Fisiologi Peredaran Darah

Tahun ajaran 2009-20010

Komponen Sistem Peredaran darah

1. Jantung
2. Pembuluh Darah
3 Sel-sel
3.
Sel sel Darah

y The circulatoryy system

y
keeps
p blood

pumping despite gravitys pull

Muscle contractions help

bl d ttravell uphill
blood
hill iin th
the
veins of a giraffes long
legs
The wriggling of the corn
snake squeezes its veins
and increases circulation

Fungsi SPD
It transports O2 and nutrients to cells
It takes away CO2 and other wastes

Kapiler
p
merupakan
p
bagian
g
SPD yyang
g berhubungan
g langsung
g
g
dengan jaringan tubuh

Capillary

Red
blood
cell

y Keluar masuk substansi dari/ke jaringan yang jauh kapiler dibantu oleh

cairan interstisial

Capillary

INTERSTITIAL
FLUID

Tissue
cell

Diffusion of
molecules

Sistem Peredaran Darah

y Sistem Terbuka

Tubular heart
Pores

Capillary beds

y Sistem tertutup

Arteriole

Artery
(O2-rich blood)

Venule
Vein
Atrium
Gill
capillaries

Artery
Ventricle
(O2-poor blood)

Heart

AMPHIBIANS

REPTILES ((EXCEPT BIRDS))

MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Lung and skin capillaries

Lung capillaries

Lung capillaries

FISHES

Gill capillaries

At
Artery

Pulmocutaneous
P
l
t
circuit

Gill
circulation
Heart:
ventricle (V)
A

Atrium (A)
Systemic
Vein circulation

Systemic capillaries

Right
systemic
aorta

Pulmonary
P
l
circuit

V
Right

V
Left
Right
Systemic
circuit

Systemic capillaries
Figure 42.4

Pulmonary
circuit

Left
Systemic
V aorta
Left
A

Systemic capillaries

A
V
Right

A
V
Left
Systemic
circuit

Systemic capillaries

Superior
vena cava

Capillaries of
H d and
Head
d arms

Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung

Pulmonary
artery
Aorta

Capillaries
of left lung

6
2

3
4

11

Pulmonary
vein

Pulmonary
vein
i
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE

LEFT VENTRICLE

10

Aorta

Inferior
vena cava

SPD Manusia

LEFT ATRIUM

Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
8

Struktur Jantung
Pulmonary
artery

Aorta

Superior
vena cava

Pulmonary
y
artery
LEFT
ATRIUM

RIGHT
ATRIUM

Pulmonary
veins

Pulmonary
veins

Semilunar
valve

Semilunar
valve

Atrioventricular
valve

Atrioventricular
valve

Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT
VENTRICLE

LEFT
VENTRICLE

The cardiac cycle

2 Atrial systole;
ventricular
diastole

Semilunar
valves
closed

0.1 sec

Semilunar
valves
open

0.3 sec
0.4 sec

AV valves
open

1 Atrial and
ventricular
diastole

AV valves
closed
3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole

The control of heart rhythm

1 Pacemaker generates

wave of signals
to contract.

SA node
(pacemaker)

2 Signals are delayed

3 Signals pass

at AV node.

AV node

to heart apex.

4 Signals spread

Throughout
ventricles.

Bundle
branches
Heart
apex

ECG

Figure 42.8

Purkinje
fibers

Ritmisitas Kontraksi-Relaksasi Jantung

y Diastole
y Blood flows from the veins into

the heart chambers

1 Heart is

2 Atria

relaxed.
AV valves
are open.

contract.

Systole
0.1 sec

The atria brieflyy

contract and fill the
ventricles with blood
Then
Th the
th ventricles
ti l
contract and propel
blood out

0.3 sec
0.4 sec

DIASTOLE

SYSTOLE

3 Ventricles
contract.
Semilunar
valves
are open.
p

 Heart valves prevent backflow

Cardiac
C di output
t t
The amount of blood pumped into the aorta by
th lleft
the
ft ventricle
t i l per minute
i t

Blood pressure depends on

cardiac output
cardiac
resistance of vessels

The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

y The SA node (pacemaker) generates electrical signals that trigger the

contraction of the atria

y The AV node then relays these signals to the ventricles

Pacemaker
(SA node)

Specialized
muscle
l fibers
fib

AV node

Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
1

ECG

Blood pressure

1 A typical blood pressure reading for a 20-year-old

is 120/70. The units for these numbers are mm of
mercury (Hg); a blood pressure of 120 is a force that
can support a column of mercury 120 mm high.

