rf sm;uyfI kyzf sux
f m;onf)ESihf ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;tEG,w
f @kd . ud,
k pf m;
vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m/ enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjrifrsm;tay:wGif
tjyif;xefq;kH wdu
k yf q
JG ifum eD;uyfvmaom twdtvif; vlwef;pm; wdu
k yf t
JG
wGuf }udKwifwu
G q
f +yD; jyifqifpikd ;f jyif;ae=uonf? xdt
k csed u
f pme,fZif;rsm;
wGif 1905-1907 ckESpfESifh 1917-1920 ckESpfrsm;wGif vlxkrsm; qifE$Jaom
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqdkif&m tjriftm;vH
tm;vHk;. ueOD;omefrsm;udk avhvmEdkif
onf? avhvnf;avhvm&rnf? Tt"du tEG,f 3 ckt=um;wGif trSefyif
tv,ftvwfjzpfaom/ ul;ajymif;qJjzpfaom vrf;ckvwfomef tajrmuf
tjrm; &SdcJhay.? odk@r[kwf ydkrdkrSefuefpGmqdk&v#if pme,fZif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;/
*d%
k ;f rsm;ESihf tkypf rk sm;wdu
k yf t
JG wGi;f wGif pifppfvw
l ef;pm;toD;oD; tEG,rf sm;
jzpfaom TEdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_tEG,frsm;onf twdtusyHkay:vm=uay
onf? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;onf usa&muftHhqJqJ wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf vdktyf
aom EdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_ vufeufrsm;udk ykHoGif;xkvkyfae=uonf?
10

awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm; (1905-1907)? vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;onf twd

tvif; xGufvm=uonf? vkyfief;pOfqdkif&mESifh enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjrif
tm;vH;k onf vlxv
k y_ &f mS ;r_jzifh prf;oyfjcif;cH&onf? oydww
f u
kd yf o
JG nf .
twdkif;twm us,fjyef@r_ESifhjyif;xefr_t& urBmay:wGif +ydKifbufuif;vS.?
pD;yGm;a&;oydwfonf EdkifiHa&;oydwfodk@vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;oydwfonf
ykeu
f efxur_o@kd vnf;aumif; jzpfay:wd;k yGm;oGm;onf? acgi;f aqmifol ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;ESifh acgif;aqmifcH&ol ,drf;,dkifawGa0aom v,form;vlwef;pm;
t=um;&Sd qufqHa&;rsm;udk vufawG@xJY prf;oyfppfaq;cJhonf? qdkAD,uf
pnf;Hk;a&;omefonf wdkufyGJ. tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_twGif;Y
ayguzf mG ;vmonf? xdt
k csed u
f qdAk ,
D uf. ta&;ygrE_ iS yhf wfoufaom tjiif;
yGm;r_rsm;onf 1917-1920 ckEpS &f dS }uD;jrwfonfw
h u
kd yf u
JG kd }udKwif edrw
d zf wfchJ
onf? ygvDrefESifh ygvDrefr[kwfaom wdkufyGJomefrsm;/ ygvDrefudk oydwf
arSmufaom enf;y&d,m,fEiS hf ygvrD efwiG f yg0ifaom enf;y&d,m,f/ Oya'wGi;f
ESiOhf ya'y wdu
k yf o
JG mefrsm;udk wvSnphf D usio
hf ;kH jcif;/ xdrk #ruwd@k . tjyef
tvSefqufpyfjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfjcif;rsm; tm;vHk;onf tHh=oavmufatmif
u,f0aomtESpo
f m&jzifh xif&mS ;vmonf? vlxEk iS ahf cgi;f aqmifrsm; vlwef;
pm;rsm;ESihf ygwrD sm;twGuf Tumv. wvwmtwGi;f &&Sv
d u
kd af om Edik if aH &;
odyyH` nm tajccHrsm;onf +idr;f csr;f aom zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH pnf;rsO;f qdik &f m
jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wESpfwmvHk;&&Sdr_ESifh nDr#cJhayonf? 1905 ckESpf. }udK
wifZmwfwu
kd rf _ r&Syd gu 1917 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd m awmfveS af &;onf atmifyJG
cHEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf?
azmufjyefa&;ESprf sm; (1907 - 1910)? Zmpepfonf atmify&JG cJo
h nf?
awmfveS af &;ygwED iS hf twdu
k t
f cHygwt
D m;vH;k _;H edrchf &hJ onf? pdw"f mwfusqif;r_/
pdwf"mwfysufjym;r_/ uGJjym;r_/ tpnf;ajyr_/ opPmazmufr_/ npfnrf;r_wdk@onf
EdkifiHa&;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkuf=uonf? tbd"rRmqdkif&m pdwf0g'qDodk@ a&G@
vsm;r_onf ydrk }kd uD;rm;vmonf? odEikd cf 0J g'onf wefjyefawmfveS af &; pdww
f rd ;f
!$wrf r_ sm;. +cHKxnfjzpfvmonf? od@k aomf wcsed w
f nf;rSmyif T}uD;rm;aom
_;H edrrhf o
_ nfyif awmfveS af &ygwrD sm;ESihf awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;tm; tvGef
wu,f wefzdk;&Sdaomoifcef;pm/ ordkif;qdkif&m tEkydavmroifcef;pm/ EdkifiH
11

a&;wdkufyGJtm; em;vnfu|rf;usifpGm wdkufwwf&efoifcef;pmwdk@udk ay;tyf

vdu
k af y.? uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusrS rdwaf qGppfukd odEikd o
f nf? ppf;H_ aomwyfonf
aumif;pGm avhvmwwfvmonf?
atmify&JG &Sad om Zmpepfonf k&mS ;jynf&dS "e&Sirf wdik rf D tz}uD;pd;k aom
aexdik af &;b0enf;em tuif;tuserf sm;udk rwwfombJ vsijf refpmG zsuq
f ;D
vdu
k &f onf? wdik ;f jynf. "e&Siv
f rf;a=umif;twdik ;f jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_onf txl;
yifvsifjrefpGm wufvSrf;vmonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh uif;vGwfaom/ vlwef;pm;
txufY&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;/ t&if;&Sif0g'udk a&SmifuGif;Edkifonf[laom
pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;onf avxJwGifvGifhpif uG,faysmufoGm;awmh.? vlwef;pm;
wdkufyGJonf vHk;0opfvGif+yD; ydkrdkjywfom;aom omefaqmifvmonf?
awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;onf rdrw
d @kd .oif,rl u
_ kd jynfph akH tmif jznfq
h nf;
=u&rnf? wdk@onf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk oif=um;+yD;ay+yD? ,cktcgY Ttod
ynmudk rnfo@kd aumif;pGm qkwcf mG &rnfenf;[laom todynmjzifh jznfph u
G &f
rnfukd wd@k ojd rif&ef vdv
k monf? wd@k onf rnfo@kd aumif;pGm wdu
k cf u
kd &f
rnf/ rnfodk@aumif;pGm qkwfcGm&rnfqdkonfh ESpfckpvHk;udk oif,lrxm;ygu
atmifycJG &H ef rjzpfEikd af =umif; odjrif&ayrnf? xd@k jyif awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;
onf rdru
d ,
kd yf ikd cf g;oD;aom tawG@t}uHKt& Tod@k ojd rifvm&ef oif=um;jcif;
cH&onf? _;H edrahf om twdu
k t
f cHygwrD sm;ESihf awmfveS af &;ygwD tm;vH;k xJwiG f
aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf rdrw
d @kd wyfrawmfudk tqH;k t_;H tenf;qH;k rdr.
d tjrKawudk
xdef;odrf;r_taumif;qHk;/ (jyif;xef+yD; rukpm;Edkifaom) uGJjym;r_ tenf;qHk;/
pdw"f mwfysujf ym;r_tenf;qH;k jzifh tpDtpOftusq;kH qkwcf mG cJ=h uonf? xd@k jyif
tvkyfudk tus,fjyef@qHk;/ trSefuefqHk;ESifh pdwftwufuqHk;enf;jzifh
jyefvnfpwif&ef taumif;qH;k tajctaewGi&f o
dS nf? aAmf&ADS pfrsm; Tod@k aom
tajctaeudk &&Scd jhJ cif;rSm qkwcf mG &rnfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ rnfo@kd qkwcf mG &rnf
tm; od&Sdem;vnf&efudkvnf;aumif;/ tazmufjyefqHk;ygvDrefrsm;/ tazmuf
jyefq;kH tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;/ or0g,rtoif;rsm;/ tmrcHtzG@J rsm;ESihf tvm;
wl tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f wGif rnfo@kd w&m;0ifpmG tvkyv
f yk &f ef vH;k 0 oif,&l
rnfuv
kd nf;aumif; jiif;qef=uaom awmfveS af &; avvH;k xGm;olrsm;udk t=uif
emuif;pGmzGifhcs+yD; xkwfy,fypfcJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpf.?
12

