Theory ka kukahulumeni

Ukukalwa
KUSUKELA

Fechner
BY UKUZE
THE

Royal Saxon Society of Sciences

IKHISHWA
KUSUKELA

GOTTL.FIEDR.LIPPS

Leipzig
Sokushicilela indlu ka Wilhelm Engelmann 1897th

Okuqukethwe
Ingxenye One

Izitatimende olwandulelayo
Isandulela
I. Isingeniso. 1, 2
II. Uhlolojikelele owandulelayo amaphuzu abalulekile kakhulu,
ezisetshenziswa luhlolo a into collective zibe ukucabangela, futhi amagama
ahlobene. 3-11
III. Sibutsetelo owandulelayo indaba isampula nokuningi ababecabanga
jikelele. 12
. IV zasesiteji; Ukukhubazeka. 13-23
V. Law of ngeziphambeko Gaussian okungahleliwe (iphutha observation)
kanye nokuthatha izinto ngokuvamile yayo. 24-37

VI. Isici izinto collective obizwa ukuzimisela kwabo noma izingcezu.

Elements. 38-46
Ukwelashwa zezibalo lezinto collective
VII. Ukusatshalaliswa panel Primary. 47-52
VIII. Ukwehla ukusatshalaliswa panel. 33- 67
IX. Ukunqunywa A, A ,, a ', m, m', ,, '. 68-75.
X. Compilation kanye uxhumano izici main of the amagugu ezintathu main A, C,
D: eminye R, T, F. 76-86
XI. Inani densest D. 87-92

The asymmetry lezinto collective.

XII. Izizathu ukuthi asymmetry enkulu ngeziphambeko ngenhlonipho izibalo
asho kanye nokusabalalisa quin sokusebenza Act mayelana abaseduze
value D ngaphakathi okushiwo umthetho generalized Gaussian (Isahluko V)
icala jikelele. 93-95
XIII. Ratios Mathematical of the elibona nxazonke asymmetry ebalulekile futhi
non-kubalulekile. 96
XIV. Formulas for the asho ukubaluleka cishe kuncike luyingxenye
okungahleliwe asymmetry umehluko u. 97-101
XV. Amathuba umphako engaphansi luyingxenye okungahleliwe asymmetry
umehluko u Imiphumela kusukela maphakathi weqiniso. 102-111
XVI. Amathuba umphako engaphansi luyingxenye okungahleliwe asymmetry
umehluko v Imiphumela kusukela izindlela ezingafanele. 112-117

Imithetho ukusatshalaliswa lezinto collective by izibalo isimiso.

XVII. The elula umthetho Gaussian amabili emaceleni. 118 kuya 122
XVIII. The sum komthetho kanye Supplementarverfahren. 123-128
XIX. Imithetho asymmetry. 129-136
XX. Imithetho extreme. 137-142

The logarithmic ukusatshalaliswa umthetho.

XXI. Ukwelashwa logarithmic lezinto collective. 143 kuya 146

XXII. Ukwelashwa Ibuthelelo ratios phakathi izilinganiso. Ratios Mean. 147151
Isahluko Isithasiselo.
XXIII. Ukweyama ratios. 152-155

Ingxenye Two.
Uphenyo Special.
XXIV. Mayelana umongo kwendawo kanye yesikhashana, ukwehluka usayizi
bavume ukubuthwa. 136-163
XXV. Uhlaka kanye asymmetry of rye. 164-169
XXVI. The izilinganiso imidwebo gallery. 170-175
XXVII. Izinto Collective kusukela emkhakheni meteorology. 176-179
XXVIII. The asymmetry imigqa iphutha. 180-182
Isijobelelo. The t-table. 183

Isandulela.

Vorliegendes factory uye iminyaka eminingi owadalwa kimi, eqoqwe impahla

kanye ukuqhubeka kule kwenaba efanayo, kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile iphazanyiswe
ezinye emsebenzini, wabeka ngempela eceleni isikhathi eside futhi ubambezele
kanjalo kude kwaqedwa umsebenzi. Ukulibala kwakhe isikhathi eside, ningathandi
kube ngcono at age yami, lapho umsebenzi avele ngaso sonke; Ngiphinde alinge
ukusho ukuthi kungaba ekugcineni alinge emva ngokuphindaphindiwe ezayo emuva
avele, hhayi njengoba umsebenzi ephelele, kodwa njengoba base ukwanda
olwengeziwe izimfundiso baphathwa lapha. Ezithile isahluko ezethula okulandelayo
ukhuluma out mayelana umsebenzi yokufundisa; futhi kanjalo bangase bakuthole
endaweni lapha mayelana kuphela amazwi jikelele ezilandelayo.
With the gama elisha imfundiso kwenzeka ngaphansi kwayo lapha, ngibanika it
hhayi njengoba imfundiso entsha lonke; kuphela ukuthi izinga ekhona yentuthuko
ungakabi basikisela isidingo, baze wamisa ngaphansi kwegama ekhethekile
ngokwalo. Nomaphi isayensi onguchwepheshe yebo ngendlela yentuthuko yabo futhi
okhulayo izimfuno, ngakhoke, abahlukanise amagama ezindaweni

ezihlukahlukene. Well cishe ezivamile, befaneleka, ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kunazo

lokho kwaba samanje sifundisa kude kangaka, ngo Quetelet sika "Lettres sur la
thorie of probabilits" (1846) kanye zakhe "Imizimba sociale." Be wathola (1869),
futhi uma ufuna, unga kuye njengoba uyise kukahulumeni, njengoba Weber ukubona
e EH psychophysics; kodwa uyokwazi ukukholisa ekumxosheni lo msebenzi, ukuthi
isikhathi esiningi kwakuseza ezedlula hhayi kuphela kakhulu wanda, kodwa futhi
ukulungiswa phezu kwakhe.
Kulokhu engingayenza njengesithunywa isitshalo main kolunye uhlangothi, ka
ngaphandle Hauptwur-zel emhlabeni uphenyo okulandelayo esandleni okuphambene
nokulawula ukukhuluma zezibalo kanye probation enokwehla isiphetho of Gauss
yomthetho ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe ugomela ngalokho nokukhawulela
yalo okungenzeka ziyalingana futhi ngokulingana nobuncane of ngeziphambeko
mutual siyasuswa kusho izibalo, futhi zenzeka ubudlelwano zomthetho ngaphambili
ayaziwa, lowo ebaluleke kakhulu uthola ihlanganiswa lama-33 Empeleni, umlamuli
ezivamile kunayo yonke iza kukahulumeni ukuba nobudlelwano ulimi kule nje
okungaqondile inikezwe ngokulinganayo, njengoba emithethweni okulula Gauss
Regulator of bonke ngobuciko amalungiselelo ngokomzimba yezinkanyezi, futhi
kulindeleke uqobo namanje cela uma hhayi isimiso, futhi lapha lengatsandzeka
umthetho more jikelele, lokho akufanele uvumele amazwi abayinakanga in . 8
Ukuze ukuthi ngezinga elingakanani kukahulumeni esekelwe elibona nxazonke
Beobachtung- futhi accounting ebuhlotsheni mutual, kungase kube losizo izimfundiso
ngqo.Izimfundiso, ngubani banelungelo lelo gama, kodwa ushiye ngaso sonke
ezingeni ehlukene kakhulu ezokuphepha imiphumela yabo. Ngesikhathi ikhanda
kukhona Mechanics, kuyisayensi yezinkanyezi, yezemvelo; physiology kungenxa
ubunzima lapho ilwa nezinkinga zempilo futhi variability izakhiwo zalo, kude
ngemuva; okunye, ngoba ubunzima nakakhulu kule ndaba, psychophysics. The
kukahulumeni amasheya nobunzima obunjalo, ngaphandle kokuba kuncike izinkinga
ezifanayo eziyisisekelo njengoba psychophysics, lokhu linikeza eyengeziwe
nesithakazelo practical, kodwa bakude kunabaphostoli nesithakazelo kuye
zefilosofi. Kodwa akukho ukushoda futhi kukahulumeni lonke ngaleyo njengoba nje
engenayo kuwo kwakuwukuthi chance kuza ngaphansi more imithetho jikelele lapha
endaweni futhi ngendlela inzuzo, okuye kungabi kude kangaka kube wokubuka
akuphumelelanga.
Ngokuphathelene shape kanye nosayizi izinguqulo eziningi kangaka ngeke
kucatshangelwe ukuthi umsebenzi akuhloselwe kokubili zezibalo professional, lapho
iza lapha ukucabangela amaphuzu ayisisekelo ujwayelene kakade, njengoba labo
abangamalungu ukwenza siphawule nokusebenzisa imfundiso kuyinto, ngaphandle
kokuba kakade ifa lwazi.
Lapha Landelayo Ngithanda ukukhuthaza wemfundiso yethu namanje eqondisa
isicelo computer uchwepheshe. In the amatafula ajwayelekile, okuyinto ngokuvamile
Gaussian ematfuba ebalulekile ngeziphambeko okungahleliwe kusukela kusho
(iphutha observation) kuka

uzwakalise amele impikiswano t nje ugijime kuze ezindaweni ezimbili

zamadesimali, lapho kufanele enze for the awasetshenziswa, izazi sesayensi yemvelo
futhi izazi zezinkanyezi ezanele by kokubonisana interpolation ngomehluko lokuqala
nelesibili; kodwa ngoba ukusetshenziswa ebanzi kude, okuyinto ukwenza
kukahulumeni we mali efanayo uma ukunciphisa izikweletu eziningi okumelwe
igcinwe esebenzisa logarithms, niphikisana inombolo, ngoba lapho logarithms
bangabanye kuphela Izinombolo ezimbili noma ezintathu nasemalungiselelweni
wesikhashana engakwenza ukuze kube kuphela interpolation. Ngakho kungaba
ezifiselekayo uma izithakazelo wemfundiso yethu, okungukuthi, ngenhlanhla,
ekhungethe indlela psychophysical premisses lesifanele kanye angalungile
esungulwe, amatafula, okungawo t decimals okungenani ezine ukugijima
kuyinto 1) ukuze ngigodle interpolations ube lula okuyingxenye, futhi noma kunjalo
Ngaze ngaphuthelwa labo amatafula uma ekukhipheni lo msebenzi
okubuhlungu. Yiqiniso, ubukhulu amatafula uyobe ukhule, kodwa inzuzo
babebonakala sikhule ubudlelwano uqina nabo. Futhi kufanele khona isikhungo
yezinkanyezi noma izibalo, esesikhundleni ukulahla mechanical ukubala amabutho,
lapho kwakufanele athathe into! Futhi kungaba cishe amanani gqoka umsebenzi.
1)

A okufushane yale itafula ezintathu decimals of t, kanye Ukubeka ukubaluleka

ebalulekile ezine sabela kungakavalwa. decimals ezinhlanu, kungatholakala the 183rd
isithasiselo

I. Isingeniso.
1. Ngaphansi subject collective (K.-G. iDemo) Ngiyaqonda a subject lapho,
amakhophi siqukethe inombolo nanini, obuhlukahlukene ngezikhathi, aphethwe
ndawonye yi-a zinhlobo noma yigama elididiyelayo.
Ngakho indoda yakha subject collective ngomqondo obanzi, indoda kezinye,
yobudala ethile futhi uhlanga ezithile ngomqondo esiqinile, futhi ngempela yini enye
nenkundla K.-G.kungenzeka ngokuthi, emva ukunwetshwa uhlobo lwe noma
Artbegriffs, ngaphansi lapho kwenzeka, izoshintsha.
The amakhophi K.-G. kungaba spatially noma temporally ehlukene kanye
kwalokho a K.-G. kwendawo noma yesikhashana ifomu. Ngakho, lo ukubuthela
ezweni noma ezindlebeni cornfield njengoba amakhophi K.-G. kwendawo .
Isicelo Zinjalo (isilinganiso) lokushisa 1st of January, walandela indawo
ngokusebenzisa inombolo iminyaka, namakhophi amaningi a yesikhashana K.-G ..
Kunalokho, January 1, unga zonke ezinye yokugubha, esikhundleni ngosuku oluthile
eyodwa unikwa inyanga, esikhundleni lokushisa ukuba barometric ingcindezi setting,
njll futhi ngaleyo ndlela amakhophi njengoba abaningi temporal K.-G. thola.
Anthropology, kwezilwane, ezesayensi yezitshalo nokunakekelwa ezake okuningi
K.-G. ukwenza ngoba angeke kube isici zezinhlobo ngabanye, kodwa kuphela

yokuthi isethi okufanayo walelo. kusuka lokhu noma lokhuya mbono kufingqwe
njengoba uhlobo lwe noma zinhlobo ububanzi elikhulu noma elincane The
meteorology inikeza emva nje ekhonjiwe izibonelo non-ngezikhathi sezulu
izenzakalo zabo ngezibonelo eziningi kuleli qembu; futhi ngisho kule nobuciko
angakhuluma ezincwadini, inqobo, amakhadi ebhizinisini ngezansi.
The amakhophi K.-G. Manje on the high uhlangothi, ngakolunye uhlangothi
quantitatively di ngokusho ukukala kanye nenombolo, kunqunywa, futhi kuphela
ukuzimisela wesibili in the kukahulumeni. A K.-G. akwenzayo, eqinisweni, mayelana
ukuzimisela ayo ambalwa, izimangalo efanayo into eyodwa; (nakuba kuphela
abanye) ihlonipha izingxenye ngazinye into ngokusebenzisa amakhophi K.-G. ukuthi
kuphela kwezinye ivezwa. . Kusebenza kube isib athole ezweni elinikeziwe,
kuphakama umbuzo: big kanjani ukubuthela phakathi, indlela kabanzi izilinganiso
ezahlukene izindlela zabo, kukhona omkhulu kunayo kanye kulencane kanjani,
ukuziphatha ngezinga ukubuthela ngaphansi kwalabo amalungiselelo e vintages
ezehlukene, njengoba emazweni amaningana bodwa. Le mibuzo neminye ehlobene,
kamuva ngaphansi imibuzo nokucabangela kungaba K.-G.
ngamunye ukukhulisa; nokuthi into kwendawo unezitho distinguishable eziningana
futhi ubukhulu, bangaba ukulesi izingxenye nobukhulu balezi ikakhulukazi pose,
futhi lezi bakha K.-G. ekhethekile aphathe, ngakho skull, ubuchopho, izandla,
izinyawo umuntu, ukuphakama, isisindo, umthamo wonke umuntu noma izingxenye
inikezwe yomuntu; kodwa futhi ubudlelwane ambalwa ngeke angene umbuzo,
ezifana azithathe uma kuqhathaniswa abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene, i ratios
ukuphakama ngokwesilinganiso, ububanzi, nobude skull isithakazelo esikhethekile
ukuqedela.
2. Cishe yonke le mibuzo ngamunye kodwa kuphakamisa jikelele more,
ebaluleke kunazo, ukuze ngalo isinyathelo ngaso sonke kule mfundiso futhi ngendlela
efanele senze ngezansi, umbuzo umthetho, njengoba amakhophi K.-G. basakaza
ngesilinganiso nenombolo. Ngaphansi ephepheni kodwa ukusatshalaliswa
ukuzimisela ukuqonda ukuthi inani amakhophi a K.-G. inikezwe Izinguquko
Ngokuvumelana nobukhulu bazo. Isikhathi ngasinye, ekhona inombolo enkulu
amakhophi K.-G. kubika phakathi zezinhlobo kwencani futhi ngobukhulu, Extreme
short, lo eziyivelakancane, ngokuvamile lezo usayizi ethile isilinganiso. Kodwa
akukho jikelele, kuzo zonke noma okungenani K.-G. kakhulu Umthetho osebenzayo
we inverse inani amakhophi usayizi? Empeleni, linjalo ake up, futhi uhambe into
uthishanhloko okulandelayo ukufuna yayo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, Yebo, omunye ongangabaza ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuhlukahluka
K.-G. ongavamile zomthetho ukusatshalaliswa ratios esiqinisekayo ukuthola
endaweni ethile yomphakathi ngaso sonke. Khonamanjalo, ngokuqondene
imigomo K.-G. ezifana okuhlukahlukene by Random amakhophi khona, thola ngabe
yikuphi imithetho jikelele ematfuba ithuba - futhi zonke sezibalo uyazi ukuthi
kukhona labo - on isicelo. Empeleni, lo ratios ukusatshalaliswa kwe-ngeke K.G. ngokuvamile ubuswa Nokho, ezifana, imithetho efanayo ematfuba kanye
Mabestimmungen ngokomzimba futhi yezinkanyezi nje ohambisana ukulondeka
izimali izilinganiso etholwe kushiwo ngalokhu lapha ukudlala isimo ehlukene

kakhulu futhi kakhulu zincane kunalokho in the Malehre of Nokho, K.-G .. Kulesi
inhlonipho, okungahleliwe ngaphansi ezithile ahlukahlukene K.-G. ezahlukene,
udlala izimo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kungaba, yibo bonke izehlakalo
ngokusebenzisa lapho ezehlukene K.-G. zihlukaniswa isici, kungaba elisuselwa
ukusatshalaliswa ratios yabo constants.Laba yibo, lapho ukuzimisela kwalo uhlezi
ngokumelene nomunye; futhi lokhu kusebenza kulo ukuze afune mayelana
nemithetho jikelele ematfuba. Manje esethathe mayelana nalokhu bekulokhu kusho
izibalo zezinhlobo in esweni nokukhuthala ekuzimiseleni kwakhe ngesikhathi
ezahlukene K.-G. waphenduka, futhi futhi kungenzeka, kuyaqabukela
uyakucabangela ukweqisa, kuphambuka isilinganiso kusukela kusho. Kodwa
ukubaluleka kwalezi zici ekunqumeni, futhi iyohlale, kodwa kuze kube manje ziye
kubhekwe kakhulu eyodwa emaceleni, kanti abanye, isimiso akukho kangako, lokhu
ngokuvamile indiva.
In kangaka njengoba nokwelashwa K.-G. emva sonke we ubuhlobo odlule
kungaphansi ngaso sonke amaphuzu ezinye umbono kanye nezinye specialisation
ithwala kuka nezindlela ngokomzimba futhi yezinkanyezi e ukucabangela woza, lo
Malehre the K.-G., noma ake sithi kafushane kukahulumeni, njengoba imfundiso
hlobo ikakhulukazi esungulwe futhi ziphathwe kube, futhi lokhu kuzoba yilezi:
umsebenzi.
Ngokuqondene esibheka K.-G. umqondo ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe
amakhophi wathola, omunye engakwazi ukulindela ufuna incazelo randomness kanye
nesitatimende essence yayo. Lo mzamo ukunikeza enjalo kusukela kucatshangwe
yefilosofi, kodwa izithelo for the next examination bit. Kufanele eyokwazi kubonise,
ngesizathu ezilandelayo ukusetha, iphuzu okuyiqiniso negative ngaphezu uhlamvu
elihle lapha. Phakathi ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe zezinhlobo Ngiyaqonda
elilodwa engamemeza njengoba a the ubudlelwano usayizi phakathi kwabo ubuye
esizimele a okuqhubekayo sokubheka nangobudlova, elawula umthetho
wemvelo. Mag ngandlela-thile on the zoMthetho izihloko abe share, kodwa kuphela
izinguquko kuqhathaniswa ozimele ngezikhathi. Kodwa, It zingaba kunqunywa
akukho mthetho yengozi, lokhu noma ukuthi ikhophi eyodwa enkulu kangakanani,
lapho yosayizi eziningi uzokuphatha uyigcine nalesi noma ukuthi degree of ematfuba.
Lokhu akusho ukuphika ukuthi akukho ithuba ngezici kakhulu jikelele ubukhulu
ikhophi ngayinye zingase zibhekwe ngempela njengoba kunqume imithetho ekhona
bemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo ekhona. Kodwa ingabe thina ukhuluma isikhathi eside
kangaka
lapho senza linyukele a bheke zoMthetho ngabanye anjalo
Contribuu ngengozi
a millorar la traducci
regularities jikelele, noma ukuphetha kusukela amaqiniso atholakalayo bakwazi
kukhona. Mayelana nalokhu, kuba icala, ukulalela ngozi, futhi ulalela nokusebenza
kwemithetho vorzufhrenden lapha noma kuphazamisekile.

Text original

II. Uhlolojikelele owandulelayo amaphuzu abalulekile

kakhulu, okuyinto uphenyo K.-G. angene ukucabangela, futhi
lihlobene namagama.
3. ukuhlanganisa ezilandelayo ukukhonza, ngezinga kanye nohlobo
lwamathekisthi izifundo, nobani kumele sokuzikhathaza folgends ukuvumela ezithile
ukunganakwa, futhi eMpumalanga ngokwabo phezu kakhulu isidingo ukuqeda
abizwa sikulindele e uxhumano; ingxoxo eningiliziwe ngala maphuzu, kodwa uhlala
izahluko ezilandelayo agodliwe.
In the Ukuze okungahleliwe lapho amakhophi a K.-G. Londolozani enze, futhi
ekuhlaziyeni izimo ingase ibe inzuzo efanayo ngobukhulu futhi nenombolo, hhayi
processing methodical ngabe okufanayo kube kungenzeka uma yabo, ngokuvamile
kanye a izilinganiso ukuba ekhethwe oda efanayo okungahleliwe lapho basuke
wathola futhi wayefuna okuthiwa uhlu original obon, washiya. Ngakho ukuhlela
ngokuyinhloko yobukhulu bawo ngakho wahlela etafuleni, okuthiwa-.
Ukusatshalaliswa panel ukwenza. Ingabe wena manje zingekho izinombolo ezinkulu
zamakhophi into, bese ngamunye A noma kodwa iningi a avele once kuphela itafula,
futhi ubukhulu amabanga phakathi ngokulandelana kube aushintsho
okungajwayelekile kakhulu; amaningi izinto ethuthukisayo kodwa, okukhona zazo
amakhophi amaningi njengoba benjalo ngenxa okulandelayo ikakhulu embonweni
kube, uma kungewona wonke, kodwa eziningi noma iningi a, ayozala esikalini futhi
balinganisela, ucishe okuphindaphindiwe kwenzeke bese okuhloswe ngaso ibhodi

ukusatshalaliswa ukuze, ngo ikholomu ye a ngayinye a weqiniso once uhlu, kodwa

ingosi esihambisana z, inombolo z ibonisa kwenzeka kaningi
kangakanani. Ingqikithi A, okusho ukungena panel distribution, ilungelo Yebo
ngemali z, okuyinto etholakala ngokungeza up lonke z equkethe panel, bavuma
futhi kimi kanye m ngokulandelana.
Ukusungulwa kwephaneli onjena ukusho kanjalo, isinyathelo sokuqala wena
ngenkathi sicubungula K.-G. eziningi othuthukayo kuphathelene ohlwini wakuqala.
Isinyathelo sesibili yilo: ukuthi, kanye A uzimisele oqokiwe, kusho izibalo
nezilinganiso ngabanye kanye ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi isibalo esinjalo Yebo
ne ezahlukene Aumentshisi.
Ngenxa yale njongo, kodwa ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yekucala umehluko
esikhundleni A ezinye amagugu futhi eziningi ukuthi kungenziwa etholakala nge
bokunemba kusukela panel ukusatshalaliswa, ukukhonza; futhi omunye choice
mayelana nalokhu beze ubudlelwano obusha ekukhanyeni, sikhulume umlomo wabo
kamuva. General Manje Ngibiza amagugu okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni
ubudlelwane ezifana amagugu starting of the ngeziphambeko, amagugu main futhi
libhekisela it H, okuyinto Kanjalo A kuphela icala ekhethekile, kabani ngokuvamile
bekulokhu ekwelapheni K.-G. uye zivalelwe yedwa, kodwa kokuvinjelwa
ngokungadingekile the kukahulumeni ithwala, kuba ziyaphuma kanjani kalula
ngokucwaninga kamuva elandelayo. General Ngibiza ngeziphambeko, okuyiqembu
amagugu main bangase futhi zenziwe enemibandela on ngeziphambeko collective.
4. Kalula manje uyaqiniseka singabeqiniso izimo ezilandelayo. An
amakhudlwana m in the panel nokusatshalaliswa K.-G. iza, kanjalo ejwayelekile
ukwedlulela a ohambelana z,kube kanti ezithile more ukuba abhekane out
ezingokomthetho, esinawo ukukhuluma. Icala ekahle kungaba ukuthi abe
akupheli m kuzodingeka, lapho une inkambo njalo kakhuluenjalo kuzodingeka ukuba
kulindeleke futhi ukugcwaliseka okunembile kakhulu regularities efanele, okuyilona
elisebenzayo futhi ubudlelwano ekahle futhi regularities, njengoba kuyonika i panel
ekahle futhi enokwehla lapho akhona ziwukulinganisela ucishe enkulu nalokho,
kufanele ahlukaniswe.
Yonke imithetho ematfuba ithuba ngaso sonke, futhi imithetho nokusakazwa
kwezincwadi K.-G. yilawo enifana ukuthi ukuhambisana wabo ezithile more kufanele
kulindeleke nenani sikhula amacala babhekisela, kodwa kungathi semthethweni
ekahle ifa kuphela mcimbi inombolo okungenamkhawulo amacala, okuyinto
alikhulumi ngakususi ukuthi kakade ngesikhathi inombolo empirically kahle ukuba
sithenge amacala, isiqinisekiso imithetho umbuzo okwenzeka approximation
close. Kulesi inhlonipho manje ngasiphi rate, empeleni kuphela K.-G. ihlobene
kusuka eziningi ezilinganiselwe ye zezinhlobo lamele linani efanayo amacala; I
ubheke ukuhluka letentiwako ngenxa finiteness of the number of amakhophi izidingo
zomthetho ekahle, njengoba engabalulekile, futhi kuze kube manje njengoba ziya
nandaba ekufezeni enye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, okubangelwa izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, kuyilapho mina, ngokuba isimo an akupheli Inani lamacala,
icala lethu zinhlobo, umbandela njengoba ucingo abalulekile noma evamile. Isici

jikelele immateriality a lungiselelo ukuthi ubalekela wonke lowo more ikakhulu

eziningi, ngokulandelana. Amakhophi, ngokuhambisana nemibandela lapho umqondo
K.-G. anqume anda kangangokuba omunye kuthathwa, bona nginyamalale
ngokuphelele ngesikhathi isibalo esingapheliyo amacala; okuyinto ukuhlola imithetho
kuleli cala ngaso sonke eziningi kuphela ezihlukahlukene izinto ezifanele.
Ngisho nge encane m kodwa umuntu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa ilungiselelo
efakazela iqiniso ukuthi ukuphinda ukuzimisela okufanayo kancane m ngobukhulu
futhi isiqondiso izinguquko ukuzimisela unomphela kusukela ekutholeni amakhophi
esisha into efanayo, kanti essentiality okufanayo phakathi seningi bayokhuluma
othile usayizi Chile kanye isiqondiso esicacile out of the efanayo ukuze uhlinzeke
ezihleliwe, elikhulu inani ezinikezwa futhi m ngamunye uhlukile.
Sikhuluma distribution ziyalingana of amagugu for a inikezwe uthishanhloko
value H, uma ikhona ukuphambuka of a positive-kusukela H ukuphambuka
ngokulinganayo enkulu negative lomunye A of H oluhambisana, ukuze eqinile
ngokufanayo nhlangothi zombili H zichezuke a salingana for okuqondene , In a K.G. of a inombolo ezilinganiselwe amakhophi ungakwazi ngenxa zenzakalo
olungenakuqhathaniswa akazange alindele, maqondana nanoma iyiphi value enkulu
ukuthola distribution lesinesitfombe-sibuko ngokugcwele, futhi Yebo, distribution
ziyalingana ngenhlonipho eziningana amagugu main ungakabi khona; kodwa kuba
isihloko esibalulekile uphenyo, ukuthi akakwazi ukuthola value enkulu maqondana
lapho ekusakazeni more osondela ziyalingana, lowo kulapho m of K.-G. anda,
ngendlela at okungenamkhawulo m kungase embonweni distribution ziyalingana
ngempela njengoba kufinyelelwa, lapho icala wena, njengoba i
elingapheli m akuyona ukuba, kodwa angakhuluma ematfuba izinhlangothi zazo
ziyalingana Deviation.
5. Kodwa ngisho noma izwe ngaphandle ezicini odlule zingahlukaniswa i ekahle
ukusatshalaliswa panel of an imiphumela enokwehla futhi kuncike ekahle futhi
enokwehla. Ukuze kukalwa, amakhophi abakwazi ukuya ngaphezu kokulinganisa
ezithile yokunemba bayothwala Ukwahlukaniswa esikalini futhi balinganisela
phakathi. One can, ngoba. Isibonelo, ngisho angu, ngisho eshumini a angu, ngisho
kwangu hundredths kodwa hhayi ukuhlukanisa ngaphesheya. Kulabo zingafani
kwangu kuphela, flow zonke izinyathelo ngabanye ukuthi amanga ngaphakathi
kwemingcele a angu, indistinguishably ndawonye, futhi libhekisela
wonke for amakhophi ukuthi empeleni basakaza emhlabeni wonke isikhawu 1 mm,
ukuze a single value a esakha maphakathi kwale kweminyaka. Yiba
ngokuvamile i umehluko namanje liyabonakala idigri, ukuze uzwe
ukuthi for yonke A the panel enokwehla eqinisweni lonke sokuphumula
ubukhulu i phakathi a - 1/2 i and a + 1/2 i phezu, kanti kuba by the panel enokwehla
kanjalo kungafaki futhi alulame yalo ngokuvamile ukuze sakhiwa, sengathi kuwo
ewa ukukala a self-z izikhathi vorkme. Ngo an ekahle, okusho okuqhubekayo kuze
umkhawulo ngokunemba nesilinganiso kanye ukulinganisa kodwa ngabe i wehlele i
value kuncane1) ukuthi zihlukaniswa a ebhodini nokuzala lapha yabo z kodwa
sihlehlele ngendlela efanele; ngalokhu zihluka panel ekahle kusukela enokwehla.

1)

An value engachazeki encane lapha esengamele ngomqondo-calculus, kodwa

hhayi kudidaniswe zero, kodwa, nakuba lehla njalo ngaphansi yimuphi usayizi
Citable nobukhulu bayo ngokuphelele by kusifundisa, kodwa mthethosivivinywa
kodwa ngokuphenya ngobudlelwano bakhe nabanye amagugu kuncane enqunywe.
Where manje enokwehla i lilincane kakhulu, imiphumela panel enokwehla
ziyahluka ezihlobana ngayo ubukhulu kanye olinganise amagugu main derivable
therefrom futhi main umehluko amagugu, hhayi kakhulu azisafani ekahle; kodwa
umehluko ngokuvamile ukuze kubhekwe futhi kamuva uyokuthola ucabangela lapho
engena ukucabangela eziphawulekayo.Imithetho enokwehla nemibandela kuwo
isikhathi akubhekwa kunesidingo, kodwa kuthathwa sengathi
ngempela ngoba yonke a lokhu a zukme kakhulu, Ngibiza eluhlaza, labo lapho
ngangokunokwenzeka inake ebukhali.
6. Kunoma ikuphi, manje wena nokuba senyukele kusukela imiphumela
enokwehla of panel ekahle yohlu ekahle, ngalokhu insubstantial ukuba kakhulu,
kusukela eluhlaza ukuba ebukhali ngifuna, kuhlanganise njengoba processing
abafanele distribution amabhodi kungokwalabo.
Kulokhu, umehluko phakathi panel aphansi futhi enciphile ukwenza. Phakathi
panel primary ngiyaqonda ezifana etholakala ngokushesha ngomyalo izilinganiso
ohlwini original kanye ngalokhu okufanayo isipiliyoni Data kanje, kodwa nje wayala,
abakhona. Izimpawu Ukwehla igama lami labo lapho z for emikhulu Maintervalle,
ababonakali ngezikhundla njengoba in the panel primary, futhi nakuba efingqiwe for
the ilingane kulo lonke panel, lo z kodwa lezi ngezikhathi emikhulu phakathi kwalo,
zigoqela a, banikwe ezibhaliwe , kanye izinzuzo, kanjalo inkambo more
njalo enjalo ukuthola the panel kanye base ekahle izibalo, uma kungenjalo
ngaphandle ezingqubuzana nemibi ngenxa kweNdikimba i ,. ngemva kwalokho ubuye
kamuva Olungenayo obizwa adayiswa kusukela ngendlela ukulungiselela kanye
olinganise panel aphansi futhi yehlise eZahlukweni VII and VIII, benethuba
zokunciphisa izigaba ezahlukene kanye nokunciphisa zamatshe ulimi kuza.
7. ngamunye hhayi okungajwayelekile primary noma njalo esenziwe
ngokunciphisa panel uthola ezilandelayo.
The kulencane z ingatholakala emva kwemingcele ezimbili ithebula lapho ethinta
like ekuqaleni, kwamanani amancane kanye namakhulu esiphezulu A zenzeka
okungenani ngokuvamile, uJesu oyisibonelo esikhulu kunazo isibonelo kodwa
ngokuvamile in a ingxenye phakathi yohlu. The esiphezulu z luwela ezinye a kule
izingxenye ezimaphakathi, lapho kuzo zombili izinhlangothi the z ngokusho
ukweqisa njalo, siqala kanye nokuncipha obanele namanje kuphazamisekile lapha
nalaphaya by semfene, ukunciphisa. Inani a eyodwa hhayi okungajwayelekile
primary noma yehlise ukusatshalaliswa panel, kuze kufike ku z uwela, ngishayele
ukubaluleka densest yohlu noma ukubaluleka empirically densest into,
ezingasetshenziswa ngokuqinisekile kuthathwe kuphela njengoba esondela value

densest ekahle omunye nge ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu m nezincane

engachazeki i bangazuza, kodwa akukho ngaphansi kusukela A kusebenza panel,
kodwa ngisho kanjalo ufanelwe ukuqashelwa okukhethekile futhi indlela has
Esekelwa ukuba a approximation ngokunembe kakhudlwana by calculation ngendlela
kamuva ucabangisisa. Kungaba empirically noma kuhle, kuhlangene kule noma
ukuthi indlela, mina ukumbiza jikelele kanye D.
Omunye angase acabange ukuthi value densest kakhulu, ngokuqinile abakhuluma
ovela enkulukazi okungenamkhawulo m and nge encane kakhulu, ukukhuluma
ngokuqinile, okuyohlala encane i, kunqunywa, besizokwenziwa izibalo asho, futhi
eqinisweni soft iningi K. -G. kokubili ezinkulu emva ekutholweni m and
ezincane i kancane ngokwanele nomunye ukuthi kungenzeka bona bengase
bathambekele futhi ubelokhu eqashelwa lokuthi kuphambuka abasasele kuyindaba
randomness ongenakulinganisela nje. Kodwa kuyoba omunye imiphumela ebaluleke
kakhulu uphenyo kulandela ukuthi ukuphambuka elibonakalayo phakathi izindlela
izibalo kanye namagugu thickest kunalokho icala jikelele, okufana ukuthi ubukhulu
kanye kokuqondisa kwalo ukuphambuka ngokwayo isici K.-G.
ehlukahlukene kukhona. In waze kumelwe banamathele kunokwehluka kokubili
amagugu ratios ezahlukene, iyona empirically densest value D njengoba i arithmetic
mean kusukela A ukuba aqaphele iphaneli efanayo okumelwe ahlukaniswe kubo,
kubalulekile main value di sisekelo ngeziphambeko collective.
At emibili eyedlule main amagugu A, D kodwa lingena omunye yangaphambili
ezimbili izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana, wesithathu, I njengoba value central noma
value isikhungo kanye C ngeke lumelela, ie ukubaluleka a, ka abaningi a kuka
ezincane has phezu bodwa kanye kule ukuqonda, inani a right ngokusebenzisa
amasheya. On the esifanayo bayophuma, lapho omunye uthi ukubaluleka inani
ngeziphambeko emihle mayelana efanayo inani labathakazelayo negative
ogama. Kusukela kusho izibalo, futhi uhluke by imithethonqubo ezimbili, ngesikhathi
maqondana A, sum of the ukuphambuka mutual Nokho, ilingana, maqondana C,
isibalo ngeziphambeko mutual ilingana, futhi lokho ngesikhathi bez. A okuyiwo
izigcawu ngeziphambeko okungenani , esingaphansi di bez. yimuphi omunye value
sokuqala, lapha ngokumelene bez. C sum of ukuhluka elula (icala negative ibalwe
amagugu ngokuphelele) ngomqondo ofanayo okungenani kuba 2). Ngalokhu
wesithathu entrees main kuwufanele azi mayelana ezindlule manje evulekile
ngobudlelwana obubili aphinde ezintsha isici for K.-G. kuyoba ukukhuluma
ngalokho.
2)