4 The cuff is loosened further until the blood flows freely

through the artery and the sounds below the cuff
disappear. The pressure at this point is the diastolic
pressure remaining in the artery when the heart is relaxed.
Blood pressure
reading: 120/70

Pressure
in cuff
above 120
Rubber cuff
inflated
with air

120

Pressure
in cuff
below 120

Pressure
in cuff
below 70

120
70

Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed
2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery.
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery.

Figure 42.12

3 A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow

below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse
below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood
begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood
pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with
the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure
is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The
pressure at this point is the systolic pressure.

Sounds
stop

Measuring blood pressure can reveal

cardiovascular problems
p
y Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures

Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be
measured)

Pressure
in cuff
above
120

Rubber
cuff
inflated
with air

Artery

Pressure
in cuff
below
120

Sounds
S
d
audible in
stethoscope

Artery
closed

Pressure
in cuff
below 80

Sounds
stop

Epithelium

Valve

Basement
membrane

Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
CAPILLARY
Connective
tissue

Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue

ARTERY

VEIN

VENULE
ARTERIOLE

y Pressure is highest
g
in

Systolic
y
pressure

the arteries
Diastolic
pressure

It drops to
zero by the
time the
blood
reaches the
veins

Relative sizes and

numbers
of blood
vessels

y Three factors keep blood moving back to the heart

muscle contractions
breathing
one-wayy valves

Direction of
blood flow
in vein

Valve (closed)

Valve (open)
Skeletal muscle

y Hypertension is persistent systolic pressure higher than 140 mm Hg

and/or diastolic pressure higher than 90 mm Hg

It is a serious cardiovascular problem

e.g Heart Attack

What is a heart attack ?

y A heart attack is damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the

heart is blocked

Aorta

Right
coronary
artery

Left
L
ft
coronary
artery

Blockage

Dead muscle tissue

y Blood vessel blockage is usually due to blood clots

y (see case of heart disease)

Connective
tissue

Smooth
muscle

Epithelium

Plaque

Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood

y Muscular constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters

controls the flow through

g capillaries
p

Precapillary sphincters

Thoroughfare
channel

Arteriole

Thoroughfare
channel

Venule

Venule

Arteriole

Capillaries

1 Sphincters relaxed

2 Sphincters contracted

y The transfer of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid can

occur by

leakage
g through
g clefts in the capillary
p
y walls
diffusion through the wall
blood pressure
osmotic pressure

Tissue cells
Osmotic
pressure

Arterial
end of
capillary
ill
Blood
pressure

INTERSTITIAL
FLUID

NET PRESSURE
OUT

Osmotic
pressure

Blood
pressure

NET PRESSURE
IN

Venous
end of
ill
capillary

Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT

MAJOR FUNCTIONS

Water

Solvent for
carrying other
substances

Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability

CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%

CELL TYPE

NUMBER

Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)

56 million

Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,00010,000
,
,

Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
((antibodies))

Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity

Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity

Lymphocyte

Basophil
Eosinophil

Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones

FUNCTIONS

(per mm3 of blood)

Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets

250,000
400 000
400,000

Blood clotting

y White blood cells function both

inside and outside the circulatory

system
y
y They fight infections and
cancer
Basophil

Red blood cells contain

hemoglobin
g
Hemoglobin enables the
transport of O2

Eosinophil

Monocyte

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

y When a blood vessel is

damaged platelets respond

damaged,
y They help trigger the formation

of an insoluble fibrin clot that

plugs the leak

1 Injury to lining of blood

2 Platelet plug forms

3 Fibrin clot traps

vessel exposes connective

tissue; platelets adhere

blood cells

Connective
tissue
Platelet releases chemicals
that make nearby platelets sticky

Platelet
plug

Clotting
g factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells

Calcium and
other factors
in blood plasma

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

y All blood cells develop from stem

cells in bone marrow

y Such cells may prove valuable for

treating certain blood disorders

Peran Darah sebagai Immun system