'Da&wufonfhESpfrsm; (1910-1914)? tpydkif;wGif wdk;wufr_rSm

r,HEk ikd af vmufatmif aES;auG;cJo
h nf? xd@k aemuf 1912 ckEpS f vDemta&;tcif;2
aemufwGif tawmfyifvsifjrefvmcJh.? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_xJ&Sd
rif&ADS pfw@kd . "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm; ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f cef;udk 1905 ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f wGif
"e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;w&yfv;kH u aumif;pGmem;vnfc+hJ yD; Ttcsuaf =umifh "e&Siv
f l
wef;pm;w&yfv;kH u aAmf&ADS pfrsm;tm; qef@usi&f mwGif rif&ADS pfrsm;udk enf;rsK;d
pHkjzifh axmufcHcJh=uonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf r}uHKpbl;aomtcuftcJrsm;udk
ausmef if;&if; rif&ADS pfrsm;udk wGe;f z,fypfco
hJ nf? od@k aomf tu,fI aAmf&ADS pfrsm;
onf Oya'ytvkyfudk Oya'twGif;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;rjzpfrae toHk;csr_
rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;aom rSefuefonfhenf;y&d,m,fudk rusifhoHk;cJhygv#if T
tcsufudk vkyf&mwGif rnfonfhtcgrS atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf r
[kwfay? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf azmufjyefvSaom 'l;rm;v$wfawmfxJ&Sd tvkyf
orm;ae&mtm;vHk;udk &&SdcJh.?
yxre,fcsJ@urBmppf}uD; (1914-1917)? tvGeftrif; azmufjyef
aomygvDrefESifhtwl Oya'wGif; ygvDref0g'onf awmfvSefaomypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; ygwDjzpfaom aAmf&SDApfrsm;tm; tvGefw&m tusKd;jyKcJhayonf?
aAmf&ADS pf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk qdu
k af A;&D;,m;od@k e,fEiS yf pfvu
kd o
f nf? jynfy
odk@e,fESifcH&olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;wGif qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@0g'/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'/
qdk&S,fjynfcspf0g'/ cdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'ESifh rcdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'/
a&$jynfat;0g'ESihf a&$jynfat;0g'pdwu
f ;l ,Ofru
_ kd awmfveS af om jiif;y,frw
_ @kd .
ta&miftqif; trsK;d rsK;d wd@k ukd tjynft
h pHq
k ;kH awG@&onf? k&mS ;qd&k ,
S v
f pf v_yf
&S m ;r_ w G i f *d k % f ; tk y f p k r sm;rsm;jym;r_ u d k v nf ; aumif ; / wd k @ twG i f ; wG i f
jzpfymG ;aom jyif;xefonfw
h u
kd yf u
JG v
kd nf;aumif; rmefrme}uD;pGm raxrJjh rifjyKcJh
=uaom 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. ynm&Sifvlrdkufrsm;ESifh tr,f}uD;tdkrsm;
onf olw@kd . um;0gxm;aom-a&S@wef;a&mufaom wdik ;f jynftm;vH
tm;vHk;&Sd Oy
a'wGif;tcGifhta&;udk ppfu vufv$wfapvdkufaomtcg-k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm; qGpZf vefEiS hf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;pGmwGif vkycf ahJ omtjrifrsm; vGwf
vyfpGm (Oya'y) zvS,fr_ESifh rSefuefaomtjrifrsm; vGwfvyfpGm (Oya'y)
&SmazGr_rsKd;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;udkyif pnf;Hk;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? TtwGuf
13

a=umifhyif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ajAmifusaom qdk&S,fjynfcspform;rsm;ESifh

aumufpuD; 0g'rD sm; ESprf sK;d pvH;k onf ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. tqd;k 0g;qH;k opPm
azmufrsm; jzpfvm=uavonf? xdk@jyif 1917-1920 ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'
atmifyGJcH&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;wckrSm 1914 ckESpfukefrSp+yD; qdk&S,f
a&SmfAif0g'ESifhaumufpuD;0g'(tvm;wlyif jyifopfjynf&Sd avmif*Gwf0g'3/
t*Fvefjynf&dS tif'yD if;'ifah vbmygw4D acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf azbD,rH sm;5 tDw
vD&Sd wl&yfwDwdk@. tjrifrsm;). qdk;oGrf;r_/ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;r_/ pufqkyfzG,f&m
aumif;r_w@kd ukd t=uifemuif;rJph mG zGichf scjhJ cif;ESihf aemifwiG v
f x
l o
k nf aAmf&ADS pf
tjrifrsm;. rSeu
f efru
_ kd rdrw
d @kd u,
kd yf ikd f tawG@t}uHKt& ydI
k ydI
k ,H=k unfvm
cJhjcif;wdk@a=umifhyifjzpf.?
k&mS ;jynf 'kw,
d t}udraf wmfveS af &; (1917 - azazmf0g&v
D rS atmuf
wdkbmvtxd)? Zmpepf. r,HkEdkifavmufatmif tdkrif;+yD; acwfaemufusr_
(tjyif;xefqHk;aomppf. xdk;ESufr_rsm;/ tcuftcJrsm;. xyfavmif;r_) wdk@u
tm; OD;wnfqef@usiaf om r,HEk ikd pf &m zsuq
f ;D a&;tiftm;wckukd zefw;D ay;
vdkufonf? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif k&Sm;jynfonf urBmay:&Sd tjcm;rnf
onfw
h ikd ;f jynfxufrqdk ppfjzpfaeaom tajctaersm;atmufwiG f ydrk v
kd w
G v
f yf
aom "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pD orRwEdik if t
H jzpf ajymif;vJomG ;onf? twdu
k t
f cHygwD
rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twif;usyq
f ;kH ygvrD ef
pepforRwEdkifiHrsm;wGif vkyfouJhodk@yif tpdk;&tzGJ@wckudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf?
vlwa,mufonf ,cifu ygvrD eftwGi;f / tazmufjyefq;kH ygvrD eftwGi;f rSm
jzpfygap/ twdkuftcHygwD. acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfchJygu awmfvSefa&;wGif
qufvuf yg0ifrnfhol.tcef;udk taxmuftul jyKay.?
&ufowWywftcsKd@twGif;wGif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifhqdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;
orm;rsm;onf 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,f. Oa&myol&aJ umif;rsm;/ 0ef}uD;0g'
orm;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tacsmiform; tr_u
d o
f du
k rf sm;. enf;emrsm;/ vkyyf rkH sm;/
taxmuftxm;rsm;ESihf qifajcvdrrf sm; tm;vH;k udk tuket
f pif &,lvu
kd =f u
onf? ,cktcg u|efawmfwdk@ zwf_&aom &Sdwf'DrefESifh aemhuD;cfta=umif;/
aumufpuD;ESihf [Dzm'if;ta=umif;/ &if;em;ESihf =opwmvpfta=umif;/ atmfwkd
abm0g;ESifh z&pftuf'vmta=umif;/ wl&yfwDESifh avmif*Gwfta=umif;/ t*F
14

vefjynf&Sd azbD,HESifh tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwD acgif;aqmif;rsm;ta=umif;

tm;vH;k onf u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf ysi;f &dz,
G &f m xyfraH jymqdjk cif;/ a[mif;EGr;f +yD;
=um;aeusaw;oGm;udk jyefoq
D jkd cif;uJo
h @kd jzpfayonf (wu,fvnf; jzpfonf?)
u|efawmfwdk@onf tvm;wltjcif;t&mudk rif&SDApfrsm;Y awG@cJh+yD;jzpfonf?
acwfaemufusaom wdik ;f jynf&dS tacsmiform;rsm;onf a&S@wef;a&muf wdik ;f
jynfrsm;pGm&Sd tacsmiform;rsm;.a&S@o@kd ausmo
f mG ;av+yD? TonfrmS ordik ;f .
usDpm;csufyif jzpfonf?
tu,fI 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ol&Jaumif;tm;vHk;onf c|wf+cHK
usomG ;+yD; qdAk ,
D ufEiS hf qdAk ,
D uftm%m. ta&;ygrE_ iS hf tcef;ujy\emudk
cef@reS ;f &mwGif rdrw
d @kd bmom t&Suw
f uGJ jzpfcyhJ gv#if ,cktcg 'kw,
d tifwm
ae&Sife,fudk pGef@cGmoGm;=uaom tvGefta&;ygaom ygwD 3 ck (wdk@rSm
*smref tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6/ jyifopfavmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;ESifh
+Adwo
d # tif'yD if;'ifh avbmygw)D . acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf Tjy\emtay:
wGiftajymifajrmufqHk;aomenf;vrf;jzifh rdrdwdk@bmom t&SufwuGJjzpf+yD;
_yfaxG;oGm;cJhygv#if olwdk@tm;vHk;onf "e&Sifaygufp'Drdkua&pD tpGJtvef;.
aus;u|efrsm; (rdrdwdk@udk,fudkqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;[k ac:a0:=uaom 1848
ckEpS f "e&Siaf ygupf . pdw"f mwftwdik ;f &So
d nf) jzpfomG ;ygv#if wd@k tm;vH;k udk
rif&ADS pfrsm;Y u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@jrifc+hJ yD;jzpfayonf? ordik ;f onf Tod@k uspD m;cJh
jyefonf? k&Sm;jynfwGif 1905 ckESpfY qdkAD,ufrsm; aygufzGm;vmcJhonf?
1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd wdk@tm; rif&SDApfrsm;u
tvGo
J ;kH pm; jyKvkycf o
hJ nf? wd@k onf qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. tcef;ESihf ta&;ygru
_ kd
em;vnfEikd pf rG ;f r&Sad oma=umifh c|w+f cHKusomG ;cJo
h nf? ,cktcgwiG rf l qdAk ,
D uf
tm%m t,ltqonf urBmtESH@wGif ay:xGufvm+yD; wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd
ypPnf;rJhrsm;twGif;wGif t[kefjyif;pGmjyef@ESH@aeonf? xdk@jyif 'kwd,tifwm
ae&Sife,f. ol&Jaumif;}uD;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufrsm;. tcef;ESifhta&;ygr_udk
em;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdaoma=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif ae&m
wumwGif c|w+f cHKusae=uonf? tawG@t}uHKrsm;u oufaojyvdu
k o
f nfrmS
ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. tvGefta&;}uD;aom jy\emtcsKd@wGif wdkif;jynf
tm;vHk;onf k&mS ;jynfu jyKvkycf o
hJ nft
h wdik ;f rvGrJ aoG jyKvky&f ayvdrrhf nf?
15