Lezi, hhayi ngaphambili waphawula, impahla lesemkhatsini enginakho

indatshana okhethekileko efanayo efakazelwe [ngaphezu kwenani yokuqala
kulencane umehluko sum; Abhandl. the Faculty of Mathematics kanye phys. Class of
the Royal. Sachs. Society of Sciences; II. Volume, 1878].
Ngaphezu kwalezi amagugu main ezintathu sisengakwazi abanye kusukela panel
ukusatshalaliswa izibalo derivable namagugu kokuqala ngeziphambeko futhi

ngalokhu bakhonze njengamaphayona amagugu main futhi kubhekwe

ngokwengxenye ezimele of dlule fike, azosethwa ngokwengxenye ubuhlobo
efanayo; kodwa ngasiphi rate ezinkulu wokugcina, futhi ngihlala kuqala icala
ukuma. Nokho, Kwesinye isahluko (isahl. X), ngizobuya ohambisana ezinye
amagugu ezintathu eziyinhloko njengoba sangasese value R, kusindza kakhulu
ukubaluleka T futhi elisindayo ukuphambuka value F cabanga ukuthi ngabe yikuphi
ukwethula isithakazelo zezibalo.
8. Isilwane ukwakha zayo zangaphakathi ngokusho esibonakala ubuchopho,
inhliziyo, isisu, isibindi, njll, ubukhulu nendawo lezi zitho ngokumelene nomunye,
ukwabiwa nokudisishaja izindlela. Ngakho, a K.-G. Ukuzimisela kwalo ambalwa
ngokusho esibonakala arithmetic asho, lesemkhatsini, value densest futhi ngenye
mayelana zuzuziehende amagugu main, ubukhulu nendawo amagugu main
ngokumelene nomunye kanye ngeziphambeko kulo; futhi lezi zinqubo engengaphansi
izibalo kunalo labo izikhungo mayelana organic. A K.-G. Amafomu kanjalo ukusho
umzimba sezibalo uhlaziyo olukwazi kuyoba ukuba aphendule emva kwalokhu. Futhi
uma lokho akusho ukuthi yonke into kumele enze ukuqaliswa ezifana claim
ukucekwa kwabantu, ukuze noma kunjalo Kollektionsmalehre alinalo iphuzu
jikelele umbono ukubhekana nazo.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kungenziwa kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi nakuba ngaphansi
isimo ethile, amagugu ezimbili eziyinhloko D futhi C kanye A ngakhoke womathathu
luqondane nomunye belungafica, ngaphansi kombandela okungukuthi ukuthi
ngeziphambeko mutual bez. A ekhwelwe okungenzeka lesinesitfombe-sibuko, ie
kanye okwandayo m in the ngesimo distribution ziyalingana (ngomqondo ngenhla)
wasondela ukuthi umuntu okungenamkhawulo m abheke ezifana izuzwe. Kodwa
kusazobonakala, ukuthi for K.-G. Kunalokho, i ematfuba quin Deviation
bez. A kumele isekelwe embonweni wokuthi ngokusho omunye kanye
okwandayo m hhayi distribution lesinesitfombe-sibuko, kodwa munye ukuba alethwe
umthetho othile, ngokuyisisekelo azilingani ukusatshalaliswa izindlela. Yebo
kungaba ngaphandle komehluko bangabhekwa ngokuyisisekelo nciphisa
of D futhi C kanye A nhlobo value for K.-G. thola bez. ematfuba ngeziphambeko
ziyalingana ezaziyokwenzeka zombili.
Manje uma kulandelwa ngaphambili nokugcinwa K.- G. nje ukuba A, ethatha
ngeziphambeko kuwo futhi mayelana ukucabangela Extreme, omunye akaboni
kuphela kakade kusukela Vorigem ukuthi lezi zilinganiso isici esibaluleke kakhulu
futhi umehluko phakathi izinto uwela eceleni kodwa kuyoba futhi zibonisa ukuthi
umthetho jikelele ekusakazeni amakhophi of K.-G. hhayi ukunqoba yilo mode
elilinganiselwe ukwelashwa.
Kodwa akuzange uphikile iqiniso isizathu sabo ukuthi uye wadlulisela izici
conductive of the Malehre ngokomzimba futhi yezinkanyezi ukuba ngaphansi
kukahulumeni, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa umehluko ezimbili ezinkulu ezikhona
phakathi ezimbili, lapho labo limited ukwelashwa ngendlela yokufundisa
yangaphambili njengoba nje eyashukumisela njengoba for mithandazo
waphika. Ukuze yangaphambili, izibalo asho has A amagugu baphawula of Ubukhulu

bayo ukuba azimisele into ngayinye kanye EMEA A, di observation amaphutha,

okuyizona, ukubalwa kanjalo ngokuyisisekelo kuphela, ukubaluleka ngoba aziwa
isizathu, onguchwepheshe-zezibalo zesayensi kukhona, in the amagugu maqondana
lapho okuyiwo izigcawu ngeziphambeko, di amaphutha kuba kwencani kungenzeka,
kusho izibalo, ngesikhathi esifanayo ubona ukubaluleka eliza amagugu weqiniso,
ukuba ogama ukuzimisela ukwenza ngayo yonke ematfuba olandelayo , kodwa
kuthatha indawo ukwehluka a izindlela ukuze kutholakale inani ngalo ukubaluleka
kwangempela kodwa namanje nge ematfuba inikezwe omunye noma kolunye
uhlangothi akulungile. Ngakho kungani kumelwe ukhathazeke kule mfundiso
kwamanye amagugu main ezisiza futhi ukuhluka zabo ukuba agcwalise umsebenzi
waleli lutho imfundiso! Ngakho akekho umuntu amagugu acinene, kodwa amagugu
central in the bezinkanyezi nangokomzimba inkulumo Malehre, kungakhathaliseki
amagugu ezahlukene waphawula enye into efanayo kuye, njengoba a kuhlangene,
kukodwa kahle ngokufanayo ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni
a D futhi Cengaholela; njengoba amakhophi ahlukahlukene K.-G. Kodwa kungaba
yokumisa wokubuka ekhethekile yokuba okufanayo, futhi yimuphi umcimbi
kungenzeki.
Ngokuba kukahulumeni kodwa isici, ezingasetshenziswa sikhetha kusho izibalo of
the ngeziphambeko kusukela kulesi simiso the Malehre ngokomzimba futhi
yezinkanyezi, akukho incazelo. Zonke amakhophi a K.-G., bangase kude kangaka
phambukani izibalo amagugu kusho noma yimuphi omunye amagugu ezisemqoka
real efanayo futhi ayiqiniso, futhi mhlawumbe ngokucabangela lowo phambi
kwezinye in a efanayo kuwo wonke amaphuzu engasho lutho Yebo kwenza akukho
mqondo , Against leli imuphi omunye value eziyinhloko ezinye izici okukushoyo
alandisa ngokwengxenye ngisho ezisebenzayo K.-G., ngaleyo ndlela sibe nengxenye
yehlukaniswe nezinye izinto.
Okwesibili, Nokho, ezahlukileyo ngokomusa in the Malehre ngokomzimba futhi
yezinkanyezi Kuyavunywa kunalokho ongoti kwezempilo abathi zihlobene noma
acabanga ukuba ngokungananazi efakazelwe, ematfuba ziyalingana bebhekisisa
Iphutha bez. the observation izibalo kusho ubonwa ngamehlo ezinhle amagugu
ezintathu uthishanhloko asikho emqoka kodwa kuphela zenzakalo ongalinganiseli
nomunye, ukuze akukhetha ngoba esibekiwe izimo izibalo isilinganiso amagugu
waphawula ngesikhathi esifanayo mittrifft amagugu kungenzeka kakhulu ezinye
amagugu uthishanhloko, kanti ngoba K.-G , bemerktermaen i ematfuba quin
Deviation bez. of the izibalo asho kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele icala jikelele,
ngemva kwalokho ehlukahlukene amagugu main kakhulu liphuke.
Phela, kungase kubonakale ngisho okungabazekayo more ukuthi ngempela omunye
unawe ukuthi postulate at the amaphutha observation ngempela amalungelo, umbuzo
lapho, nakuba hhayi ukukhathazeka okuningi us lapha, kodwa kamuva a isahluko
ekhethekile 3) ezocatshangelwa.
3)

[With .Rcksicht yalo mbuzo engxenyeni yesibili, isahl. XXVIII ukuthi

asymmetry of emigqeni Iphutha lahlola.]

Kodwa manje sibuyela izimo kubalulekile kukahulumeni.

sub-izakhi 9 noma izingcezu ukuzimisela K.-G. I ngeke baqonde ukuhlaziywa
enjalo zonke magugu alandelayo okulandelayo, ingxenye ekuqaleni esetshenziswa,
amagama.
1) The ngokuvamile m Inombolo okhethwe ingqikithi amakhophi a one kushiwo
distribution panel.
2) Le jikelele kanye H amagugu main kukhonjisiwe noma okukhipha amagugu
Deviation, lapho bemerktermaen izibalo asho value A, lo lesemkhatsini C kanye
densest value Dyizona ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kusukela value central ngokuvamile
phakathi A no D iwukufuna kanjani ukukhombisa kamuva, njengoba odlule amagugu
uthishanhloko ezintathu esikhathini esizayo kube ngokuvamile in the oda ka A, C,
D uzobe eyenziwa ngami. Ngenxa yalesi njongo, ezinye, asihlobene cabanga
amagugu main zazo kuxoxwa ngazo eSahlukweni X ..
I izibalo kusho kuba, kusukela a panel primary inquma kanye A 1, kusukela lapho
encishisiwe enqunywe A 2 zibizwa; ngokuhambisana C. In D, akukho kuhlukaniswa
ezifana senziwa ngoba ngenxa semfene of mayelana yonke indawo nje amabhodi
ephansi emi amabhidi panel primary kungenziwa etholakala, ngalokhu
nomaphi D 2 ngabe libhekisela. Against lokhu.wenze emva Herleitungsweise
umehluko phakathi kwabo. Emva ngibizile ukulinganisa indlela, engininika lona
ukuqiniseka kakhulu, elisuselwa, I ukumbiza D p, elisuselwa ngokuhambisana
interpolation ephephile esincane D i. Kusukela umehluko phakathi izindlela ezimbili
yenqubo, enkulumweni uzoqhubeka abe.
Zonke amagugu, lapho ohlangothini omuhle ukubaluleka elisemqoka elifanelana
zihlobene, iwe, ngibiza a imivimbo kancane ngenhla, konke iwe ohlangothini
negative, ne imivimbo kancane phansi, kuyilapho mina kulabo ngokungakhethi
ukuba zombili izinhlangothi ubheke, lo uyilahla yeka ngokuphelele
lokho a 'a value a lisho ukuthi H idlula a, ukuthi of Hufinyelelwe.
Ngaphansi Ngiyaqonda ngokuvamile ngeziphambeko kunoma iyiphi amagugu
main H; ngaphansi = A '- H emihle kangaka, kuhlanganise , = A, H kuwumqondo ongathandeki lapho uhlamvu ongemuhle , kumele agcinwe; kodwa
ngoba ngokuvamile, ngeke kube offset ngeziphambeko ongemuhle ngemithetho yabo
ngokuphelele njengoba positive, kunalokho ukusetha , = H - A ,. Ngokusho
lokhu, kanye '= (A'-H), sum of the ngeziphambeko emihle,
kanye , = (H A,) the ngeziphambeko negative by amagugu ngokuphelele,
kanye = '+ , ingqikithi ngeziphambeko Dist. H lisho.
3) I main ukuphambuka izinombolo di, inani ngeziphambeko esikunikezwa
amagugu main H, lapho, Yebo, ne inani kumagugu lahluke a coincident, ie inani
ngokusho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlobo amagugu main ulingana m kuyinto, kanti

inani emihle nemibi ikakhulukazi, Iyahluka kuya ubunjalo amagugu main futhi
njengoba ngokuvamile amahle m ', njengoba
engakhi m, abizwa. Of m 'futhi m, bese Ukwehluka (m' - m,) kanye
ratios m ': m, futhi m ,: m' incike lapho esikhundleni m 'futhi m, lapho
kungenzeka okukhulunywa, kuhlinzekwe kwabo izingozi ezivela nxazonke
yokubonisana of m, amagugu m 'futhi m, landela (s. ngezansi).
4) I ukuphambuka main nemathothali. ngeziphambeko kulandela isilinganiso, di
izamba of ngeziphambeko zihlukaniswe inani kwabo. Isamba esatholakala we
ngeziphambeko zombili ndawonye, ngaso amagugu elingaphezu kukahhafu,
njengoba sikholelwa bona uzwakalisa njalo uqobo ngokusebenzisa wenza
ngamunye zombili, ikakhulukazi 'futhi, ukuze = + ,. Kuye lokhu
ke okwahlukile elula isilinganiso noma ngeziphambeko kusho par 4):

The izingqikithi we ngeziphambeko angahlali like inani of amamitha, kuye

amagugu main ulingana, kodwa musa ukushintsha okungaphansi kwengxenye tibalo
unilateral kuye amagugu main.
4)

Esikhathini ngokomzimba futhi bezinkanyezi iphutha ukucabanga kunalokho

igcina ukuphambuka kusho par le impande asho square iphutha, bez. A ukukwenza
lokho engikufundayo, lapho cishe okubhekiselwa kubo, kusukela emva entry
ngaphansi inombolo ezilandelayo 5) njengoba quadratic kusho ukuphambuka
okungenhla elula ezithile futhi ohlukile q ngeke libhekisela.

Mayelana izibalo asho A esithile, kuphambuka mutual

uyifingqa 'futhi , kodwa ngokulinganayo kudingekile, ngoba lokhu ngisho
mayelana lokhu kusho, kuphambuka mutual izinombolo m', m, bez. lokhu izindlela
are lingana jikelele, ethwala ukuthi ngeziphambeko ngisho unilateral
isilinganiso '= : m ', , = ,: m,. Misc A ngokuvamile are lingana.Yandise
kusebenza zombili = : m akuyona izindlela ezilula phakathi 'futhi , =
( + , Elliott wathola) noma unginqumele indlela amanga an indatshana
American on ukubuthela izilinganiso (of 5)) bathola kuboniswe, ngoba umuntu enza ngalokho
ukuba

ubuyele; kodwa lokhu kuphela icala lapho phakathi drawing 'futhi , we izisindo
kubhekwe, lapho esenziwa zabo m' futhi m, kusukela lapho basuke etholakala,
thumela, emva kwalokhu lishona:

lokho esigxilisa okulandelayo elula observation = : m entela. Kusukela

umkhiqizo agent kusukela ukuhlukahluka inani okuyinto ilingana nenani lezinombolo
of the ukuphambuka,
bese m = 'futhi m, , = , kanjalo m' '+ m, , = + , = , ngakol
unye uhlangothi
m '+ m, = m.
5)

[EB Elliott, On izibalo lempi United States of America; Berlin 1863.

International Statistical Congress Berlin.]
The emikhulu kusho ukuphambuka zenani uthishanhloko maqondana,
ngokwesilinganiso in imikhawulo eminye more soft amagugu ngabanye a ka efanayo,
noma ngaphezulu ziyashiyana ngokwesilinganiso okufanayo. Ngaphandle ubukhulu
ngokuphelele kodwa futhi iza ubuhlobo bakhe H, kwalandela libhekisela,
ngakho : H bacabangele lokho Ngibiza ukushintshashintsha
ngokulingana. Isilinganiso njengoba ukushintshashintsha ngokulingana isilinganiso at
a inikezwe m uya akuyona ngobungakho ezahlukene amagugu main; kodwa bathatha,
ngokuvamile, ukuze kude komunye nomunye futhi yilowo ngenhlonipho othile value
main kakhulu noma sokuwela nokuguquguquka into kungenziwa okuthathwa
njengokumele kube noshintshashintsha umqondo banamandla noma babuthakathaka
ngokuphathelene nezinye amagugu main, ngakhoke ngaphandle kwekubuka usizo
othile Inani main angakhuluma abanamandla nababuthaka in the izinto phakathi
noma kuqhathaniswa umsindo oshintshashintshayo.
Ngemva kwalokho, amazwi alandelayo. Ubukhulu sum okulula kanye elula
isilinganiso iphutha = : m mayelana kusho izibalo of A aluyona izimele
inani m of amagugu A,kusukela lapho elihambisana A lisuselwa, kodwa kuthatha
ngokwesilinganiso kanye okwandayo m into; ongakwenza kodwa noma
senhloko m amagugu atholakala futhi bez. Aiphindaphindwe kuhlehlela emuva
isimo evamile, ukuthi Bez. i A kusukela isibalo okungenamkhawulo A atholakala
lokho mina ukulungiswa ngenxa ezilinganiselwe m call
manje futhi = : m amagugu uncorrected, ngakho
ngibiza c and c amagugu isilungisiwe:

6). Nakuba

futhi.
Amancane kakhulu kuphela ngesikhathi m kodwa amagugu isilungisiwe zingafani
kakhulu kusukela uncorrected, futhi njengoba senza ngokuvamile enkulu m, kufanele
wenze ngenkathi 1 luhluke iphele, mina kokuqukethwe ngedwa ngokuvamile in
ukusebenza izakhi okukhulunywe ngayo ezijwayelekile, di amagugu
uncorrected , , m amagugu

isilungisiwe ingatholakala kalula, uma kuba ukukwenza. Amazwi elifanayo

esivumelana ngayo esingakhela kuyo the tibalo ukuphambuka futhi ngeziphambeko
isilinganiso bez. Enye amagugu ezinkulu njengoba A isicelo uma examination ngqo
ubelokhu nalokhu nje ukuba ngeziphambeko A has elula.Nokho, kuba isikhathi
esincane ubuholi nokuxhashazwa at esiyinikwe ezilinganiselwe m ekuthandeni
amagugu isilungisiwe izakhi etholakala; njengoba hhayi kuphela ukuphambuka tibalo
futhi ngeziphambeko isilinganiso bez. ezahlukene core amagugu, kodwa futhi
nomculo amagugu main ngokwabo komunye nomunye ngaphansi kwethonya
okufanayo ezilinganiselwe m ukuma, izimo ezifanayo zaziyoba yilezo ngeke
ushintshwe ukulungiswa ngokuhlanganyela. Lapho ehlola imithetho ukusatshalaliswa
kodwa ukufika kithi kunalokho ukuba ubuhlobo obunjalo kuka ngezimiso
ngokuphelele. Where ingabe uyafuna ukuhamba kodwa kulabo ukuthi babe
nenhlonipho ukulungiswa amagugu unilateral ', , futhi ,, i inothi ozoba
ukuthi bengayi ngokulandelana by and the, kodwa njengoba
of futhi by
kumele kwenzeke, ngoba ngenye efingqa amagugu alungisa ', , okuyiwo
isilungisiwe bekungeke ukuthola. Nalapha, ingaphansi iphuzu okunengqondo
umbono, ukuthi ukuphambuka tibalo ohlangothini ngalunye njengoba amalungu
isamba semali ukuphambuka of the ubukhulu babo m kumele influiert ndawonye.
6)

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Gauss kudala kakade for the sum segcekeni Ref. A futhi
etholakala kulo, wangibiza. Umsuka asho Iphutha square
ukulungiswa ngenxa ezilinganiselwe m enqunywe; ngemva kwalokho zangaphambili
yanda ngezinkulungwane m: (m - l), the coinciding yokugcina kanye ukulungiswa
yethu elula yesiphambeko esebenzisakwenzeka. Ukudoswa theory kanye probation
enokwehla ukulungiswa yethu futhi kodwa kuvela kimi imibiko
Royal. Umphakathi Saxon, Mathematics kanye Phys. Class, Vol. XIII, 1861, S. 57 f.
Ukuze kwenzeke, futhi ngoba probation siqhutshwa impumelelo yanquma
ngeziphambeko collective, bangase njengoba ngokungananazi isicelo
esinjalo.
5) I ukuphambuka kungenzeka w and quadratic kusho ukuphambuka q. Phakathi
cishe ukuphambuka w bez. a value main ukuthi ukuphambuka ukuba baqonde lokho
nje kanjalo emikhulu kakhulu ngeziphambeko ukuba amagugu ngokuphelele ngabo,
kunokuba ezincane bodwa, kanjalo bez. the ngeziphambeko kunencazelo efanayo
njengoba central value CRef. of a. Ngaphansi square. Kusho Iphutha q Ngiyaqonda
kafushane impande asho ngeziphambeko square, ie ukubaluleka ukuthi eyatholakala
lapho ngeziphambeko ingqikithi namagugu main H ikakhulukazi antante tikwele,

isamba lezi tikwele, di (ukuba zihlukaniswa esigcawini sum of di

(aq) 2,) by the Isamba m ihlukaniswe futhi kusukela quotient bakheke, iDemo
,
Kunalokho ngokuhlanganyela zombili, lezi amagugu mhlawumbe nje like the. simple
ukuphambuka isilinganiso Okusizayo eziklanyelwe nangenxa
ezilinganiselwe m wakhuzwa, engingababonisanga ukubhekana lapha, njengoba mina
verspare lokho ukusho ngakho, kuze kube isahluko esithi umthetho Gauss '(isahl.
XVII) Addendum, by lapho la magugu babe nobudlelwane ezithile omunye nomunye,
evumela a esuselwe zalo nomunye, okuyinto spare, ba namanje enze ikakhulukazi
emva ukusebenza e phakathi izakhi.
6) Lesi okwedlulele uyazisa a the panel, ie, i okungenani kanye esiphezulu A of the
panel, njengoba yangaphambili, E 'the yokugcina njengoba E, ukuze uqoke. Nokho,
ngemva kokumiswa yendabuko yohlu, wukuthi amagugu kakhulu ngemva
ngokwedlulele phansi, lo niederere elingaphezulu.
10. Uma ababili amagugu a, in axhunyiwe ngendlela elandelayo parentheses,
njengoba a (b), njengoba le nkulumo isebenza ngokulinganayo a , umkhiqizo di
of a and , kodwa uma axhunyiwe by kubakaki ngendlela elandelayo yilezi:
A [beta], lokhu akusho ukuthi umuntu kanye wanda, kodwa
ukuthi kube umsebenzi kuyinto; . Ngakho isibonelo, [A]lisho ukuphambuka
of A, [C] ezifana of C & c, m [A] linani ukuhluka bez. A; m [C] kangangokuba Ref
efanayo. C & c.
Kodwa ngesikhathi Gebrauche okungcono eshibhini main amagugu A no D,
izinkulumo efanele kanye namafomula by infliction okunjalo kungase kungafaneleki
ungakhululekile futhi Clumsy, ngikhetha ngokuvamile abakhona, ngoba , m, ,
A noma D ulingana eziningana ukusetha alula, futhi
ngempela lokhu kuzokwenzeka by okulandelayo, okuyinto ngaphansi amagugu main
imigomo efanele esebenza ngaphandle umehluko ukuze umehluko mutual
ngaphandle uyilahla, kuncike ekutheni benza kodwa side emihle noma emibi
ikakhulukazi bangabanye, kodwa nge imivimbo kancane phezulu noma phansi
ukunikeza yilezi:
A

Ngakho lokho kusho z. B. ukuphambuka of , ezifana of D. Kusukela inani

Deviation izimele kukhethwa value main, njengoba ngokuvamile m
= = m, kanti ayilingani, akuyona ilingana e. kuyinto.
Umehluko '- , (. Misc A esebenzayo) kufushane kanye u umehluko m' - m, (.
Ref D)
Page u libhekisela. Ibhayisikobho u kulandela 'futhi , kusukela u kulandela m' fut
hi m,ngokusho zibalo ezilandelayo:
.
,
Ngokuba izikhathi eziningana ngo ukucabangela sokuhoxiswa the ngeziphambeko
engenhla nengezansi kusukela izibalo asho by ngokuphelele amagugu ngokwedlulele,
izinhlamvu:
U '= E' - A and U, = A - E ,.
Esikhundleni inani of ukuhluka, kuba ikakhulukazi ukuba bathuthele langapha
noma langapha zibe ukucabangela, siyothola senzakalo, kusukela amagugu main of
up kuphela imikhawulo ethile noma phakathi imikhawulo inikezwe, kuba amagugu
abo ngokuphelele noma izimo zabo ukuze m, m ', noma m, ngokusho cabanga
okushiwo ukusetshenziswa izimpawu futhi is ikakhulukazi kuxoxwa kamuva (e
V. Ch.).
Njengenjwayelo, ungaphakathi panel ye izilinganiso ezincane a by the emikhulu,
okungukuthi emva isikhundla kwemvelo sheet isihambile kusukela phambi engenhla
amehlo emva ingxenye engezansi panel, okuyinto Yebo eliza nayo ibe
ukungqubuzana, ukuthi amagugu ezincane kuno aphansi , ephansi; kunangendlela
ephakeme, amagugu engenhla ngokuhunyushwa. Ngakho kufanele anqume
ngokwalokho umongo noma inkomba ecacile of ukuthi imigomo "ephakeme",
"ephansi"; , "amazinga aphansi" "upper" zisekelwe isikhundla iphaneli noma usayizi
isilinganiso amagugu. Ukuze ugweme lokhu ukungqubuzana pesky kancane
esisemthethweni kungaba ngcono esikhathini esizayo, panel ukusatshalaliswa ne
kunabo uyazisa a ukuvumela uqale; kodwa emva ngase kwalandela ingxenye enkulu
izifundo zami zokuqala evamile indlela line-up, angikwazanga ukushintsha
ngaphandle kabusha panel yami futhi engozini ukudida ngedwa. The uyilahla up and
down on amagugu ubheke yiliphi icala ubukhulu isilinganiso amagugu, hhayi
isikhundla sabo maqondana panel.
Ngokusho lokhu, noma lokho okushiwo amagama ukuze nixoxe imigomo
elandelayo, lapho kudlala indima ebalulekile e uphenyo lwethu.
Ngaphansi Vorzahl, Vorsumme Ngiyaqonda ngokulandelana inombolo z and
sum A ka A, okusho uyazisa esiyinikwe a hamba phambili panel ngobukhulu
ngaphansi Nachzahl, Nachsumme amagugu inikezwe omunye umuntu alandele panel

ngobukhulu. Yiqiniso, lezi zibalo kanye tibalo ukushintsha namagugu a ebhodini,

which they nempela futhi alandele, futhi phezu nokuvimbela prolixity I ahole lapha
kanye for the amacala lapho kuba ukuba ezocatshangelwa izicelo okungcono, abizwa
ekhethekile. General may kanye v, V, n, N the Vorzahl, Vorsumme, Nachzahl,
maqondana Nachsumme kunoma initial abafanelekile A kanye nokuvala a panel
distribution inikezwe designated ngaphansi v, V, n, N amagugu umbuzo
mayelana a, lapho ngobukhulu z kungokwalabo, di ka empirically densest value D,
ngaphansi Vi, Vi, n i, Ni, maqondana i A, engaba layo sokuphumula kufanele
interpolated ukuba ukuzimisela ebukhali izakhi ngendlela kamuva yabonisa, by the
way in lesinyenti odlule, amagugu densest uqondane, okuyinto ke luqedwe kanye
nesiqu by the index.
11. Ekugcineni, kuphawula okulandelayo. Kuyoba isikhathi, i izibalo kanye
nokwelashwa logarithmic of K.-G. ukuhlukanisa, okuyiqembu yangaphambili
izihloko ezifana abangena isicelo, kuphambuka isilinganiso maqondana namagugu
abo main mancane, ezinye labo ngazo ukuba elikhulu. Lo mdlali akuyona kuphela
ubheke kuqala ukuze leli cala kaningi kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ngezinga
elikhudlwana kuka yesibili kubhekwe, kodwa futhi lula ukuba ziphathwe icala, futhi
wonke amalungiselelo futhi ngokwalesi sahluko kukhona; kodwa kuzodingeka
icabangele eyengeziwe esimweni sesibili lonke uphenyo ukusebenza edingekayo
ayikho.
Umehluko ebalulekile phakathi kwalezi ndlela ezimbili zokwelashwa yilo:
In the processing izibalo, i ngeziphambeko ngabanye a ka namagugu abo main
ngomqondo ezijwayelekile njengoba izibalo, di kuthathwe njengoba umehluko
emihle nemibi ezintweni zabo main, kanye namagugu main ngisho ngokushesha
emva enikeziwe imithetho evela A ka ukusatshalaliswa panel enqunywe. In the
ukwelashwa logarithmic ukwehluka lapho ufuna ukusebenza kukhona, kuthathwe
njengendlela logarithmic, ie njengoba umehluko we logarithms of a okuthiwa.
Logarithmic amagugu main, ie amagugu main ukuba yonke imithetho efanayo
kusukela log A, njengoba izibalo asho amagugu elula
kusukela A elisuselwa. Ukushintshela kusukela izibalo ekwelashweni logarithm
kuletha ezinye izici ezintsha, imithetho kanye namagama, kodwa phezu kamuva
ukuthatha, emva senzakalo sibizwa umnikelo, okubhekiselwa kubo (s. Ikakhulukazi
Chap. V ( 36) kanye XXI) ,
Phakathi kuba njengenjwayelo inombolo LUDOLF'sche = 3.1415927
ngaphansi e inani phansi logarithms yemvelo = 2.7182818 ngaphansi Mod. =
Log. Comm. e ukungath wemfihlo okuthiwa common logarithmic Systemes =
0,4342945. okuyinto okumele senziwe kaningi siwasebenzise, kungabasiza
ukucaphuna logarithms ezivamile. It has:
log = 0.4971499; log e = 0.4342945; . 1 ,. - Mod = 0,6377843 ngemvume
Ngaphansi t, 't, t, isihlobo ukuba amagugu isihlobo:

kuqondwe. Ngaphansi t- itafula i ofakiwe, 183, ithebula elandelako obonisa

ukuba t emi maqondana, ukuze ngakho eSahlukweni V. amagugu ubonisa
Ngezinhloso Gauss yomthetho ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe. Kusukela value
Exp [- t2] 7) lisetshenziswa futhi more xaka calculation, njengoba kungenzeka
esibekiwe lapha, ukubala logarithm yayo, yena ngokwakhe ngqo lisuselwa.
7)

[Ukuze kube lula, kuba lapha futhi emuva kwalokhu the exponential ex by
Exp [x lisho], ngemva kwalokho phezulu Exp [- t] esikhundleni e - t. Isethwe]
Ukuze ungene Exp [- t ] = ngemvume 1: Exp [t2] ukuthola, ukwengeza 2 log t (. Di
ukungena Mod) ukuze 0,63778 1, Ukufuna ukuba logarithms, inani wayifaka kabi,
Ngakho ngo logarithm edingekayo 8), kodwa a wesintu ulimi kusukela babhekwe futhi
ukusebenzisa logarithms ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni Exp [- t ] uqobo ifomu
ezingafanele. Ukuze uthole kuye ifomu ezisebenzisekayo, susa ukubaluleka kwayo
ngokuphelele ephakeme by 1 inamba bese wengeza lokhu umehluko emuva uphawu ukuze. Ngakho lapho log Exp [-t] = - 0.25, noma - 1.25, noma - angatholakala 2.25,
ubungeke kufanele wakubeka sabela kungakavalwa. 0.75 1; noma kusukela 0.75 2
noma 0.75 kuya 3, njll
8)

Eqinisweni, le logarithm of Exp [t ] ilingana t ungene e, ngakhoke log. L:

Exp [t ] ilingana omubi logarithm of Exp [t ].

Ngezansi E, nesilinganiso unit is kwakusho lapho ikhophi osayizi a, i main

amagugu H kanye ukuphambuka nenani eshiwo yalo.
Esikhundleni ematfuba ngokuvamile W .; thatha subject collective, njengoba
sekuphawuliwe kakade, K.-G. futhi esikhundleni umthetho Gaussian by esizayo
phawula GG set.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

III. Sibutsetelo owandulelayo efundwayo kanye jikelele

ababecabanga.
12. Inkinga kubalulekile ukuba kuphenywe ukuthi amanga samanje ukuthengwa
impahla edingekayo ukufeza lenhloso. Enjalo can okungukuthi kuphela sebuningini
K.-G. ngoba ngokuphelele akunakwenzeka - - kungenziwa kusuka ezindaweni

ezahlukene, ngamunye okuyinto abakhona inombolo onjalo enkulu yokuqothulwa

kwezinhlobo zezinto ukuthi izingozi distribution ngobukhulu futhi nenombolo
nahehin wafuna bangabhekwa njengoba inzuzo ngokomthetho izinombolo enkulu,
futhi ngamunye lapho in kwenziwe esahlukweni esilandelayo ugomela zasesiteji
umhla asikwazi kuthathwe njengoba zigcwaliseka nahehin kancane. Ekugcineni
ulwazi mayelana kumele aqukethe lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe
idatha.
Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo K.-G. okungafanele wadlulela kube phezu ukunikeza
ukusebenza edingekayo ukuze uphenyo, kwaba lutho phakade kangaka ngaphambili,
futhi uma kungekho ukungabi olunye ulwazi, ngakho abanye, njengoba izilinganiso
bavume ukubuthwa, a embarras de richesse elikhona, kodwa siyafana in version
yayo samanje ongahlangani zonke izinhloso uphenyo grantor at izicelo zakhe. Ukuze
ngumnikazi kukalwa kodwa kuphela izinto ezimbalwa ngesikhathi umyalo wakhe,
futhi kukhona okumele kulinganiswa njalo inqwaba amakhophi nabaletha
ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi, thola isikhathi nesineke ukuze lokhu, lo langmhigen
efanayo futhi ezinde, izitolo kalula umngcele wabo.
Nokho, kuyinto kimi aphumelela ekuletheni kwezinye the folgends ekhandlayo
futhi nzima sicubungula aqoshiwe impahla for nesifundo sethu ndawonye, okuyinto
Yebo, abaningi izicelo ukuze kwenziwe zasesiteji oluhambisana kuphela
incompletely kanjalo kodwa kukhona futhi ithuba embule yimpumelelo.
I. Anthropological.
A. ukubuthela elingakanani par, ds ubude ukubuthela ngisho-endala ngomsuka,
ikakhulukazi Saxon, okuyinto ngangazi ngedwa kunoma ikhophi Urlisten ukuba
athole ukusatshalaliswa panel in a ifomu efanelekayo ifomu examination therefrom
ezithile. Okubaluleke ukuhlola kwethu jikelele ezingxenyeni zokuqala 20 vintages
Leipzig umfundi ukubuthela izilinganiso anabamemezeli m = 2047; ngokushesha
ngokuthi iminyaka engu-17 amagiya Leipzig izilinganiso emzini, di maqondana
nokwenza asele Leipzig labantu, anabamemezeli. -M = 8402; Futhi ukubuthela
izilinganiso 3 vintages, ngokulandelana. Borna futhi Anna Berger
Amtshauptmannschaft kanye m = 2642 futhi 3067. Ngenxa yale njongo, engxenyeni
yesibili Rekrutenmatafeln bez. yamanye amazwe, inqobo ukuthi izifanekiso anjalo
futhi ekuqaleni kusingathwa Quetelet, wazibonela njengoba waseBelgium
ikakhulukazi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane futhi American, a ukubuyekeza
ngokwengxenye esibucayi, ingxenye QUETELET'schen ukwelashwa
okuhlukile; futhi kukalwa esisindo nasesifubeni selilonke ukubuthela ziyabhekelelwa.
B. Skull kukalwa ukuthi abeke kimi Prof. Welker e Halle engatholwa, a) of the
selilonke mpo, b) ukwenaba eqondile 450 European amadoda izingebhezi.
C. isisindo kwezitho zangaphakathi womuntu umzimba, ulwazi ngokusho
omzimba 1).