Oa&myESihf tar&duwdu
k w
f iG f ,ae@r=umc% awG@&aomtjrifrsm;ESihf
qef@usipf mG yif aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf ygvrD efpepf (vufawG@tm;jzif)h "e&Sio
f rRw
EdkifiHESifh rif&SDApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfh atmifjrifaomwdkufyGJudk owd}uD;pGm
jzifh pwifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; twGuf olwdk@jyKvkyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;onfvnf;
rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# vG,fulonfr[kwfacs? u|efawmfwdk@onf azmfjycJhaom
umvtpydik ;f wGif tpd;k &udjk zKwfcs&ef rv_@H aqmfc?hJ qdAk ,
D ufrsm;. yg0ifr_ tcsK;d
tpm;ESifh pdwf"mwfudk OD;pGmajymif;vJypfjcif; r&SdbJ udkjzKwfcs&ef rjzpfEdkif
a=umif;udo
k m &Si;f vif;jycJo
h nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd onf "e&Siyf gvrD ef/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS
Oya'jyKv$waf wmfukd oydwaf rSmuf&ef ra=unmcJ?h u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw.
D (1917
ckESpf) {+yD uGefz&ifhrSp+yD; ygwDtrnfjzifh w&m;0ifpGm pwifajymqdkcJhonfrSm
Oya'jyKv$wfawmf&Sdaom "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf Oya'jyK v$wfawmfr&Sdaom
"e&Sio
f rRwEdik if x
H uf ydI
k aumif;.? od@k aomf tvkyo
f rm;v,form;orRw
Edik if jH zpfaom qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if o
H nf rnfonfh "e&Si"f rdu
k a&pDygvrD ef orRw
Edik if x
H ufrqdk ydI
k aumif;onf[I
l omjzpf.? Tod@k aom owd&adS om ukepf if
aom/ tao;pdwu
f saom a&&Snjf yifqifrr_ sm;r&Scd yhJ gu u|eaf wmfw@kd onf 1917
ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mvwGif atmify&JG &Sv
d rd rhf nfr[kw?f Tatmifyu
JG v
kd nf; xde;f
odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

16

(4)
tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm; v_ y f & S m ;r_ t wG i f ; &S d
rnf o nf h & ef o l r sm;ud k qef @ usif w d k u f y G J q if & if ; aAmf & S D A pf 0 g'onf
}uD ; xG m ;+yD ; cd k i f r mum xk o m;ayom; &&S d v mcJ h o enf ; ?
yxrESifht"dutm;jzifh tacsmif0g'udk qef@usifaom wdkufyGJtwGif;
wGifjzpf.? Ttacsmif0g'onf 1914 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'tjzpf vHk;0
}uD;xGm;oGm;+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh
vHk;0yl;aygif;oGm;onf? "rRwmyifonf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_
twGi;f &Sd aAmf&ADS pfrsm;. t"du&efol jzpfco
hJ nf? onf Edik if w
H umh twdik ;f
twmt&vnf; t"du&efot
l jzpf &Sad eqJjzpfonf? aAmf&ADS pfrsm;onf T&ef
oludk txl;tmHktpdkufqHk; jzpfcJhonf? qufvufIvnf; tmHkpdkufcJhonf?
TbufwiG f aAmf&ADS pfw@kd . vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;udk ,cktcg jynfyuvnf;/ aumif;
pGm od&+dS yD;ay+yD?
od@k apumrl tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f &Sd aAmf&ADS pf0g'.
tjcm;aom &efot
l wGuq
f ykd grl jcm;em;a=umif;udk ajymqd&k ayrnf? aAmf&ADS pf0g'
onf "e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'
&;0g'udk qef@usifaom a&&SnfwdkufyGJtwGif;
wGif }uD;xGm;yHkay:vm+yD; xkom;ayom; &&Sdvmonf? Ttcsufudk jynfy
wGijf ynfph pkH mG rod&adS o;ay? TawmfveS af &;0g'onf rif;rJ0h g' taiG@toufjzifh
jynfhESufaeaom odk@r[kwf rif;rJh0g'rS wpHkw&mcdk;,lum rnfonfhta&;}uD;
aom jy\emrsm;wGirf qdk cdik rf maom ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;wdu
k yf .
JG ta=umif;
tcsurf sm; vdt
k yfrr_ sm;ESihf rudu
k n
f aD y? rmhupf 0f g'oabmw&m;u aumif;pGm
17

pdu
k x
f x
l m;+yD; xdrk #ru Oa&myawmfveS af &;rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ tawG@
t}uHKtm;vHk;u tjynfhtpHkoufaojycJhonfrSm t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif
ypPn;f ydik &f iS u
f av;/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS vkyif ef;ydik &f iS u
f av; (Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;pGm
wGif tvGeu
f s,jf yef@+yD; xkxnfvu
kd &f adS eaom vlra_ &; trsK;d tpm;wck) onf
zdESdyfr_rsm; tpOfojzifh cHpm;&+yD; r=umc% .tajctaersm;wGif r,HkEdkif
avmufatmif jyif;xefvsijf refpmG av#musysupf ;D oGm;I awmfveS af &; tvGef
tu|jH zpfrb
_ ufo@kd tvG,w
f ul ul;ajymif;oGm;=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif
onf cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_/ pnf;Hk;r_/ pnf;urf;&Sdr_ESifh +rJ+rHr_ponfwdk@udk azmfjyEdkif
pGr;f r&Sad y? t&if;&Si0f g'. a=umufrufz,
G &f mrsm;a=umifh l;rwwfjzpfaeaom
"e&Sifaygufprsm;onf rif;rJh0g'uJhodk@yif t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynftm;vHk;. xl;jcm;
aom vlrt
_ jcif;t&m wrsK;d jzpfonf? TawmfveS af &;0g'onf rwnf+idrrf E_ iS hf
tESpfr&Sdr_/ onf acgif;iHk@cHjcif;/ pdwfxufoefr_r&Sdjcif;/ pdwful;,Ofjcif;/
xdkr#ru "e&Sifa&yef;pm;aomt,ltqwckodk@r[kwf tjcm;wckYtl;
trl;jzpfaejcif;wdk@qDodk@ vsifjrefpGm ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfh tvm;tvm&Sd
onf? Tt&mtm;vHk;onf trsm;od=uaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomf
awmfveS af &;ygwrD sm;onf TtrSew
f &m;rsm;udk oabmw&m;t& taumif
txnfrphJ mG todtrSwjf yKHrk #EiS hf twdwu
f usL;vGecf zJh ;l aom trSm;rsm; xyfrH
usL;vGejf cif;udk a&SmifvI
J$ r&Edik af y? TtrSm;rsm;onf rar#mv
f ifah om tcsed f
a=umifh r}uHKpbl;aom ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf xl;jcm;aom/ tenf;ESit
hf rsm; xl;jcm;
aomtajctaewdk@wGif omefopf wckckjzifh ay:xGufvmwwfonf?
rif;rJh0g'onf r=umc%yif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_. t
acsmif0g'tjypfrsm;twGuf '%fcwfrw
_ rsK;d jzpfco
hJ nf? yHo
k mefysuf ESpcf pk vH;k
onf tjyeftvSef jznfph u
G =f uonf? xd@k jyif k&mS ;jynfwiG f .vlO;D a&yg0ifr_
tcsKd;tpm;t& Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;xuf "e&Sifaygufp ydkrdkrsm;aomfvnf;
awmfvSefa&;ESpfckpvHk;twGif; (1905 ESifh 1917 ckESpf) Yvnf;aumif;/ awmf
vSeaf &;qifonfh umvrsm;twGi;f Yvnf;aumif;/ rif;rJ0h g' =oZmoufro
_ nf
E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& rajymyavmufay? Todk@jzpf&jcif;. ta=umif;&if; wpdwf
wydik ;f rSm tacsmif0g'udk t=uifemuif;rJph mG ESihf raphpyfpwrf; tpOft+rJ wdu
k f
cdu
k cf ahJ om aAmf&ADS pf0g'. aumif;r_a=umifjh zpfonf? Tonfukd oHo, jzpfp&m
18

rvdak y?wpdww
f ydik ;f [k u|eaf wmfajym&jcif;rSm k&mS ;jynf&dS rif;rJ0h g'. =oZm
t&Sed u
f kd tm;enf;ap&mwGif ydrk t
kd a&;}uD;aom ta=umif;&if;&Sjd cif;a=umifjh zpf
.? rSm vGecf ahJ om (19 &mpk. 70 ydik ;f ESprf sm;) u rif;rJ0h g'onf xl;uJpmG
jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vm+yD; .vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f r_EiS hf awmfveS af om vlwef;pm;. vrf;
!efoabmw&m;tjzpf vHk;0roifhawmfr_wdk@ ay:vGifvmjcif;a=umifhjzpf.?
aAmf&ADS pf0g'onf 1903 ckEpS Yf ayguzf mG ;vmuwnf;u "e&Siaf ygupf
awmfveS af &;0g'/ rif;rJ0h g'wydik ;f / (od@k r[kwf rif;rJ0h g'bufo@kd wdr;f !$waf eaom)
awmfveS af &;0g'udk qef@usiaf om t=uifemuif;rJo
h nfh wdu
k yf t
JG pOftvm &Scd hJ
onf? TtpOftvmonf awmfveS af om qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDwiG f wav#mufv;kH
&Scd +hJ yD; k&mS ;jynfwiG f awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vlxv
k uQ%m aqmif
aom ygwDtwGuf tkwfjrpfcscJhonfh 1900-1903 ckESpfwGif txl;tcdkiftrm
awmifhwif;vmcJhonf? aAmf&SDApf0g'onf "e&Sifaygufp awmfvSefa&;0g'buf
wdrf;!$wfr_udk tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkazmfjyaom ygwDjzpfonfhqdk&S,fawmf
vSefa&;ygwDtm; qef@usifaomwdkufyGJudk qufcHcJh+yD; qufvufqifE$JcJhonf?
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k yf u
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rmhufpf0g'udk jiif;y,fonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udkrqdk rvkyfrDwGif
vlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh wdk@. tjyeftvSefqufqHa&;udk wif;usyf
aom yuwdbm0usaom tuJjzwfcsu.
f vdt
k yfru
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em;rvnf[kajymv#if ydkrdkrSefuefvdrfhrnf) cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fonf? 'kwd,
tm;jzifh TygwDonf u|efawmfwdk@ rmhufpf0g'orm;rsm;u ,wdjywfy,fcs
xm;aom wOD;csif;t=urf;zufr_/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;
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J sonf [k rdrw
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u raxrJhjrif oa&mf+yD;cJhav+yD? wwd,tm;jzifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;
19

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20

rnfrmS yxrtm;jzifh Ttacsmif0g'onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf ywfoufI rmhupf .

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rnfavm od@k r[kwf ryg0ifbaJ ernfavm jy\emwGijf zpf+yD; aemufw}udrrf mS
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u|efawmfwdk@.ygwDrS xkwfypfjcif;udkcH&onf?vuf0Jorm;rsm;onf txl;
ojzifh 1905 ckEpS w
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onf? pifppftm;jzifh TygvrD efukd 1905 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &;u
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21

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yuwdbm0 tajctaeonf wnf&Sdvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif; TuJhodk@aom
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onf rrSefuefEdkifawmhay?
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awmfveS af om ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;udk tzd;k rjzwfEikd af om Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHK
jzifh u,f0ap+yD; Oya'wGi;f udk Oya'yESiv
hf nf;aumif;/ ygvrD efukd ygvrD efjyify
wdkufyGJomefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfay;&mwGif ygvDrefomefrsm;udk
jiif;y,f&jcif;rSm wcgw&H tusKd;&Sd+yD; vdkvnf;vdktyfa=umif;udk jyovdkufay
onf? odk@aomf TtawG@t}uHKudk rwlaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh rwl
aom tajctaersm;rS rsufuef;qefqef yHkwlul;cs+yD; a0zefydkif;jcm;r_r&SdbJ
toHk;jyKjcif;rSm trSefyif}uD;rm;aom trSm;wckjzpf.? odk@apumrl 1906
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ESihf aemufEpS rf sm;wGif 'l;rm;udk oydwaf rSmufcyhJ gu }uD;av;+yD; ukpm;&ef cJ,Of;
------------------------

wOD;wa,muftwGuf toH;k jyKEdik af omt&mrsm;udk vdt

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22

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azmufjyefaom w&m;Oya'rsm;u uef@owfjcif; cH&aom tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;pGm (tmrcHtoif;rsm; ponf) xJodk@ yg0if&ef rkcsvdktyfonf[laom
tjrifudkvnf;aumif; usyfwnf;cufcJaom wdkufyGJxJwGif qkyfudkifrxm;ygu
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pum;ajym&mwGif &Jabmf vefpfbm&D.u|efawmfwdk@ +Adwdo#tvkyform;
23

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24

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25

up+yD; EdkifiHwumh0g'udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhayonf? onf Zmbk&ifpepf

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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ajrmufc=hJ uayonf? od@k aomf olw@kd onf jy\emudk aumif;pGmpOf;pm;Edik pf rG ;f
r&SdbJ jy\emu rnfonfht&mtm; qdkvdkonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm enf;rvnf
EdkifcJhay?
acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf vlxrk sm;t=um;uGjJ ym;r_rmS e,fcs@J ppfyJG tqH;k
ydik ;f ESihf ppf+yD;umvY wdik ;f jynftm;vH;k wGif txl;&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm ay:xGuf
vmcJhayonf? Ttjcif;t&m. t"duta=umif;&if;udk rmhufpfESifh tdef*,f
onf 1852 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1892 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f t*Fvefjynfukd OyrmjyI }udrzf ef
rsm;pGm &Si;f vif;jycJ.
h ? xdw
k ikd ;f jynf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tqifah e&monfvlxk
rsm;rSaeI "e&Sifaygufpwydkif; tacsmiform;tvkyform; rif;nDrif;om;
rsm;uGJxGufoGm;jcif;udk jzpfapvdkufonf? Ttvkyform; rif;nDrif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufodk@ tqufrjywf cGJxGufoGm;+yD;
wdu
k f u
kd f od@k r[kwf oG,0f u
kd I
f xH c,0yfwmG ;cJ=h uayonf? rmhupf o
f nf
Tvlqdk;rsm;udk opPmazmufrsm;[k twdtvif;wHqdyfcyfESdyfjcif;jzifh olwdk@.
32

rke;f wD;jcif;udk *k%&f pdS mG &&Scd o

hJ nf? acwfopf (20 &mpkEpS )f e,fcs@J 0g'onf a&S@wef;
a&muf wdik ;f jynftcsK@d twGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tcGix
hf ;l cHtqifah e&mudk zefw;D
ay;vdu
k o
f nf? xd@k jyif Ttcsuaf =umifh 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,fxw
J iG f ae&m
wdkif;Y rdrdudk,fydkif vkyfief;tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rdrdudk,fydkif tvkyform; rif;nD
rif;om; tpdwt
f ydik ;f udk umuG,af om/ wpHw
k ckaom opPmazmuftrsK;d tpm;
tacsmiform; qdk&S,fa&SmfAif acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ay:xGufvmapvdkufonf?
tacsmiform; ygwDrsm;udkvlxkrsm;rS qdkvdkonfrSm vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.
tus,jf yef@q;kH aom tv$mrSvnf;aumif;/ wd@k . trsm;pk}uD;rSvnf;aumif;/
vkycf tenf;qH;k tvkyo
f rm;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; uif;uGmoGm;aponf? Tuyf
qdk;udk rwdkufzsufv#if tacsmiform; qdk&S,fopPmazmuf acgif;aqmifrsm;
udkzGifhcsjcif;/ t,Hkt=unfrJhapjcif;/ xkwfy,fypfjcif; r&Sdv#if awmfvSefaom
ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;onf atmifyJG rcHEikd af y? TonfrmS wwd, tifwmae&Sif
e,fu vkyfaqmifonfh ay:vpDyifjzpfonf?
TonfEiS hf qufpyfI vlxrk sm;. tm%m&Sipf epfukd acgi;f aqmifrsm;
. tm%m&SifpepfESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh qef@usifbufxm;I E_dif;,SOfonf
txdvyk jf cif;rSm &,fp&maumif;atmif r[kwrf [wfEikd rf E_ iS hf rdu
k rf rJ j_ zpfonf?
omrefudpPrsm;tay:wGif olvdkigvdktjrifrsm;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;
ae&mwGif wu,fyifr[kwfr[wfESifh tcsnf;ESD;pum;rsm;udkajymqdkaom
acgif;aqmifopfrsm;tm; wifjcif;onf (acgif;aqmifrsm;udkjzKwfcs[laom
au;a=umfoHudk tumtuG,f,lI) txl;yif &,fzG,faumif;vS.? TuJh
odk@aom acgif;aqmifrsm;um; *smreDjynfrS vlZifbwf/ 0kzf[def;/ a[mem;/
um;&Sdk;'g;/ z&uf'&pf0if',fESifh um;tmvm wdk@jzpfonf? tmvmu
jy\emudk ydkrdk euf_dif;pGmwifjy&efESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf a,bk,s
tm;jzifrh vkt
d yf? "e&Sif jzpfonf[k a=unm&ef }udK;pm;jcif;onf tvGew
f &m

f rm; owif;pm
1920 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D 7 &uf [if;buf+rdK@xw
k f uGejf rLepftvkyo
trSwf 32 wGif um;tmvm. ygwzD suo
f rd ;f a&; aqmif;yg;Y tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;
onf "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDukd rzsuq
f ;D bJEiS hf "e&Sif Edik if aH wmfudk rzsuq
f ;D Ekid /f ygwrD sm;ukd rzsuf
33