1)

[Dr. Amathebula Boyd sika izisindo umzimba womuntu futhi izitho

zangaphakathi. Ukuthengiselana yefilosofi iRoyal Society of London; 1861.]

II. Botany.
Ibhayisikobho ngokwami rye elinganisiwe (Secale cereale) kanye esifanayo
izindawo ngonyaka kuyaqhubeka, 217 eziyisithupha-membered (ngaphandle
Fruchthre) kanye 138 emihlanu membered; ilungu ngalinye elinganisiwe
ikakhulukazi ngokwengxenye K.-G. ekhethekile ziphathwe, ngokwengxenye
esithathwe ubuhlobo bakhe namanye amalungu acabangele.

III. Meteorological.
a) Isikhungo kanye barometric nsuku zonke futhi nyangazonke amagugu noma
ngeziphambeko mininingwana ukuba kuxoxwe ngaphansi 19 no-20
mqondo. Phakathi kwabo zihlanganisa Quetelet e yakhe prob Lettres sur
la ababhalisiwe, folgends ukuba kuxoxwe ngaphansi 21, engu-10 okuthiwa
".. Ukwehluka Diurnes" nge m 282-310; lokhu imilando ehlanganiswe siqu ezishisayo
kanye barometric idatha nsuku zonke ngokucwaninga eziningi eside kweminyaka on
the Peissenberge, futhi kusukela ezishisayo ngenyanga ukuhluka by DOVE'schen
azibhala.
b) eqoqwe highs nsuku zonke bawile amanzi Geneva iminyaka eminingi, kuze
bibliothque de Genve universal (Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles)
kimi.

IV. Artis etafuleni.

a) amakhadi lebhizinisi nekheli amakhadi zabathengisi abakhiqizi, ikakhulukazi
kulinganiswa ngokwami ubude kanye nobubanzi.
b) Ubukhulu, ukuphakama h nobubanzi b, ka eholweni imidwebo (ikakhulukazi
ezinqunywe Lichten ifremu) ukuze izinhlu Iqoqo ngaphansi ukuncipha sinye ukuhluza
imidwebo, namathafa, namanje ukuphila kimi; A umehluko of the icala
lapho b> h nalapho h> b.
Lokhu Uhlolojikelele zokukwazi kuphela; okhethekile kokuya aphumele impahla
ngaphansi izahluko ezithile ingxenye yesibili, lapho lapha futhi okungekho ulwazi
oluthe xaxa ukuze uthole mayelana kanye libhekisela kuso, nakuba kule ngxenye
yokuqala yaleli reference impahla kumele kwenziwe.
Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ngaphansi izinto odlule olunje ngazo ukuba bazigcina
bematasa akukho noma kancane inzalo inhloso ukhona. Kodwa umbono isithakazelo
mgomo engqondweni is hhayi ubulapha juqu for lokuzikhethela yabo kanye
nokwelashwa; kodwa nje Ukusebenziseka yabo njengoba base sokutadisha yethu,

lapho ukuhlonipha abanye izinto ayevumela ongabalulekile, ngaphandle izilinganiso

gallery Umdwebo futhi amazinga imvula nsuku zonke ziye zaba ezibalulekile.
Mayelana nalokhu, Nokho, wayekhona isithakazelo umgomo izinto, singase
ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo ungalindeli ukwelapha okufanayo elomele ukuthola lesi
sithakazelo lapha, ngisho noma abanye imiphumela uyowela okufanayo mbeni, by
ngokwalo njengoba by-imikhiqizo ye ukwelashwa. Ngayinye yalezi zinto kungase
ukunikeza monographic ukwelashwa isikhathi; kodwa njengoba umsebenzi omkhulu
kuyodinga kuphela ngezinga ukubuthela, isethulo eqhathanisa ingxoxo yayo kufanele
kwenziwe emazweni ehlukene kanye emazweni efanayo for vintages ezahlukene
noma for the izilinganiso skull izinhlanga ezahlukene noma ratios division of the
utshani ehlukahlukene! At bushings zalolu hlobo akumelwe wacabanga
lapha. Ngokuphambene, ingabe lokho wachaza lapha usebenzisa izibonelo ezivela
emikhakheni ehlukahlukene futhi wafakazela Nokho, bathi ukuthola noma yikuphi
ukwelashwa eningiliziwe ezindaweni ezifanayo futhi application ku-akhawunti. 2)
[Qaphela: Ulwazi oluqukethwe kulesi sahluko kufanele wanezela ukuthi ukuthola
ingxenye entsha ye ndlovu kwakudingekile ngoba ngaphandle ingxenyana
ukubuthela kanye isisindo umoba rye kwanoma iyiphi K.-G. okhethwe Urlisten noma
ukusatshalaliswa primary panel vorfanden uqobo. Nakuba ndlovu kwaba, kude
kangaka njengoba kwakunjalo nokwenzeka, kulekelelwa kusukela imithombo
esibekiwe; ikakhulukazi bebelokhu weqiniso for Igalari Ukudweba zamakhulu Alte
Pinakothek eMunich the Gallery Painting at Darmstadt; ngoba ezindaweni
eziphakemeyo imvula nsuku zonke Geneva Archives des sciences physiques et
naturelles bibliothque universal isuswe (s. isahl. XXI kanye XXVI
kanye XXVII). Kodwa esikhundleni sokubuka ezishisayo kanye barometric idatha
nsuku zonke kwi Peissenberge wakhonza esihambelanayo ayazisayo Utrecht
enyatheliswa Netherlands Year Book of meteorology kukhona (s. isahl. XXIII kanye
XXVII). The indawo izilinganiso skull ekugcineni (s. Chap. VII kanye XXII) I am
abalamacala Prof. WELCKER ababenolwazi umusa kimi ukuba adlulisele ubukhulu
emhlabeni 500 European amadoda izingebhezi.]
2)

. IV zasesiteji; Ukukhubazeka.
13. Uma K.-G. Vumela uphenyo yimpumelelo, kumele agcwalise izimo ezithile,
okuyinto amanga ngokwengxenye ngokuvumelana nayo, ngokwengxenye ukuba
bazithobe ukucatshangelwa more jikelele.
Emva Esingenisweni Esitatimendeni esithunyelwe ngaphambi K.-G. thayipha term
othize efundekayo, kube izinqumo zayo ambalwa by Random into umsindo
oshintshashintshayo esibalweni elinganqunyiwe amakhophi. Manje ake inombolo
okungenamkhawulo amakhophi kungenayo, kodwa kumelwe besprochenermaen
njengoba abaningi kuye ngifuna ukuba uthole, abaningi ukuze ngokuqinile kuthathwe
ukuba kuthathwe kuphela inamba okungenamkhawulo ukuqedela, imithetho ekahle
wenhlanhla ngisho ne target for the ezingeni ukunemba approximation ezanele
kungaqinisekiswa. Kodwa lesi simo ugcwalisekile ngokwanele, kumelwe basebenzise
K.-G. Usazoba evamile noma iphutha kusukela amaphuzu umbono, njengoba singase
umcondvo lovakalako kafushane bathumele zomthetho, njengoba jikelele ngokwabo

K.-G. kungenziwa wamisa, engesiyo kuncike lezi amaphutha.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukuthi amakhophi yimuphi omunye izici a K.G. ezithathwe ndawonye, kodwa enjalo abavunyelwe kuwo, ukuba thungela
mayelana esihlokweni wukuthi ke isihloko vielzahlig hhayi kuphela vorigem izici,
kodwa futhi kuleyo vollzahlig, njengoba sonke ngaphakathi kwemingcele ye
umqondo walo eveza ngokwabo kusukela kuye amakhophi empeleni babalwa ,
awuveli kulo noma ukuthi side of ukucabangela ukuthola omunye ingxenye
ukuziphilisa ukweqiwa, ngalokhu into ngeke zicwiywa kanjalo ukusho ukuthi kuyoba
z. B. icala uma in Rekrutenmatafeln okuthiwa. ngaphansi ngokulinganisela kufanele
ngaphandle, Nokho kumele futhi wathola okuhlanzekile ngangokunokwenzeka futhi
unmixed kunika into, zezinhlobo ie abaphuma imigomo bakhe kolunye
okungahleliwe, kumele ngaphandle kuwo, z njalo. B. lapho leli gama collective ufika
ngabanye enempilo, amakhophi pathologically ashintshwe Ngena izilinganiso
ukweqiwa; Ngakho, ngo kimi ukuba ziphathwe WELCKER'schen skull izilinganiso
neither umphongolo emise hydrocphale evuvukele wanquma skull kodwa
microcephalic kanye ukungena. Kodwa Amaphuzwakhe kukhona of kwenkululeko
jikelele futhi zizihlanganise nabantu.
14. Kuyinto ezithile ukuthi line phakathi izingebhezi enempilo futhi unesifo
akwaziwa ngokuqiniseka, futhi nokungaqiniseki ehambisana mayelana delimitation
sibuyela ndaba nakwezinye eziningi kakhulu futhi; kodwa uma nje ukungaqiniseki
uhlala ngaphakathi incane ijubane, ukuthi imingcele ukungaqiniseki ukuthi kumelwe
abekezelela ngenxa izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, kungukuthi lidlule, ngeke
kusimo okukhulu kulo ukhule, futhi ngeke wena ngokusebenzisa impumelelo
Ungathola ukwaneliseka lapho, eklanywe ngokusho ekwahlulelweni umhlabeleli
mayelana kuphela imithetho evamile ukusatshalaliswa unezela, noma ozoyithola
ukuze amakhophi amaningi usike kunjalo.
Nokho, lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo ezilandelayo ezibalulekile: Kuyinto
Ngokuqinisekile kunengqondo, Yebo, ukuthi uma abantu enempilo noma izingxenye
atawutadishelwa yilabo abasebenza izingebhezi, ngo ratios ukwabiwa amakhophi
abo, hhayi lezo bachazwa ngokuthi egula noma wakholwa it, kanye kungenzeka
ezihlangene, futhi akukho ngaphansi kuyabonakala ukuthi ukuzimisela izimo
zezinhlobo enempilo has a isithakazelo esikhulu kunokuba ingxube enempilo futhi
umphetho wengubo yakhe; Kuphela kubonakala ukugijima ngokumelene ukusebenza
into the kukahulumeni, ukucacisa ezivame kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa imithetho K.G. kusukela amakhophi nje enempilo akukhetha okubeka ingxube obuhle sokugula.
Empeleni, lapho skull pathologically okushintshiwe kusukela imigomo ukuvela
enempilo, ukuze bawe namanje ngaphansi umqondo skull ngaso sonke, futhi yini
ufaneleke nathi sibuka imithetho jikelele for K.-G. the skull abagulayo
unekhemikhali ngoba thina kunalokho kuphela abangele eminye term ohlanganisa
zonke skull, esikhundleni the elincane kuzosebenza enempilo; futhi kukhona nezinye
yinqwaba lapho kungenzeka alinganayo okufushane elincane futhi ebanzi
ukhona; Yebo, ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, kukhona ezifana kuphi kusukela last yonke
K.-G. engahlanganisa ngaphansi kwemigomo uhlelo olukhona, okungase

ayisesemikhulu kuphela indlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa thina sibe uvivinyo, General

yethu esikhishwe imithetho izinguqulo ebanzi kakhulu K.-G. ukufakazela,
ukushayela elibi ngokwabo bebungeke bube noma bungaphelele ngoba ngesikhathi
bona nokho ngesikhathi ozimele ngokwanele ewumngcingo for the K.-G.
ezihlukahlukene kakhulu akukashintshi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ubonise jikelele
yabo. Umbuzo manje, yini ekuhlaba juqu for izithibelo kufanele kugujwe ibanga.
Lo mbuzo esasibonakala kunzima ukuba iphendulwe mayelana nemibandela
elandelayo langempela.
Uma senza izinto ezihambisana nazo okufushane ngokwanele ewumngcingo uqobo
okuvame for ezihlukahlukene imithetho izinto distribution mix, isimo elandelayo
okumelwe kuhlangatshezwane nazo ukuze ingxube imithetho efanayo akayikuba
luhambisane: ngalo inquma constants noma izakhi ezibalulekile ukuthi
ukusatshalaliswa ratios , ngakho okungenani izibalo asho futhi asho ukuphambuka
omunye izakhi zihlobene ucishe, kwavumela ukuba uqamba izinto hhayi ihluke
nomunye, njengoba by izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela kuyaqondakala, ngemva
kwalokho singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto esenziwe ngazwilinye ayehlukile njengoba
lezo ukwanelisa lesi simo, futhi yini abazi ukuhlangabezana, Ngakolunye uhlangothi,
iyunifomu kanye edidayo kunalezo lapho kusuka ngazwilinye, futhi lapho yakhiwa
izinto ayehlukile. Noma yimuphi ukwandiswa igama elithi a K.-G. kodwa wenza
ukwakheka kwalo nomunye noma ngaphezulu ezinye, izinto ezingabangela
ayehlukile nalo.
Ibhayisikobho lo mbono manje ngokushesha e izinto eziningi ukuthi ngeke
exutshwe. Empeleni, akukho muntu woza, amadoda nabesifazane noma nezingane
futhi abadala K.-G. efanayo yokuhlanganisa, lapho ekusakazeni amakhophi abo
kumele kucatshangelwe mayelana ubude umzimba, kungakhathaliseki bona bawe
ndawonye ngaphansi umqondo ebanzi zabantu; kodwa wazi kusengaphambili ukuthi
ngokuphongoza amagugu kusho akhona ngazo ukuba izinto ayehlukile. Futhi
kumelwe futhi abe ukwakheka okunempilo Skull kanye izingebhezi pathologically
ezishintshwe a K.-G. kuthiwa inadmissible wathola kude kangaka kokubili
baziphathe ayehlukile towards nomunye.
15. Ibhayisikobho lo mbono kubonakala kimi imiphumela uyafundisa kakhulu
ezifundweni ngezinga ukubuthela ukuthi emva yayo (. Cape ngenhla III ngaphansi Ia)
kuyakhulunywa fleetingly, ingxenye yalo msebenzi (Chap. XXIV) yesibili aziswe
engenayo ,
Ubukhulu ukubuthela azisoze efingqiwe for emazweni ahlukahlukene, izikhathi,
ubudala ngaphansi imiqondo ebanzi izilinganiso enjalo, kodwa kukhona futhi
ezikhethekile kakhulu;futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kuba isibonelo engu-18
abaqeqeshelwa ezweni akafuni ukuba aphathe ixubene iminyaka sakwelinye izwe 20,
kusukela kokubili ziyehluka eziningana izilinganiso izindlela. kodwa futhi bavume
ukubuthwa yobudala efanayo ezweni elilodwa uvumele specialisation e
miqondo. Ngakho, manje nginokuthula izilinganiso ukubuthela (2ojhrigen) Leipzig
abafundi Ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi lonke labantu okuthiwa Leipzig. Leipzig
umuzi elingakanani, ngakolunye uhlangothi ikakhulukazi baphathwa. Ngokuba

okokuqala has a owanelisayo kakhulu, ngoba kwenye othile maqondana isiqinisekiso

nokungapheleli ukusatshalaliswa jikelele ukuba iyawakha imithetho Ngibiza
ayisisekelo, vuka; by esiye e uqhathanise sibalo nokuqaphelisisa ezenzeka
kuqhathaniswa kaningi yokugcina Ubukhulu encane, njengoba kufanele kube njalo
ngokusho ukubala esekelwe imithetho eyisisekelo ngaphandle zenzakalo
ongenakulinganisela zazanele ukuba ukukuchaza. Okufanayo watholakala for
izilinganiso ukubuthela labantu okuxubile ezifundeni ezahlukene Saxony
emikhulu. Uyini umehluko we lokuqala Kwezinye izimo? Izinga ukubuthela abafundi
ubheke kwenkululeko elilinganiselwe okungathiwa icebile, a Wachstume okuvamile
abantu izindlela hhayi ukwehluleka nezitebele zamahhashi; omunye abantu
olususelwa nezitebele zamahhashi ezifana nezitebele zamahhashi, lapho kukhona
ukuntuleka ukukhulelwa nokuzalwa ucishe amanxusa enjalo, futhi engavamile abantu
efanele zenzeka njalo, izilinganiso zabo ziyafakwa esikhathini Rekrutenmaliste,
nakuba abantu hhayi ayazihlanganisa at the service ngenhlonipho werden.Indieser
cishe abe nesithakazelo Data.
Engeza sisezandleni zami lengu-20 ukuhwebelana kusuka Leipzig umfundi
ukubuthela izilinganiso anabamemezeli m = 2047 kuphela oyedwa ewela (amayintshi
60) ngaphansi ngesilinganiso 64 amasentimitha 1); 17 vintages of izilinganiso labantu
esisele Leipzig (Leipzig idolobha ngokushesha ubukhulu) nge inani m = 8402 ukuwa
197 abantu ngaphansi 64 (kulencane kumasentimitha 48) amasentimitha; futhi thina
kancane kancane sinciphise isilinganiso inani 197 -M, kanjalo awe ngokumelene 1
ngazinye Leipzig abafundi ngezinga namanje 48 lo Leipzig Izilinganiso emzini
ongaphansi 64 amasentimitha. Umphakathi Leipziger exubile kuhlanganisa kodwa
indlela yonke imizi elikhulu, ingxenye enkulu abasebenzi esidabukisayo. Kodwa
eminye: 3 vintages ukubuthela sezingeni Borna Amtshauptmannschaft ngaphandle
Leipzig (emadolobheni okungcono amancane ukulima esenkabeni kuhlanganise)
kanye m = 2642 wanika ngokuphelele 50 noma, njengoba ngaphambilini yehlise 39
degree ngezansi 64 amasentimitha (with the izilinganiso okungenani 51
amasentimitha), kanye 3 vintages bavume ukubuthwa Anna Berger
Amtshauptmannschaft (okuningi sezintaba abampofu factory labantu kuhlanganise)
kanye m = 3067 ngokuphelele 62, zanciphisa 41 degree ngezansi 64 amasentimitha
(with the izilinganiso okungenani 49 amasentimitha). Ngakho ngemva
Ingxenye m esinayo phakade beziehentlich for the ecacisiwe 4 iminyango:
1 48 39 41
Izilinganiso ngaphansi 64 2), futhi siya izindlela izibalo (ngokuvumelana panel primary)
ngenhla, khona-ke magugu alandelayo atholakala ngamasentimitha Saxony:

Stud. Lpzg. St. M. Borna Annaberg

71,76 69,61 69,34 69,00.
Ngakho kusho izibalo abafundi Leipzig kungaphezu 2 intshi angu kunangendlela
labantu exubile-Saxon, futhi kuyasebenza ku value central nokubaluleka
densest. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuphambuka isilinganiso maqondana izibalo asho
by umfaniswano yonke iminyango ekunqumeni ngezindlela amasentimitha Saxon

for:
Stud. Lpzg. St. M. Borna Annaberg
2,01 2,26 2,14 2,33.
Futhi Yebo, umehluko zombili relations Angajabula kakhulu uma labantu okuxubile
zokugcina zingxenye ezintathu ihlukaniswe labo kanye evamile nalabo kanye
Wachstume okungafanele kokubili babengase ibekwe okuphambene nomunye.
1)

[1 Saxon inch = 23.6 mm.]

2)

obunganakekile kuka ngenhlonipho Ubukhulu elincane umehluko phakathi

izilinganiso umfundi kanye izilinganiso ezinye zezizwe ezintathu ngenhlonipho
kwekulu; futhi uyavuma akhawunti ukusatshalaliswa kule yokugcina up kangcono
kunokuba phansi; kodwa umehluko ngezinga elikhulu kunawo hhayi
nhlobo. Abafundi izilinganiso ahlangana ndawonye izilinganiso ezintathu
80; 80,75; 82,5;the Leipzig umuzi Dimensions 79.5 (izikhathi 4) kanye 79,75; the
Borna kanye 77,25; 77,75; 78,25; the Annaberg'schen kanye 76,75; 77,25; 78,5.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi uma thina ukubuthela yesigaba sabasebenzi kahle ngempela
ngokwabo kwadingeka phambi kwethu kunalelo amakilasi ecebile abafundi,
ukusatshalaliswa imithetho yethu ehamba kwakufana nokuthi labo njengoba lezi
ingaqinisa, ngoba abasebenzi uqobo noma a term Okulandelayo, okuyinto lunye
ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene onekhono futhi hhayi a priori ukuba umshuwalense
ukuthi amakhono akhe ayavumelana ngomqondo ngenhla. Yebo kusukela ekuqaleni
kungaba okufanayo ukusho njengoba kancane emelelwe abafundi emakilasini
abacebile; kodwa njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho ngokwalo elikufundisayo ukuthi
lunye is ngibenze ngokwanele singene abafundi ukukala ukuvumela isiqinisekiso
imithetho umbuzo, kuze kufike for izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela at kungenzeka,
kanjalo kumelwe futhi sisize uzole, kuyilapho thina lapha nalaphaya ngabe lunye
ukushayela noma okunye uma azanele.
Futhi kahle kakhulu ukuba bavuma ukuthi, uma thina kuphela m wawandisa lo
mfundi ukubuthela ngezinga ngokomthetho futhi ngokuvumelana nezimfuno
ezahlukene, isib. Njengoba khona wahlukanisa kuye umsuka emizaneni noma
emadolobheni noma ezivela vintages ehlukene noma amazinga ehlukene ematikweni
ukuthi abe , kwanele m kuzodingeka ukuba bakwazi ukuthola umehluko ezicashile
izakhi ezibalulekile ngokuqiniseka, besingeke ukungabi enjalo, lapho engashayisana
a yibobonke ephelele; futhi kuvimbela lutho ukwenza into zokutadisha kwalo.
Kodwa uma lezi umehluko mancane, kanti iminyango ehlukahlukene, ungenza
ngokusho amaphuzu zihlukahlukene kakhulu, lapha umehluko phakathi izakhi
ngokwabo, ziyahlukahluka nobunjalo randomness, kungashiwo kodwa kungeke
kuphela lokucabanga, kodwa lifundisa iqiniso uqobo ukuthi umehluko ethintekayo
yizakhi ongenakugwenywa izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela bavuke izakhamuzi
zaseBosnia zifana ne probation futhi imithetho eyisisekelo abaphikisa isithiyo

eziphawulekayo.
16. kunjalo kancane kodwa uvumelekile kule ngeziphambeko lapho ratios
ukusatshalaliswa K.-G. ezibanzi futhi kanjalo kahle show of the imithetho
eyisisekelo, bheka liyaziphikisa kule mithetho, njengoba kwanele in isimiso ukwazi
ratios ukuxuba izakhi ezibalulekile of uqamba izihloko into edidayo ukubala ratios
ukusatshalaliswa kwe-sihloko esiyinhlanganisela ngokusho imithetho eyisisekelo
ngokwabo, kangangokuthi kanjalo maqondana nalokhu jikelele semthethweni
abakushoyo.
General kulandela kusukela ngenhla, ekutholeni kanye ukuhlolwa imithetho
eyisisekelo kunazo distribution ukuthi akumelwe nje aqaphe ukuthi emva indlela
ehlukile ngaphandle emuva ukusatshalaliswa imiphumela ebanzi, untriftig izinto
Mixed ngokumelene ukusebenza the for ngokwanele ewumngcingo, izinto
umfaniswano imithetho undrawn elethwe okwenza, kodwa futhi endabeni phakathi
imiphumela omunye futhi version elincane, ezinye izinto ukuba bayalingana, babe
elincane for Konstatierung imithetho akukhetha ayisisekelo.The ukucatshangelwa
odlule ahlele ngokwabo aphansi ukwedlula okulandelayo.
Umsuka amakhophi a K.-G. kusuka ezindaweni ezahlukene noma izinkathi noma
kokubili ngasikhathi sinye kuholela kalula ukungaboni ngaso linye qualitative kodwa
futhi ambalwa kuphela okufanayo nalokho ukunakekelwa okukhethekile maqondana
efanelwe kweyodwa kuya ngokwanele enkulu m edingekayo ukuze siwufinyelele
uphenyo yimpumelelo, ikakhulukazi zabangela noma icindezelwe , i K.-G. zibuthane
kusukela zezinhlobo amakamelo ehlukene noma izikhathi ungowayiphi ukuba
ngempela ekamelweni elilodwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo abakwazi
kungokukaJehova. Kulokhu, ukungqubuzana manje senzeka. The zezinhlobo
kusukela ukwanda ndawonye kakhulu ngomunye izikhala kanye ezikhathini zakudala
noma ububanzi kakhulu, usengozini ekuhlanganiseni izinto ayehlukile futhi ngalokhu
miss eliyisisekelo ukusatshalaliswa ratios; zezinhlobo kusukela lincane kakhulu
lubandlululo kanye temporal imingcele ndawonye ukwandisa, kukhona zenzakalo
ongenakulinganisela egunjini kakhulu ukuba ngisho okuzuza imithetho
eziphawulekayo nanoma degree of ngokuqiniseka. The ukubeka imithetho yamazinga
lukulesi sici, kodwa ngeke ube draw priori, futhi ekugcineni impumelelo lokunquma
ukuthi ungakwazi ukuthatha yokutholwa ibanga yesikhashana noma kwezendawo
into a ukuhambisana egculisayo kanye eliyisisekelo ukusatshalaliswa imithetho; uma
kungenjalo, ukusikwa waqhubeka ukushayela, futhi uma oda ukuba amagugu
encane m kuza kuwo ukuze uthole imiphumela ngokuqiniseka ezanele, ukunikeza
uphenyo ukuthola inombolo enkulu amakhophi.Ngokuvamile, lokhu kufanele ngabe
yikuphi kube esiwusizo kakhulu.
17. A ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele ikhokhwe ngaphambi kokuphetha
ngokuthi intfo izingxenye ayehlukile eqamba, kulandela ngokwengxenye kakade
wathinta ratios distribution amabhodi.
In imithetho yethu ayisisekelo amanga ukuthi z eziyohlala a kuze usayizi
ethile a ukwanda, eminye okhulayo a kahle njalo wehle kodwa ukuze kukhona
esiphezulu of enjalookuthiwa incenye lemcoka yohlu distribution (lapho. Amagugu

densest ) kanye minima ezimbili, ngokulandelana ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni

etafuleni (at the ngokwedlulele a) kukhona. Lapho A njengoba abscissae,
lo z njengoba ahlanganise uthatha, omunye kanjalo ukumela ngendlela eyaziwa
ukusatshalaliswa zomthetho imidwebo futhi kanjalo ithola ijika omncane
kuhoxiswe i bushelelezi kuze kube kuvuka ingqungquthela kwabe yehla futhi. Kodwa
primary okuthiwa ngami, ukuthi ngqo lisuselwa izilinganiso panel uyobe Urlisten
insgemein kusukela ekuqaleni lonke panel i entry okungajwayelekile futhi
uphume enjalo in ukukhula okuqhubekayo of a lapha ukuthola ukuthungwa bumpy of
the ijika distribution;kubandakanya primary ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi VII. Isahluko
ukunikeza sufficient bonakaliso. The, imbangela evame kakhulu aphuthe of semfene
okunjalo manje noma kunjalo e izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, futhi kuncike kwalo
cusp we ijika zinyamalale by a ukuncishiswa ngokwanele ebanzi enophephela
kwephaneli, ukuthi kuboniswa ekuqaleni ( 6) simemezelo, ndawonye
ethatha z Kuboshwe ngezikhathi alinganayo of a run ngokusebenzisa panel lonke
njengoba kuchazwe eSahlukweni VIII, bese lisekelwa izibonelo panel
encishisiwe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi imbangela kungabuye kube ukuthi K.-G. baba
nature ayehlukile ka amagugu zako ezisemqoka ezisetshenzisiwe.
Empeleni, di kungaba kakade ukunganakwa kusukela nemibono evamile ukuthi
uma senza z. B. ubefuna nezinga esilinganayo amadoda nabesifazane abangafani
kakhulu kuye izibalo asho njengoba value densest of mix ngamunye, ngaleyo ndlela
kakhulu, kungaphandle ongenakulinganisela izingozi, ukwanda ukuvela ezimbili
esiphezulu z ke kwakuyovela, amagugu ezimbili densest yebo kungenzeka ukuthi
ngokuxuba ngisho ayehlukile lelinetintfo ukusatshalaliswa amapulangwe kakhulu
esiphezulu z ephakamayo. Noma kunjalo, manje efanelekayo ukuhlola imithetho
eyisisekelo distribution kuphela distribution panel nge esiphezulu for the Bestande
main iphaneli, kanti semfene encane ngemuva kokuphela yohlu kumele lingabi
ukuphazamiseka ezinkulu. Ngakho kukhona ukusatshalaliswa panel, lapho musa
ukuhambisana nale nkinga, zingabantu ukucabangela umthetho ewusizo kuphela
emva ukuncipha okukhulu kangaka, ukuthi by ukulungiswa okwanele izehlakalo
umdlalo ofanayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho lo umthetho umbuzo basengaba ibhodi
encishisiwe ukuqinisekisa kahle kakhulu, uma iningi esiphezulu for the Bestande
main ebhodini kwakuxhomeke ngempela kuphela izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela.
Nokho, akufanele silibukele ukuthi, kusukela ngezikhathi zabo kunqunywa
ukuncishiswa a ukwanda distribution panel, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuncike ne
izehlakalo ongalinganiseli nature ayehlukile yezingxenye webhodi, iningi
esiphezulu z kungenziwa kwaluqeda uma lokhu okungukuthi at nomunye
eduze a ukuwa, lapho zenzeka ndawonye mkhulu isikhawu ukuncishiswa, kukhona
ngalokhu izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana, ngakho udinga kuphela zokunciphisa futhi
ngalokhu okwandisa ngezikhathi ukuya yimuphi ngezinga ukuphumelelisa lokhu
ngokuphepha. Ngakho ngempela ukubusa ngokunciphisa lona esiphezulu nje
ekwabiweni ukuba ihlolwe panel z and ukusuka lapho saya zombili ukudlula
ukwehla z kufanele zigcinwe ukunciphisa, kodwa isiphi ukuphambuka emithethweni
ayisisekelo ke namanje mhlawumbe a nature ayehlukile yezingxenye of the panel
ukuthi uye wawufiphazwe nokwehla kungaya; Ngakho kule ndaba kuphela

ukutadisha ukusatshalaliswa ngokwazo juqu.

18. Nokho, sisaba zasesiteji yethu ayizange iphele lapho. Izinto zenzelwe abantu
mayelana nezinjongo ezithile noma imibono, nje ake sikubize wobuciko, subject,
naphezu ngenhloso ukuthi uye obgewaltet lapho kuphakama, kodwa mayelana
ngobukhulu imithethonqubo, lapho namanje ushiye kungenalutho ukuze chance, lo
Kollektivmagesetzen; kodwa uma kukhona esisuseni noma izinhloso ezihambisana
kakhulu imingcele inkululeko yanoma ithuba by besekela nobe kushiya izilinganiso
ngabanye, ngakho imithetho kungabuye kwenzeke ukubhidliza izakhiwo okuningi,
ezazichaza izibonelo ezilandelayo.
Business amakhadi, kanye okuthiwa. Adrekarten zabathengisi abakhiqizi
kungabonwa the zihlukahlukene kakhulu ngokusho ubude ke bube njengobesinye
ububanzi kuyehluka, futhi ekuqaleni ngangicabanga ukuba into enhle ukuhlola
imithetho yethu kungenxa yokuthi kukhona ngobunengi, kungaba nsuku zonke
ezokuthutha, kungaba izincwadi iphethini umenzi wawo, lapho kungatholakala ethe
njo isampula amakhophi (lapho mina abaningi baye basebenzisa Verfertigern
ehlukahlukene ukuze kukalwa) ingatholakala, futhi ngaleyo ndlela uhlinzeke inzuzo
ukuthi ukunemba nesilinganiso futhi balinganisela ngaphezu kwezinye izinto eziningi
has esandleni sakhe. Kodwa nakuba kunjalo, kungaba ubude, it is kukalwa ububanzi,
gwema imithetho yethu kude kakhulu, banikela, kodwa kuphela kuyisikhumbuzo
probation kakhulu abangaphelele efanayo yilokho ungabheka isizathu kulezi zimo
ezilandelayo.
Naphezu ukushintshashintsha izilinganiso zabo kodwa inkululeko ngengozi
engavimba lokuthi umenzi insgemein izilinganiso ezifana bakhetha ukuthi imvume,
ishidi amakhadibhodi kusukela lapho amakhadi bafa, kungenzeka basizakala,
okungukuthi ephelele njengoba kungenzeka ukuba kudla, ngaleyo ndlela futhi cishe
ezithile , ratios ethandwa ikakhulukazi phakathi ububanzi nobude, ikakhulukazi
2 ukuhambisana 5 (ziwukulinganisela isilinganiso golden) ;: 3 noma 3 futhi
eqinisweni I am in the izilinganiso amakhadi enjalo, ngenza okuyinto izincwadi
isampula iningi nezimboni, eqiniseka ukuthi kanengi ngamunye wabo izilinganiso
ezithile, njengoba omunye akubheka njengelungelo ngephutha. The izilinganiso
imidwebo embukisweni Lichten ifremu kodwa ngaphansi kusimo efanayo futhi
kuthanda, emva Ngiletha izilinganiso eziningi ezifanayo kusukela izinhlu nemipheme
ezihlukahlukene babaletha ndawonye (Comp. Chap. XXVI), i material esihle kakhulu
ukuthembeka Magesetze logarithmic.
19. Endabeni izinto zemvelo ngakolunye uhlangothi ingenye okubangelwa term
ngokwayo zasesiteji ukuthi zezinhlobo hhayi ithemba umthetho wemvelo kukhona
nomunye, lapho likhuphuka imithetho ithuba. Leli phuzu ikakhulukazi K.-G.
Meteorological e ukucabangela. Thermometer futhi barometric ukufundwa, kanye
nezinye amagugu Meteorological zikhomba zonke indawo Ngesikhathi
ngokuningiliziwe by zenzakalo ephazanyiswa, kodwa out umlando yanquma
amagugu kusho abe zomthetho kanye nokuvala ngisho nalapho Track ngokusebenzisa
amahora ngosuku, akukho ngaphansi by izinsuku noma izinyanga ngonyaka. Lokhu
okubizwa ngokuthi. Ngetikhatsi amagugu Meteorological angawi ngaphakathi

kwencazelo a K.-G., kodwa kuphela non-ngezikhathi, maqondana njengoba

kubhekwe njengento variable okungahleliwe. Kulokhu singakwazi ngokushesha
Meteorological idatha nsuku zonke, data nyangazonke futhi idatha wonyaka,
maqondana njengoba they hlanhlatha kusukela eminyakeni eminingi imithombo,
futhi lezi ukuhluka ngokwabo ukuhluka njengoba nsuku zonke; Monthly and
wonyaka ukuhluka ukuhluka ukuhlukanisa yini into ngokuqinisekile ukuthatha
njengoba abaningi kuyoba isikhathi. Ukubuyela enjalo. Senza incazelo amagugu
ezishisayo kanye ngeziphambeko, eliphumela ukudluliswa nezinye izinhlobo
amagugu sezulu ngeziphambeko kusuka uqobo.
Isikhungo amagugu nsuku zonke kungenzeka ikakhulukazi noma yisiphi usuku
oluqondile iminyaka usuku lwakhe, bathi z. B. 1 Januwari. Ake sibheke lokushisa
kosuku endaweni inikezwe unyaka ngamunye, short njengoba ezishisayo value
ukujabulisa ngoJanuwari 1, kuba ezithile amahora 24 isilinganiso, noma izinga
lokushisa, bese ngokungaguquki lugcinwe, inikezwe isikhathi sosuku noma
isilinganiso esiphezulu - kanye nezinga lokushisa okungenani usuku. Lokhu value
ukujabulisa ngoJanuwari 1, wawukubona eziningi iminyaka ilandelana. The emva
ngezikhathi zindinganiso ezishintshayo nsuku zonke iminyaka ukumela
amakhophi a isikhathi esisodwa K.- G. esizithola izibalo asho value sokuhlukanisa
sum of amagugu nsuku zonke netinombolo, lapho, kanye nenani leminyaka abantu
okuyothi kuye kwaphawulwa eqondana. Lokhu kusho jikelele hot nsuku ezishisayo 1
January kanye ngeziphambeko atholakala eminyakeni ezahlukene nsuku zonke
idatha A of the jikelele nsuku zonke isilinganiso A ke inhlobo ngayinye
ngeziphambeko usuku, lapho emva notation esibekiwe kanye kufanele
eziqokiwe. Amalungiselelo angatholwa for January 2 nazo zonke ezinye yokugubha
at ngamunye ezindaweni ukubona ikakhulukazi.
Kunalokho nsuku zonke zonyaka, kodwa angatholakala ngisho nangaphansi wokuababecabanga amalungiselelo anjalo uyezwakala kunoma yimuphi isonto ezithile
zonyaka, inyanga ngayinye yonyaka kanye unyaka wonke, khona-ke njengoba
amagugu masonto onke, ngesonto ukuhluka, amagugu nyangazonke, ukuhluka
nyangazonke, amagugu wonyaka, ukuhluka wonyaka zichazwe. Kulaba, lo
ezishisayo amagugu nyangazonke futhi ukuhluka nyangazonke bafanelwe
ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ngoba amalungiselelo eminingi ikakhulukazi
ezindaweni eziningi kungaba. The ezishisayo ngenyanga namagugu a kanjalo
omunye etholakale, isibonelo, ngenxa January (futhi alifani for iyiphi enye inyanga) e
kunqunywa eziningi iminyaka, okushisa kusho January, okuyizinto okufanayo
kusukela ezinsukwini 31 ukuze alulame. ukwehluka ezishisayo lwenyanga January
njengoba e ngeziphambeko akusukela izimali jikelele a. Esikhundleni izibalo
kusho futhi ukuhluka yalo, kungaba kanye nezinye amagugu main futhi
ngeziphambeko elisuselwa amagugu anjalo.
Meteorological K.-G. lolu hlobo kulinganiselwa isifundo imithetho yabo jikelele
neze amaphuzu amaningana of view; once ngenxa impahla obuningi, ngalo elikhona
imithombo meteorology noma ingalandwa therefrom, okwesibili, ngenxa ikwazi
zoMthetho, okuyinto kufinyeleleke izindlela observation sezulu izindlela,

okwesithathu, ngoba lezi zinto ngaphambili ukunikeza impahla kuphela ukuba

umahluleli ukuthi K.-G. yesikhashana kuncike emithethweni efanayo
kwendawo. Kuphela bezwa, bayahlupheka yini kusukela ethile ebaluleke kakhulu
ukuthi, kusukela m efanayo nenani leminyaka ngalo evela kubantu abathi ecebile
kuvumelana, hhayi kalula esikhulu m okufanayo, yebo akukho ndawo yaba ukhona
njengoba ukuphepha kwalo kungafiseleka ukuba imiphumela besondele. 3)
3)

Phakathi izindawo 70 lapho ijuba ilandisa ezishisayo ngenyanga ngeziphambeko

omunye eseyi yakhe, kungcono nje Berlin, lapho 100 njengoba m ufinyelelwe by the
ukuphishekela ngeminyaka 138 Kwenzeka-hen, futhi kuphela ePrague futhi London
kukhombisa m 90, ngokulandelana 94 futhi 92nd
20. Manje omunye can Nokho, a olukhudlwana m, etholakala kusukela
enomborweni enikelweko iminyaka, njengoba isibalo zeminyaka endleleni
okulandelayo, engesiyo ukulahla at ezinkulu zokumelana nobudlova par.
Ukuze azuze izidingo ezithile QUETELET'schen Isibonelo a (s. Quete-Ase Lettres,
last ikholomu mpo etafuleni p. 78) ukuya, sicabanga ukuthi izinga lokushisa zonke
izinsuku in January njengendlela phakathi okungenani kanye lokushisa esiphezulu
usuku ngalunye ngesikhathi ethile izindawo (Brussels) wawukubona engu-10,
esiyikho ebekiwe ukuzimisela indlela okukholelwa ukuba lesifanele, ngoba
ngamunye izinsuku 31 January njengoba K.-G., owokuqala, owesibili, owesithathu,
futhi kanjalo m = 10 wathola, lokho kuyinto okuncane kakhulu ukutadisha imithetho
ukusatshalaliswa naso; Lapha sithola kuthanda ngokumelene a m = 310 lonke
ngenyanga January njengoba K.-G. etholakale lapho senza uqhubekele ngokusho
sandulela Quetelet ngo isibonelo umbuzo ukuze thina ndawonye ukuthatha 31
izinsuku izinga January njengoba amakhophi January lokushisa nsuku zonke
iminyaka 10 310 amakhophi, kulokhu izibalo asho sokuhlukanisa by 310, okuyinto
310 ngeziphambeko thatha futhi uma sifuna, futhi omunye amagugu main
ngeziphambeko therefrom anqume.
Manje Yebo abasa priori ukuthi, ngoba ngaphandle izinguquko okungahleliwe
lokushisa January ukhula kusuka 1 kuya 31 days ngumthetho, thina buyela inkinga of
iGanges ngephutha kanye inkambo yemvelo elingokomthetho amagugu nsuku zonke,
kuthathwe kanti ngokuqinile imithetho yemvelo ushintsho ukutadisha imithetho
ebalulekile ukusatshalaliswa uyakuba ngaphandle. Indes kungaba bayavuma kahle
ukuthi kushintsha izinga lokushisa nsuku zonke ukuthi efanayo ezibangwa
ngesikhathi ngenyanga inqubekela phambili zomthetho, woza kuqhathaniswa
ubukhulu isilinganiso izinguquko okungahleliwe ngabanye okushisa nsuku zonke
kancane kakhulu ku-akhawunti ukuze aphazamise imithetho okungahleliwe
kakhulu; Noma ngabe yikuphi, okufanayo akubuchithi, kodwa kuphela nje
eziphazamisayo. Kodwa kuphakama a ukukhathazeka ezibaluleke kakhulu kusukela
lokuthi ngempela ngaphandle inqubekela kwezomthetho ngenxa inyanga eyodwa
yonke indawo ukhaphela izimo Meteorological kwezinsuku ngqo elandelanayo a
ukuncika ethile nomunye, okuyinto akasinikanga ngoba imithetho

ithuba. Ngokuvamile, more elifudumele, di mayelana ukubaluleka yaphakathi

lokushisa January-ukuma, futhi kubanda more, di ngaphansi falling izinsuku efanayo
elandelanayo, futhi afeze kwathatha ukulandela kusukela omunye komunye hhayi
ngokukhulu ukushesha, kodwa by emqansweni kancane kancane kuze kube
ukuphakama ezithile ngaphezu value maphakathi kusukela ukwanda kodwa abakwazi
ukuya unomphela, emuva phansi ezingeni leliphasi noma ngezansi ukubaluleka
phakathi, kuphela lokho akukho periodicity njalo kulolu shintsho phakathi zehla
zenyuka iyabonakala. Ngokufanayo nazo zonke okuthiwa. Irregular izinguquko
ngezikhathi.
Ukuze lokhu kuphela ibonakala iwusizo ukwenza observation ukuthi kukhona
izindlela silula ngokulinganayo wakholiseka ngensolo kwazenzakalela amacala
ezifana non-ukwaneliseka lezi zimo. Ngathola draw Izinhlu lotto Saxon uhlinzekela
eminingana, lapho Izinombolo in the ukuze njengoba bephuma, aqoshiwe. Uma
kuphi, lapha ithuba udlala indima yayo okuhlanzekile. Uma sikubiza manje ngisho
izinombolo nge +, i kuxaka nge -, futhi ukulandelela inamba abalingiswa by inqwaba
Inombolo Yokuwina ngokulandelana, nathi singakwazi ukuthola, ngaphandle nje
umehluko omncane ngenxa zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela, ukulandelana
kweenthombe njengoba abaningi abalingiswa ezifanayo njengoba exchange of
ukungalingani. Kodwa sizokwenza kahle + amacala futhi - amacala ngaphansi
ezithile kusukela nesigcino amacala, value isikhungo for Meteorological usuku
amatafula, kanjalo kude wanquma inani imiphumela ushintsho, ubufakazi eliphuma
okungahleliwe imithetho ukwencika ngokulandelana Meteorological idatha nsuku
zonke. Nokho, Okulandelayo, uma sithatha ukuqokwa yangaphambili izinombolo
lottery ezilandelanayo ngamunye idlule inamba okulandelayo +, ngamunye eshona
kokulandelayo ngaphansi odlule - libhekisela, sithola ukuphishekela by a izinombolo
inqwaba (ahluke izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela) the Inani ushintsho kabili njengoba
enkulu njengoba lowo of the imiphumela;kodwa senza njengoba nje nge kufaneleka
ukubiza of ngokulandelana Meteorological idatha nsuku zonke, inani ushintsho uwela
kude short of kabili isibalo iziqephu emuva, ubufakazi yesibili ukuthi nokuwa
amagugu Meteorological usuku nosuku ongalaleli imithetho luyingxenye
okungahleliwe , It ucedzela futhi iyanda lokhu uphenyo, I kuphela ezisikisela for
manje ngibuye kukho isahluko kamuva, ngo zisabela ngeziphambeko yileyo mithetho
ngengozi, lapho ngokuqinile kuphela okungenamkhawulo m lingabazweli, by
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela ukuba cabangela futhi ukuthi of the nature
ezilinganiselwe of m-kuncike ngeziphambeko kungenzeka futhi isilinganiso kusukela
isitatimende yomthetho inquma ukuthi yini kungenziwa wamisa amafomula
eqinisweni.
Ukuze ngokujulile uphenyo has kimi manje 4) ukuthi, ngenkathi amagugu
Meteorological ngosuku ilandelana nyanga ukukhombisa izici esithile ukuncika
abethab ngendlela, ngisho ngeziphambeko ngenyanga iminyaka ngokulandelana
zazo akabuyisanga ngokuphelele uma kakade buthakathaka kanjalo futhi akhombisa
kancane ngaqala ukuzama ukubazi usebenzisa ukuphazamiseka efanayo akukho
eliphawulekayo imithetho okungahleliwe bavunyelwe; futhi kodwa ofanelwe
empikiswaneni ukuze kutholakale subject daba ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngo-

ukujula kophenyo olunzulu olwenziwe besimo sezulu professional usebenzisa labo

criteria e izithakazelo meteorology ngokwayo, njengoba kuye kwadingeka mina
ukuba ngibe yingxenye lapho kwaba kuphela nezithakazelo kuye lapha, luhlobo luni
K.- G. ngaso sonke efanelekayo ukuhlolwa kanye nesicelo kwemithetho luyingxenye
okungahleliwe.
4)

[Kuze kube yimanje, ngo XXIII. Chap. Njengoba sazi ubufakazi.]

Kusenjalo kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abashiywe ngaphandle ukhetho odlule

ayevumela, imithetho okungahleliwe amagugu Meteorological, elibonisa ukwencika
uhlobo okukhulunywa by nomunye ukusebenzisa, iyobuyiselwa esimweni sayo uma
kwenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi enkulu kakhulu m izimo ukwencika ukushintsha ngisho
okungahleliwe ,
Cabanga echaza yalo i isitsha ngaphambi amabhola elingapheli white and black,
okuyinto ibhalwe nezinamba lapho sihambisana kithi osayizi ukuphambuka a value
primary ezinikezwe, futhi ngendlela yokuthi isibalo Ukuvela ngasinye salezi zilwane
amabhola of the number of okuvela abafanele ukuphambuka nemagugu akhona for
luyingxenye okungahleliwe imithetho oluhambisana. Ngakho esimweni ziyalingana
ematfuba Gaussian umthetho maqondana ngeziphambeko kusukela izibalo asho,
esimweni ematfuba quin besprechendes yethu kamuva umthetho jikelele amelwe kule
ndlela; ukuba omuhle imikhakha white, ngeziphambeko engakhi eyethulwe balls
black. Done manje ngempela eziningi izitimela ukuba okungahleliwe kule isitsha,
banjalo amabhola ehoshiweyo izimo zabo ukuthi umthetho, ngaphandle, ngoba
inombolo ezilinganiselwe kuphela izitimela abasasele, izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, bamele kahle. Kodwa okufanayo futhi icala uma ababili,
abathathu noma ngaphezulu balls, okuyizinto eduze komunye nomunye amagugu
abo, noma ngumuntu ukubusa ethile noma ngaphandle okunjalo, ethe njo ndawonye
ukuze bakwazi ukuyikhipha ndawonye kuphela; Okuwukuphela inombolo enkulu
izitimela, elikhudlwana m, kuhlanganise ukuba athole i ukwaneliseka okuhle
ngokulinganayo imithetho umbuzo, njengoba kunjalo loose.
Yiqiniso, umbuzo noma eziphatha zawo Meteorological izindinganiso Isifaniso
nsuku zonke ngeke libhekwe njengelingcwele ixazululwe Lo mfanekiso, okubonisa
nje ukuthi esingasindisa ziziphathe. Nokho (78 Lettres p.) Akukona nje kuphela
unezela isibonelo QUETELET'sche kanye m = 310 (empeleni kunalokho ngenxa
yokungabi usuku observation 309) lapho uhlolwa ngendlela ukusatshalaliswa of
wakhe for kahle mthetho, kodwa futhi izibonelo ezishisayo kanye barometric ibanga
elide okukhulu m, lapho mina esifundweni besondele (Comp. isahl. XXVII),
ekhulumela efanayo ukuze bakwazi kubhekwe esebenzayo okungenani kanye
ematfuba konke okusemandleni, engesiyo kuphela sifundisa, kodwa futhi ngoba
meteorology of interest kungenzeka ukuba. Quetelet ngokwakhe engazange asabele
umbuzo.
21. By the way kuyinto efiselekayo kakhulu kodwa isibonelo Meteorological
ukuba amabhidi ukuma, lapho okuvela nezigameko eziningi umuntu ukuntuleka

ukwencika amacala yokuxhuma nomunye ngokulandelana. In the jikelele

bibliothque de Genve (Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles)
zingatholakala ngamunye Monatshefte etafuleni Meteorological for Geneva 5), lapho
phakathi kwezinye columns, okuyizinto isebenza for thermometer, eziyobonisa, njll, futhi abe ikholomu
kwesihloko; "Eau

Dans les heures 24 tombe" unikezwa, okubonisa ukuphakama

amanzi bewile kwangu ngayinye ngosuku lwemvula okwakwenzeke lwenyanga
efanele eminyakeni efanele. Kodwa manje, landela ngokuvamile emanzi more
njengoba izinsuku elomile zilandelana, kodwa - futhi lokhu yikho okubalulekile kithi,
futhi zazo analog akunjalo nge ngokulandelana ezishisayo noma barometric amagugu
nsuku zonke - lapho baqoqa eziphakemeyo gauge imvula imvula ngokulandelana
Izinsuku isiyakhashelwa akukho ubukhulu kuye nomunye. Empeleni, ungakwazi
kakade ukubona glance olukha phezulu kakhulu, ukuphakama emvula efanele
kukholamu switch to the okungajwayelekile kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile
esiphendukisiwe kulandele imvula okusika ukuphakama ngelinye ilanga eliphansi
kakhulu ngosuku olulandelayo noma. Kodwa okunqumayo kule ngezindlela
abafanele ongaphezu criteria ethu amabili; futhi kuyamangaza, yiziphi ezinye
Imiphumela basinikeza maqondana ngomqondo baqonda at highs nsuku zonke odlule
njengoba imvula phezu ezishisayo kanye barometric amagugu nsuku zonke,
kuhlanganise omunye kamuva (Chap. XXIII) uzothola amaphepha.
5)

Enye, ngempela ngendlela efanele ahlobisa itafula esiteshini Meteorological on

the St. Bernhard.
Angizange ngakhoke ingakhathazeki kimi inkathazo, idatha equkethwe Geneva
Journal of the Geneva imvula eziphakemeyo konke vintages, okuyothi awabonisi
khumula izingubo, futhi kwakhiwa emva kwezinyanga 12 ukwahlukana 12 kusukela
ngamunye lapho a K ikakhulukazi ukuba ziphathwe .-G. imele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa
isib. B. njengoba amasampula Aof January hhayi kuphela zonke eziphakemeyo
imvula (Akuphikwa ikakhulukazi kusukela iqhwa kwancibilika), ziye zenzeka lapho
ngenyanga January, kodwa eyenzeke ngenyanga January wonke unyaka, okuyothi
ezindaweni eziphakemeyo imvula bazingelwa, kuthathwe ndawonye, futhi kanjalo
ukukhipha ibaluleke kakhulu iyiphi inyanga m eyatholakala. Manje ake
ngokuqinisekile ukuthi lo mzamo waba ize ngoba injongo yethu, ngoba ngaso
sonke a priori athi ukusatshalaliswa imithetho emadulini imvula Ever efanayo
wengeze njengoba ukubuthela ngezinga skull izilinganiso u Etc..; kodwa kunalokho
iye ikhokhwe off in ukuthi eziphakemeyo imvula izilinganiso imidwebo eholweni
kangaka ukunikeza impahla kuphela eyalandela ukusatshalaliswa umthetho wethu
logarithmic yayingabakhinyabeza resoundingly by a asymmetry obukhulu kwenza
iwe amagugu main zingafani kakhulu, kokubili ubudlelwane emagugu main kakhulu
eqinile umehluko isilinganiso ahlinzeke, kanjalo nokusebenza izibalo ukwelashwa
ngendlela phanga (s. isahl. XXI, XXVI kanye XXVII kanye).Futhi
Ngokungangabazeki it has a nesithakazelo esikhethekile e ukuthi izinto eziningi
kangaka like yokudweba izilinganiso nemvula eziphakemeyo esiqondile kangaka

eyinqaba ukusatshalaliswa imithetho, njengoba siyoba ukudweba up, bazithobe

ndawonye.
Very kungenzeka, ngenhlanhla, kukhona namanje elinye icala Meteorological
idatha nsuku zonke ezifanele ukulandelana ukuzimela, ukusebenzisa leli gama
iDemo, njengoba kukhombisa emadulini imvula nsuku zonke, lo kuyadingeka
kakhulu ukuthatha kancane eduze lapho coprecipitating kanye nemibhalo enokwehla
yophenyo yethu futhi ukhangwa Quetelet ngokwakhe kokwakhe ngombono wami,
Yebo, hhayi ngendlela cogent, kuyoba ngayiphi indlela ukuba ngibuye izikhathi
eziningana by me on. Lawa okuthiwa. Ukwehluka Diurnes Quetelet, lapho Quetelet e
Lettres yakhe p. 174 fg., With amathebula p. 408-411 Nokho, yimina uqobo in the
Cape. XXVII eduze beze ukulukhuluma; lapha kodwa nje uhlobo yalo
okwesikhashana uqaphele futhi baqonde maqondana umbuzo uzibuse ngo iso.
Kuye kushiwo ngenhla ukuthi Quetelet lokushisa usuku lonke, nsuku zonke
enqunywe (for Brussels) njengendlela phakathi esiphezulu kanye lokushisa esincane
futhi lokhu kwaqhubeka iminyaka 10 ngenyanga ngayinye. Umehluko phakathi
kwalezi okushisa ezimbili, njengoba isikhungo sabo lokushisa usuku kusebenza, kuba
Manje lokho Quetelet"ukuguqulwa diurne" izingcingo (ukushintshashintsha
diurnal). Lapha umuntu kumelwe nakanjani bona ukuthi lo mehluko phakathi
kwezinsuku ezimbili Extreme kusuka enkulu ngamunye noma encane ngesikhathi
esifanayo lokushisa kusho phakathi, ngakho suku lokushisa, kungenzeka ukuthi ke,
akudingekile ukwencika ilandelana, okubonisa okushisa nsuku zonke
kuze Ukwehluka Diurnes ukwelula idinga. Empeleni, izinga lokushisa ngosuku
olufanayo, ngoba. Isibonelo, kusukela 10 ezivukayo njengendlela 9.5 kanye 10.5
, 8 no 12 , 5 futhi 15 , lapho ukuhluka sabela kungakavalwa. 1 , 4 , 10
kukhona; Yebo, lapho izinga lokushisa wahlala ngempela njalo ngalusuku lunye, baze
namanje kube njengoba eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi, futhi ukushintshashintsha
kuzodingeka kodwa zero. Indlela manje Quetelet lokushisa kosuku uye walandela
inyanga ngayinye ngokusebenzisa engu-10 lowo njengoba amakhophi K.G. bangakwazi, ngakho ehambisana Ukwehluka Diurnes lapho ungabona
amasampula omunye K.- G .. Nakuba Quetelet has Ukwehluka Diurneshhayi
ezikhethekile yonke ngosuku njalo ngenyanga, lokho amatafula kwakuyodinga ukuba
zokwanda okukhulu, ngaphandle sokunikezwa kungenzeka summary emfushane,
kodwa anakho p. 410, lapho amatafula 411, ngenyanga ngayinye unikezwa lapho,
kangaki kanti engu-10 ukushintshashintsha diurne phakathi 0 no 1 , phakathi 1 no
2 , zaba phakathi 2 no 3 , njll, zanciphisa kafushane panel sokuphumula
ngokwencazelo ikusasa lethu (VIII) isahluko.
Uma, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, i Ukwehluka Diurnes avele ngokusho
yobukhulu bawo kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu amanga phakathi kwabo
okushisa nsuku zonke, ngalokho ukulandelana kuye okufanayo akudingeki ukuba
wabelane, kanjalo umsebenzi onjalo kubonakala kuphambana ukuthi amatafula
senyanga ukushintshashintsha Diurnes laphom, ubonise ukuthi yini kuyehluka
inyanga ngayinye phakathi 282 (February) futhi 309 kuya 310 (January kanye
August), inkambo njalo futhi isivumelwano omuhle onjalo imithetho ngenye isebenza
ukusatshalaliswa azilingani, njengoba omunye nge ukulandelana ekhona kuye

ngokulambisa ongakulindela; Nokho, ibonisa p Quetelet. 78 itafula unikezwa

okushisa nsuku zonke July, iqhathaniswa etafuleni ehambisana of Ukwehluka
Diurnes p. 411, ukuthi inkambo enjalo efanayo belingana zombili amatafula njalo,
ukuze emva isimiso sokuqala saxoxa lelithebula kungaba wusizo ngisho ngaphandle
ukwamukelwa ukuzimela angabuka ngomqondo wokuthi kuzokwenziwa us.
22. emuva kwalokhu, kokuma jikelele okulandelayo:
Ngokuvamile, mina ngeke ukhombe lapho K.-G. ngisho for ngokwanele
enkulu m, njalo kungaphandle izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela lapho kungenzeka
phanga ushwele imithetho yethu, njengoba improprieties noma kwezinso, izinto
kodwa imiphi khulula, shayela Phonsa khulula. The kwezinso kukhona, njengoba
sibona, ezihlukahlukene futhi kwangathi semthethweni umthetho ngezindlela
ezihlukene kakhulu futhi degrees ehlukene kakhulu kuthinta. It kungenziwa
kulindeleke ngaphansi imisebenzi jikelele kukahulumeni ukunquma ithonya lalaba
kwezinso, lapho ngokwengxenye ezincwadini sicabangela yavuma izinto
ayinamaphutsa ukusatshalaliswa imithetho, ngokwengxenye kungenziwa empirically,
okungukuthi yokugcina endleleni kabili. Uma ungakwazi ukulandelela impumelelo
kwezinso ukuba izibonelo ongaphilile wena alinikela ngokoqobo; Okwesibili, futhi
lokhu kubonakala kimi ngesikhathi esifanayo akhiqiza kakhudlwana futhi ukulawula
indlela yokuqala ngokwayo nendlela zuzuziehende ungakwazi eyayenziwe enza
ukusatshalaliswa panel izakhi inikezwe, lapho luhambisane ncamashi nasici
ukusatshalaliswa imithetho, bese unamathisele lokhu noma lokhuya engavamile
kanye nempumelelo phezu amagugu ukususa izakhi futhi lezi zilinganiso zabo yalo.
Nasi mkhakha wocwaningo abanye ngaphambi ngoba engikwenzayo phezu
umsebenzi kakade ukuze ramified, lo ratios K.-G. Lithole isimo nawokuhluzeka,
asenzanga okwanele.
Ngazo zonke izindlela izinto ngokuphelele nasici enkulu m amaphutha kungenzeka
kahle omninginingi yokuzuza neze, ngakho phakathi zinto empirischerseits
ekutholeni noma probation of the imithetho eyisisekelo K.-G. enzelwe, ngaphezu
ngeziphambeko kusukela ekahle zomthetho ukusatshalaliswa ratios for finiteness
of m lobukhulu i namanje ngeziphambeko ngenxa yokuntula kuhambisana zasesiteji
noma ngokushesha ngenxa faultiness ngezinga imvume, njengoba amanga
ngaphakathi kwemingcele ngokwanele emincane ukuze ubuqiniso imithetho emisiwe
ayisisekelo ngisho nokuphakamisela ukukhathazeka, iyiphi inkambo ngokubona
ezikhathazayo uyohlale ethile leeway. Imigomo nemibandela, kokubili
ngeziphambeko ngenxa yesimo ezilinganiselwe of m njengoba ngenxa ubukhulu i,
njengoba ichithwe ngenxa ukuhambisana obanele kanye zasesiteji, Ngibiza emva
kwalokhu, ngaphezu ephepheni esetshenziswa kakade ayisisekelo, ngisho evamile
noma ekahle, njengoba nje kuphela ngokoqobo zenzeka ziwukulinganisela.
Noma kunjalo ukuthi By the way kungabonakala Vorigem okukuyo sokulinganisa
kukahulumeni, bangalindela ukuba kusukela kuboniswe esethulweni kuze kube
seqophelweni ngqo yokufundisa, ubunzima amanga, ukuba zingeniswe izicelo zabo
ukuba imiphumela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Zikhona amaphuzu nezinye, njengoba
for the physiology futhi qukethe psychophysics maqondana nalokhu; kodwa abe

impumelelo efanayo. Noma kunjalo, kusalokhu ilungelo zonke lezi izimfundiso

njengoba ngqo, kodwa ngisho ukushayela ukuphepha ngokuningiliziwe
ngangokunokwenzeka, okwesibili kuholele regularities jikelele.
23. amazwana angaphambilini ahlobene zasesiteji, lapho okumele zithathwe
uphenyo K.-G. kufanele izanelise; kodwa kukhona futhi zasesiteji, esesikhundleni
ukuba athobele uphenyo. The amabhodi ukusatshalaliswa zingafakwa ifomu ucishe
elula noma iphila yini Chap. Imininingwane VII futhi VIII kuthiwa. Amaphutha
akunakugwenywa ukuthi zenziwe lapho ukulinganisa zezinhlobo; Kumele kube
ongabalulekile ngokwanele ukuba siphazamise ecaleni imithetho, futhi ukunemba
nesilinganiso ngokuvamile Ngakho ukushayela kude ukuze isiphambeko
nesilinganiso kungenziwa enganakiwe ngokumelene ngeziphambeko collective. In
the kukalwa, neminyango kuboniswe esikalini bavame ukuba namanje zihlukaniswe
bala; futhi lokhu kuvamile kakhulu ukuthi izigaba umnyuziki lengxenye ezwakala,
engikubiza ngokuthi isiphambeko bala nonuniform, futhi yini Ngingumfana Izibonelo
bez. Ubukhulu ukubuthela ugebhezi Ubukhulu in Chap. Battle Scene VII. Amaphutha
enjalo kungaba yingozi ukuzimisela olunembile izakhi, futhi kuba ke ukukhubeka
ngokuphambene hat ukuba, futhi lapho abakhona, ukuze alenze ngokusebenzisa i
ukuncishiswa ezifanele ingozi ngangokunokwenzeka, yini ikusasa ukunikeza eminye
imininingwane.Uma inani le okumele zithathwe kukalwa ngengozi isilinganiso
ngokwayo noma ukurekhoda yayo kuphela kakhulu kalula kungenzeka, futhi
kukhona mhlawumbe akekho omunye kusho isiqiniseko ukugwema, njengoba
izilinganiso kabili ngokuzimela ukwenza nomunye futhi ngaleyo ndlela balawule
indlela I kwenzeke lapho ukulinganisa rye; kodwa kusukela umsebenzi onzima is
kabili iqiniso uzobe nzima ukuqonda konke lokhu. Nzima nakakhulu kangakanani
ukugwema iphutha izibalo in nokuvulwa semali kukalwa ekutholweni izakhi kanye
nemithetho probation; futhi okungenani kanye nenhlonipho ngamunye umphumela
engavamile noma ezibalulekile cha onga isheke ngokuphinda isitatimende.
Ngokuvamile, kukhona izakhi ukucacisa izindlela eziphephile futhi
Ngingaphephile kanye Yebo, le akukhetha lokuqala per se; kodwa njengoba phakade,
kuphela ziwukulinganisela ukuba amagugu ekahle makhemikhali kufinyeleleke,
ngakho kungase kube ukuthi inzuzo encane kulokhu akezi ukukhululeka kueine erfolgreiche Untersuchung zulassen, so mu er gewisse
akhawunti, okunikeza ngendlela Kuthi ivikeleke kancane, ngakho kungenzeka
Bedingungen erfllen, die zum Teil in seinem Begriffe liegen, zum
kwenziwe
izici practical ezifana kodwa kube ngcono uma kwanele, yalokho onakho
Teil sich allgemeineren Gesichtspunkten unterordnen.
engqondweni,
kodwa ukuba washo nokuvikeleka eyanelisayo. Manje nokunemba
Contribuu a millorar la traducci
nokuvikeleka Astronomical kungaba ngisho kuleli cala, ayiyifezi, futhi kungase kube
ukuthi uhlale akunakwenzeka by isimangalo eyize, futhi bafuna ukuba bafinyelele
lowo kodwa, uphenyo.

Text original

V. Law of ngeziphambeko Gaussian okungahleliwe (iphutha

observation) kanye nokuthatha izinto ngokuvamile yayo.
24. Ngemuva Gauss 1) yoMthetho Basic of the okuthiwa-. Iphutha Monitoring,
okungukuthi ngeziphambeko okungahleliwe observation kusho, uye kuphela usethe
hhayi up in theory, kodwa futhi efanayo Bessel 2) sifakazelwe ukuthi idatha
empirically, babengase bazitshela ukuthi sisebenza kuphela yezinkanyezi , lo mthetho

ophathelene the ngeziphambeko okungahleliwe amakhophi a one K.-G. of izibalo

zabo asho A, okusho ukuba ngocansi ngenhlonipho kuso abe ezifanele for the
iphutha observation, ie ukuze abe umthetho uvumela ukuthi, ngenhlonipho
ukuzimisela enokwehla of the izibalo asho futhi ukuphambuka value enkulu a
njengoba kusho ukuphambuka = : m, ukunquma nokusatshalaliswa lonke K.- G.
ngokusho ukukala kanye nenombolo, di ukuze anqume kulokho maqondana
Isamba m (uzitshela ukuthi lokhu akuyona encane kakhulu) zezinhlobo kunoma
yiliphi Usayizi kwemingcele ukuphambuka kusho zenzeka.
1)

[Theoria Motus corporum Coelestium, 1809. Lib. II, Ihlelo. III. - Theoria
combinationis observationum erroribus minnimis obnoxiae; Societ
Commentationes. reg. Scient. Gtting. lenge. . Vol V., 1823.] 2) [Fundamenta
astronomiae, 1818; Ihlelo. II.]
Manje ukuthi singabantwana umsebenzi umthetho jikelele ukusatshalaliswa for K.G. ukuthola, noma kunjalo komthetho Gauss '(GG iDemo) uyakuphuma, sebefikile
ngokuphindaphindiwe emuva le, futhi kuba impela in a komkhawulo ethile on K.G. thola cishe ezanele, ekugcineni kuphela emithethweni engaphezu jikelele
kucabangela ngokwabo ukubona njengoba nangu izinto ezinhle ukuba kwesisekelo
abe phezu lo mthetho. Astronomer kanye zesayensi Professional, nakuba kakade
eyaziwa futhi ajwayelekile, by kuhlaziywa ukuzimisela kwenziwa umshado kusho
iphutha kungenzeka in pursuance yalo; kodwa kumele lokucabanga eminye
imibuthano abafundi kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa soMthetho futhi, ngenxa
yalokho, kwakuzodingeka, kunokuba elihunyushwe kusukela amakhophi
ungathandeki ebalulekile umthetho, kusukela lula ukuqonda ephepheni tabular
kusuka, lapho okufanayo angahunyushwa nangenxa ukusetshenziswa practical
kakade yonke indawo Kumele kube. Kamuva (. Isahluko XVII) uzobuyiselwa
okufanayo Imiphumela ephepheni yayo ebalulekile; ngoba manje, okulandelayo
tando suffice.
, Yini okushiwo emthethweni izakhi ezibalulekile e efanayo, 4, zaxoxa
ngencazelo; yiphi kodwa kuze kufike phakade umthetho, sisondelene lokulindela
ukuza phakade more inani amagugu, futhi yingakho ngeziphambeko, whereupon it
isekelwe, kabili. Ake sixoxe manje ezifanayo efanayo esicelweni salo ukuba
ngeziphambeko collective. Emva komhlangano, 10, le nkulumo jikelele
kungaba mayelana A kanye , kanye emuva; kodwa thina hlalani lapha
kanye nemigomo jikelele.
25. Inhloso jikelele umthetho by Gauss kakade yayakhiwa mfana, abazazisayo
okungenzeka ziyalingana Deviation bez. izibalo asho A kanye enkulu, empeleni,
elingapheli m lokho esuselwe A amanga isisekelo, inombolo isihlobo noma
ngokuphelele ngeziphambeko futhi ngalokhu ukuphambuka A ukuze kutholakale
lokho iqukethwe phakathi ukuphambuka imikhawulo inikezwe, ngokucabangela
ukuthi leli lungiselelo empirically ingashintshwa izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela-ke
ezincane bheke of A eziyimbangela m and ngalokhu the mlezi ngeziphambeko
ngokwabo. 3) iDemo the GG umthetho distribution of ngeziphambeko futhi ngalokhu

ukuphambuka A ngaphansi kwezimo ngenhla.