&,fp&maumif;aoma=umifh oufjyif;csHkom &Sdawmhonf? ao;i,faom

trSm;ukd qufvufqyk u
f idk x
f m;ygu trSm;twGuf ta=umif;jycsurf sm;ukd
wqifw
h ;dk &SmazGygu .avmh*spu
f saom ed*;kH csKyfcsurf sm;qDo@dk qufvuf
,laqmifoGm;ygu ao;i,faomtrSm;onf {&mrtrSm;}uD;okd@ tpOfojzifh
ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf [lonfrSm trSefyifjzpfayawmhonf?
ygwDrlESifh ygwDpnf;urf;ukd jiif;qkdjcif;onfum; twkduftcHbuf.
tom;wif&v'f yifjzpf.? xkd@jyif TonfrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tusdK;
pD;yGm;twGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ukd vHk;0vufeufrJhapjcif;ESifh nDr#ay.?
TonfrSm "e&Sifaygufpwkd@. jyef@usJr_/ rwnf+idrfr_ESifh }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfa&;/
nDnw
G af &;ESihf pnf;H;k v_y&f mS ;a&; vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Srd w
_ @dk yifjzpfonf? ukd cGijhf yKxm;
ygu ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_widk ;f ukd rv$rJ aoG zsuq
f ;D vdrrhf nfjzpfonf?
uGejf rLepf0g'&yfwnfrt
_ &qdv
k #if ygwrD u
l jkd iif;y,fjcif;onf t&if;&Si0f g' ysupf ;D
jcif;t}udKumv (*smreDjynfY) rSaeI uGejf rLepf0g'. atmuftqifh od@k r[kwf
tv,ftvwfqifo
h @kd wufvrS ;f jcif;r[kwb
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h @kd wufvrS ;f
&ef}udK;pm;onft
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vlwef;pm;ukd +zdKcs+yD;aemuf wwd,ESpfwGif) t&if;&Sif;pepfrS qkd&S,fvpfpepf
-----------------qD;bJ onf "e&Si'f rD u
kd a&pDudk rzsuq
f ;D Ekid af y[ka&;om;xm;.?
vufwifwikd ;f jynfrsm;&Sd tvkyo
f rm;or*~0g'orm;rsm;ESihf rif;rJ0h g' orm;rsm;.
ydrk Okd ;D aESmufy_ af xG;ae olrsm;onf auseyfEpS o
f rd rhf _ &SEd ikd af y+yD? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf
rdrw
d @kd bmom rmhupf 0f g' orm;[k txift&Sm; ,lqae=uaom (au tmvm/ au
a[mem;wd@k onf txuf azmfjyyg owif;pmxJ&dS olw@kd . aqmif;yg;rsm;t& olw@kd onf
rmhupf 0f g'orm; ppfppfjzpfonf[k tvGecf ikd rf mpGmazmfjy=uonf? od@k aomf &,fp&m
taumif;qH;k r,HEk ikd pf &m Avmpum;rsm;udk ajymqd=k ujcif;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'. u}uD;cauG;
uked m;rvnfa=umif; zGiv
hf pS jf yo=u.?) x,f0gcef@nm;onfh *smrefrsm;onfvnf; Tod@k
vH;k 0rqDavsmf rtyfpyfaom a&;om;ajymqdrk r_ sK;d udk azmfxw
k cf =hJ uaom a=umifjh zpfonf?
rmhufpf0g'udk vufcHHkoufoufjzifh trSm;rsm;udk ra&SmifuGif;Edkifay? u|efawmfwdk@
k&mS ;rsm;onf Ttcsuu
f kd txl;aumif;pGm em;vnf=uonf? tb,fa=umifh qdak omf
u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f jynfY rmhupf 0f g'onf r=umc%yif acwfpm;aeaoma=umifjh zpf.?
34

(0g) uGefjrLepfpepftedrfhqifhodk@ ul;ajymif;&ef yxrajcvSrf;udk vSrf;aeonf?

vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&adS eao;onf? xd@k jyif ypPn;f rJv
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l ef;pm;u tm%modr;f
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wnf&SdaevdrfhOD;rnf? v,form;vlwef;pm; r&Sdonfh (odk@aomf ypPnf;ydkif&Sif
uav;rsm;&So
d nf)h t*FvefjynfYqdyk grl Tumvonf wdak umif;wkad yvdrrhf nf?
vlwef;pm;zsuo
f rd ;f a&;qdo
k nfrmS ajr&Sirf sm;ESihf t&if;&Sirf sm;udk armif;xkwjf cif;
oufoufr[kwaf y-Tonfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd E_id ;f ,SOjf cif;t& vG,v
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l l
uk e f p nf x k w f v k y f o l u av;rsm;tm; zsuf o d r f ; a&;
ES i f h +yD ; ajrmuf c J h . ?-uk
udv
k nf; qdv
k akd yonf? od@k &mwGif olw@kd ukd armif;xkwjf cif; rjyKEdik f/ zd ESyd jf cif;
vnf; rjyKEdkif? u|efawmfwdk@onf wdk@ESifhtwl oifhjrwfpGm aexdkif &rnf?
tvGefwm&Snfaom/ jznf;aES;aom/ owd}uD;aom pnf;Hk;a&;vkyfief;jzifh
omv#if olwdk@tm; jyefvnfjyKjyifI jyefvnfynmay;Edkifonf? (ay;&rnf)?
olwdk@onf "e&Sifaygufpywf0ef;usifjzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm; tzufzufrS
0kid ;f &Hxm;onf? u ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;xJwiG f pdr0hf ifys@H E@HS um ypPn;f rJh vlwef;
pm;tm; v_u
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rjywf edrfhusoGm;r_ jzpfaponf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDxw
J Gif T
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aqmif&eftwGuv
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vdt
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pkrsm;ESihf tpOftvmrsm;udk qef@usio
f nfh }uh}H uHch ikd w
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kd yf JG jzpfonf? aoG;xGuf
oH,Ekd iS hf aoG;xGuo
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k yf /JG ppfa&;ESihf
pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;buf&dS wdu
k yf jJG zpfonf? oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom
vlw@kd .tusi"f avh tiftm;onf a=umufp&mtaumif;qH;k tiftm;wck jzpf
.? wdkufyGJtwGif; xkom;ayom;&aom oHr%dygwDw&yfr&Sdygu rdrdvlwef;
pm;xJrS td;k om;qH;k aomol tm;vH;k . ,H=k unfru
_ &kd &Sad om ygww
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D &yfr&Syd gu
Tod@k aomwdu
k yf u
JG kd atmifjrifpmG rqifEEJ$ ikd af y? pkpnf;r_&adS om "e&Si}f uD;rsm;udk
35

zsufodrf;a&;rSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ypPnf;ydkif&Sifuav;rsm;udk zsufodrf;

a&;xuf tqaygi;f axmifaygi;f rsm;pGm vG,u
f .
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aom/ ae@pOfjzpfaom/ ao;zGaJ om/ rodomaom/ pdw"f mwfysuaf om jyKrlrr_ sm;
a=umifh olw@kd onf "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;u tvd&k adS om "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm; jyefvnf
v$rf;rdk;&ef OD;wnfaom T tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk jzpfaponf? ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;ygwD (txl;ojzifh .tm%m&Sipf epf umvtwGi;f ) . oHr%d
pnf;urf;udk tenf;i,fr#yif tm;enf;atmifvkyfolonf wu,fyif ypPnf;
rJhvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk ulnDjcif;yifjzpf.?
acgif;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm; jy\emESifh ,SOfwGJI
azmufjyefaomtvkyform;or*~rsm; jy\emudk u|efawmfwdk@ aqG;aEG;&
rnf? odk@aomf OD;pGmtm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. tawG@t}uHKtay: tajccH
aom ed*;kH csKyfcsuw
f csK@d ukd jyKvky&f ayvdrrhf nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygww
D iG ;f wGif acgi;f
aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepfudkwdkufcdkufr_rsm; tpOfojzifh&SdcJhonf? u|ef
awmfrw
S rf o
d a&G@qykd gv#if Tod@k aom wdu
k cf u
kd rf r_ sK;d udk yxrqH;k t}udrf =um;&
onfrSm 1895 ckESpfu jzpfonf? xdktcsdefu w&m;0iftm;jzifh ygwD rwnf
axmif&ao;ay? od@k aomf +rdK@e,ftpkrsm;udk acgi;f aqmifrnfh A[dt
k pkukd pdeyf D
wmZbwf+rdK@wiG f pwifz@JG pnf;onfh tcsed jf zpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd ygw.
D 9 }udrf
ajrmufueG *f &uf (1920 ck {+yDv) wGiv
f nf;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sipf
epfudk qef@usiI
f vnf;aumif;/vltenf;i,fu pd;k rd;k xm;r_ponfw@kd ukd qef@
usifIvnf;aumif; ajymqdkcJhaom rajymyavmufonfh twdkuftcHwck&SdcJh
onf? xdk@a=umifh *smrefrsm;twGif;&Sdvuf0J*dk%f;uGefjrLepf0g' oli,femrSm
tH=h op&mr[kw/f topfr[kw/f a=umufp&m r[kwaf y? Tzsm;emr_onf rnf
onfh tEW&m,frS rjzpfapbJ zsm;+yD;aemufwiG f cE<mud,
k o
f nf ydI
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h if;
vmvdrrhf nf? tjcm;wzufwiG f Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'yvkyif ef;rsm;tm; vsijf ref
pGm wvSnphf D ajymif;vJro
_ nf twdtustm;jzifh ppfO;D pD;XmecsKyf qdv
k o
kd nfrmS
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;&ef txl;v#Kd@0SufpGm uG,f0Sufxm;&ef vdktyf
vmaponf? u|eaf wmfw@kd .udpw
P ek ;f uqdv
k #if wcgw&H tvGet
f E&m,f&adS om
tusKd;qufudk ay:xGufapcJh.? tqdk;0g;qHk;rSm 1912 ckESpfwGif olv#Kd rmvif
aemfpuDonf aAmf&ADS pf A[dak umfrwDxo
J @kd a&muf&v
dS mcJjh cif;jzpfonf? olonf
36

opPmazmuf+yD; q,faygif;&maygif;rsm;pGmaom taumif;qHk;/ opPmt&SdqHk;