3)

Kungase futhi kube icala zenzeka ukuthi A a enkulu m lisuselwa, kodwa ratios
ukusatshalaliswa zihlolwa kuphela inamba encane umehluko, kodwa mina abstract
lapha kusukela kulesi sinesithakazelo kancane, icala esiyinhlanganisela.
Ngakho une K.-G. eziningi othuthukayo phambi kwakhe, lapho esuthisa ezishiwo
odlule isahluko zasesiteji, babe kusukela, bemerktermaen kanye a izibalo kwakusho
ukuba eziqokiwe, amakhophi A = a: m besondele, babe ngeziphambeko emihle
nemibi of bonke bengashadile A kusuka A kuthathwe kanye kusuka nesigcino
the kungakhathalekile uphawu lwabo, ie kusukela amagugu abo ngokuphelele,
okusho = : m wadonsa, ukuze ube khona emva izitatimende unikezwa
ekuqaleni, okuthiwa simple avareji ukuphambuka bez .. A, njengoba
ngokwesilinganiso ukuphambuka par lapha kusebenza.
26. Ukuze kuqala ukufanekisa isicelo yomthetho esitatimendeni yakhe endabeni
ethile, uyakunikela kungatholakala, inani ukungafani, lelo kusukela A kuya, di
kusukela = 0 ukuba ukuphambuka umkhawulo = 0.25 amabanga , noma yini
ngomqondo ovulekile okufanayo, lapho of : = 0 ukuba : = 0.25 kwanele,
ukuze sithola le nombolo ukuze itafula, ezingasetshenziswa ingase ihunyushwe
ngezindlela uMthetho Basic, ilingana 15,81 p. C. inani inombolo m noma =
0,1581 m, kanye amalunga inombolo nhlangothi zombili Akulandelwa kuze kube
semngceleni efanayo futhi wafingqa zombili. Ukuze yimuphi omunye ukuphambuka
umkhawulo njengoba : = 0.25 kukhona itafula efanayo kwenye inombolo isihlobo
ukuphambuka; kodwa thina sichaze ukunqunywa yangaphambili isibonelo
ukhonkolo.
Ake sithi esasinakho 10,000 ukubuthela, lapho babe A and inquma zangaphambili
= 71,7 amasentimitha, lona wamuva = amasentimitha 2.0 wathola (njengoba nahehin
kusebenza umfundi Leipziger ukubuthela Dimensions) ukuze GG belungafica
ngaphansi kwalesi simo, kusebenza, 1581 ukubuthela phakathi A + 0.25 eyodwa
esandleni, futhi A - 0.25 kuwa Ngakolunye uhlangothi, 71,2 futhi 72,2
amasentimitha di phakathi. Iba ukuphambuka asemaceleni efanayo isiqondiso ,
= 0 ngesinye, ilingana 0.5 ke kuthathwe, : = 0.5 ke ngokusho etafuleni
umthetho inani = 0 kuya ke nhlangothi zombili ngasikhathi sinye ekufinyeleleni
ukuhluka kanye namagugu ngenxa yalokho ehlukene a, ie, inani 70,7 futhi 72,7
amasentimitha phakathi, 31,01 p. C. inani noma 0,3101 m, ngokulandelana. Futhi
ngakho ngokomthetho nelungiselelo kuyazisiza : njengendlela umkhawulo kuze
which fike of: count = 0, faka. Kulokhu, kodwa hhayi wonke amagugu
kungenzeka : ukubhalisa iphesenti noma ratios ethebuleni umthetho
ezihambisana, umuntu ethola labo asebethathiwe equidistant futhi close etafuleni
ukuze ngokwanele ababulawa, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba interpolate phakathi
kwabo. Ithebula elandelako manje ngokuqinisekile ngeke in a okwanele interpolation
esinembile eduze lokho onakho ukunamathela itafula more ephelele, kodwa

okwanele ukuze ukuqonda futhi ukuzihlanganisa emikhawulweni lapha

izingxoxo. Futhi ngiyabona ukuthi bita tinombolo njengoba 0,1581 futhi 0,3101
ratios esifushane kanye sizochaza, kanye [Q: ], lapho, njengoba in the table
okulandelayo, njengoba nemisebenzi: uzwakalise kukhona. By siphindaphindeka
isilinganiso ne Isamba m, kafushane m , omunye uthola inombolo
ngokuphelele : = 0 kuze esiyinikwe umkhawulo :. nalokho eyatholakala lapho
inani ngokuphelele phakathi kwalezi imikhawulo waziwa,
isilinganiso sokuhlukanisa ngokuphelele kanye m.

27. [Q: ] etafuleni Gauss umthetho.

:

[Q: ]

[Q: ]

0.00

0,0000

2.75

.9718

0.25

1581

3.00

9833

0.50

3101

3.25

9905

0.75

4504

3.50

9948

1.00

5751

3,75

9972

1.25

6814

4.00

9986

1.50

7686

4.25

9993

1.75

8374

4.50

9997

2.00

8895

4,75

9998

2.25

9274

5.00

9999

2.50

9539

5.25

1,0000

Leli thebula libonisa ratios kuthiwa angegebenermaen njalo phezu

ekhishwa : = 0 kuze esiyinikwe umkhawulo : enqunywe. Kodwa ukuze ratios
for ngezikhathi phakathi ezimbili ezahlukene : phezu ngeziphambeko
kusukela A ukuthola, bathi phakathi : = and : = , kubathatha umehluko
esihambelanayo amagugu, ie [b ] - [a] thatha, lapho
ngokuvamile kungenzeka ngokuthi, isibonelo, lapho, ngokusho itafula okwedlule
nesikhawu phakathi. : = 0.25 and : = 1.00 kanye [1.00 0 , 25] ukuba
eziqokiwe isilinganiso 0,5751 - 0.1581 = 0.4170 kungokwalabo. Ithebula elandelako
iqukethe amagugu yobukhulu alinganayo, encikene ngqo omunye nomunye
ngezikhathi phakathi ngokulandelana : ezandulele in etafuleni kusukela
ekuqaleni.

 ithebula lezinombolo Gauss umthetho

Ngezikhathi

ngokulandelana
alinganayo
phakathi
:

Ngokulandelana
alinganayo
ngezikhathi
phakathi
:

0.00 ukuze 0.25

.1581

2.75 ukuze 3.00

0,0115

0.25 ukuze 0.50

1520

3.00 ukuze 3.25

0072

0.50 ukuze 0.75

1403

3.25 ukuze 3.50

0043

0.75 ukuze 1.00

1247

3.50 ukuze 3,75

0024

1.00 ukuze 1.25

1063

3,75 kuya 4.00

0014

1.25 ukuze 1.50

0872

4.00 ukuze 4.25

0007

1.50 ukuze 1.75

0688

4.25 ukuze 4.50

0004

1.75 ukuze 2.00

0521

4.50 ukuze 4,75

0001

2.00 ukuze 2.25

0379

4,75 kuya 5.00

0001

2.25 ukuze 2.50

0265

5.00 ukuze 5.25

0001

2.50 ukuze 2.75

0179

Lezi zinombolo kukhona Isamba m Wandisa ukuthola izinombolo eziphelele

ngezikhathi in umbuzo.
Zimise the : of itafula njalo :. = 0 ,
,
. izinombolo ngokulingana ukuba
kumaNefili. hamba cishe kulingana; yebo wena uya more ephelele itafula,
njengoba kubikwa lapha, kanye kumaNefili. phansi ngezansi 0.25, kanjalo i
rapprochement nakakhulu ne proportionality senzeka, lo. ngaphakathi amagugu
engachazeki elincane kumaNefili ingabonwa ngokufana ncamash; kanti ngcono
enkulu amagugu kumaNefili. umbuzo proportionality ehluleka ngokuphelele; futhi
yalokho yalo liwukuthi etafuleni izinombolo isihlobo , lapho lokuqala ngezikhathi
ngokulandelana ulingana phakathi kumaNefili. bangabanye, cishe efanayo; lapha
ngokumelene ngezabelo okukhulu kangaka, iDemo akhumule ngokushesha ukuze
lowo phambidlana siqhubeka; ezifana for the ngezikhathi ngokulinganayo ngale
kokubandlulula : 0 0.25; 0.75 ukuze 1.0; 3.0 3.25 ngakho
amagugu (j sabela kungakavalwa 0,1581 ;. 0,1247; 0,0072 lemali njll

 28. Ukuze ukuhlola semthethweni kanye nokusebenza uMthetho Basic on the

empiricism is it ngibuye ukuthi imfuneko efanayo ziyalingana W. ngeziphambeko
mutual bez. Aesitholakala, ezifana ukuthi ngaphansi isimo ukukhuluma esikhulu,
ngokuqinile, akupheli m ngayinye on uhlangothi ofana kuyinto elindelekile
ukuba ohlangothini negative; kanye ratios futhi kukhona ngokuthi
ukubonakaliswa the W. nesenzakalo amakhophi kufinyelele emkhawulweni
owanikwa sokuphambuka kwabo A ukubuka noma ngezikhathi owanikwa lokhu
ukuphambuka.
Manje Lokhu kuhlanganisa kakade bemerktermaen hhayi siqambe ukuthi naphezu
yiqiniso eziyisisekelo umthetho ngaphansi kwezimo asebezifinyelele kakade nguye
ngeziphambeko ucishe enokwehla zenzeka izimfuno zayo, ngoba isimo an
akupheli m kuyinto empirically angahlangabezani; futhi zingaba ngeziphambeko
kusukela izimfuno zakhe zenziwa kuphela kangaka ngokumelene kube uyagomela
ukuthi njengoba ukukhulisa of m akusizi ukuletha lezi ngeziphambeko ukunyamalala
eduze, iDemo kuphela maqondana njengoba benjalo hhayi izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela ngenxa nature ezilinganiselwe of m kungenziwa kwaphoqa,
lokho abangantuli izinto okumele kuxoxwe ezindaweni zabo.Kodwa siya
ngowokuqala nemiphumela umthetho ngaphansi isimo sokusebenza yayo ngaphansi
iziphethe.
In the odlule kuboniswe njengoba isilinganiso futhi nenombolo
ngokuphelele m Okusizayo ndawonye amagugu : incike, balandela kuze
zombili izinhlangothi. Uma lokhu kwenziwa nje eceleni, kanjalo ngokulalela
bazitshela W. ziyalingana izinombolo eziphelele kuyoba ukwamukela ohlangothini
ngalunye uhhafu usayizi kufinyelele emkhawulweni inikezwe, kunjengokungathi
zabekwa zombili ukubuyela kuphambuka umkhawulo efanayo. Kodwa kusukela
inani zombili, ngenhloso enkulu, empeleni, akupheli m to by efanayo W.
lesinesitfombe-sibuko m encishisiwe, ahlale, ngokusho koMthetho Basic izobalwa,
ratios page ngalinye, ngokulandelana. futhi , elilingana isilinganiso
inani , kanti unilateral ngokuphelele izibalo m m , ukwamukela emva GG
for isigamu njengoba enkulu njengoba okuhambisanayo inombolo m umkhawulo
efanayo .
Empirically, of course, ukulingana weqiniso of mutual izinombolo ngokuphelele
ukuba umkhawulo efanayo ngenxa zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela hhayi; kodwa GG
adonswa ngokunembile la izehlakalo kanye eqala icala lapho umehluko m '- m, =
u ku m iphele. Ngakho Kungaba okungalungile
uma ukubala 'alinganayo : m 'futhi labo
of , ilingana ,: m, kwakuzothatha, kodwa ngenxa , kufanele futhi
ngokuqondene ehlanganisa nesigcino izobalwa value = : m esetshenziswa,
kusukela kungenjalo W. isimo lesinesitfombe-sibuko, okuyinto ngesisekelo uMthetho
Basic, babeyothola eziningana izibalo ukuphambuka eziphikisanayo nhlangothi
zombili ukuze okufanayo ukuphambuka imikhawulo. Futhi Quetelet unalesi
kuhlangene ngenye kanye amatafula yakhe yokuqhathanisa phakathi invoyisi emva
GG nokuqaphelisisa. Anders Ngokuqinisekile lapho W. quin ngeziphambeko

bez. A siqukethe, njengoba ngempela kunjalo ngeziphambeko collective, lapho

kwakufundwa khona uMthetho Basic ngaso sonke osebenzayo nge ukuguqulwa
osindayo kuzoxoxwa; kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke kuba nokho ukuqala kusukela
Izinqumo okuhlanzekile GG uqobo, futhi kanjalo sikwazi nemiphumela yayo
silandele nakakhulu.
Kusukela kusengaphambili zomthetho ziyalingana W. Of rel. A manje kulandela
ngokuqondile ukuthi central value C, bez. Khonamanjalo, isibalo ngeziphambeko
mutual ilingana, kuningi kusho izibalo of A, bez. lapho okuyiwo kuphambuka mutual
ilingana, coincident, okungukuthi ukuthi bobabili zingafani kuphela by izehlakalo
ongalinganiseli namuhla. Ngoba uma emva W. ziyalingana ngayinye
positive eyodwa esandleni, i ngokulinganayo enkulu kungalindeleka
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumele kulindeleke ngemali efanayo futhi inani elifanayo
ngeziphambeko ezimbili. Nokho, kuba nesidingo sokuthi amandla
ziyalingana W. Umehluko u = (m - m,) phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle
nemibi kanye okwandayom more and more zinyamalale hhayi, ngobukhulu
ngokuphelele u, kodwa ebuhlotsheni bayo inani m, di u: m to landa ngoba u ngisho
nangemva eyaziwa imithetho ithuba an ezandisiwem in nemibandela okhulayo,
lokhu value kodwa sibambene m ubalekela yonke elikhulu kangaka more m kuyinto,
futhi ngaso akupheli m iphele ngokuphelele. Iphinde uhlala ngesikhathi Wachstume
ngokuphelele u in the nemibandela isiqondiso ezingacacile umehluko per se.
Lokho uzitshela semthethweni yoMthetho Basic kanye value densest D kakhulu
kanye A kuvumelana, kulandele emehlweni - Table kusukela iqiniso lokuthi isibalo
ukwahluka amagugu ke ezahlukene a zombili izinhlangothi ngezikhathi ngokufanayo
sisondelene mkhulu the ngezikhathi A woza, uJesu oyisibonelo esikhulu kunazo
ukusho on A self-akhelene futhi okufanayo oluphelele therebetween ngezikhathi,
indlela encane nani uthathe le.
29. Ngemva kwalokho, ngisho zaphawula ukuthi etafuleni GG aliboshiwe yiwo,
imingcele phakathi lapho ukuveza ukunquma imisebenzi yesiphambeko elula
isilinganiso. In the amatafula evamile ngezizathu zenqubo
kunokuba : Kunalokho :
noma : w 4) akhethiwe lokho ezinye amatafula
njengoba ngenhla, short of me njengoba eziqokiwe itafula, futhi sizobe sibheke
okufanayo olubekiwe izizathu esikhathini esizayo kwenziwe izicelo kunalokho
etafuleni ngenhlonipho :
ukwedlula bez ngenhla. : kuyabamba; futhi
kusukela one :
ngokuvamile t ngokuthi, kanjalo Ngizofika enjalo,
phezu t kafushane etafuleni ahlobene t- abize netafula egijima t ukumemezela
etafuleni ofakiwe 183rd From in the ekuqaleni yena eyenzelwe ngcaphuno
enjengale:

[t]

0.00

0,0000

0.25

.2763

0, 50

.5205

0.75

0,7112
njll

4)

[enjalo, phezu iphutha kungenzeka w itafula ezihlobene ingatholakala ekupheleni

isazi sezinkanyezi Berlin. INcwadi Yonyaka-1834 (Eyahlelwa Encke.) Njengoba
etafuleni II; izingcaphuno it is ukwaziswa 108th]

Phela, itafula onjalo ngempela njengoba ngokuvumelana - ukusebenzisa

etafuleni, njengoba kuzochazwa ngesibonelo ngenhla, lapho A = 71,7, = 2.0
amasentimitha kucatshangwa. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, umuntu nge, di nande
1,77245, 3,5449 futhi manje emva t -. Table isibonelo inomboro ye futhi ngaleyo
ndlela a phakathi A no + 0.25 3,5449 A - 0.25 3,5449, di phakathi 71,7 + 0.25
3,5449 futhi 71,7 - equkethwe 0.25 3,5449, iDemo kusukela 72,5862 ukuba
70,8138, = 0 2763 m Thola.
Isizathu akuyona kithi esikhathini esizayo kuze ukugcina itafula yini track elula,
ukuthi i etafuleni elihambisana okufushane ukwedlula t etafuleni kude kangaka
ngisho bazi ukhona, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuphela incazelo elula, ka the etafuleni
okukhipha sathathwa ngaleyo ndlela, uma vorlge ababulawa kuphela ukunikeza
inzuzo ukuthi ukubuyabuyelela of with
onga yonke indawo.
A egijima t - itafula kodwa kungatholakala ezindaweni ezehlukene, isib ekupheleni
isazi sezinkanyezi Berlin .. INcwadi Yonyaka for 1834, ngo Lettres Quetelet sika sur
la thorie of probab. k. 389 flg., Bobabili ezidingekayo ukuze nje t = egijima
2.00. Omunye, umyalo wami ukuma, itafula lithographed ukuthi ayisekho, kodwa
ezitolo zezincwadi, iyona ukukhishwa kuze t = 3.00 7 decimals
for 5). Ngenhla itafula kodwa yimi interpolation ne umehluko yesibili
kusukela t etafuleni kube, kude kangaka lokhu eyatholakala futhi ibalwa ngqo for
amagugu ngisho ephakeme.

5)

[A ehambisana itafula coextensive ezitholakala A. Meyer, izinkulumo ematfuba

theory (German eyahlelwa Czuber), Leipzig 1879, kk 545-549,
lapho t by kufakwa. Ngenxa ULWA ofanayo uye okukhulunywa esithasiselweni
183, e-Studies zefilosofi (Kuhleliwe. Wundt), uMqulu IX, k 147-150, itafula
eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ibalwa, lapho umsebenzi uyazisa mfushane ukuze
zamadesimali 4, izimpikiswano t sabela kungakavalwa. , , 3

 0 1.51. A etafuleni elihambisana

expansion ezinhlanu-sibalo function zimfanelo zingatholakala futhi esithasiselweni. Ithebula lokuqala lolu hlobo, ukuze ngalo akunakubangelwa njengoba umthombo
cishe amatafula okukhulunywa, KRAMP uye ibalwa integrals phezu Exp [- t DT of
ezilinganiselwe amagugu t ukuba t = khona kanye logarithms lezi integrals. Bheka
"Analysis of Refractions astronomiques et terrestres"; par le citoyen KRAMP,
eStrasbourg, l'i VII, k. 195-206.]

30. Emva kwalokho ngifika izizathu lapho kufanele isikhathi ukuya kule
ngeziphambeko collective ngaphezu GG elula, njengoba bekulokhu ngaphambilini
wachaza.
Ibhayisikobho Gauss ngokwako akusona umthetho ngeziphambeko collective,
njengoba ngeziphambeko ndlovu ngamunye ngobukhulu A kusukela izibalo zabo
asho, kodwa bemerkter- futhi eyaziwa ukuyohlolwa amaphutha njengoba
ngeziphambeko ngabanye amagugu waphawula into ezibekwe kusukela izibalo zabo
asho; futhi ngokwako ukubaqeda kuyabonakala ukuthi transferability yomthetho
wabo on yangaphambili senzeka. Empeleni, kungcono kusukela into ekuqaleni
ehlukene kakhulu, ukuba ngeziphambeko phambi kwakhe, okuyinto etholakala
ngenxa yokuntuleka focus izinsimbi noma izinzwa wokulinganisa okungahleliwe
neziyaluyalu zangaphandle ephindaphindiwe yokukala into eyodwa kusukela kusho
izibalo nezilinganiso, futhi ukuhluka abaningi the amakhophi K.-G. zinikeza
kusukela izibalo zabo asho ngenxa yezizathu lapho ngokwesimo izinto ngokwabo,
futhi lapho ukuthi akuphi sithonye yizimo zangaphandle. Kwaba futhi anisoze a
priori babikezela ukuthi nature kulezi ngeziphambeko kusukela kusho umthetho
observation amaphutha balandela, kodwa kwaba ukuhlolwa ngqo kuphela K.-G.
efanayo ngisho ukwenza.
Khonamanjalo, njengoba wena kalula waqonda kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi
enkulu m njengoba at collective ngeziphambeko bez. A njengoba observation
amaphutha, inani ukuhlukafor a value in a incenye lemcoka iphaneli distribution
kuyinto esiphezulu, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa emva ukweqisa ukuba njalo
kunciphisa, ezinkudlwana m akukho umthetho owawukhona njengoba Gauss, ukuba
lowo ukuhlola umthetho distribution for K.-G. wayengase acabange kuyimvelo
ukuthi kwavele ikakhulukazi lokhu testing. Okungukuthi ukubuthela izinyathelo
bebelokhu into yokuqala futhi (with iinthombe esifubeni namaphaphu umthamo
ukubuthela) bakwamanye kude kwasala esisodwa kuphela lapho umthetho iye
lokuzama.
Lokhu multilaterally (Quetelet, BODIO, Gould, Elliott futhi mhlawumbe
nezinye) 6) amasheke kwenziwe ukuze faka uquqaba amazwe ehlukene manje yase
ibonakala okokuqala yonke indawo ukuvuma yomthetho ukunikeza, by the
ngeziphambeko kusukela nezidingo umthetho lincane ngokwanele wabonakala
kuphela njengoba insignificantly ukusebenzisa ngenhloso esibekiwe; futhi i
semthethweni eseduze ine GG okungenani ukubuthela izilinganiso, kuphela hhayi

ukuze efinyelela kude kuka iye okukholakala ukuthi bakwazi ukwamukela, njengoba
ngiqiniseka ngokwengxenye ngokusebenzisa Revison esibucayi ngaphambili
mayelana Uphenyo, ngokwengxenye ngokusebenzisa uphenyo ayo ngisho athengwa
vielzahliger Rekrutenmatafeln, kanti kukhona nezinye K.- G., lapho GG elula
ehluleka ngokuphelele, kodwa, benza isiphetho alo mthetho anele.
6)

[BODIO, La Usayizi we recrues en Italy; Ann. de dmographie ngaphakathi Paris

1878. Gould, Uphenyo phezu Military and Anthropological Izibalo lamasosha
American. United States Sanitory Comission Umlando. New York 1869. Elliott, On
izibalo lempi United States of America. Berlin 1863.]
Nokho, eqinisweni, ingalungiswa by nakho wakithi ucacise amaphuzu alandelayo
amabili umbono yinoma yimuphi alenze kubonakale kungenakwenzeka kusukela
ekuqaleni, GG elula a semthethweni jikelele for K.-G. vuma. Elokuqala yileli 7):
7)

[the s yesibili. 34 35.]

31. Uma GG ukuba ngokuvamile kusebenza ngeziphambeko collective ke ngabe

nemiphumela ngenxa asebezifinyelele kakade ngesikhathi esifanayo ziyalingana W.
ngeziphambeko bez. A ukuvela, ukuqinisekisa ngokuvamile ukuthi akunjalo, futhi
uma kungenjalo ezimbalwa phakathi kwamalungu kanye nezinyathelo ezinye izinto
ayengase ahlale engaqinisekile wokuhlahlubwela olukha phezulu noma izingozi
ongenakulinganisela noma ukungabi nokuhambisana ne izikweletu zasesiteji
wayenawo, kodwa ezinye izinto ukuthi ukucabangela ngaphesheya ukunquma lapho
ukuthi yesimethri ezintweni ezibalulekile of the ngeziphambeko
maqondana A uhlamvu njengoba jikelele K.-G , babengase babheke.Empeleni,
kakade Quetelet encwadini yakhe "Lettres sur la thorie of probabilits" p. 166
yaphawula ukuthi abanye K.-G. umehluko phakathi ngeziphambeko
ngokwedlulele U ', U,zombili bez. A njalo omuhle zomthetho, kwabanye kuba
negative, njengoba kuyahambisana ematfuba ziyalingana; futhi Sengisho lapha
ngenhla maqondana esinye isimangalo of the W. ulwazi lesinesitfombe-sibuko
ngaphambi uphenyo yayo ukuthi kwezinye K.-G. the bez ukuphambuka
izibalo. A di m 'futhi m, hhayi nje njalo futhi zomthetho, kodwa futhi ngaphezu
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela kuyaqondakala, ihluke nomunye. Kuye kokubili
emva Quetelet alubonisa njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho kwami ukuthi kuye
ngohlobo K.-G. umehluko phakathi U 'futhi U, noma umehluko
phakathi m' futhi m, lokhu noma ukuthi isiqondiso ukuhambisana; Ngakho, nakuba
kosayizi ngokuvumelana nenani ukuthi kungase kulindeleke ngenxa izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, ngesikhathi esifanayo isici isiqondiso eyodwa noma kolunye
uhlobo K.-G. kuyinto.
Manje I call it njengoba asymmetry ngaso sonke, uma ukuphambuka
phakathi U 'futhi U, noma m futhi m, kuyinto; kodwa kusukela akulula ngoba

ulahlekile izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, unjalo asymmetry abalulekile kunomuntu

ngeke kuncike izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, okumelwe ahlukaniswe kusukela
asymmetry non-abalulekile noma ngephutha kanjalo, lapho ingenziwa zincike.
Empirically, ihlangana le asymmetry ezibalulekile, ngisho nalapho ukhona, njalo
okungahleliwe, ngoba njalo ezilinganiselwe m has ukwenza lokho labo engaphansi,
kodwa njengoba engaphansi ebalulekile asymmetry umehluko
ratios m, okungahleliwe kuncike kuphela ezimweni of
okhulayo, ngakho value
yokugcina zinyamalale ngokumelene yangaphambili-ke more m likhula, bese ufaka
engaphansi ezibalulekile asymmetry amalungiselelo esithebeni msulwa,
ezinkudlwana m kuyinto, futhi kungase ngisho kungathathwa njengesigwebo
asymmetry isici kubalulekile uma Endabeni ka esikhulu m umehluko bathola
phakathi U kanye U, noma m and m, eminye ukukhulisa okufanayo isiqondiso
reserves. Kwezinye izici, kodwa thina ngeke kamuva 8) woza, ezenza kube avele
ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi ezindaweni K.-G. ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwenza ne
ngokucabangela asymmetry nje okungahleliwe.
8)

[Comp. e isahl ikakhulukazi. XII "izizathu yisiphi asymmetry eziphawulekayo".]

32. Manje, kwenzeka okulandelayo ehlukile kuqala.

1) Kwakuyoba zicabange ukuthi lo asymmetry, futhi lapho kufanele aqashelwe
kubalulekile kuphela ukuphazamiseka GG, kuye ngohlobo K.-G. kumele kubonakala
omunye umqondo noma omunye, add uqobo kunoma imithetho ethile zezibalo kube
zavela.
2) Omunye wayengase acabange ukuthi yiqiniso ebalulekile uMthetho Basic for
ngeziphambeko jikelele kusukela izibalo asho kodwa ahlale ekubuseni, amacala
kodwa lapho kungafakwa, kufanele ithathwe ngokuthi ezith lapho kungaba
kwenzeka noma a nelinganikezelwa weqiniso ngaphansi Case 1), kodwa kuphela
ithatha isebenza, kuncike emithethweni ezahlukene kunalokho ukuba Gauss.
3) Kusukela ukuphambuka phakathi U 'futhi U, kanye phakathi m kanye m, ngoba
esiyinikwe m, maqondana njengoba incike asymmetry yekwenta, kuye ngohlobo K.G. usayizi ezahlukene kanye lapha the asymmetry abalulekile kungathatha degrees
ezahlukene, ukuze can the imida yesimethri ezibalulekile, lapho ezifana kwenzeka,
njengoba endabeni ethile ye olunzulu yonke degrees kungenzeka ngokuvamile bawe
Ngenxa asymmetry, lapho ngezinga yalo eza phansi zero, futhi kungaba bacabanga
ukuthi endaweni ka K.-G. the asymmetry okuphawulekayo kuleli cala jikelele, ngo
degrees yayo ehlukahlukene ucabange, imida yesimethri kubalulekile kodwa kuphela
icala ekhethekile, lezo engicabanga ukuthi, uma kwenzeka kwenzeka kuyo yonke
eqinile, kungaba kuphela kuthathwe njengoba awufani, inqobo ukuthi phakathi
degrees okungenamkhawulo ezahlukene kungenzeka of asymmetry, ingqikithi
Ukunyamalala ine W. engachazeki encane, okuyinto akusho ngakususi ukuthi degrees
buthaka of asymmetry, ezingasetshenziswa kudidaniswe kalula nge enokwehla

kuphela zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela ephazanyiswa, imida yesimethri yekwenta,

zivamile ngaphezu namandla kakhulu, okuyizinto ngaphesheya kungenzeka iphutha
elinjalo , Maqondana lo mbono, kodwa ongalindela ukuthi liphinde anikeze sisebenza
icala jikelele umthetho universal kuphela endabeni ethile ufingqa GG ukuthi W. quin
okuhlanganisiwe zibe ziyalingana.
Ngumuphi ngokubona kwakho kulaba ongakhetha ezintathu, futhi ikakhulukazi
ukuthi omunye zokuqala ezimbili, okuyizinto ukuhlela kabusha kuphela nomunye,
noma wesithathu lesifanele-ke akakwazanga ukunquma ngaphandle kokuchitha
isikhathi, kodwa wayengomunye wabo once isinqumo ngabe isiphetho the GG
kwenzeka asymmetry elibonakalayo ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezifanayo ngalo
lisuselwa for the icala okhethekile isimethri elibonakalayo, kungenzeka ngempela,
okwesibili, ukuthi ezifanele enokwehla ukuhlolwa K.-G. lokho zasesiteji kusezingeni
kuboniswe esahlukweni esedlule lokho derivable imithetho wengeze
ngempela. Ngilibonakalisile uphenyo zombili, futhi bobabili imibuzo ungaphendulwa
ngoyebo kule ajabule ndawonye kuzuze icala yesithathu ehlukile. Kodwa lokhu Yebo
kuhlanganisa design izifundo theory kanye enokwehla ukuthi angeke kube
ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi muva kodwa izahluko ezilandelayo bahlale agodliwe,
futhi ukuthethwa kwecala kuphela nature, sengiyabona ukuthi uphenyo ebaluleke
kakhulu ezincwadini the XIX. Isahluko, amathuba anikezwa ngezizathu enokwehla
ukuthi phambi asymmetry elibonakalayo ngempela njengoba icala jikelele
ezindaweni K.-G. ukubona ukuthi, kule XII. Izahluko afakiwe.Nokho, Okokuqala,
kungenzeka abe nesithakazelo lapho mina zoMthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu le nje
okungaqondile yoMthetho Basic of lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukuba W. quin, lapha
kusukela lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukusatshalaliswa quin nge enkulu m, ndawonye
Ibuphi kimi uxhumano phakathi theory kanye empiricism kuye kwaholela, lapha
okwesikhashana beweislos , futhi nakuba Ngibala la malungiselelo izikhathi
eziningana ukuba kuthathwe ukubuya ukumboza imithetho njengoba okhethekile W.
quin noma ukusatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemibandela ekhethekile, kanje,
emithethweni, lapho ungakwazi yaneliswa ngaphandle ukushintshashintsha
elibonakalayo ngokulingana of K.-G , e ( 9) zaxoxa ngencazelo kuphakamisa
ukudweba isiphetho okunye ukucatshangelwa zazo kamuva kuzoxoxwa, okuyinto
akuholeli kodwa iphutha, kodwa qinisa imithetho elandelayo kuphela.
33. Of mithetho ezikhethekile abaluleke kakhulu, ezintathu zokuqala, okuyinto
ngempela ikakhulukazi elalizokwakhiwa lapha, kodwa landela kusukela izimfanelo
zezibalo wobunye collective asymmetry e umongo, njengoba in the XIX. Ukuze
ubonise isahluko. Abanye okuyingxenye ngokushesha corollaries ezisobala
okufanayo, ngokwengxenye izibalo ukuphetha kubo, njengoba futhi babonise
kamuva.
Imithetho Special ukusatshalaliswa kakhulu quin for K.-G. at
ukushintshashintsha engaqinile kakhulu ngokulingana yalo.
1) okukhipha Act. The ngeziphambeko aphethwe kusukela izibalo asho A we uma
asymmetry eziphawulekayo futhi ezibonakalayo A ukuphambuka amagugu
densest Dkungalindeleka ukuba phakade aqondwa ngaphansi umthetho okulula

nangokugxila uthole isipiliyoni ukusatshalaliswa ezifanele, umthetho ukuthi, uma

kwenzeka ukuthi asymmetry ezibalulekile ubalekela, lapho D kakhulu
kanye A kuvumelana, kuholela emuva kokubusa uMthetho Basic.
2) ezimbili-ikholomu Gaussian umthetho. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-ngeziphambeko
bez. D ilandelwe, ngamafuphi, emva ngamunye zombili, ikakhulukazi umthetho
ofanayo, njengoba kanye izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana W. bez. A Okusizayo
kulandelwa ngokuhlanganyela. Kwenzeka lapha kuphela
endaweni m, , = : m. Bez A positiverseits m ', , '= : , isandla
negative m ,, ,, , = ,: m , bez. D; kukhona nale ukucabangela namanje
amatafula efanayo, etafuleni kanye t. itafula ukwabiwa izitatimende ohlangothini
ngalunye ikakhulukazi ewusizo, ngokuqondene kathisha of the GG kanye ziyalingana
W. bez A kuzosebenza ngokuhlanganyela zombili , Uma senza esikhundleni manje
ngaphakathi okushiwo 10 ezithathwe Convention jikelele abizwa m ', m ,, ,
,, , , lapho Bez. yimuphi amagugu eziyinhloko,
by m ', m ,, , ,, e ', e, njengoba nje kuhlobene Dizenzo, kuyakuba ukudlula
emihle nemibi ukuphambuka ngokulingana izibalo futhi ,, futhi izinombolo
eziphelele
m futhi , m ,, Ngokufanayo 'futhi ,, m 'futhi ,m, ohlangothini ngalunye
in nemisebenzi lezi abizwa on.
3) Ingxenye yomthetho. The ukuphambuka mutual
izinombolo m ', m, bez. ukubaluleka densest behave fana elula ngeziphambeko
isilinganiso e ', e ,, di njengoba : m and ,: m,. bez D, kanjalo
.
zazo okulandelayo kukhona corollaries.
a) The izigcawu izibalo ukuphambuka mutual, di m'2, m, 2 behave fana
ukuphambuka mutual tibalo , , kanjalo:
m'2: m, 2 = : ,.
b) I densest Inani D ngokwayo kungaba azimisele njengoba value,
ukuhlangabezana izibalo ukuphambuka mutual futhi ngeziphambeko isilinganiso
imithetho silingane. Yebo, ngicabanga kanjalo, ngokuvamile, ngoba ngeke yayo
ukhululekile, kodwa ukuzimisela olunembile ngendlela futhi anikeze kamuva
(Isahluko XI) nendlela ukugijima. Ukuze ukushaya emhloleni, yena uthanda lo
ezilinganiselwe ze hot manje ezithile D uma kuba, i kubhekisela okukhanyayo
kulokhu ngendlela ukuhlinzekwa kanye D k babizwa. Lokhu D p can ke nge
empirically enqunywe ngqo D, di amagugu ngalo isibalo esilinganisiwe z, qhathanisa
yokuwa a panel distribution, futhi kusukela iqiniso ukuthi namanje kuphambuka
kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ukungaqiniseki zuzugestehenden, omunye
bonakaliso bheka for the ukuhluzeka ngemvume yethu quin.

4) Ibanga imithetho. The amabanga phakathi kwezindinganiso main ezintathu

kunqunywa ngale ndlela. Yiba m ", inani, isamba, e "= m "the esebenzisa
usebenzisa Cnoma A (noma yikuphi ibanga C noma A Kuphenywa by D)
ngeziphambeko equilateral bez. D, ie lapho ngokusho ohlangothini
olufanayo D ehlukana, okwathi ngemva kwalokho Cnoma A Nokho, dista lokhu
kungase kube side emihle noma emibi, uhlu uyilahla ezimbili babe kunencazelo
efanayo for the amagugu scalene ngezansi ukuze ingatholakala ngokuhambisana
131:
C-D=T

"e",

okungawo t "the ukubaluleka T liwukuthi ethebuleni t ukuba

.
Maduze okungokukaNkulunkulu "Ngaphezu kwalokho .:

a value for imithetho ezilinganiselwe ze 2 "e" uyavuma njengoba ukubonisa 131,

owawuthi ungasetha futhi:
,
Emva lokhu A - C njengoba umehluko amabanga amabili eyedlule:
A - C = (A - D) - (C - D) = (2 - t

) e ,

okungawo "futhi t" sizimisele ngendlela kukhonjisiwe.

5) Lo -Gesetze. Ngokuba icala ngokuvamile ezenzeka ukuthi
ibanga C kusukela D encane (empeleni, okuyohlala encane) ngokulingana kusho
ukuphambuka e 'noma e,ohlangothini okungazange C of D dista
kafushane e "uye, omunye ine ikakhulukazi:

. Ngaphandle izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela futhi kwezinso, okuyinto

Chap kuhloswe IV, lapho lezi ubudlelwane, njengawo wonke owasungulwa lapha
imithetho kungenzeka ashintshwe, ngabe lezi zimo ngokuqinile isicelo uma (C - D)2:
3 e 2 ngokumelene 1 ngokuphelele babengase dengwane, iyindawo C - D lincane
uma liqhathaniswa e. "Kulesi sici, kodwa lokhu ukunyamalala akakaze kuthatha

ngokugcwele endaweni, kukhona ngenhla nemisebenzi D, C, A bamelele sabela

kungakavalwa empeleni :.
.
okukuyo kuyinto value positive eyeqa 1 ngezabelo encane.
The nobuncane kwakuthiwa derivable isimo ukuthi ngokulingana efeza of C D ngokumelene e "of value

eseduze = = kumele 0,78540, kungokwalabo umphakathi, lapho yena ngokwakhe

uthola empirically, the ziqinisekiso kakhulu esiphawulekayo distribution imithetho
yethu quin, futhi ukubaluleka p ngalokho ikusasa ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa in the
amatafula izakhi baphathwa ngami izinto ukuze of the approximation yalo ukuba
ukukholisa. An umdlalo ngqo Ngakho akukhona ukubiza isimiso, ngo theory
kufanele, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, trifle kunangendlela ziyaphuma
ucwaningo, kodwa lokhu ukhuluphele encane theory kungenziwa kalula sadlulwa
izehlakalo okungenakho ukulinganisela, futhi kanjalo anakho (emva kungenzeka
ukuzimisela ngokunembile ezilinganiselwe ze of D njengoba Dp) in the ethathwe
emasimini ezihlukahlukene kakhulu K.-G. ezingaholela ezodingidwa maqondana semthethweni imithetho
ngenhla (skull kukalwa, ukubuthela ngokulinganisela, Botanical, kukalwa Meteorological), ehlukahlukene
the izinyathelo zokunciphisa futhi izingqimba nokunciphisa zebhodi distribution phakathi 0.6 kanye 0.9
wathola.