&Jabmfrsm;udk tvky=f urf;ESihf axmif'%fusa&mufapum wd@k txJrS rsm;pGm
udk ydkIjrefjref aowGif;ydk@cJhonf? olonf xdkxufydkI }uD;rm;aomtE&m,f
rjyKEdik cf o
hJ nfrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd wiG f Oya'wGi;f ESihf Oya'yvkyif ef;. rSeu
f efaom
aygif;pyfr_ &Sdaoma=umifhjzpf.? rmvifaemfpuDonf u|efawmfwdk@,Hk=unfr_udk
&&Sd&eftwGuf ygwD.A[dkaumfrwD0ifESifh 'l;rm;v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f w
a,muftjzpfEiS hf Oya'wGi;f owif;pmwnfaxmifa&;wGif rwwfombJ u|ef
awmfwdk@tm; ulnDcJh&.? Towif;pmrsm;u ZmpepfatmufrSmyif rif&SDApf
tacsmif0g'udk wdu
k yf q
JG ifEEJ$ ikd cf +hJ yD; oifah wmfpmG kyzf sux
f m;aom omefjzifh
aAmf&ADS pf0g'. tajccHrsm;udk 0g'jzef@Eikd cf o
hJ nf? rmvifaemfpuDonf wzufwiG f
taumif;qH;k aAmf&ADS pf q,faygi;f &maygi;f rsm;pGmudk tvky=f urf;/ tusO;f axmif
ESifh aowGif;ydk@cJhonf? tjcm;wzufwGif olonf Oya'wGif; owif;pmrsm;rS
wqifh axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom aAmf&ADS pftopfrsm;udk ynmay;&mwGif rwwf
ombJ ulncD &hJ onf? azmufjyefaom tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;twGi;f wGif awmf
vSefa&; vkyfief;rsm; rnfodk@vkyfukdifoenf; qdkonfudkoif,l&rnfh vkyfief;
wm0efESifh &ifqdkifae&aom *smref (+Adwdef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfESifh tDwvD
tygt0if) &Jabmfrsm;onf Ttcsufudk av;eufpGm pOf;pm;zkd@aumif;.?
a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH wdik ;f jynfrsm;tygt0if wdik ;f jynfrsm;pGmwGif "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;onf uGejf rLepfygwrD sm;xJo@kd ,cktcg olv#Krd sm;apv$waf ea=umif;
Ttwdkif;qufvufIvnf; apv$wfvdrfhOD;rnfjzpfa=umif;udk oHo,jzpfp&m
rvdkay? TtE&m,fudk wdkufcdkuf&ef enf;vrf;wckrSm Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y
tvkyfudk usifvnfyg;eyfpGm aygif;pyfay;jcif;yifwnf;?

rmvifaemfpuDonf *smreDjynfwGif ppfoHk@yef;jzpfoGm;onf? aAmf&SDApfrsm; tkyfpdk;

r_atmuf&dS k&mS ;jynfo@kd oljyefvmaomtcg ol@uckd sujf cif; cHk ;kH wifppfaq;+y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd
tvkyform;rsm;u ypfowfcho
J nf? rif&SDApfrsm;onf olv#Kdwa,mufu u|efawmf
wd@k ygw.
D A[dak umfrwDtzG@J 0if jzpfonf[al om u|eaf wmfw@kd . trSm;twGuf jyif;xefpmG
wdu
k cf u
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hJ ? od@k aomf u&ifpuDvufatmufwiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'l;rm; v$waf wmfOuU
a&mhwifut
kd m; zrf;qD;I H;k wifppfaq;&ef awmif;qdck o
hJ nf? tb,fa=umifq
h akd omf
37

(6)
awmf v S e f a &;orm;rsm;onf azmuf j yef a om
tvk y f o rm;or*~ r sm;wG i f vk y f u d k i f o if h o avm
*smrefvuf0o
J rm;rsm;u Tjy\emESihf ywfoufI vH;k 0jiif;y,f
&rnfudk oHo,&Sdp&mrvdk[k ,lq=uonf?azmufjyefaomwefjyefawmf
vSefa&;usaomtvkyform;or*~rsm;udk qef@usifonfh tmabmiftm&if;
oefoefEiS hf a'gow}uD; ajymqdjk cif;rsm; (aua[mem;uJo
h @kd txl;cef@jim;pGm
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38

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tjym;vkyfaqmif&rnfhrlrsm;udk taemufOa&my EdkifiHrsm;twGif;wGif usifhoHk;
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39

pHknDtpnf;ta0;u a&G;aumufonf? TonfrSm a&ra&maom vlt

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(1920 ckESpf {+yDv) pm&if;t& tzGJ@0ifaygif; 4 oef;ausmf&Sd+yD; omeft&
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wumhtrsm;pk. acgif;aqmiftzGJ@tm;vHk;wGifvnf;aumif;/ OD;pGmtm;jzifh
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40

"e&Sif'Drdkua&pD udk awG;ac:r_t& umuG,fa&;ESifh tvkyform; or*~rsm;.

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41

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42

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43

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44

odrf;,lEdkifrnfhumv/ tm%modrf;,lpOftwGif;ESifh aemufwGif tvkyform;

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orm; or*~rsm;wGif wpHw
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tacsmif0g'rsm;a=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ rif&SDApfrsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;xJwGif
axmufcHr_&&SdcJhonf? (xdk@jyif tvGefenf;aom tcsKd@tvkyform; or*~rsm;
wGiv
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t&Su&f apum tvkyo
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45

qifhonf rwlaom wdkif;jynfESifh rwlaom tajctaersm;t& jcm;em;r_ &Sdf

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onf? xdk@jyif twdtustm;jzifh tvkyform;or*~ xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifr_.
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rsm;udk pGe@f cmG &rnf? xJwiG f tvkyv
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46

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47

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48

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v$wrf r_ eS o
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rsm;/ ^m%fupm;r_rsm;udrk qdk jyKvkyEf ikd pf rG ;f &S&d rnf? ZmpepfatmufwiG f 1905
49

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52

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53

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54

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55

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56

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58

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61

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72

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74

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75

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76

tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm;. uGef*&uf (1919) Y TypPnf;rJhvuf0J*dk%f;u wwd,

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77

onfum; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;Edk;=um;r_/ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwf/

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azmfjy&rnfqdkaomf rif&SDApfrsm;tay: aAmf&SDApfrsm; tEdkif&&Sd&eftwGuf u|ef
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78

wdk;jrifha&;ESifh .tiftm;udk wdk;csJ@a&;twGuf tusKd;,kwfapjcif;omv#if

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79

od@k aomf vuf&t

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87

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88

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89

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90

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91

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92

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93

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94

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95

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96

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97

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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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109

tm;vHk;udk u|efawmfwdk@ rykdifEkdifxm;ygu tjcm;vlwef;pm;rsm;. tae

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129

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130

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131

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132

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a&Smif&mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh emrnfausmo
f l jzpfavonf? azbD,t
H oif;onfum; vDeif ajym
qdo
k uJo
h @kd yif tacsmif0g'ESihf vpfb&,f avbmEdik if aH &;rsm;ESihf ywfouf+y;D t+y;D owfq;kH
tacsmudik x
f m;onfh azmfjycsuf udk ud,
k pf m;jyKcJah vonf? azbD,rH sm;onf ypPn;f rJh
vlwef;pm;tm; vlwef;pm;wdu
k yf rJG S vrf;vGo
J mG ;ap&ef }upH nfc+hJ y;D t&if;&Sipf epfrS qd&k ,
S f
vpfpepfo@kd ao;r$m;aom jyKjyifa&;enf;rsm;jzifh +ird ;f csr;f pGm wpwp ul;ajymif;a&;. jzpfEikd f
r_ukd &yfcaH jymqdck =hJ uonf? 1914-1918 ckEpS f e,fcs@J urBmppftwGi;f Y azbD,rH sm;onf
qd&k ,
S af &SmAf if0g'bufrS &yfwnfc=hJ uonf? azbD,rH sm;ESiyhf wfoufI vuQ%m owf
rS w f a &;twG u f vD e if .td k i f - tuf u f z f b uf u m;/ a*s-'k d i f , uf * sif ; / tuf z f
tdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHo dk@
ay;pmrsm;;k&mS ;bmomyHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0r_twGuf pum;cs;D udv
k nf;aumif;/ k&mS ;awmfveS f
141