Esikhundleni sokugxila p ukugcina, ungase uthintane ezinye ezimbili - ubambe

imisebenzi, kuphela lokho ngenxa isilinganiso ezincane, okuyinto A - C ukuze C D and ngokuphelele ngokumelene D - A, lezi zici nezinye e ratios mkhulu has
izehlakalo ongalinganiseli zingase zithinteke.
Kusukela wesithathu - ezothando, owawuthi
.
lusobala ngendlela lelula, D zazikuphi nangenye indlela ukunquma ezilinganiselwe
ze ngqo noma empirically, okuyinto ukuthi, emva A no-C unqumile iyona ibanga
wayefisa Dkusukela C izikhathi 3,66 ukwanda enkulu njengoba ibanga
ukusuka A ka C kutholakala. Ngokushesha sithanda indlela ethile D value
njengoba D libhekisela. - Khonamanjalo, leli lungiselelo akwaziwa kakhulu ukuba
axazulule naye value; ikakhulukazi ngaphandle ukuzimisela kanzima D njengoba DP,
nanoma iyiphi enye elula ngendlela ukuzimisela eseduze kakhulu njengoba wabiza. Di, ngesikhathi
umyalo, okuyinto Kap.XI. kuzoxoxwa.
Ukuthatha ukuze uthole nje eseduze, amalungiselelo esiqondile ubudlelwano

ezintathu ibanga, omunye aye emuva amagugu esiqondile amabanga amathathu

ngokwayo, abalwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ibanga, owawuthi:
.
.

Lezi zilinganiso abanye kunemingcele amabili phakathi lapho banamathele,

eyokuqala icala m '= m ", , = 1
oluhambisana; owesibili icala lapho m ", ngokumelene m" vanishingly encane,
yingakho = 0 kungenziwa isethwe. Lokhu kunikeza for
1.Grenze: 2.Grenze:

= P 0,7
8540 0,84535
0,21460 0,15465
3,65979 5,46609.
Ukubaluleka p zingaba angavamile ehlanganiswa 0,78540 futhi 0,84535 ungabe
usavuka.
6) Indawo umthetho. Emaphakathi value C kanye izibalo asho A amanga ukuze
ohlangothini olufanayo kusukela densest amagugu D kusuka, futhi ngendlela
yokobana C phakathi Ano D lehla (s. 134).
7) Reverse Law. . The asymmetry Deviation bez D. Ingabe isibonakaliso
okuphambene ukwedlula ngeziphambeko bez A, di, lapho m '- m ,. Bez A (di '
- ,) positive; unjalo m '-m ,. bez D (di m' - m,) (. ukubona 134) kuyinto
negative, noHezekeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo umehluko phakathi ngeziphambeko
ngokwedlulele bez. A, di U '- U ,,isibonakaliso okuphambene njengoba umehluko
phakathi izibalo ukuphambuka, di u = ' - , (. S 142).
8) Le extreme imithetho. [Uma isibalo sabela kungakavalwa
ngenhla. ngezansi D amanga ngeziphambeko uyalingana m. 'sabela
kungakavalwa m, ngakho Kungenzeka:

ukuqinisekisa ukuthi:
U '= t'e'
ukubaluleka okwedlulele phezulu ukuhluka abacula. Ngokusho W. lokuthi:
U, = t, e,
ngokwedlulele ngeziphambeko ephansi ilingana:
,
Emva okusho ukubaluleka cishe sabela kungakavalwa elingenhla. ukuphambuka
ngokwedlulele ephansi ilingana:
sabela kungakavalwa.,
Uma t 'futhi t, esebenzisa T etafuleni kusuka:
sabela kungakavalwa.
azimisele. (Comp. Chap. XX)] 9)
9)

[By the kubakaki, njengoba in the "Isandulela 'sesibekiwe kakade okukhulunywa,

wenza anezele kanye Izithako of the ummemezeli kukhonjisiwe.]
Ngaphandle Eigenbetriebsgesetze 5) kanye nemithetho ngokwedlulele 8), lapho
mina kuphela bakweleta theory, kodwa kamuva kwaba sabonakala empirically,
imithetho emidala ziye zatholakala ngami kuqala luyingxenye empirically, ngemva
kwalokho le mithetho futhi i semthethweni enokwehla ngonya kuwo wonke theory
asebenzise kungaba futhi isandla kungaba bazethembe a theory coincident
kangaka. Kwenye oyize ngempela ngokuzimisela ebomvu primary, eyayihambisana
semfene enkulu panel i ukuzimisela olunembile D ukuze siwufinyelele kanye
namagugu oda ezihlobene kanye ngifuna lapha isheke imithetho emidala
ukunqoba; ngakho bayobe ukuxoxa kanjani ukuya izinhloso ngokusebenzisa
zokunciphisa ezifanele kanye interpolation zebhodi distribution.
34. wakhuluma ngokucacile ukuthi umthetho odlule for icala hhayi
ukushintshashintsha eqinile ngokulingana of K.-G. (ngokwencazelo yaleli 9)
kungenziwa kubhekwe anele, kanye ukuguquguquka eqinile ngokulingana kodwa
isiphetho olwengeziwe isicelo GG. Manje ngisho ucacise kungenzeka yini yalesi
sizathu, futhi kanjani ukuthatha leli nje okungaqondile.
The G- G. ngezinye akunamkhawulo nature sawo m kuphela nomthetho eseduze
futhi uye ngisho nje ezamenyezelwa Gauss for 10); ngoba ubeka ubukhulu
ngeziphambeko kusukelaA zombili awapheli, kodwa ivumela kuphela W. Deviation
ubungako okwandayo yalo wehlise more and more. Nokho, kubonakala kunengqondo
ukuthi uma ngeziphambeko A singene negative mkhulu kunaye A ngokwayo kufanele

ukuthi kumagugu lahluke A engaphansi zero, okuyinto engenakwenzeka. Ngakho GG

kungathatha priori yimuphi semthethweni angenamkhawulo ukuqedela, nakuba
ayohlala esemthethweni kanye approximation kunabo ngoba amacala lapho
ukungafani ukuthi ahlale kusukela izibalo asho, okungenani ngo amaningi, e-avareji
eseduze nezincane kakhulu. Kodwa into efanayo mayelana nalokhu njengoba kuze
ngeziphambeko ongemuhle A kusebenza emva GG okuhlanzekile, akukho Kunjalo
nangemihlangano ongemuhle ngeziphambeko bez. D kanye nje okungaqondile odlule
futhi ngalokhu ukuguqulwa koMthetho Basic, futhi kukhona K.-G. lapho
ukushintshashintsha isihlobo phakathi D mkhulu kangangokuthi ayisekho sufficient
isimiso yangaphambili nje okungaqondile.
10)

Theoria Motus corporum Coelestium; Lib. II. Ihlelo. III. Artic. 178. Theoria
combinationis observ. Iphutha. Minim. obnoxiae; Izig Prior,
ubuciko. 17; Comment. Societ. Gtting. lenge. Vol. V.
Emva kwalokho kuba isiphetho yoMthetho Basic on the ukusebenza ukuze K.G. ukuhlukanisa ezimbili noma ngezindlela ezimbili: 1) ngaphandle uma
ngeziphambeko collective hhayi amaphutha observation kukhonjwe ziyalingana W.
kukhombisa inhlonipho izibalo kwakusho, esimweni asymmetry angathathwa
njengoba jikelele kodwa ukuthi imida yesimethri kuphela njengoba icala ekhethekile
bodwa uyasiqonda; 2) Uma ngeziphambeko collective, uma futhi ubonise iningi K.G., kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke amaphutha observation obufanele encane
ukushintshashintsha proportionate emhlabeni amagugu main.
Kusukela K.-G. lapho nenza ngayo isiphetho of the GG in the isiqondiso lokuqala,
aziziningi kude nakakhulu, kodwa futhi lula kakhulu ukusingatha kunalezo lapho
kudingekile ukuthi nje okungaqondile okunye yesibili ukuvumela isiqondiso athole
emhlabathini, futhi njengoba lula ukulangazela nje okungaqondile in the isici
sokuqala, umfanekiso isimiso nje okungaqondile in a isici sesibili, lokhu ilindele
lapha kwenziwa manje kodwa ukunikeza uphenyo lwethu ngaso sonke ukusebenza
kudingeka, faka nje okungaqondile in a isici sesibili, okungukuthi nazo kusukela
ekuqaleni izici ezimbili ukunikeza umqondo isiqondiso njengoba lokhu nje
okungaqondile ungathanda ukuba abeke phezu.
35. Okwamanje siye saba njalo ukungafani nje arithmetical mayelana yimuphi
amagugu core engqondweni, ie, lapho zingafundwa njengoba umehluko emihle
nemibi lapho, futhi ngokuvamile yilabo ukuthi kuyoba kanye nalapha kwenzeke
ngeziphambeko kuqondwe par. Ngibiza angegebenermaen ngokuvamile
kanye . Kodwa ungase futhi ukukhuluma mayelana ukuhluka endaweni isilinganiso
inikezwe amagugu main, izimo ie lapho esiyinikwe ikhanda value H ufinyelelwe
noma wavuka, okuyinto thina ngokuvamile Uyobiza.Ngakho uma = A H kuyinto ukuphambuka arithmetic, kuyinto = a: H ukuphambuka isilinganiso,
futhi ngesikhathi thina 'futhi , ziyehluka ngeziphambeko njengoba emihle nemibi
arithmetic kuye a> H noma <H, thina ziyehluka kuya okufanayo izici
futhi , njengoba yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi isilinganiso ngeziphambeko.

Nakuba manje ukuhola phansi eqinile ngeziphambeko arithmetic kusukela

amagugu endaweni negative ngezansi ubukhulu ukubaluleka main main futhi
ngalokhu azinakwenzeka, lokhu eqinile aphansi ratio ngeziphambeko ukuthi may
kunalokho kuze kufike behlele, kuze kuphela ezincane ingxenyenamba amagugu
ukubaluleka uthishanhloko umthofu lapho Nokho ahlale nje omuhle njengoba value
main ngokwayo, okungazange babhekisela; ngoba ratio negative ngeziphambeko
nhlobo, kodwa kuphela positive, lapho idlule 1; nalezo kuzuzwe (njengoba
izingxenyana efanele) akuyona 1. Yini ake ucabange iqiniso lokuthi umthetho
ukusatshalaliswa ukuze kuqhathaniswa nokuguquguquka kakhulu K.-G. ngisho nje
ukuba ahlale ngendlela efanele njengoba sokuwela ziyaguquguquka, isimiso ngaso
sonke kunokuba ngeziphambeko arithmetic uthanda ukuba referable ukuba ratio
ngeziphambeko.
Kodwa lokhu izici zezibalo enokwehla elandelayo uhlangana ndawonye
ohlangothini olufanayo.
Ukuqaphelisisa amaphutha, ngokuvamile, okungenani maqondana nesilinganiso
isikhala ubude, kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bento elinganisiwe, ngaphandle
kanye ubukhulu gauge kusho ushintsho, wakhiwe, izinkinga; ngenxa Yiqiniso,
sesiphambeko observation in yokukala a mile kuyoba kukhulu kunesono
ekulinganiseni ubude unyawo, kodwa kuphela ngenxa imisebenzi more and pholisa
ndawonye more bangabanye nesilinganiso zangaphambili; Nokho, iphutha
observation ngokuvamile lapho ekulinganiseni izinga lokushisa eliphezulu noma
barometer kukhona omkhulu ngaphandle uma yalinganisa low.
Against ziyehluka K.-G. Ngokuvamile umsebenzi ebalulekile yobukhulu bawo,
uma kuyaqondakala ngomqondo izibonelo ezilandelayo. A zigcwele kuyisilinganiso
sabantu a silwanyana, futhi kanjalo ngeziphambeko izinto ngazinye elisuka izenze
izenze kukhona ngokwesilinganiso ezincane kuphela, yingxenye encane kuphela
yobukhulu bayo medium, futhi ukuphela komehluko owawukhona izenze
ngobukhulu futhi kulencane ihlala encane. The igundane kuba isilinganiso emikhulu
kakhulu zigcwele, ihhashi nokunye emikhulu kakhulu ukwedlula igundane, umuthi
lingaphezulu kakhulu an imbiza futhi, futhi kuphi efanele phawula entela. The
ngeziphambeko ngabanye amagundane zezinhlobo igundane phakathi kukhona
ngokwesilinganiso kunangendlela ukuthi single zigcwele zezinhlobo kusukela izenze
central njll .. Nor can lokhu kwencika ubukhulu isilinganiso Ukwehlukana ubukhulu
isilinganiso into kuqondakala lokuthi ukushintsha elingaphakathi kanye
elingaphandle kubangela enkulu Izinto okuhloswe ngaphezu ukuthola
amancane. Nakuba izinga izihloko ine kalula elikhulu noma elincane ngazo
kuyabathelela ukuba namathonya kokushintsha, ithonya; futhi kungaba lungeneke
ezahlukene amathonya yangaphandle zokushintsha kwezimo. Ngakho kuyinto
proportionality esiqondile ubukhulu isilinganiso ukuphambuka ubukhulu isilinganiso
izinto ngeke kulindeleke kusukela ekuqaleni. Kodwa noma kunjalo ihlala ubukhulu
izinto ngalokhu kuyisici esiyinhloko usayizi izinguquko zabo, futhi uma kakade
lingakanani isilinganiso at K.-G. ezahlukene hhayi ubukhulu maphakathi izinto
kwenzelwe nje ezilinganiselwe kodwa uhlala kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi
esifanayo kungenzeka ukusatshalaliswa umthetho elula ukuhluka for ngamunye lapho

wamnika ukudambisa ukulandela amathonya kokushintsha, kanye nekutfolakala

kunalokho on umehluko isihlobo kuka izibalo ebhekisela ngeziphambeko.
36. Okokuqala Yebo kwenzeka lokhu umcabango ngokumelene nobunzima
sobala ukuthi uMthetho Basic by nature yayo atholakala kuphela ngeziphambeko
iziphi ukuwabamba njengoba umehluko emihle nemibi ezintweni zabo kokuqala,
emva kwalokhu angeke kwenzeke njengoba icala ekhethekile ngaphansi komthetho
okusho libhekisela isilinganiso ngeziphambeko, kodwa sifunani umthetho ukuthi uya
for the icala angaphinde asymmetry ebuthakathaka ukushintshashintsha proportionate
in the GG noma mode yayo distribution kuwumfanekiso. Kodwa thina ukuhumusha
ngeziphambeko isilinganiso = a: H e logarithms yabo, ungene = ngemvume a
- log H, thina kafushane njengoba umehluko logarithmic kanye ingaqoka, kanye
nesaziso:
1) ukuthi logarithmic ngeziphambeko = ngemvume a - log H umlingisi
izibalo share, zibekwe ngokufingqiwe kanje umehluko emihle nemibi kusukela
amagugu okukhipha inikezwe, kuphela ukuthi lokhu kuyisipho logarithmic,
hhayi H, kodwa ngemvume H kuyinto;
2) ukuthi, njengoba nje umehluko izibalo kuncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa
kanye ukubaluleka kwalo main, kanjalo ukushintshashintsha elincane ngokufanayo
senzeka, njengoba lizwakala in the Law Basic, lo ratios umehluko izibalo nalabo
logarithmic ohambelana ngokuphawulekayo engaguquki, engesiyo izibalo kuphela
provable, kodwa futhi empirically ukuba logarithm kuyinto detectable ngalo ufanisa
umehluko we logarithms izibalo esihambisana.
Ngakho singathanda futhi ukuguquguquka kuqhathaniswa eliphansi isimiso
logarithmic, njengoba zulnglichen iningi jikelele, angenza ukusetshenziswa inzuzo
kuphela ukuthi lokhu inzuzo ngaso ukushintshashintsha kuqhathaniswa
obuthakathaka lilincane kakhulu ukuba lingadala kuwufanele umzamo anda, lapho
Nokho kuletha ukwelashwa logarithmic, liphuma sinqume a ukuguquguquka
kuqhathaniswa eqinile, kuhlanganise ubufakazi enokwehla kuzolandela; ngenxa
Yiqiniso, ngaphandle ubufakazi enokwehla ukuthi umcabango odlule uyoke avele
kuphela njengoba elakhiwa ngo air mbono. Ukusetshenziswa ukwelashwa
logarithmic on empiricism kodwa yilo.
Man ekunciphiseni izilinganiso ngamunye unikezwa a ka K.-G. ukuba logarithms
zabo a = ungene A, ebheka ngendlela efanayo njengoba in Ukuhlolwa the densest
value D kusukelaa kwenziwe lokho kamuva ezithile ukungena, ukubaluleka densest
of a, lapho D hot, futhi, kamuva echaza ezithile, hhayi kanye log D kumele
udidekile, thatha ezinye lokhu value D,
= A - D = ungene A - D, ,
, ohlangothini ngalunye ikakhulukazi,
di 'futhi ,, the isilinganiso elula izibalo noma okuthiwa
ngeziphambeko maphakathi no-logarithmic. e ', e, ngokulandelana:

,,
okungawo m 'futhi m, inani ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi, hhayi njengoba
esetshenziswa kube a ka D, kodwa a ka D asho, bese anqume ekusakazeni
ngeziphambeko logarithmic ,, ohlangothini ngalunye, ikakhulukazi
maqondana e , e ,, m ', m, ngokusho zwiespltigem GG, njengoba ngenhla ( 33)
unikezwa ngezansi 2), ngaphandle kokuthi e', e ,, m ', m, lapha logarithmically
ngendlela kuboniswe, esikhundleni phambilini sizimisele arithmetically.
On labo kusebenza logarithmic ngeziphambeko amalungiselelo bese uyenza
translation ngawo engekaJehova by the logarithmic izinombolo umphako ukuhluka
isilinganiso namagugu abo main, yini ukuba bangawathathi manje, izincazelo
ezidingekayo ahlale mayelana agodliwe isahluko kamuva, lokho kwenzeka
ukwelashwa logarithmic of K.-G. closer samukelwe (isahl. XXI).
Ngaphezu logarithmic amagugu densest D can ke futhi izindlela
logarithmic G njengoba A: m, ie njengoba isilinganiso izibalo of the logarithms
of a, kanye logarithmic lesemkhatsini C, njengoba ukubaluleka a, inani
elifanayo A and has phezu bodwa , anqume.
Kusukela amagugu logarithmic kungaba okunye ukuba amagugu kwamanani lapho
elawo ngokuvumelana amatafula logarithms, kudlule, futhi ukusungula abizwa
ezithile ngalokho okungesona eyize, ngoba la amagugu babe ukubaluleka kwabo
esiphawulekayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba D elihambisana value kwamanani
kanye J ngokuthi densest ratio value ngokuba ukubaluleka ukuthi okufanayo
ukulinganisa amabanga nguye nhlangothi zombili more amagugu A futhi ngenxa
yalokho a united kuka in the efanayo ukulinganisa amabanga kunoma yimuphi A.
The logarithmic ukuba central amagugu C elihambisana value kwamanani olufana
arithmetically ezithile C umdlalo; ngoba uma value of a, di C, esilinganayo a and has
phezu bodwa, kanjalo ine logarithm of C, di C, kungakhathaliseki logarithms of a, di
esilinganayo A, phezu nangaphansi uqobo.
The kanye G sokuthi, njengendlela value kwamanani on G kungokwalabo, imele
kusho Jomethri of a amele.
37. Ngakho kumele ukuhlukanisa umthetho ezintathu ezilandelayo jikelele noma
isimiso, ngalo ngamunye alandela njengoba nje okungaqondile kanye ngesikhathi
esifanayo kokuqina osekushiwo angabhekwa, futhi umehluko yabo kubalulekile
kukhona ukuba lapha uyifingqa kafushane.
1) The okuhlanzekile, elula, umthetho original Gaussian noma isimiso, ngoba isimo
ematfuba lesinesitfombe-sibuko of kabili umehluko arithmetic ', , kusukela kusho
izibalo.Lapha, ekhishwa kusukela izibalo kwakusho A kuthathwe, inquma
ngeziphambeko mutual njengoba izibalo, kusho ukuphambuka = Q: m zombili
ndawonye njengoba quotient of the sum of the ngeziphambeko mutual by amagugu
ngokuphelele by inani lazo ngqo (noma ngemuva eyaziwa formula kusukela sum of

tikwele njengoba ibalwa) kanye emva t inquma etafuleni ukusatshalaliswa. Ukuze

ukuveza ubuhlobo umehluko ukuhluka on A I esikhundleni abizwa
esemthethweni m, , by , , .
2) I nje okungaqondile izibalo of GG, ngoba isimo quin W.
ngeziphambeko ', , kusukela izindlela izibalo, ngokuvamile kusebenza ngoba
degrees ezahlukene asymmetry, kodwa ngokwanele kuphela ukuguquguquka
kuqhathaniswa ezibuthakathaka emhlabeni amagugu main njengoba iningi K
.-G. kungokwalabo. Nansi okukhiphayo kusukela izibalo test amagugu
wena d ezathathwa amagugu ntathu a ngendlela in kamuva
ucabangisisa L1) eyatholakala, ngaphandle kuqala zihunyushelwe logarithms. The
mutual ngeziphambeko ', ,zimi izibalo nhlangothi zombili D ikakhulukazi
kuthathwe, abo kusho amagugu = ': M' futhi , = ,: m, kunqunywa, bese
page ngalinye ikakhulukazi, ukusatshalaliswa ngokusho the GG ezimbili-ikholomu (
33) emva kokuhlela of t '= :
'ngoba uhlangothi oluhle t, = ,: ,
ngoba
side ongemuhle t etafuleni enqunywe. Ukuze ukuveza ubuhlobo umehluko ukuhluka
on D Ngisabela esikhundleni jikelele imigomo m, , by m, , e.
11)

[S. Chap. XL]

3) I nje okungaqondile logarithmic yomthetho odlule noma isimiso, esebenzayo

ngoba asymmetry ezinqumela enkulu futhi ezinqumela enkulu ukuguquguquka
ngokulingana.Ngaphakathi Hereafter are all amagugu ntathu
single a logarithms a = ungene A ukuthatha therefrom the densest value D ukucacisa
logarithmic ngeziphambeko ', , ukuthatha nhlangothi zombili, kusukela kulesi
phakathi efanayo e', e, ukuthatha futhi on a, D, ', ,, e', e, ziyasebenza
amalungiselelo efanayo kakhulu ngaphambi kwalokho, lo nje okungaqondile
izibalo a, D, ', ,, e', e ,. Of amagugu logarithmic can ke eze amagugu isilinganiso
njengoba ngokuvumelana logarithms ezihambisana izibalo.
Manje njengoba isimiso ngokuqinile futhi ngikhuluma ukuba nje okungaqondile
eliyinyabule logarithmic of the GG, di 3); kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukusebenzisa,
futhi ngesikhathi kuqhathaniswa ongaphakeme ukuguquguquka omunye can kahle 2)
A indlela ngokusho nje okungaqondile izibalo, njengoba nizoba empirically. Kancane
kuhambisana nazo zonke GG elula 1) Nokho, kuba elula ukusebenzisa ngoba izibalo
asho A okuyisisekelo ngeziphambeko alula kakhulu ukwedlula amagugu
densest D futhi D kumele azimisele ngokunemba isihlobo; kanye asymmetry
sibuthakathaka kodwa imiphumela 1), 2) kanye 3) kancane soft nomunye.
Kuye I folgends ukwelashwa bento uzitshela ziyalingana W. ngeziphambeko bez.
Manje A, okusho emva isimiso sokuqala, noma bez abazazisayo quin W .. A babe, ie
emva isimiso wesibili noma wesithathu engqondweni, ngiyakwenza kafushane
ukwelashwa wakhuluma ngaphansi isimiso ziyalingana noma azilingani; futhi kuye
kimi. ukwelashwa kanye nesicelo of ukungafani arithmetical, okungukuthi emva
isimiso sokuqala noma sesibili, noma nesicelo ngeziphambeko logarithmic, ngokusho
isimiso sesithathu, ziye engqondweni, ngiyakukhuluma of arithmetic noma

ukwelashwa logarithmic
Ngokuvamile, uzothola out by isimiso izibalo yokwelapha ezilandelayo izihloko
kanye kumiswa lishona; kwathatha isimiso logarithmic kanye nokwelashwa izinto
ezibalulekile ezifana ifuna kodwa Isahluko xxi agodliwe ikakhulukazi.

VI. Isici izinto collective by yabo

ukuhlinzekwa okuthiwa noma izingcezu. Elements.
38. Ake ukuya ekuqaleni (isahl. II) mayelana nezici K.-G. izimvo jikelele manje
into ethile.
Uma omunye K.-G. zimisele ngokuphelele ngobukhulu kanye nenombolo, ngakho
uyoke zisebenza, hhayi nje ukubala okufanayo bonke abakhona, kodwa futhi uye
futhi amakhophi esizayo futhi ukuthatha kusukela ngamunye ngesilinganiso emva
ezicini enikeza isinqumo ambalwa isikhala kuka njengoba usayizi emva Ubukhulu
ezintathu eziyinhloko, isisindo, kwabantu, ubude. Lokhu ngokuvamile
akwenzeki. Inani zamakhophi ezwi into esinikeziwe phakade ngokuvamile
indeterminable enkulu, futhi yaleli nani indeterminable inombolo ngokuvamile
kuphela enkulu okulinganiselwe kakhulu izinyathelo engqondweni
ukuqhudelana. Ngenxa yalesi njongo, kusobala ukuthi, uma z. B. isisindo ubuchopho
yaseYurophu Negro okungafaniswa, lokhu ngeke kwenziwe ngomunye juxtaposes
izisindo ezinkulungwane European ubuchopho izisindo abayizinkulungwane
bangamaNigro ubuchopho. It is a yi ovamile. Ngakho ngempela kubhekwa ngenxa
yamazwi ekuqaleni wenza amakhophi amaningi kangaka zihlolwe futhi kulinganiswa
ukuqhathanisa izinto ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphandle ubandlululo
ngokungadingekile ezinobukhulu ezithile, okuyinto ungenza kakhulu ukuze anikeze
isikhala esiningi izehlakalo ongalinganiseli lapho ukuba ahlele kukalwa etholwe
ngendlela kukhonjisiwe inombolo nobukhulu ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi, futhi
njengoba lokhu kodwa kuholela ukuba ukunganakwa ukwedlulela amagugu bebonke,
kulezi panel ukusatshalaliswa tekuphila, okuthiwa-. Ukuzimisela izingcezu noma
izakhi of K.- G. ngokuthini okunikeza isici into kungenzeka ukuqhathanisa sayo
nezinye izinto emva ubuhlobo ambalwa. Empeleni, umuntu ukuwubona njengoba
izithelo eziningi ngabanye futhi Mabestimmungen ukunikela.
Baneliseka manje, njengoba ngokuvamile kunjalo, kanye okubonisa kusho izibalo
zika K.-G., omunye Nokho ine lokhu esibalulekile kudume e kuyazisiza icala
ukuzimisela value yokuqhathanisa nezinye izinto; kodwa zingase zibe khona ababili
K.-G. lonke noma eduze uvume, kodwa esithambile ahluke kakhulu nabanye. Manje
kwakungase avele ngokwanele ekuqaleni, lemali isilinganiso of ukuguquguquka futhi
ukushintshashintsha ubude lonke K.-G. uzobhekwa uphawu ukuphambuka
isilinganiso kusukela kusho izibalo kanye ukweqisa ukuze babe ebalulekile isici
siyingcuba, futhi eqinisweni, ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kwenziwa. Kodwa
ukugcwaliseka the K.-G. in a yomphakathi enkulu kangaka futhi degrees ezahlukene
ukuze emva omunye isiqondiso kuthathwa le asymmetry isici AKEKHO ongakaze
azizwe kwenzeka isidingo, lo K.-G. ukuthi ubambe njalo ukuhlola olunzulu kanye

Ukuqhathanisa value, ngisho lesi siqondiso elichaza maqondana di of the efanayo

Nokho ukuthatha ahlukahlukene amagugu main ogama bokuhluka kungenxa
asymmetry, kanye namagugu ukuphambuka iso, okuyinto akusho ukuthi yonke into
kufanele kube nesithakazelo ngokwanele ukuba uhlanganyele enjalo ezinwetshiwe
izici zayo, kumele yimuphi umcimbi kubhekwane in a kukahulumeni jikelele.
39. Uma manje kakade ngaphansi kukahulumeni jikelele evamile, ukucabangela
ekuqaleni elilinganiselwe non-A ingaqhubeka futhi ahlobene nalokho
ngeziphambeko, kodwa, wanezela njengoba ngenhla, akubona bonke K.-G. , Angenza
itleyimu sicabangisisa ngazo zonke zici kungenzeka ekunqumeni ukuthi zinikwa II.
Isahluko, kanjalo ngeke kube isikhathi lula ukungena i ngicabangela zonke-round
yalo, ngaphandle uma a K.-G., lowo ekhethekile kakhulu inamathela ukubaluleka,
futhi kufanele bakhonze njengamaphayona isibonelo zibheke ukusebenzelana
ucabangela uqobo. Ngakho ungakukholelwa yini ucele izici senior ukuba izinqumo
ezithathwe.
Zonke ndawonye manje, ngiyakholwa ukuthi lapho ufuna ukusindisa
kwemibandela, futhi kuba lomhlangano, okungazange value main is okungcono
efanelekayo umehluko isici inikezwe K.-G. ukugcina, ukuze izibalo Kusho
ngeziphambeko zayo uyohlale preference owayengathembekile okucatshangelwayo,
ngaphandle ngesikhathi esifanayo ulahlekelwe kanye zohlelo yezinye zezici
ezinquma of ukuqondisisa kumthethosisekelo ambalwa of K.- G. abalingiswa
bambalala the efanayo, se kukhona akukho yizona ezibalulekile kunentando lapho
ihlobana izibalo asho, nokukhuthazayo ukuba khona ukusatshalaliswa umthetho
jikelele. Ukuze athole ukucaciseleka yalo iyoba ukubuyela kakade ngenhla (isahl. II)
esibekiwe izindawo ezehlukene amagugu main kanye ukunwetshwa nokubukela
ochazayo.
[Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe eSahlukweni X .. kwenzeke. Kodwa ngenkathi
khona, izimfanelo value ngayinye main izokwethulwa kukodwa, lapha a nokuhlola
ngokuqhathanisa we amagugu main of self-mayelana izinkonzo zabo ukuba K.-G.
isici Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, woza nje izibalo asho A, ephakathi value C kanye densest
value Dacabangele; ngoba sangasese value R, kanti iningi olunzima value T kanye
umehluko focus value F kukhona ukuba kusukela ekuqaleni ngenxa ukubaluleka
kwabo aphansi ukuba kuthathwe at a Ukukhetha ususondele. Nokho, kuba ukwenza
umehluko phakathi nokuba lezo zimiso main ezintathu mayelana asebezifinyelele
kakade umthetho njengoba isebenza noma ukusatshalaliswa ngaphandle kokubheka
anjalo kufanele kuthathwe njengendlela kuncike ukwazisa lonke ezehlukene nkantolo
ungenela.]
40. [It is uvunyelwe okungukuthi uphonsa kucatshangwa ukuthi umthetho
ukusatshalaliswa inkambo enjalo Izilawuli amagugu kwethimba distribution, ngakho
yokugcina ngokuyisisekelo njengoba nje okungahleliwe iqoqo ekhulelwa of
amagugu, futhi kungase ke amagugu main uthole incazelo kuphela, njengoba afingqe
ezomhlaba labo eyinkimbinkimbi okungahleliwe ngendlela ucishe olunembile futhi
ukumela. Kodwa ke akukho kungabaza wayebeke, ukuthi kwencazelo A kuyigugu
ngaphezu C noma D. Ngoba A yilona kusho izibalo of the value isilinganiso,

ezingasetshenziswa empeleni isethwe ku bedijithi ngayinye, uma efanayo ehlangana

isamba kuhloswe. C ngakolunye uhlangothi nje maphakathi value, okuyinto nje njalo
lidlule kuka undershot, futhi kanjalo limele amagugu itafula nokwethenjelwa ephansi,
ngoba ayithandi A incike sum, kodwa kuphela inani ngeziphambeko mutual. Dkumbe
ekugcineni bavunyelwe hhayi njengoba iPhini asho, ngoba ubhekisela kuphela
empirically value densest e yayo kulawulwa yimuphi randomness umthetho futhi
isikhundla salo by ayinqunywa sibalo, kodwa kungatholakala nje ngokubona
ebhodini. Ever phambi kwakhe uqobo panel ngezikhathi uhlehlise kumelwe libhekwe
kuphela njengoba ukuqondana lucky, lapho kungekho ukubaluleka kufanele
kuxhunywe.]
[Isimo siba esihlukile uma ingane khona umthetho distribution
yokutholwa. Nakuba ke unawo A njengoba kuchazwa ngokuthi value isilinganiso,
ngalo Ubuye in the table okungahleliwe ngaphandle ngokuwina lutho
ngokuqondile. Ukubaluleka C ngakolunye uhlangothi mkhulu ngoba ,.
Ngokuphathelene kokusebenza manje imigomo cishe, njengoba value phakathi limele
value kungenzeka In the isikhungo nesithakazelo kodwa ubeka D, ngoba ubhekisela
ukuthi value njengoba empirically value densest, okungenani cishe, ie ngaphandle
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, okuyinto has W ngobukhulu .. D ngalokho azwelane
uxhumano umthetho wokusabalalisa, value ogama simiso esiphezulu kanye kumele
uqondane nalo. Futhi kubonakala ngokushesha ukuthi indlela ngeduplikhethi
ekutholweni amiselwa njengomngane wangempela. umthetho distribution D ivuliwe:
the one ngesisekelo umthetho, ukubaluleka kwalo esiphezulu kwakuthiwa imele inani
kungenzeka kakhulu; omunye ngenxa panel, ogama densest value empirically
kubonisa ukubaluleka cishe kunazo. It akusho lutho ukuthi ukudlula enjalo in the
panel lembula value densest ngqo noma nje ukuthambekela ubangele. Ngoba ngenxa
lapho wangena force uMthetho kukhona a futhi z in a umongo functional, ukuze
ngokusho aziwayo obusa densest z kungenziwa libalwe interpolation kusukela
amagugu etafuleni unikezwa uma ukuzimisela iluhlaza ehluleka kusukela emehlweni
ngokushesha yohlu noma ibonakala olunganembile. Kulokhu, kodwa manje ufuna
ukufanisa le ukuzimisela enokwehla of the value kungenzeka nalelo theory,
isidingo Dzonke izindawo luxazululwe ezenza seqiwe yomthetho ukusatshalaliswa,
ukuze ingxenye kokubala D by interpolation inikeza izindlela, ukuba semthethweni
distribution umthetho omisiwe ukuba uyakufakazela ezinye ingxenye, ulwazi
lwangaphambili umthetho ukuba ngomumo, wokwazi izakhiwo empirically
konstatierten D of the panel anganika Amacebo sokuthola umthetho distribution.]
41. [Lesi isixhumanisi solidary phakathi izici densest value D kanye nemithetho
nokwabiwa D kuqinisekisa kuqala eliphelele phezu yimuphi omunye amagugu main,
ngisho e-theory ngokomzimba futhi yezinkanyezi amaphutha ekukhanyeni
kwenzeka. Kungokufanayo kubhekwe eyaziwa ngokuthi observation ciniso kusho
izibalo zika amagugu baphawula, lo ngeziphambeko kusukela ukuthi kukhona
amaphutha observation. The kodwa ciniso bumane nje ukubaluleka kungenzeka
kakhulu inombolo isiphambeko ngokwanele ezinkulu ukuthola inguquko
osemthethweni shiya, zimi empirically value densest ukuziveza. Ngakho kuba by
ukugomela isimiso ukuthi ukubaluleka kwangempela noma kungenzeka, izibalo

asho A okuwukuthi, A yazuza ukubaluleka, futhi densest value D ukuba. Lesi sidingo
ngokuwa eziyisisekelo A kanye D manje kuholela umthetho Gauss esiphambekweni,
ezifana z. B. kusukela ENCKE sika 1) ezibonisa indlela okungenani tikwele
kuyabonakala. Ngenxa okufanayo ke uyaqhubeka elandela kwesivumelwano isimiso
the central value C kanye A no D, okuyinto isikhundla united for ukudlula bez panel
wesimethri. A ngokwemibandela, ngenkathi zabo ezihamba ngaphandle asymmetry
umphumela ine.]
1) [Berliner

Nautical lwencwadi for 1834, S. 264 ff.]