a&;twGi;f &Sd qd&k ,

S 'f rD u
kd a&pD. ajr,mvkyif ef;pOf udv
k nf;aumif;/ t*Fvyd f a&$jynf
at;0g'ESihf oabmw&m;udk t*Fvyd rf sm;rESpo
f ufr_ udv
k nf;aumif;/ tjcm; pmapmif
rsm;udv
k nf;aumif; =unfyh g?
(ESm - 19)
6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD 1917 ckESpf {+yDvwGif
pwifz@JG pnf;cJo
h nfh tv,fA[d0k g' wckjzpfonf?
1920 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mvwGi
f . a[mvfueG *f &ufY ygwu
D cJG +hJ yD; xdEk pS f
'DZifbmvwGif . ygw0D iftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *smreDueG jf rLepfygwED iS hf yl;aygi;f cJ=h u
onf? vuf,m*d%
k ;f onf oD;jcm;ygww
D &yf zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; 1922 ckEpS t
f xd tif'yD if;'ifh
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufwpf ygw[
D al om trnfa[mif;jzifh wnf&cdS o
hJ nf? 1922 ckwiG f tif'D
yif;'ifh rsm;onf *smrefq&kd ,
S f 'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwx
D o
J @kd jyefvnf0ifa&mufc=hJ uonf?
(ESm - 20)
7? *smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;
qdkonfh vDeif. aqmif;yg;udk=unfh? (vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 4/ ESm 334-338/
t*Fvyd b
f momyHEk ydS jf cif;/ e,l;a,muf)
(ESm - 25)
8? pyg;wmhpt
f zG@J 0ifrsm;onf yxrurBmppftwGi;f 1916 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v
D wGif
zG@J pnf;cJo
h nfh pygwmuyf toif;0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? urBmppfpwifpwGif *smrefvuf0J
qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &ufrsm;onf um;vpfbeuf/ kZd mvlZifbuf/ z&ef@ar&if;/ uvm&m Zuf
uif;ESihf tjcm;olw@kd acgi;f aqmifaom tifwmae&Sief ,f tpkukd zG@J pnf;cJ=h uavonf?
pygwmuyftoif;[k pwifac:qdv
k m=uonft
h pku vlxrk sm;twGi;f wGif e,fcs@J ppfyu
JG kd
qef@usio
f nfh awmfveS af om 0g'jzef@csrd r_ sm;udk vkyu
f ikd f aqmif&u
G cf +hJ y;D *smrefe,fcs@J 0g'.
vk,ufzsupf ;D a&;ay:vpDEiS hf qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uf acgi;f aqmifrsm;. opPmazmufrw
_ @kd ukd azmf
xkwzf iG chf sc=hJ uavonf? od@k aomfvnf; pyg;wmhpt
f zG@J 0if *smref vuf0o
J rm;rsm;onf
oabmw&m;ESihf enf;y&d,m,fqikd &f m tcsut
f jcm jy\emrsm;wGif rif&ADS pfwydik ;f trSm;
rsm;. tuef@towfcaH e&r_rS ke;f rxGuEf ikd cf ahJ y? *smrefvuf0rJ sm;. trSm;rsm;ESihf ywf
oufI a0zefcsurf sm;udk ADtikd v
f eD if. *sL;eD;,yfp.
f pmapmif (usr;f aygi;f pH/k pwkw
t}udrf k&mS ;bmomxkwf twGJ 22/ ESm 291 -305) rmhupf 0f g'tm; okyzf sujf cif;ESihf
txufygpmtkyf twGJ 23/ ESm 16 -64)ESihf tjcm;aom
e,fcs@J orm;. pD;yGm;a&;0g' (txuf
a&;om;csurf sm;xJwiG v
f nf;aumif;/ a*sAGD pwmvif.aAmf&ADS pf0g' ordik ;f qdik &f m jy\em
vDeif0g'jy\emrsm; 1947 armfpudk xkw/f ESm 378 - 389) xJwiG v
tcsK@d (vD
f nf;aumif;
azmfjyxm;avonf? 1917 ckESpfY pyg;wmhpf0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdk@. pnf;Hk;a&;t&
trScD u
kd if;r_ux
kd ed ;f odr;f xm;&if; tv,fA[d0k g'*smreftif'yD if;'ifh qd&k ,
S f 'Dru
kd &uf
142

ygwo
D @kd 0ifc=hJ uonf? 1918 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv *smreDawmfveS af &; +yD;onfah emufwiG f
pyg;wmhpt
f zG@J 0ifrsm;onftif'yD if;'ihrf sm;xHrS cGx
J u
G cf =hJ u+y;D xdEk pS f 'DZifbmvwGif *sm
reDueG jf rLepfygwu
D kd wnfaxmifc=hJ uavonf?
(ESm - 25)
9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;
a&;onf e,fcs@J *smreDEiS hf
.r[mrdwrf sm;jzpf=uaom =opwD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ wl&uDu 1918 wGif
i,f&,
G af o;+y;D csnehf @J tm;enf;wke;f yif &Sad o;onfh qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if aH wmftay: wifp;D
xm;onfh vk,ufaom +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf jzpfavonf? xdpk mcsKyfukd 1918 rwfv 3
&ufae@wiG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJo
h nf? pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;rSm qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;twGuf tvGef
xdcu
kd af ponf? ydv
k efjynf/ abmfvw
f pfEikd if H tm;vH;k vdv
k Ekd iS hf bdik v
f kd &k mS ;wydik ;f udk *smreD/
=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&Dw@kd vufo@kd ay;vdu
k &f .? ,lu&de;f rSm qdAk ,
D uf&k mS ;rS cGx
J w
k cf &H +y;D
*smreD.trScD w
kd ikd ;f jynfjzpfomG ;cJo
h nf? *smreDjynf 1918 Ed0k ifbm awmfveS af &;+yD;onfh
aemufwiG f qdAk ,
D uftpd;k &u udk y,fzsuv
f u
kd af vonf?
(ESm - 26)
10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;;rSm +Adwo
d #avbmygw0D ifrsm;udk qdv
k o
kd nf? +Adwd
o#avbmygwu
D kd tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; tpnf;tH;k rsm;jzpfonfh tvkyo
f rm; or*~
rsm;/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwrD sm;ESihf tpkrsm;wd@k uykd ;l aygi;f I 1900 jynfEh pS w
f iG f zG@J pnf;cJah vonf?
ygvrD efo@kd tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; a&G;cs,af &;tmrcHcsu&f adS p&ef &nf&,
G f
onf? (od@k a=umifyh if .trnf&if;rSm tvkyo
f rm;ud,
k pf m;jyK aumfrwDjzpf avonf?)
1903 wGif avbmygwt
D rnfukd cH,cl o
hJ nf? rdr.
d tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;twGi;f wGif tvGet
f rif; tacsmifqefI vDeifajymouJo
h @kd ajcqH;k acgi;f qH;k "e&Sif
jzpf=uonf?
(ESm - 29)
11? u&ifpuD }uD;jrwfaom atmufwb
kd m qd&k ,
S v
f pfawmfveS af &;. wGe;f
vSejf cif;udk cHvu
kd &f aom k&mS ;"e&Sif ,m,Dtpd;k &. 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf?
aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifw@kd onf Edik if jH cm;usL;ausmpf u
G zf ufa&; tiftm;rsm;.
axmufyrhH j_ zifh qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if u
H kd qef@usiaf om jynfwiG ;f ppfyu
JG kd vkyu
f ikd af eonfh
wefjyefawmfveS af &; wyfrawmfrsm;udk OD;pD;trde@f ay;cJ=h uonf?
(ESm - 31)
12? u'ufrsm; (zG@J pnf;yH'k rD u
kd &ufygw)D onf k&mS ;jynf&dS t"du"e&Sif ygwo
D nf
vpfb&,frif;rJh "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;. ygwjD zpfonf? 1905 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mvxJwiG f
zG@J pnf;cJo
h nfh twkta,mif'rD u
kd a&pD rsuEf mS zH;k jzifh rdrw
d @kd u,
kd u
f /kd jynfo@l vGwv
f yfa&;
ygw[
D ak c:qd&k if;jzifh u'ufrsm;onf v,form;xkukd olw@kd bufygatmif }udK;pm;cJh
avonf? olw@kd onf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf &kH adS om bk&ifpepfomefjzifh Zmpepfukd xde;f odr;f &ef
}udK;pm;cJo
h nf? wqufwnf;rSmyif u'ufrsm;onf e,fcs@J "e&Siv
f w
l ef;pm;ygwD jzpfchJ
143

ayonf? atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcH+yD;onfhaemufwGif