[That must simiso Yebo ukuthola okuhlangenwe nakho isiqinisekiso. Lokhu

akuyona imfuneko ukuthi ngenxa imigqa iphutha, ubeka nokwanda kwalo in the state
ukunikeza value acinene ngokusebenzisa emehlweni eqondile emgqeni noma by
calculation interpolationsmige, nse kanye A kuvumelana; ngoba wena uyohlale
kufanele acabangele izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela ukuthi ingadala enokwehla
ezihamba ngaphandle of the amagugu main ngaphandle kokuyekethisa kokubili
semthethweni isimiso osungulwe umbuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba probation of
isimiso kunalokho sokuhambisana empeleni ekhona uhla ngesiphambeko iGanges ne
namagugu adingekayo ngomthetho phansi indlela, njengoba in the ukuqondana
enokwehla of A no D afune futhi uthole; njengoba futhi ezifana. B. Bessel uye
ezinikezwe "Fundamenta astronomiae" ngokumelana ukudlula amaphutha ngokusho
ithiyori futhi emva ibhekene probation of GG. Okungukuthi, izingozi
ongenakulinganisela, ikakhulukazi uma nokuncipha eyanele etafuleni iphutha,
ukuthonya inkambo amagugu panel lonke kancane ngesikhathi kulindeleke ukuthi
ukuphazamisa isikhundla amagugu ngabanye ngezinye izikhathi erbeblich futhi
wafaka okuphawulekayo kuqhathaniswa ezihambayo ngaphandle of the amagugu
main ogama Ngokuwa theory iyadingeka, kungabangela.]
Kodwa kuqhutshelwe kangaka ezihambayo ahluke, kusho izibalo unawo ezifana
inzuzo is ukuthi wena njengoba value kungenzeka kakhulu labo kuthathwa izimiso
Gauss maqondana lapho sum of the ngeziphambeko isilinganiso kungenzeka
kwencani, noma maqondana lapho okuyiwo wonke ngeziphambeko bobabili
amakhasi kuyafana; kokubili amagugu kodwa luqondane in the izibalo asho, imida
yesimethri noma asymmetry kungenzeka ngenhlonipho nalokho. Ngakho ukuthanda
kusho izibalo uhlala ngisho nalapho engenzi kungahambisani namanye amagugu
main, okufanayo ngabe yikuphi yanquma ngo Malehre ngokomzimba futhi
yezinkanyezi ngokusho ngezinhloso.
Nokho, [Lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ngaphansi kucatshangwa ukuthi, isimiso, kusho
izibalo kumelwe libhekwe njengoba value cishe kunazo. Ulahlekelwa lesi simiso
semthethweni yayo, kanye ukulahlekelwa A isikhundla sakhe encomekayo; ngoba
ngenkathi kugcina incazelo yalo yokuqala njengoba ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa
mayelana nomthetho ukusatshalaliswa manje sengathi ukubaluleka endaweni yayo,
lapho ethatha phezu isimiso manje lwentiwe ngokuhambisana indima ukubaluleka
kungenzeka futhi isimiso kuvumelana amagugu densest. Ngokwesibonelo, ephakathi
value C,2): Izikhombo kufanele kwenziwe "phezu ukubaluleka yokuqala kulencane ukuphambuka sum",
kunenani kubhekwe, lo W. ngobukhulu ukuza, kanjalo kwenzeka mayelana nalokhu zonke ezinye

umthetho ukusatshalaliswa force, by ukhona, eyisisekelo value cishe ngempela njengoba ubukhosi uthola
njengoba in application of the Law Basic, kusho izibalo.]

2)

Umlando Mathematics kanye phys. Class of the Royal. Sachs. Gesellsch. the
Scientific. Volume XI, 1878th (Ikakhulu, Isigaba VI: "Uphawula umbuzo
sokusebenza kwesimiso kusho izibalo" futhi Isigaba VII: "Amathuba imithetho
ngeziphambeko ehlukahlukene bez potency uzitshela semthethweni isimiso sabo ..")
kuyinto 42. [For the kukahulumeni manje ngendlela efanayo ukubaluleka densest
nesithakazelo eliyisisekelo ngokushesha njengoba ekusakazeni amakhophi of a K.G. ematfuba umthetho okudlangile engena umbuzo. Ngokuqondene nokuzimisela
izindawo ukubaluleka densest futhi isekelwe phezu bheke efanayo ukuthi umthetho
bengayi kodwa lapha isimiso izibalo asho, noma yimuphi omunye isimiso a
priori siqiniswe. Ngoba lo K.-G. zinikezwa kuphela isipiliyoni, futhi kukhona priori
ngisho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi efanayo inani inani elithile ingatholakala njengoba
value cishe, noma ukuthi - ngamanye amazwi - ukubaluleka empirically densest in
the K.-G. ehlukahlukene ingachazwa by izakhiwo efanayo. It is ke kumelwe
libhekwe njengelingcwele yalokho eyisisekelo isipiliyoni ukuthi K.-G.
ezihlukahlukene ababebheka basagcinwe, eqinisweni, uvumele ukuzimisela a value
kungenzeka, nokuthi kuvumelana yokugcina eduze ngokwanele ukuba lokho of
amagugu lapho ubuhlobo mutual ngeziphambeko kusho (e 'e,) ilingana ratios
izinombolo ukuphambuka mutual(m:' m,). Inani densest ngalokho in the
kukahulumeni kusukela izibalo ngokomthetho kwakusho ezahlukene kanye umi
kunalokho isimiso ukuhambisana edingekayo kanye by the ukulinganisa e
': e, = m': m, amagugu kuchazwe. Lesi sakamuva (okuyinto ngemuva zithathwe
kuyi Chap. II ukulungisa kanye D p lingachazwa ngokuthi D i the
interpolationsmig ibalwa empirically densest ibhodi value renames) abethi ke lapha
ngendlela efanayo njengoba izibalo asho value theory amaphutha. Ubuye incazelo
efanayo kakhulu; ngoba ngesisekelo isimiso ukuthi ukubaluleka cishe iningi a K.G. isilinganiso e ': e, = m': m, ukuhlangabezana, noma ukuthi D p = D i kufanele,
uzothola umthetho distribution ukuthi okungekuhle kakade wabeka phansi
esahlukweni esedlule isihambile GG ngendlela efanayo njengoba ngesisekelo isimiso
ukuthi value kungenzeka, kusho izibalo, noma ukuthi A = D i kufanele ukuthi GG
elula njengoba nomthetho iphutha kuphakama.]
[Kuphela maqondana njengoba can A ubukhosi lapha oyimangalelayo the
onekhono asymmetry ezibuthakathaka njengoba K.-G. close kangaka
kanye D p kuvumelana ukuthi kwanele ukuletha GG elula eseduze esikhundleni
ezimbili-kukholamu isicelo.]
43. Not kunakwe ovunyelwe ukuhlala choice emkhatsini amagugu ezahlukene
izinga main kalula ngokuqiniseka ngazo ukunqoba. Ingabe zincike nje ukuzimisela
eluhlaza, ukuze ukubaluleka densest kuyinto decidedly elula elula, njengoba nje

ngemuva panel ukusatshalaliswa a isidingo ukubona lokho

enkulu z walalela; balandela ngokushesha maqondana nalokhu ukuzimisela value
central, ngoba lapho kukhona nje i enumeration of a noma kusuka zombili
maphakathi nendawo kuze ukulingana etholwe m kanye m, iyadingeka; Iningi
kabuhlungu ukuthi of A, kusukela kwalokho kwazo zonke ngazinye a a eminingi
othuthukayo distribution ibhodi noma, yini kusho ukuthi into efanayo, ukwakheka
kanye kwalokho imikhiqizo za for ukuthola isamba A, lapho kanye m kumele
zihlukaniswe, icala elikhulu m eside futhi eyisicefe ukusebenza.
Kodwa uma kungenjalo, yebo nje reverse, kukhona ubuhlobo uma ebukhali, ufuna
ukuya kwi ekahle ngangokunokwenzeka amalungiselelo lusondela. Kusukela
ukuzimisela ebomvu value densest emva owela phezu kwakhe esiphezulu of at sonke
kufanele kulindeleke kuphela approximation neze kwenani ekahle; sharpest kodwa,
phezu isilinganiso m ': m, = e : e,kufanele isungulwe, ngempela ukuletha eqondiwe
futhi akunzima ukuba bill ehola kodwa kuyinto unstreng e kokubulawa, kudinga
entengo kanye interpolation, the last namanje shiya nesilinganiso ezincane
umphumela Computing. Incazelo abukhali C, nakuba lula kunalelo D, abakwazi
ukukwenza ngaphandle izinsiza ezinjalo, kanti ukuzimisela A ezifana
kungadingeki. Amahloni of ukwakheka imikhiqizo za kungagwenywa ngumuntu
kamuva (isahl. IX) ukuba imaging amasu.
44. Ngokusho ingxoxo yangaphambili izici nezinzuzo ahlukahlukene amagugu
main kuyoba yinto ukusho kusukela mbono kusukela lapho ukweqisa kanye
ukuphambuka nemisebenzi angene ukucabangela.
Kungase kube ezimbili K.-G. iphelele noma umdlalo close e amagugu abo main
kodwa ububanzi ukushintshashintsha kanye isilinganiso ukuguquguquka ukubaluleka
amakhophi amagugu abo main ayahlukahluka, okuyizinto neze differentiators
ngabandayo. Ngakho, izinga lokushisa kusho isiqhingi olwandle futhi indawo
phakathi a Continents ingase ibe okufanayo; kodwa ngeziphambeko okushisa
ngabanye hold medium-lokushisa ekuqaleni ngaphakathi kwemingcele elincane futhi
engaphansi wesibili, lapho thina ukuhlukanisa sezulu zasolwandle kanye sezulu
yezwekazi.
[Uyobe uthambekele umehluko onjalo ngokunika ngobukhulu kanye value
kulencane, ie of E 'futhi E, okuyinto eziningi amakhophi a K.-G. kwenzeke elichaza
ngendlela lelula.]
Kunconywa Ngakho kodwa inkomba amagugu ngokwedlulele E 'futhi E, ukuba
embule, uye likhuphuka phakathi lokho kukhawula ubukhulu amakhophi, kodwa
izinzuzo lokhu kungaphezu ubuhlobo ziyingozi futhi limited. Uma lezi amagugu
angaphansi izingozi ezinkulu, kangangokuthi omunye akufanele bathembele kuleso
lapho ukweqisa nokushintshashintsha ezedlulele uchungechunge esisha zezinhlobo
okufanayo m ngazimisela ukuthola amagugu efanayo futhi; Okwesibili, ukuthi
ifunani okufanayo ngaso sonke, kuphela inani lamakhophi, the m, kusukela lapho
efanayo zihlobene, a value by at emikhulu m kwenkululeko izinguquko mkhulu,
ukuze nge emikhulu m ngokuvamile kabanzi zehlukaniswe Extreme, a ezincane E ,,

a elikhudlwana E 'futhi ngenxa yalokho enkulu ukuguquguquka extreme e'

- e, kufakwa ezincane kuno m. Manje ake sithi isibonelo ufuna elithile variability
eliphelele isihlobo K.-G .. e amagugu E '- E, noma (E' - E,): A search for,
njengoba kwenziwa kahle, futhi emva K.- eziningana G. qhathanisa, ngakho lizofaka
amaphutha enkulu uma ehlukene izinto m babe futhi Ngingumfana amaphutha lolu
hlobo, nakho kwaholela ufinyelele eziphethweni eziyiphutha, ngempela
wahlangabezana kwenye indawo. 3)

3)

[Lesi endimeni kuyinto ukudalulwa Fechner mayelana ngeziphambeko

ngokwesilinganiso futhi Extreme isuswe, lapho watshelwa e 1868 Prof. WELCKER
futhi zaleli atholakale kimi.]
Better kuka ukuguquguquka ububanzi E '- E,-ke kufanelekile
ukushintshashintsha isilinganiso, the medium efanayo ngaphandle degree of
variability into, njengoba ngempela esizimele m, futhi ingenziwa by an ukulungiswa
ezifanele ngokuzimela ngokuphelele. Nokho, lesi sinyathelo ngeke kushintshe emva
amagugu main, ofuna ukuba abale okwahlukile, futhi, ngokuvamile, ezahlukene side
emihle nemibi. The kokucubungula ezihlukahlukene yokugcina kodwa ziyashoda,
uma omunye kuzozonke isamba semali ye ngeziphambeko zombili izinhlangothi,
ihlukaniswe ngenani ingqikithi ukuhluka nhlangothi zombili, isetshenziswa, ie uma
sekuphela ihlandla yethu kuka ukuguquguquka avareji noma asho ukuphambuka
ngamunye se maqondana esiyinikwe main value lishona:
,
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna ukusebenzisa ngeziphambeko ezinye value eyodwa
noma main ehla kulokho ofuna ukuba sikuqonde ngaso sonke, futhi omunye engenzi
ngaphandle kwezinye. Njengoba ungase ubone, izinguquko ezingeni
esiyinikwe m emva isamba semali ukwehluka mutual in the ezahlukene amagugu
main; kuze kube manje liye kuphela yasebenzisa ngeziphambeko izibalo asho, futhi
sihlale khona ekucaleni kukhona, sithola njengoba ngokwesilinganiso
ukuguquguquka value ngomqondo Igama ngenhla:
,
Manje Nokho, hhayi ngokuphelele ezimele ubukhulu m, kodwa icala yilo:
Inani A, kusukela lapho ngeziphambeko zithathwa, iyahlukahluka kuye kancane on
the number of A,yingakho m efanayo, okuyinto nguye agent ; futhi inembe kakhulu
kungenzeka A ubengase kusukela akupheli m etholakala. With the ubukhulu
ezilinganiselwe m, njalo noma kunjalo olunganembile A kodwa futhi sishintsha
ubukhulu ngeziphambeko futhi ngenxa yalokho sum of the efanayo, ukwahlukana
zabo by m ukubaluleka eyatholakala, okungukuthi lifundisa theory kanye

nesipiliyoni 4) ukuthi futhi ngenxa yalokho = : m with

okwandayo m isilinganiso ngokulingana
lukhula, kulandele ,
on the evamile, ukuthi ukuzimisela A kanye ngeziphambeko zayo kusukela
akupheli m ngabe kwenzeka, kungenzeka ungabuyeli .

kanye, luhluke = 2 m (2 m - 1), iphindaphindwe lokho
okubizwa ngokuthi ukulungiswa ngenxa ezilinganiselwe m izingcingo. The alungisa
kanjalo hot c, futhi uthola ngokwakhe kanjalo:
,

4)

Ngo zombili lezi zici Comp. Eseyi My in the imibiko Royal. Saxon Society of
Sciences, uMqulu XIII, 1861 ["Mayelana ukulungisa mayelana nokunemba
yokunquma observation-nhla, ukuzimisela ukushintshashintsha Meteorological
amagugu ngabanye emhlabeni kusho yabo kanye Mabestimmungen psychongokomzimba by indlela iphutha avareji"].

Lokhu ukulungiswa awasebenzi esimweni ngasinye, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso

amacala, futhi ngoba azikho izindlela, kube kusebenza anqume ngokuqondile
ngayinye icala ngabanye, kumelwe banamathele ukubaluleka kwalo olunamathela
isilinganiso amacala, Ngakho and can, uma ungenawo anqikaze umzamo elincane
ukuqondiswa, e kukahulumeni bakhetha c njengakuqala olulindile.
Okufanele ukuguquguquka isilinganiso in C noma D kungenziwa kunqunywa,
njengoba ungenayo ukulungiswa lokuqala uma = : m, kwesibili, uma e
= : m, ukulungiswa kodwa babeyoba kakhulu ngibona, akukashintshi. The
ukuguquguquka kusho in C ine nesithakazelo ubamncane kuno
ngenhlonipho A futhi D, ngisho kungenzeka elincane ngoba, ngokusho ekuqaleni
wenza ecacisa sum of the ngeziphambeko maqondana C ngokuvamile kulencane
kungenzeka, futhi lokhu quotient zabo by m ukudluliselwa.
Ngokuvamile ukukhuluma, nakuba lokhu kungase bahlupheke ezith, futhi i
proportionality ngqo ingekho, kwandisa ukuguquguquka isilinganiso ubukhulu izinto,
futhi kungase kube nesithakazelo ukuqeda leli thonya ngangokunokwenzeka
ungachazwa ukuthi ukuguquguquka isilinganiso zihlukaniswe ubukhulu bale sihloko
umsindo oshintshashintshayo, lapha kwalokho isihlobo ukushintshashintsha
ngokuphelele kusho zibe akhawunti.
45. A ingqondo ebaluleke ngaphezu kube sezingeni ukuguquguquka into
mayelana nezimiso zayo main ukunqoba ukuphambuka isilinganiso njengendlela

yokunquma ilungu ukusatshalaliswa kwe-athikili. The Malehre ngokomzimba futhi

yezinkanyezi kwenza le njongo livela kusho
ukuphambuka ngenhlonipho A noma amagugu ezihlobene
ukusebenzisa,
kodwa lokhu kuvumeleke ngoba asebezifinyelele kakade kule mfundiso ziyalingana
W. amaphutha observation, kanti kukahulumeni emva ngabo empeleni ekhona isimo
jikelele asymmetry kuphela kuphambuka kusho maqondana D, hhayi ezivamile
zombili, kodwa ohlangothini ngalunye ikakhulukazi ungenza ukusetshenziswa (bheka
33), ie.:
,
Nalapha, akuvunyelwe ekhuluma a ukulungiswa ngenxa
ezilinganiselwe m ukufaka; kodwa amagugu alungisa akuzona, njengoba umuntu
engase acabange ukuze usethe:
,,
kodwa:
.
Empeleni ebesingase walandisa ukuphambuka izamba ukulungiswa izinhlangothi
ezimbili awahambelani ukulungiswa ezivamile isamba yalo.
Ngokuba isamba has okungukuthi:
,
Uma omunye wayefuna ukubeka mutual ukuphambuka tibalo ikakhulukazi:
,,
ukuze laliyokwakhiwa etholwe by efingqa lamagugu:
.
lokho namagugu ngenhla for c akulungile.
46. Ekugcineni, namanje bakhumbule ezinye amagugu okuye
ngokuphindaphindiwe bathinteka, kodwa hhayi kuze kamuva ngokuningiliziwe
ukuba kuxoxwe, zibalulekile kakhulu asymmetry imithetho
ebuhlotsheni. Okwamanje kuphela okulandelayo ngalezi amagugu.
Kukhona kuqala umehluko '- , = u phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi
of A kanye umehluko U - U, = (E - A) - - (E A, =) E' + E, - 2A phakathi

ubukhulu ukuphambuka ngokwedlulele emihle nemibi kusuka A, lapho angene

nalokhu acabangele. Kodwa okubaluleke ngaphezu kwalezi umehluko ngokuphelele
ezihambelana:
futhi.
Lapha okwesikhashana kulandela kuphela ngokuqondene kamuva kwenziwe
ukusetshenziswa kwalo mayelana.
Ibhayisikobho umehluko phakathi sum of the ngeziphambeko emihle futhi
engemihle A, di 'futhi , kungaba Yebo akungatshazwa, kusukela A is
ngokucacile kuhlinzekwe ukuze bobabili tibalo bayalingana; kodwa lokho akusho
ziqala ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo kokubili izinombolo
ukuphambuka ', , ayalingana nomunye, futhi ngesikhathi iningi nomaphi eyodwa
uyowuthola futhi. Nokho, Kuyini, okungenani ngomqondo ovamile noma nje
ngaphandle okungahleliwe ngokwesilinganiso in ukwehluka esiwenza A intando
ukuthi '- , ubukhulu m likhula.
On the kucatshangwa W. ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi alinganayo okungukuthi
lifundisa okungenzeka theory ngokubuyela icala isitsha kanye netinombolo amabhola
black and white ukuthi - , izimiso zayo ngokuphelele by an isilinganiso
ratios
ukwanda. Kodwa more m ukwanda kuyinto, ezincane
isilinganiso of: m, ukuze, ngesikhathi okungenamkhawulo m, zero futhi intando
eyodwa.
Omunye umphumela lokhu ukuthi munye uphenyo kamuva ezilandelayo ukuthi le
emihle futhi. ngeziphambeko negative bez. A babe ngempela W. alinganayo, hhayi
ukumane umehluko ngokuphelele u ozakuba, akusho ngokuvamile bantula ngisho ne
W. efanayo, kodwa ebuhlotsheni bakhe m, okumele singeqi osayizi abathile, ukuze
the gleicheW. kungabi Cishe, yini enye ngeke kusho kamuva.
Okwamanje sinawo ukungalingani inombolo kabili Deviation
bez. A di ', , njengoba isici, futhi bakholwa maqondana abanye njengoba elithile
asymmetry. Of ungase by an asymmetry ngenxa ukungalingani of umehluko sum
Yiqiniso ', ,. Bez A Akungabazeki, ngoba ngokoMthetho A ukuthi
= , kanjalo A kumele azimisele ukuze lokhu ukulingana kwenzeka; . ngakolunye
uhlangothi Kungase isici noma esilinganisweni asymmetry Not elotshwe a
kungalingani kwenani ngeziphambeko C ayakuma, ngoba ngokoMthethoC wukuthi
isibalo okuhambisanayo Deviation maqondana nalokho kuyafana; lapha
ngokumelene bekungeke kukodwa ukuvimbela ukuthi asymmetry aphethwe
maqondana kusho izibalo of A on the densest value D ngokwendlela ukungalingani of
ukuphambuka izibalo m , m, ukuze anqume, esimweni kokubili amagugu main
ziyahluka ngokwanele nomunye;kanye inzuzo mayelana D a iyasebenza ku imithetho
asymmetry kunamandla ezihamba ngaphandle ngeziphambeko m , m, kusukela
komunye nomunye, njengoba umehluko ', ,Dist. A ukuthola kusuka

nomunye; futhi m ', m, kuze Emaceleni ezimbili G. G, kungaba wafaka ubuhlobo,

kanti leyenteka ngokumelene asymmetry A neither elula, amabili emaceleni GG
kuphambuka maqondana nenani A isebenza more. Uma ukhumbula ukuthi uma
bez. A phezu , ligamanxa, Ngakolunye m, cishe m ukweqelana. Kodwa A and
kwalokho ', ,lula kakhulu ukuba anqume kuka D futhi ngemva
kwalokho m', m, futhi bez of a asymmetry elikhulu noma elincane. A njalo a,
kuphela esimweni ngasinye the bez asymmetry elikhulu noma elincane. A. mayelana
ekuphumeni ukungalingani bez D kusukela kolunye uhlangothi singafakwa ivalwe,
kanjalo kubonakala ngokuvamile kunengqondo ngaphezu, ekucaleni imiphumela
ukuzimisela asymmetry by - ,. Misc A hold, njengoba it phambili
ukungalingani of m futhi m ,. bez D singafakwa ivalwe; ngaphandle kodwa
ukwenza ukuzimisela olunembile, lokhu kungesinye kumele ziphenywe ikakhulukazi
by theory kanye empiricism.

VII. Ukusatshalaliswa panel Primary.

47. [In the ezahlukweni ezandulele, amaphuzu ayinhloko cwaningo banikezwe
okungekuhle. Manje kubalulekile ukuqhuba ngempumelelo uphenyo. Kusukela
okufanayo awusekelwe ezizathwini yezinto; kodwa ngokuphelele esekelwe
isipiliyoni ngokwayo, ngakho angazithola K.-G. inikezwe empirically kuphela phuma
wena. Nokho, lo yokugcina asesimweni yabo usprnglichen neither ukwenzela
ukufinyelela eempendulweni, kodwa efanelekayo ushwele imithetho kwakuthiwa
esebenzayo. Kufanele ke bafundiswe ikakhulukazi ukwelashwa kwabo
kweembalo. Kungokufanayo siphathelene ingxenye ukulungiswa ifomu ezifanele
ukumelwa ukuphenywa ngokubeka up aphansi kanye nokusabalalisa amabhodi
yehlise (Isahluko VII kanye VIII.); ezinye ingxenye kunjalo imithetho sokubalwa
amagugu asho ukuphambuka nemisebenzi, lapho izici izindawo K.-G. ukwethula
ngokwabo (isahl. IX - XI). Lapha, ukuze kube lula nje ukwelashwa izibalo of K.G. Iba inkulumo; ngoba impatho logarithmic, ngazo kuphela ukusebenza egcwele
indlela uphenyo kufezwa, kuvumelana izibalo zika ngokuyinhloko by contact
kuphela logarithms nezilinganiso esikhundleni the mass ngokwayo.]
[Lapha a base efanelekayo luhlolo theory manje wasimama, inomthwalo ukuze
Ekuqaleni ukuthi asymmetry of K.-G. wamisa ukuxoxa futhi criteria ukuhlukanisa
asymmetry ebalulekile futhi non-abalulekile (Isahluko XII -. XVI). Kodwa ke
esebenzayo ngesikhathi imida yesimethri kubalulekile futhi asymmetry
Veteilungsgesetze kubalulekile kumele ithuthukiswe (Isahluko XVII -. XX). Lapha,
ukushintshashintsha icala ngokuvamile okwenzeka kancane ngokulingana of
amagugu ngabanye Ilungiselelwe amagugu main.]
[Le ngxenye main yophenyo kulandelwa ingxoxo ukuhlela kabusha, okuyizinto
ngenxa kwathatha ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic. A ukwelashwa logarithmic
ngokuyinhloko zidinga K.-G. kanye ukushintshashintsha ngokulingana eqinile,
kodwa futhi ubudlelwano phakathi izilinganiso ezahlukene K.-G. abadinga ezifana
(Isahluko XXI. and XXII). Ngendlela Isithasiselo Ekugcineni, ukuncika of K.G. okuxoxwe (Chap. XXIII).]

 48. [Kuyoba K.-G. thatha e uphenyo, kukhona kuqala zonke amakhophi

ehlukeneko yezinto ezifanako in the ukuze okungahleliwe, kwendawo noma
yesikhashana lapho bazenza ukuba kulinganiswa, nangenhliziyo a eqoshiwe oqokiwe
Ubukhulu in an ohlwini original. Lapha kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi requisites
ebalulwe Kap.IV ligcwaliseke, okungukuthi ikakhulukazi kwezinso inombolo ezanele
izilinganiso lokhu kucwasa ifaniswe.]
[Uhlu okunjalo yokuqala, njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa ( 3), asihambisani
ukwelashwa zezibalo. Nokho, kubalulekile nakwezinye izici, njengoba kwenza
ukuzimisela ukuthi amakhophi K.-G. ziyahlukahluka ngayodwana noma sisesimweni
kuncike. Imithetho 20 bebelokhu kulesi maqondana wabonisa ukuthi Chap. XXIII
bazothola samuntu eminye. In the interest of processing yezamakhompyutha, kodwa
wena kufanele ahlele Ubukhulu ngokusho yobukhulu bawo futhi ngalokhu izinsimbi
of the uhlu original, a panel distribution. It isetshenziswa ukuze yehlukaniswe
etafuleni encishisiwe, ukulungiselela yabo kanye nokwelashwa ifundiswa
esahlukweni esilandelayo, esibizwa primary ukusatshalaliswa panel. In the efanayo
enze izilinganiso a one ezincane lesichubekako ukuba elikhulu amagugu kukholamu,
lapho ngamunye A has kanye kuphela, kuyilapho ikholomu beige wadlulela
izinombolo ehambisana for izinhlu ezibonisa kangaki ngamunye A kwenzeka.]
[Lokhu panel primary manje wakha esizoqala kuso ukubala yonke
uphenyo. Nokho, ngokuvamile usengaphansi kokujeziswa semfene eqinile futhi
ngokuvamile has onjalo extension ukuthi isigijimi sabo kwakuzothatha isikhala
esiningi. Ngakho-ke bayofuna ukuba sihlaselwe nemiphumela ethile engathandeki
ezimbili ngokwenza of entengo, bese kungagcini ngokuvamile ukusebenza panel
ngesimo salo esincishisiwe uqobo. Nasi kodwa indaba yokumazi ubunjalo panel
aphansi futhi athole i siqonde izici ukuthi kungenzeka; Ngakho-ke, kufanele ezine,
silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi izibonelo K.-G. The panel primary
ethulwa.]
49. [The izibhebhe ezimbili zokuqala Mina II ukunikeza izilinganiso for the
ngezinga mpo kanye eqondile 450 European amadoda izingebhezi. Kufanele
kuqashelwe ukuthi lapha ngezansi ngokungaguquki agcinwe ilebula "ngezinga
Vertical" kungaba ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuba esikhundleni 'ubude bend vertex
"by aluzange inani, kodwa kuphela emabunzini, vertex futhi occiput kuze
emaphethelweni phambi emgodini intambo edlulisela umnsalo, ngalokho ukwehla
ukuze base Yekhanda ngezinga mpo lunikeziwe etafuleni.Njengoba in III. Isahluko
yaphawula ngezinga UProfesa WELCKER Kwanikezwa, oye baqoqa impahla
ocebile, ngokulinganayo ziphathwe ngenkathi ephethe sinye siyafanana nesilinganiso
indlela. 1) yokukala iyona angu. Ukuze ukukala wakhonza ithephu. The mass
ngokwayo sibonakalise emva isitatimende WELCKER on "okuvamile" skull
abesilisa. Skull kanye Nahtabnormitten ngisho frontal suture skull athola.]
1)

[Comp. H. Welcker, ukukhula nokwakheka kolimi skull womuntu, Leipzig

1862; futhi: umthamo kanye ububanzi ezintathu ezinkulu Nogebhezi lwawo izizwe
ezahlukene; Archives of Anthropology, Vol. XVI].

[Plate III iqukethe izilinganiso ukubuthela kweminyaka 2047 amabili Leipzig

abafundi vintages 20 1843 - 1862. Kusukela uhlu original lezi zinyathelo kumelwe
kuphawulwe ukuthi ayemisa by indlela yabo sokulungiselela lapho
Aushebungsgeschfte, randomness okuhlanzekile kuyinto enhle ngenxa lezo
zindawo, yingakho e ch efanayo. isetshenziswa XX kanye probation imithetho
extreme. I Phiko ngamasentimitha Saxon = 23.6 mm; kwakukhona Nokho, hhayi
kuphela kulinganiswa lonke, kodwa futhi isigamu ikota ngamasentimitha.]
[In Table IV, izilinganiso for the ilungu phezulu (internode) of 217 eziyisithuphamembered rye iziqu elotshiwe. Ngolwazi oluthe xaxa ephathelene nokuxhashazwa
yalesi impahla kungatholakala engxenyeni yesibili, isahl. XXV. Indlela yokukala
echazwe up khona neqiniso lokuthi njengoba unit ngamasentimitha nesigamu
kwenzeka.]
50. [The panel ezine kubalelwe isiqu esibizwa ngokulandelana: 2)]
Panel I. 450 EUR. Men Skull; Vertical elingakanani.
E = 1 mm; m = z = 450; A 1 = 408.5.
A

368

400

13

425

371

401

12

426

376

402

13

427

378

403

428

379

404

10

430

380

405

18

431

381

406

432

382

407

433

383

408

16

434

384

409

13

435

385

410

20

438

386

411

440

387

412

15

442

388

413

443

389

414

12

447

390

415

21

448

391

416

392

417

393

418

16

394

419

395

12

420

15

396

421

397

422

398

14

423

399

424

12

2) [Kusukela

neither Urlisten, noma panel eyinhloko baphathwa lapha K.G. vorfanden uqobo (Comp. Qaphela ukuba Chap. III), ngakho panel ngenhla
kwadingeka ukuba kabusha. Ithebula mina III babevela sabela kungakavalwa
emihlanu. ukuncishiswa izingqimba ezine ukuthi kulesi sigaba esilandelayo ( 64
kanye 65) elotshiwe, kumele abuyiselwe, ngoba itafula II futhi IV babengamadodana
ukuhlela ezifanele ayitholakali e ukuphelela eyanele. Khonamanjalo okutholakala
Table IV, lo logarithms of a amagugu. The amagugu Table II zatholakala kusukela
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Prof. WELCKER kimi unikezwe ubukhulu 500 European
amadoda izingebhezi. Kodwa Kulokhu kwadingeka izilinganiso 63 ngokusho cishe
bengabakaJehova esihambelanayo izilinganiso mpo kunezelwa, njengoba nje
isivumelwano esinjalo ne panel ukuncipha esahlukweni esilandelayo ( 58)
kungafinyelelwa. Nokho, lokhu kungase kwenze enemibandela, ukuhluka kancane
nomthelela umfanekiso panel asipheli, lapho musa kakhulu iza futhi ezilandelayo
zibe ukucabangela.]
Plate II. 450 EUR. Men Skull; Esikalini ovundlile.
E = 1 mm; m = z = 450; A 1 = 522.2.
A

481

510

13

535

10

484

511

12

536

11

485

512

14

537

486

513

538

488

514

539

489

515

13

540

14

490

516

11

541

491

517

542

492

518

543

493

519

10

544

494

520

15

545

495

521

546

496

522

547

497

523

14

548

498

524

17

549

499

525

21

550

500

526

552

501

527

553

502

528

554

503

529

555

504

530

13

558

505

531

561

506

532

567

507

533

576

508

534

509

7
Plate III. Abafundi ukubuthela Ubukhulu.
E 1 = inch, m = z = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.

60,00

70,00

70

76,00

24

64,00

70,25

65

76,25

17

64,75

70,50

71

76,50

65,00

70,75

61

76,75

65,25

71,00

78

77,00

14

65,50

71,25

75

77,25

65,75

71,50

81

77,50

66,00

71,75

89

77,75

66,25

72,00

79

78,00

66,50

72,25

81

78,25

66,75

19

72,50

82

78,50

67,00

72,75

63

79,00

67,25

11

73,00

79

79,50

67,50

25

73,25

79

80,00

67,75

15

73,50

68

80,75

68,00

35

73,75

56

82,50

68,25

27

74,00

64

68,50

37

74,25

42

68,75

34

74,50

55

69,00

43

74,75

33

69,25

48

75,00

43

69,50

57

75,25

26

69,75

54

75,50

25

75,75

17

Plate IV. UKhoza phezulu 217 sechsgliederigen rye ngomoba.