u'ufrsm;onf qdAk ,
D uforRwEdik if u
H kd qef@usiI
f wefjyefawmfveS af &; vky}f uHrr_ sm;ESihf
ykeu
f efxur_rsm;udk pnf;H;k cJo
h nf?
(ESm - 31)
13? wla'ghADuDonf yxrEdik if aH wmf 'l;rm;v$waf wmf. v,form; tzG@J 0if
wd@k EiS hf 1906 ckEpS f {+yv
D wGif zG@J pnf;xm;onfh "e&Siaf ygupf 'Dru
kd a&pDtpkjzpfonf? xla'gh
ADut
D pkonf 'l;rm; 4 ckpvH;k Y wnf+rcJ o
hJ nf? 1914 - 1918 ckEpS f e,fcs@J urBmppf twGi;f Y
xla'gAh u
D o
D nf a&SmAf if0g'&yfwnfru
_ ,
kd cl +hJ y;D 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D "e&Si'f rD kd ua&pD
awmfveS af &;Y yg0ifcu
hJ m csr;f omv,form;rsm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKI wefjyef
awmfveS af &;ESihf aygi;f cJah vonf?
(ESm - 43)
14? ygw0D ifO;D a&onf 1917 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D awmfveS af &;t+yD;rS 1919 ckEpS f
ESpu
f ek u
f mvydik ;f twGi;f atmufygtwdik ;f ajymif;vJco
hJ nf? 1917 ckEpS f k&mS ; qd&k ,
S f
'Dru
kd &ufavbmygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) . k&mS ;jynfv;kH qdik &f m 7 }udraf jrmufueG zf &ifh ({+yDv)
usi;f ycsed Yf ygw0D if 80000 &So
d nf? 1917 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f rS =o*kwfvxd usif;yaom
k&mS ;qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd &uf avbmygwD 6 }udraf jrmuf uGe*f &ufumvY ygw0D if 240000 &Sd
onf? 1918 ckEpS f rwfvwGif usi;f yaom k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) 7 }udraf jrmuf
uGe*f &ufumvY tenf;qH;k ygw0D if 270000 &S+d yD; 1919 ckEpS f rwfvwGif usi;f yaom
k&mS ;uGejf rLepfygwD (aAmf&ADS pf) 8 }urd af jrmuf uGe*f &ufumvY ygw0D if 313766 &So
d nf?
(ESm - 44)
15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@onf 1905 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh
aom tar&duef tvkyo
f rm;tpnf;tH;k jzpfonf? . v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif rif;rJq
h if'D
u,f t&dyv
f uQ%mrsm;jzpf=uaom ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. Edik if aH &;wdu
k yf JG vdt
k yfru
_ kd
todtrSwrf jyKjcif;/ ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;ygw.
D acgi;f aqmifrt
_ cef;/ t&if;&Sif pepf+zKd cs&ef/
vufeufuikd yf ek u
f efa&; vdt
k yfrE_ iS hf ypPn;f rJt
h m%m&Sipf epftwGuf wdu
k yf q
JG ifrw
_ @kd tm;
jiif;y,fjcif;wd@k ukd txift&Sm;awG@&onf? urBmph ufrt
_ vkyo
f rm;rsm; tzG@J onf tar
&dueftvkyform; or*~toif;csKyftwGif; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&efvnf; jiif;qdkonf?
aemufwiG f *d%
k ;f *%qefaom rif;rJq
h if'u
D ,f tpktjzpfo@kd av#musomG ;um tvkyf
orm;rsm;twGi;f wGif =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&Sad wmhay?
(ESm - 54)
16? tD w vD q d k & S , f v pf y gw
gwD u d k 1892 ck E S p f w G i f tD w vD t vk y f o rm;
ygwt
D rnfjzifh zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; 1893 ckEpS w
f iG f tDwvDq&kd ,
S v
f pfygw[
D k ajymif;vJrn
S ahf c:cJh
onf? k&mS ;jynf atmufwb
kd mawmfveS af &;}uD; +yD;onfah emufwiG f vuf0*J %
kd ;f onf
tiftm;awmifw
h if;vmonf? xd@k jyif 1921 ckEpS f Zefem0g&v
D wGif usi;f yaom vpfAEkd kd
144

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J rm;rsm;onf ygwrD cS x
JG u
G o
f mG ;=uonf? wd@k bmom uGe*f &uf
wckukd usi;f ycJ=h u+yD; tDwvDueG jf rLepfygwu
D kd xlaxmifc=hJ uonf?
(ESm - 70)
17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;;um; jyifopfawmfveS af &;orm; vl0=D o*wfpf bvefuDG
(1805 - 1881 ckEpS )f . aemufvu
kd rf sm; jzpf=uonf? rmhupf v
f eD if0g' pHwifusr;f rsm;u
bvefuu
DG kd xl;c|eaf om awmfveS af &;orm; wa,muftjzpfjzifv
h nf;aumif;/ qd&k ,
S f
vpf0g'udk ouf0if,=kH unfow
l a,muftjzpfjzifv
h nf;aumif; rSw,
f cl &hJ if; wcsed w
f nf;wGif
ol.*dk%f;cGJa&;0g'ESifh vkyf}uHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emrsm;tm; a0zefxm;avonf?
bvefu0DG g'onf vlwef;pm; wdu
k yf u
JG ykd pfy,fonfh oabmw&m;jzpfonf? onf
tcpm;u|eb
f 0rS vlom;wd@k . vGwaf jrmufa&;udk ypPn;f rJv
h w
l ef;pm;. vlwef;pm; wdu
k yf JG
enf;jzifh r[kwb
f J ynmwwftenf;pkuav;. vky}f uaH &;enf;rsm;jzifh &,l&ef ar#mrf eS ;f cJh
onf[k vDeifua&;om;cJo
h nf? (uGe*f &ufe*d ;kH csKyf/ vDeifusr;f aygi;f pH/k k&mS ;bmom
pwkwE ydS jf cif;/ wGJ 10/ ESm - 360)
(ESm - 71)
18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;onf yxrurBmph pfEiS hf 'kw,
d urBmppf ESpcf t
k =um;
wGif wnf&cdS ahJ om urBmt
h zG@J tpnf; wckjzpfonf? 1919 ckEpS w
f iG f urBmppfut
kd Edik &f aom
tiftm;rsm;. yJ&pf+ird ;f csr;f a&;uGezf &ihrf S pwifwnfaxmifco
hJ nf? Edik if aH ygi;f csKyt
f oif;.
oabmwlnrD t
_ csurf sm;rSm 1919 ckEpS f Amaq;pmcsKyt
f &jzpf+y;D 44 Edik if u
H yg0if vufrw
S f
a&;xd;k =uonf? ydnmOft&qdyk gu usL;ausmrf q
_ ef@usiaf &;/ vufeufav#mah ygah &;/
+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vH+k cHKr_cikd rf ma&;wd@k ukd &nf&,
G af omfvnf; vufawG@wiG f usL;ausmrf u
_ kd
tumtuG,jf yK&ef/ vufeuf+yKd iq
f ikd &f ef/ 'kw,
d urBmppf twGuf jyifqif&efom jzpfco
hJ nf?
1920ESihf 1934 twGi;f Ttoif;onf qdAk ,
D uf ,le,
D u
H kd &efjyKcJo
h nf? 1920 ESihf 1921
twGi;f qdAk ,
D ufukd vufeufpu
G zf uf&mY tcsut
f csmwck jzpfco
hJ nf? (ESm - 75)
19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifhonf 1915 ckESpf pufwifbm 5 &ufrS 8 &uftxd
qGpZf mvefjynf Zifrm0JwiG u
f si;f yaom yxrt}urd f Edik if w
H umhq&kd ,
S v
f pf uGezf &ifjh zpf
onf? vDeifu TuGezf &ift
h m; ppfqef@usiaf &; Edik if w
H umhvy_ &f mS ;r_ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;r_.
yxrajcvSr;f [kazmfjycJo
h nf? uD,ifou
J eG zf &ifrh mS 1916 ckEpS f {+yDv 24 rS 30 txd
uD,ifo+J rKd @uav;wGif usi;f yaom 'kw,
d t}urd af jrmuf Edik if w
H umhq&kd ,
S v
f pf uGezf &ifjh zpf
onf? TuGezf &ifrh sm;onf taemufOa&my qd&k ,
S 'f rD u
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_ vuf0*J %
kd ;f om;
rsm; twGuf rmhupf 0f g'vDeif0g'tajccHay:wGif tawG;tac:t& nD!w
G rf u
_ kd &&Sad p onf?
wd@k onf xdEk ikd if rH sm;wGif uGejf rLepfygwrD sm; xlaxmif&;/ wwd,uGejf rLepf tif wm
ae&Sief ,f xlaxmifa&;twGuf wufuaomtcef;rS yg0ifc=hJ uonf?
(ESm - 79)
20? Amaq;pmcsKyfonf yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif csKyfqakd ompmcsKyfjzpfonf?
145

1919 ckEpS f ZGev

f 28 &ufae@wiG f tar&duef/ +Adwo
d #/ jyifopf/ tDwvD/ *syefEiS hf r[m
rdwfEdkifiHrsm;uwzuf/ *smreDuwzuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; jzpfonf? ppfEdkifaom
wdik ;f jynfrsm;u urBm}uD;udck aJG 0,lonfh pmcsKyfjzpfonf? urBmah wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd
ESrd ef if;&ef &nf&,
G af ompmcsKyfjzpfonf?
(ESm - 84)
21? tifweG f (jyifopfpum;t& oabmwlrj_ zpfonf) onf 20 &mpktpydik ;f u
e,fcs@J Eikd if }H uD;rsm; jzpf=uonfh t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ k&mS ;wd@k . r[mrdwt
f zG@J tjzpf 1890
ckEpS /f ESppf wGif *smreDjynfu wnfaxmifco
hJ nfh usL;ausmaf &; 3 Edik if rH [mrdwf (*smreD/
=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&DEiS hf tDwvD) ESihf qef@usib
hf uf r[mrdwt
f jzpf ay:xGuv
f monf?
1904 ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopf 1907 ckEpS w
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147

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l ef;pm;.tvkyf pkH wD;0yf vlxk
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f xd +Adwed u
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148

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D vuf,mjyKjyifa&;*d%
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f rm;rsm; tzG@J wiG f tv,fA[d*k %
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tvkyo
f rm; v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifonf? urBmph ufrt
_ vkyo
f rm;rsm;tzG@J wiG f a&$jynfat;
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hJ nf? olronf atmufwb
kd m qd&k ,
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,ufk&Sm;udk e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;u usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf=ujcif;udk &yfqdkif;&ef ajyma[m
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hJ nf? 1921 ckEpS w
f iG f ygwrD S ygwpD nf;urf; rvdu
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wOD;jzpf+yD; 1910 ckEpS w
f iG f tDwvDq&kd ,
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rif;rJ0h g'ED iS hf eD;pyfonf? 1919 wGif "e&Siyf gvrD efrsm;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef vkyif ef;pOfukd
wifjy+y;D ac:qdak vh&adS om uGejf rLepfoydwo
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udk qef@usi+f yD; vuf0*J %
kd ;f cGaJ &; vkyaf qmifco
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u&ufEiS hf 'kw,
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om; ud,
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149

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150

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