E = 0.5 cm; m = z = 217; A 1 = 86.54.
A

42,9 1

75,6

49,7 1

75,8

52,8 1

85,4 1

91,7

99,0

85,5 1

91,9

99,2

76,1

85,7 1

92,0

99,3

55,6 1

76,2

85,8 1

92,3

99,4

57,6 1

76,4

85,9 1

92,8

99.5

58,9 1

76,7

86,0 2

93,0

100,3

59,0 1

77,0

86,2 1

93,1

100,5

61,4 1

77,2

86,3 1

93.3

100,8

61,9 1

77,5

86,8 2

93,4

100; 9

62,2 1

77,6

86,9 1

93,5

101,0

62,3 1

77,7

87,0 3

93,7

101,1

63,0 1

77,9

87,1 2

94,4

101,3

64,1 1

78,0

87,4 2

94,6

101,5

64,3 1

78,1

87,5 1

94.7

101,9

65,5 1

78,4

87,8 1

95.7

102,2

67,4 1

78,8

87,9 2

95,8

102,3

67,7 1

79,0

88,0 2

95,9

102,7

67,8 1

79,4

88,3 1

96,0

102,8

68,1 1

80,0

88,6 1

96,1

103,3

68,3 1

80,4

88,8 1

96,2

103,4

68,9 1

80,7

88,9 2

96,3

104,0

69,6 1

80,9

89,2 2

96,5

104,2

69,9 1

81,3

89,3 2

96,8

104,4

70,5 1

81,9

89,4 1

96,9

105,3

71,4 1

82,0

89,7 2

97,0

105,5

72,0 2

82,1

89.9 2

97,1

105,6

72,1 1

82,3

90,0 1

97,5

105,8

72,5 1

82,4

90,2 3

97,6

106,0

72,9 1

82,8

90,4 1

97,7

106,2

73,7 1

83,0

90,5 1

97,8

106,3

73,9 1

83,1

90,6 1

97,9

108,0

74,1 1

83,4

90.7 3

98,0

110,0

74,8 2

83,7

91,2 1

98,2

111,2

75,1 2

83,9

91,3 1

98,6

112,0

75,2 1

84,6

91,4 1

98,8

112,2

51. [A look okuqhathanisa lezi amashadi futhi ubonisa inhlonipho ukuze iGanges
of ezifana njengoba mayelana ukulandelana a umehluko kuleli panel ezintathu
zokuqala esidlule.Lo mdlali ube okuyimali abamelwe main phakathi ogama z ukhule
ngokumelene isikhungo panel ngokujwayelekile, futhi yayo a ifomu ngaphandle nje
iziphazamiso ambalwa kuze kube semikhawulweni, i uchungechunge
equidistant. Ngakho equidistant banwebele I. A in an ukulandelana ungaphazanyiswa
378-428 and 430-435, kanti z, kodwa nokushintshashintsha phakade-esiqhubekayo,
kuphela ukuba ikhule bese wehlise futhi. In II. Ingabe isibalo equidistant a 488-550
futhi, emva kokuphazanyiswa ukuntuleka a = 551, 552-555 waqhubeka, kanti
esikhundleni salokho the z show inguquko efanayo. Plate III. Ekugcineni,
waphawuleka nge ukuziphatha elifanele z phakathi kwemingcele 64,75 and 78,50 by
an equidistance angaphazanyiswa of a kusuka. Lokhu Bestande main avale
ngamunye panel amathathu ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni a Inani elincane a amagugu
ogama amabanga ukushintsha irregularly, futhi yabo z ogxile ulingana 1: ukwenza
Endabteilungen kanye zihlakazeke a amele. In the panel wesine Nokho, lo
igxathu a ngokungaguquki ngezikhathi okungajwayelekile ngaphambi, futhi kungaba

kuphela kuqashelwe ukuthi ngezikhathi ezincane njalo phakathi kuka

emaceleni; ngesikhathi esifanayo, iningi ezifana ulingana 1. Omunye can kanjalo
panel ukuthi isici esiyinhloko equidistant a Endabteilungen elilandelayo with
zihlakazeke a hold, futhi labo ogama a chitha lonke panel ngokusebenzisa irregularly
ziyehluka. Njengoba abamele uhlobo lokuqala, panel Ngilani
III. ukusebenzisa; uhlobo lwesibili, i IV panel imele Zombili lezi zinhlobo empeleni
sihluke nomunye ..; ngoba iyobonakala ukuthi panel kusukela uhlobo nokwehla
ebanzi okuningi yesibili zidinga kanjalo kwasekuqaleni, uma ukwelashwa kwabo
ukuba iphumelele.]
[In belinganisa Holdings main of a panel manje ukuba Nokho kubhekwe ukuthi
engenzi detaches e definiteness abukhali the Endabteilungen. Nakuba kungase kube
emagama ngokubheja senzakalo Isigaxa ukuthi isakhi esiyinhloko kufanele
luhlanganise kuze ncamashi njengoba equidistance of a uhla. Nokho, kuyacaca
kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi njengoba akukho ukuhlinzekwa iziphumo
wayeshaya. Ngoba ezimweni eziningi, kungase kwenzeke ukuthi ngisho ekufezeni
phakathi panel the equidistance ngokuntuleka a obulimele; kaningi kuvela isikhungo
phezulu noma ngasekupheleni ukuba elingekho a once uchungechunge
equidistant a alandele indlela lokhu empeleni for Mina II ngenxa yokuntula a = 429
sabela kungakavalwa. A weqiniso = 551st Ezimweni ezinjalo, uphiko main ngabe
kungaba ngokweqile imingcele ukunamathela ukubusa ngenhla noma abeke
ngokuphelele zibe umbuzo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka ukuthi i ngempela
banwebele ngaphandle izikhala, inkambo z can kodwa inyumbazane yabo kusukela
Bestande main abonakale ezifiselekayo.Kufanele ke kuthonywe ukuzimisela
Holdings main ngaphakathi latitude ezithile nangobudlova, njengoba umthetho
kungaba kuphela ngezinga ukuthi equidistance of a amagugu hhayi kuncike
nokugxambukela abalulekile futhi ngokuphathelene z, okungenani wonkana,
ukukhula towards phakathi kufanele waqaphela. Ngakho, Nokho, ungakwazi ngenxa
imingcele Holdings main of I 378 kanye 435, asibekela II 488 kanye 555, ngoba
64,75 and 78,50 III, ne amazwi le mingcele ukuvumela kahle kakhulu shift.]
[Phela, lo equidistance we can a okungenani ngokusemthethweni esimweni
ukungabi a intando wenza uma engekho A, kanye z = afakelwe 0, kufakwe panel. It is
ukusunduza lokhu lutho a okukhulunywe. Ngokwesibonelo, uphiko main of mina II
ngale ndlela ngokungaguquki equidistant lapho ngo I 429, ngo II 551 nge z = 0
khadi.]
Yini okunye inqubekela z in the main Bestande amatafula I - III uyalandisa, njengoba
kakade kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukwanda kusukela maphakathi kuncike
nokushintshashintsha njalo.Kodwa manje, kuyinto ukukhula okuqhubekayo futhi
kabusha umzimba hhayi ukuba kulindeleke ngenxa ongapheli izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela. Kodwa kufanele abizwe kuphela imbangela, uzohlala njalo
esicacile periodicity ovelele ku ukudukisa anjalo ofuna ukuphumela obala. Ngakho,
kufanele namanje kube esinye isizathu ukuba isizathu. Kungokufanayo kubonakala
kokuma elandelayo.]
[In the Bestande main of I zenzeka kuwo wonke minima 18 maxima isihlobo, 17

bazisize; 8 maxima ukuwa ekwenzeni a, ezimele yonke noma isigamu

ngamasentimitha, kanti akukho okungenani efana a walalela. Of iziqongo 17 of the
stock oyinhloko II kuwa 10, akekho the minima 16 a uhlobo okukhulunywe ngayo.
Lokhu kwanele ukukhombisa ukuthi ekulinganiseni ugebhezi esebenzisa ithephu,
lapho ngokusobala angu zazitholakala by kulinganiswa, lonke futhi ngamasentimitha
nesigamu babe uncamela; ngoba kungenjalo ematfuba ngokusho maxima futhi
minima ngabe ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo phezu izingxenyana of the
isentimitha. In the bala nonuniform, ie esivuna wonke nengxenye ukwahlukana
esikalini esetshenziswa, omunye kanjalo uthola umthombo okuvela semfene
oqhubekayo ka z. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa Table III. Of iziqongo 19 Holdings yayo
esemqoka 9 kuwa on wonke, 7 ukuze inch isigamu; of the minima 18 ohlanganiswe
ganzzolligen amagugu 2 kuphela, kanti asele - noma zolligen amagugu
kungokukaJehova].
[Ngakho-ke kuyodingeka baqaphele uma uhlela amapulangwe ukusatshalaliswa
phambi amaphutha ngenxa bala non-iyunifomu kumele kubhekwe on ukususwa yayo
by an zokunciphisa ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokusho ahlukanisa panel, isikhathi
bala non-umfaniswano eminyangweni. Kungokufanayo kumele uqhubeke, isibonelo,
amatafula Mina II 5 kuya 5 mm, ngo Plate III by nesentimitha elilodwa noma
ngaphezulu ukuze lonke inch. Ngokuvamile, uzobe ukuqala minyango ne Bestande
main ebhodini. Omunye kungaba ke ukuthola kuyazuzisa circumscribe uphiko main
kangangokuba nje Kufinyeta isibalo esigcwele iminyango. Khona z. B. mina
nginqume amagugu amathathu the Bestande njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla panel kanye
mayelana amagugu 380 futhi 434 akhethiwe njengoba imikhawulo phakathi
iminyango 11 kungabhekwana, njengoba kuboniswe panel ngokwayo.]
52. [Ekugcineni, kukhona okulandelayo, ukubalula amaphuzu esebenzayo
ngayinye panel ukusatshalaliswa ngezinga yayo yonke. Nesilinganiso ngamunye
kukhona imikhawulo lelitsite inqobo ukuze a ngokuqhubekayo zikleliswe never,
kodwa by nesikhawu ogama usayizi incike degrees of ukunemba yokukala, kufanele
sigijime ngokwehlukana. Lokhu sokuphumula kubizwa isikhawu primary
and i babizwa. Kuyinto njalo ukuze wonke ngezinga yohlu ngoba ngempela
kungenxa esikalini kuphela, hhayi ngobukhulu izinto kulinganiswa.]
[In khona kwakhe umuntu kufanele abheke ngenxa yokuthi i isithako equidistant
ayinhloko amabhodi ukusatshalaliswa kungenzeka. Ngemuva kweminyaka ukuma
main akulutho ngaphandle ukuthi primary i, ongenakwenziwa lidlule, kodwa ukuze
ngokucacile kuphela kuvela, aba maningi inani amakhophi kulinganiswa K.-G. The m of the panel - kuyinto. The primary i kodwa nezalo panel ngaphandle
abamelwe ezinkulu A kuyabonakala uyazisa ngqo. Ukuze Plate IV z. B. It ilingana
okweshumi of E, di = 0.05 cm.]
[Ukubaluleka ebalulekile phambi isikhawu eyinhloko manje kodwa ukuthi
ubulungu it z ukuba a ,, yilokho lezo beige kubhalwe amabhodi ekukhanyeni
sokunene. Omunye uyakuqaphela okungukuthi ukuthi a kukhona nje kumelwe
libhekwe njengelingcwele ummeleli ngezikhathi aphansi ogama izikhungo
amelela; Ngakho futhi Kuyinto for hhayi njengoba a, kodwa njengoba by a okhethwe

okuqondene uthathwa ngezikhathi aphansi kanye basakaza ngaphakathi nombala

yokugcina ukucabanga, ngoba awunazo yimuphi stop for a ehlukile eklanyelwe,
ukusatshalaliswa esisemthethweni. Maqondana isikhawu primary ukuthi a ufaka
noma livimbezele kuba engaba isikhawu a babizwa. Imingcele wakhe mutual
kukhona a - i and a + i; the close efanayo lonke panel ngomunye ngqo, ukuze
umngcele lokuqala kwesikhawu samahora ngokungenasizathu kuvumelana wesibili
esandulele.]
[The A - and z kanjalo amagugu eziboshwe esebenzisa ezihambisana engaba
sokuphumula nomunye. Uma lokhu kwakwakhe siphela futhi a kubhekwe futhi
lichazwe ngokwayo, ngakho kufanele njengoba naked A abizwa.]
[The ubulungu esisanda kuchazwa of z ukuba a manje ivumela uhlelo ukumelwa
olunembile weJiyomethri zebhodi distribution. Kukhona
okungukuthi a elingenamikhono an line abscissa futhi ngokugqamisa amagugu a
- i and a + i ngezikhathi engaba ephelezelwa okufanayo; ke kufanele ukwakha
phezu iinkwere yokugcina, okuqukethwe lapho a beige ebhodini
usayine ezifana kufanele bamele; Lapha, of course, kokubili ubukhulu a, kanye
ukwakhiwa iinkwere ngezinga ongumashiqela ukuba ngokuyisisekelo lingachazwa
ngokuthi usebenza kuphela ukuze athole isithombe imibandela amagugu etafuleni.]
[Ngakho etholakale, isibonelo isethulo ezilandelayo ingxenye phakathi Table I :.]

Fig. 1.

VIII. Ukwehla ukusatshalaliswa panel.

53. ingxenye panel ukusatshalaliswa more ukuya emincane futhi kanjalo
ukuthatha ikamelo ezincane ngabo ukuqedela, ngokwengxenye isinxephezelo
semfene ngendlela izindinganiso zawo ukwenza non-uniformities of the bala
okungenangozi, ngokwengxenye ukubala zezici ezinquma noma laziwa. Elements the
K.-G. lula, umuntu kufanele basuke primary ukusatshalaliswa panel ukuba sinciphise

ukuba asukume kulabo futhi kungaba kungakhathalekile lonke kancane esikhundleni

ezicini ezithile itafula primary by hhayi encishisiwe, anciphe panel reserves kodwa
cishe ngo izinzuzo esibekiwe ubudlelwane phambi primary kuthuthukiswe, futhi
kubalulekile ukuba ukubhekana ngendlela yayo line-up, ubudlelwano babo futhi
ukuxhashazwa kwazo ngendlela.
Ake us afingqe kuqala ukuncishiswa ezifana zingcwecwe ngokuyinhloko iso,
okuyinto njengoba mina ukuba III isithako main kanye equidistant A of
Endabteilungen kanye zihlakazeke a zingahlukaniswa. Ukuze khiqiza itafula primary
encishisiwe lolu hlobo, yokuhlukanisa, njengoba osekwenziwe kakade ngenhla
okungekuhle e 50, uphiko main yalo eminyangweni, okuyinto kwabo a ikholomu
alinganako ukufaka equidistant [uma kunesidingo ezingenalutho by a ezenziwe
equidistant) , okuthiwa-. naked a equkethwe, futhi uyifingqa the z ngamunye zalezi
zingxenye ikakhulukazi. Ngemva kwalokho kuyothathwa ngokuthi
kungancipha i ubukhulu yonke sokuphumula lapho isibalo aphansi a intando,
kuhlanganise engaba yayo ngezikhathi, efingqiwe, zigoqela ngoba okuyiwo z, lapho
idatha eziqukethwe ngezikhathi kungancipha a ukuwa, zigoqela a, lapho
encishisiwe z is beizuschreiben okusho phakathi inani oluze a noma, yini okulingana
okufanayo, isilinganiso ngokwedlulele naked a, lapho angene sokuphumula.
Ukuze sifanekise ukukhonza ukuncishiswa emnyangweni ethile Holdings main of
the aphansi panel I, kanjalo:
naked A

380

primary z 2

381

382

383

384

By summation of the primary z sithola encishisiwe z inombolo 11, kanti

encishisiwe a isilinganiso aphansi 5 wamzalela a umnyango othintekayo noma yini
ngoba equidistance imali efanayo okufanayo, isilinganiso ngokwedlulele a, 380
kanye 384, Ngalokho 382, lapho encishisiwe z = beizuschreiben 11 Imingcele
encishisiwe i kodwa hhayi angaphandle wamzalelaa 380 kanye 384, futhi kanjalo
sokuphumula encishisiwe hhayi 384-380 = 4, ngoba ngisho isikhawu encishisiwe,
ngezikhathi engaba emngceleni a nge ukungena, lapho yonke sokuphumula emva
omunye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze kube primary i landiswa; ngoba manje
primary i = 1, banjalo imingcele sokuphumula kuyehla nganxanye 380 - = 379,5,
ngezindawo 384 + = 384,5, futhi ubukhulu lonke encishisiwe sokuphumula
umehluko phakathi ezimbili = 5 ,
Ngakho lapho lowo kungancipha a self njengendlela ye angaphandle aphansi
oluze a uyamukela, lapho yehle ekunciphiseni emnyangweni, ungabona ubukhulu
sokuphumula encishisiwe hhayi njengoba ibanga phakathi ezimbili
nokukhawulela a isimo, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kweNdikimba lokhu ibanga
bemphahle ngesigamu, ie ingqikithi eduze aphansi wonke i. Lokhu kungenzeka
ukuba bazi futhi engakaze ukuhlonishwa kahle yonke indawo, njengoba waphinde
waphawula.
Uma n equidistant naked A and ngalokhu ni ehlangana ngamunye uMnyango panel

primary, ukuze ngisho okusho i ibhodi kwanciphisa n-izikhathi the i yohlu

primary. Manje, emnyangweni ngamunye kwetafula mina II per 5, ngo III 4 kuye
naked A eziqukethwe emnyangweni ngamunye; the primary i in Mina II 1 mm,
ngesikhathi III amasentimitha;Ngakho i panel encishisiwe at mina II ulingana 5
mm, ngesikhathi III ilingana 1 inch.
54. Ngakho, njengoba ematafuleni primary awuzange ukwamukela ngesikhathi
kungancipha ukuthi kuyehla a self ukuze Kwezinye izimo okwenzeka, njengoba yena
beige ebekiwe kungancipha for uthi kodwa ukuthi sokuphumula, njengoba
kufakazelwa encishisiwe A emelelwa, isib ubazisa a ukusabalala, lapho ubambe
phakathi kwemingcele sokuphumula encishisiwe; futhi wanikeza ukuthi a panel
primary ngokuyisisekelo ukumela sokuphumula yonke, ngalo wakhe z basakaza,
kuphela ezincane kuno encishisiwe A, ngokuyisisekelo phakathi aphansi futhi
yehlise a kuphela umehluko isihlobo. Esikhundleni encishisiwe A kodwa kungase the
panel encishisiwe futhi zinikwa isikhawu ngokwayo, okumelelwe, futhi kuziwa kule
panel ngaphambilini samanje kungancipha ngaphambi nenye, lapho mina a umehluko
-self futhi panel isikhawu. Ngoba nje abanye ngobufushane ngikhetha ikakhulukazi
ngesimo a front -plate; umehluko omkhulu, kodwa awukho umehluko phakathi a self futhi panel isikhawu, futhi ungakwazi kalula uthole ifomu kusukela ezinye,
inqobo ukuthi kuyehla A we a -plate phakathi phakathi kwemingcele ngezikhathi
encishisiwe Nokho, imingcele ngezikhathi kanye njengoba in the panel primary a + i, a i babe, ngaphandle ukuthi kuyehla a futhi i uthathe indawo contact
aphansi kanjani efanekiselwa izibonelo ezilandelayo, lapho kuncipha waqhubeka
isimiso wamemezela a division on, futhi yilowo nalowo nalokhu ehambisana
kulandela a ikholomu futhi ikholomu sokuphumula esikhundleni:
Red. A red. Ngezikhathi
382

379,5 ukuba 384,5

387
384,5 ukuba 389,5
Thina manje ebeka izibonelo zethu, ukuncishiswa ngokuvumelana nezimiso
ezifanayo uqhubeke panel Ngaqhubeka, sithola ukuba omunye ngokufanele
elandelayo kuyehla A- and panel isikhawu:
A

Ngezikhathi

382

379,5 ukuba 384,5 11

387

384,5 ukuba 389,5 25

392

389,5 ukuba 394,5 31

397

394,5 ukuba 399,5 40

402

399,5 ukuba 404,5 54

407

404,5 ukuba 409,5 63

412

409,5 ukuba 414,5 64

417

414,5 ukuba 419,5 57

422

419,5 ukuba 424,5 47

427

424,5 ukuba 429,5 22

432
429,5 ukuba 434,5 18
Omunye ubona kulesi sibonelo ukuthi ngezikhathi of the uqweqwe kwehle ngo
liyawa umngcele isikhawu ngasinye lesibili umngcele lokuqala sokuphumula
ezilandelayo njengoba eduze komunye nomunye njengoba abafanele sokuphumula
kwemingcele panel primary (s. 52).
Kodwa ngeke yonke indawo ingatholakala kwenye indawo, imingcele
sokuphumula emva umthetho wangaphambili esifanele, kodwa ukunganakwa of
engaba ngezikhathi lapho emngceleni a izigaba self-inikezwe eliphansi njengoba
imikhawulo sokuphumula, njengoba in the kungenjalo estimable Rekrutenmatafeln
Belgian, kodwa lokhu kubonakala kude kangaka ukulungisiswa, njengoba
okuhlangenwe nakho ngokushesha kodwa lezi umkhawulo kuphela a khona,
okuyinto ungakwazi kalula kudlule for nokuvulwa panel weqiniso sokuphumula
imikhawulo; kodwa ufuna avele ukuhlakanipha ukwenzenjalo more, nje ukunikeza
imikhawulo weqiniso ngisho nangemva umthetho wangaphambili in the panel. Uma
igama kwemingcele sokuphumula kungakapheli okushiwo panel zaseBelgium
ematafuleni zethu, thina ubungenza isibonelo sethu odlule, le a kufanele abeke -plate
okade iphaneli isikhawu:
A

I ntervalle z

382

380-384

11

387

385-389

25

392

390-394

31
njll

Kodwa kwenzeka kithi lapha elilingana kusimo yalesi Kunalokho notation, ukuthi
ngezikhathi akuzona eduze komunye nomunye, kodwa ushiye amagebe ngamunye
unit elilodwa phakathi kwabo, lapho liphinde ihlanganisa izinyathelo empeleni,
okuyinto etafuleni kungekho ukuziphendulela. Nokho, luphakamisa lokhu ethile
futhi-ke ungase umbonise ukuthi umuntu uvuma coinciding le mingcele esebenzisa
drawing imingcele ngezikhathi ngokulandelana kuye ngesikhathi eBelgian isici
amatafula.
55. Yini esiye manje vorstehends wachaza usebenzisa isibonelo
Schdelmatafeln, kuyosebenza kuzo zonke isicelo panel yinoma yimuphi umuntu
abamelwe ezinkulu equidistant ababe. Kodwa senza lolu hlelo kwi
Studentenmatafel III, njengoba kwenzeka lapho izimo zivuma ukuthi kungenziwa
nokubuza ngenqubo ngezindlela ukuba kuboniswe, lapho esasihlala

nokwehla for uzobiza. Masihlale lokhu ukuchaza izigaba ezimbili zokuqala Holdings
main of the panel primary III. Ziyakwazi:
Naked a 65,0 65,25 65,5
Primaryz 6
3
5
Where i = 0, 25 amasentimitha.

65,75 66,0

66,25 66,5

66,75

19

Uma senza ukunciphisa minyango manje ngokuvumelana nemithetho

yangaphambilini kane i primary, sithola okulandelayo waphuka ungakhululekile
kakhulu ezithandwa A- and isikhawu panel:
kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi

65,375

64,875 ukuze
65,875

19

66,375

65,875 ukuze
42
66,875
Empeleni, lokhu kuyehla a = 65,375 isilinganiso emngceleni aphansi a 65 futhi 65,75
kanye yehlise sokuphumula imikhawulo 64,875 futhi 65,875 ayalingana
encishisiwe A = 65,375 uhhafu encishisiwe i.
[Ukuze kulungiswe leli thuba, ziphawuleka ukuthi isakhi esiyinhloko of ibhodi
ephethe equidistant a hhayi nokunqunywa ebukhali we Endabteilungen kanye
ehlakazekile a izipho.Ngakho okusemandleni isakhi esiyinhloko of Table III
esikhundleni 65,0 njengoba kahle 64,75 noma ngisho nangemva ukufaka
ezingenalutho a isiqalo blank, kanye 64,5 noma 64,25.A shift enjalo ukuma main
eyodwa, ezimbili noma ezintathu eziyinhloko lonke i bekungeke kuholele
umgomo; ngoba ngisho emva shift, kokubili encishisiwe ngabe a kanye
nokulinganiselwa ngezikhathi kwehliswa ephakathi primary ezimbili
ezincikene a ukuwa futhi namanje Libulawa waphuka ungakhululekile. Qaphela
iphuzu lokuthi, njengoba kuye kwaphawulwa izikhathi eziningana ukuthi for the
panel hhayi beige usayine a kuboniswane ngqo, kodwa lonke engaba
Isikhawu a ukusabalala. Ngakho-ke kuvunyelwe, oyinhloko Ishare, kanye subngezikhathi amasheya ngobungakho in the z ukuba amukela. Ikakhulu, omunye
oyinhloko i aba nguhhafu, ukuze kuthi esikhundleni sokukhonza isikhawu kanye
imikhawulo a - i, a + i ezimbili ngezikhathi kanye imingcele a - I, A no + A,
a i contact, ngamunye z walalela. Ungadliwa the yokugcina in the panel
primary III, omunye uthola, isibonelo, esikhundleni:
ngokuyinhloko
Ngezikhathi

64,875 ukuze
65,125

65,125 ukuze
65,375

65,375 ukuze
65,625

5
njll

Lokhu okulandelayo tihambisana sokuphumula futhi z uchungechunge:

Primary (ngesigamu)
Ngezikhathi

64,875 ukuze 65,0 3

Ibhayisikobho 65,0 3
kuya 65,125
65,125 ukuze
65,25

1.5

65,25 ukuba
65,375

1.5

65,375 ukuze 65,5 2.5

Ibhayisikobho 65,5 2.5
kuya 65,625
njll
Uthuthela manje isakhi esiyinhloko esikhundleni lonke nesigamu aphansi i, futhi
kukushiya okufanayo 65,0 kokuqala endaweni kanye 64,875, lapho uyazisa
imikhawulo sokuphumula futhi hhayi a namagugu kusho sithola lokhu
okulandelayo A- panel kanye isikhawu:
kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi

65,5

65,0 kuya 66,0 20

66,5 66,0 kuya 67,0 41,5

It is uvunyelwe, kodwa, uphiko main kanye 64,5 isiqalo njengoba umkhawulo
sokuphumula, sithola:
kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi

65,0

64,5 kuya 65,5 15.5

66,0

65,5 kuya 66,5 26

Ngale ndlela, eshintshashintshayo nokuhlukana ngezikhathi, kungaba njalo izuzwe

okungenani kwemingcele sokuphumula noma a amagugu yohlu encishisiwe kube
inamba, uma nje encishisiwe i unit ecashile noma multiple yalo ilingana okufanayo.]
56. Kodwa kukhona lamatafula njengoba Table IV for rye, lapho mass ahlakaze
kulo itafula kakhulu, lapho isakhi ezinkulu equidistant a priori akekho futhi
ezingenakubalwa kuphela ukungenela cishe neze nokwenzeka
ezingenalutho a zingabakhona. Khona-ke kuyodingeka ukuba uqhubeke kanje.
Okokuqala, umuntu (60 ) lwentiwe ngokuhambisana mibono
ngokushesha isinqumo i zizinkulu i ufuna ukunciphisa. Ukuze inguquko nahehin
njalo amagugu z ukuze uthole, uyobe iqhaza panel bethu i abavumelekile ukuya
ngaphansi amayunithi ezine. Manje ake sibheke kuqala primary A = 42,9 namanje
afake sokuphumula lokuqala encishisiwe, kanye umngcele walo wokuqala
njengomnikelo emuva kude ukuthi lenjongo kufinyelelwa, lokho lwanele umngcele
lokuqala red kuqala. Isikhawu = 42 ukuba zamukele, ngaleso sikhathi 42,9 ngo
isikhawu lokuqala 42 - 46 amaconsi 1). The kungancipha for kwale kweminyaka ke
yinani lika primary for ukuthi isikhawu 42 - iwe 46, di 1, red. A maphakathi
ephakathi 42 no 46 kanjalo 44. yesibili red. Isikhawu kuyinto emuva kwalokhu 4650, lapho aphinde kuphela eyodwa isibonelo. Falls, yingakho red z = 1, nokunye,
okuyizinto encishisiwe itafula priori okulandelayo:
kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi z

44

42-46

48

46-50

52

50-54

56
54-58
2
Uma omunye kwemingcele sokuphumula ngezikhathi kanye a coinciding yohlu
primary, bese kuphela uhhafu primary for lokhu A in the encishisiwe z ukuthatha
isikhathi by the ezinyeisigamu, ngoba (njengoba emva uqhekeko indlela z)
kungokwalabo sokuphumula angomakhelwane.
1) Ukuze

injongo efanayo, omunye akahambe nakakhulu emuva umkhawulo kuqala,

ukuze 41, 40, kuya ku-39, lapho kuba isikhawu wokuqala kungaba isihlobo 41-45,
40-44, 39-43. In ngamunye wabo kodwa wawela 42,9. Lokhu kunikeza izingqimba
ehlukahlukene ekunciphiseni, lapho kamuva; kodwa noma kunjalo kwanele 42
njengoba umkhawulo lokuqala sokuphumula inhloso.
57. Ake siphendukele ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi njengoba mina, II, III emuva
lapho abamelwe ezinkulu equidistant A of a ikholomu of Endabteilungen kanye
zihlakazeke akungaba zingafani, kanjalo namanje ucacise indlela yokubhekana nalesi
yokugcina. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Kuphakathi )

 a the Endabteilungen by sizibulale ezingenalutho a equidistant kahle, njengoba

kunjalo eminyangweni main, futhi nciphisa it kwalokho ngezimiso eyedlule, ngoba
ke ayisekho zingafani isimiso eminyangweni;noma ),
,
. Indlela wesibili, kuze kufike Ngiyabona, kude kangaka kuphela evamile,
yangaphambili kodwa akukhetha izizathu ukuba washo futhi ikusasa ami eselandela
yedwa.
Ngakho omunye ubona yonke indawo indlela lapho ukubuthela
ngokulinganisela) encishisiwe Bestande main Bausch inkomba inani izilinganiso
sibandulele lapho zincane kunohlamvu umngcele lokuqala encishisiwe ezinkulu
holdings, futhi avale etafuleni usebenzisa Bausch inkomba inani izilinganiso,
okuyinto mkhulu umngcele yesibili encishisiwe main holdings kukhona, ngaphandle
incazelo yalezi Ubukhulu: yini enye kodwa akufanele kugcine, ngoba wena namanje
ukubaluleka central, kodwa engakwazi ukucacisa izibalo kwakusho ke,
ingasaphathwa ezinye nebubi; Kunalokho kufanele, uma ufise ithawula ukuqaliswa
nokwehla by the Endabteilungen ngaphandle sum of the number of izilinganiso, futhi
ucacise sum of the uquqaba ngokwabo, okuyinto eziqukethwe Endabteilungen, hhayi
esingesihle uyobe wengeze Extreme primary , Ake us lumelela uhlangothi njengoba
Vorzahl v and Vorsumme V, inombolo ( z) kanye sum ( az) of the primary a, lapho
zincane kunohlamvu umngcele lokuqala encishisiwe ukuma main, ngakolunye
uhlangothi njengoba Nachzahl nfuthi Nachsumme N inombolo kanye sum of the
primary a, okuyizinto kunangendlela umngcele yesibili salokhu stock,
njengoba E, futhi E 'kuyinto kulencane futhi ngobukhulu abaxoxisane primary
nhlobo, unjalo encishisiwe isakhi esiyinhloko ngisho
ngokukhomba V, V, n, N, E ,, E 'ibhekwa, ngaleyo ndlela okwenza itafula eziwusizo,
kodwa ngokuqinisekile inzuzo ngobufushane, abahlanzekile kuphela ,
.
Inqubo ) ,



,

.
Uma ngiya manje lesi simiso, nokwehla a i = mm 5 lonke panel mina II,
ngokucabangela, by ziguquka ezingenalutho a hhayi kuphela a ukwakheka
baxoxisane equidistant, kodwa futhi amandla lokuqala primary a eziningi kangaka
ngithululele a angakuvumela qhubeka, ukuthi primary wokuqala a (at I 368,
ngesikhathi II 481) namanje iwela sokuphumula lokuqala encishisiwe, ukuze unga
ukufeza lesi simo, kuye okhethiweyo zokunciphisa ungqimba 1, 2, 3 nobe 4
ezingenalutho a kwesihloko can futhi ngeke, uma ungakwazi qhubeka, isibonelo
ezimbili, eyokuqala by ezingenalutho A ukubhala iminyango kulekelelwa of the table
primary I kanje:

PrimaryA 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375
primaryz 0

0 2
njll

The red kuqala. Isikhawu kwalokho, mayelana ngezikhathi engaba umkhawulo

aphansi a, 366 - ukuba 370 +, di 365 - 370, 370 owesibili - 375; .
Ebomvu A of the isikhawu sokuqala 368 njengoba maphakathi no 366-370, owesibili
373; futhi by efingqa primary z encishisiwe etholakala kulowo nalowo
mnyango z iyona Division wokuqala 1, yesibili 2, okuyinto njengoba ekuseni kuyehla
panel:
kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi z

368

365,5 ukuba
370,5

373

370,5 ukuba
375,5
njll

Ngakho, esiyikho dinner ezimbili zokuqala by ezingenalutho II A aye kulekelelwa

iminyango ukubhala njalo:
PrimaryA 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489
primaryz 0

lapha ozobizwa ekuqaleni panel encishisiwe:

A
482

kungancipha
Ngezikhathi
479,5 ukuba
484,5

z
3

487

484,5 ukuba
6
489,5
58. Uma sethula manje lokhu ukuncishiswa lonke panel mina II, sithola
ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa on ukuma a -self ezilandelayo panel encishisiwe, ngamunye
okuyinto a ewusizo kakhulu kamuva ukusetshenziswa ikholomu S, unamathele, lapho
kuphakama kusukela iqiniso ngokuthi z of the z kukholamu kusukela ekuqaleni kuze
ekuqaleni a ka (kuhl.) aikholomu, ngoba injongo efanele S, ohlanganiswe wafingqa:
Ukuncishiswa panel aphansi I (mpo elingakanani) kanye II
(ovundlile ngezinga) abomvu. I = mm 5.

I II
A

S,

S,

368

482

373

487

378

492

10

19

383

17

25

497

13

32

388

24

49

502

30

62

393

36

85

507

28

90

398

41

126

512

52

142

403

59

185

517

50

192

408

65

250

522

60

252

413

65

315

527

53

305

418

51

366

532

39

344

423

40

406

537

43

387

428

17

423

542

30

417

433

19

442

547

14

431

438

446

552

12

443

443

448

557

446

448

450

562

447

567

449

572

449

577
1
450
Ukuqhathanisa ngenhla panel yehlise nge primary, kusukela lapho baye
kwaphakama, kangakanani lokho okwaphawulwa elandelayo kukhona jikelele
kwenkululeko isikhathi.
Ngiyaqonda kunanini ngaphansi inkambo njalo z anjalo ukuthi nazo
anyukele a ikhule ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa zehlela a esiphezulu, kusukela
ngaleso sikhathi neminye kodwa futhi ungaphazanyiswa by nokuvuka, ngalokhu
ukunikeza bushelelezi distribution ijika mayelana 17, kanjalo ubonise bonke panel
kungancipha efika kuqala ngokumelene primary, kusukela lapho basuke elisuselwa,
inzuzo kakhulu esiphawulekayo njalo. Futhi kuphela emva ukudlula amagugu
ngokunciphisa okungenani emhlabeni isikhungo isibe njalo, iyokhuluma okufanayo a
ngemvume, okufanayo kungacacisa noma cabanga ngemvume voraussetzliche it.
Lokho I emibili elandelanayo efanayo esiphezulu z iyibonisa okwenzekayo futhi
kuyindlela ejwayelekile hhayi ngendlela, njengoba kungaba icala uma
ngokungenela a ezincane zbahlukana. II ine, njengenjwayelo, kuphela

esiphezulu z. Waqapha eduze, ngibonisa kuphela towards komunye umkhawulo

ukukhipha azinakwa endleleni ejwayelekile, inqobo nje uma lowo z = 17 kanye 19
kuzodingeka ukuba bashintshisane yobukhulu bawo ukuze silandele kahle; futhi
kuyaqabukela engenakho ngokumelene emikhawulweni, yonke indlela enjalo
semfene encane, ngaphandle kokubheka nokuvulwa amabhodi a lot ehla kuyo,
ikakhulu uma labo endaweni densest A, okusho lokho enkulu z has ukuthatha
endaweni; futhi siyaqonda ngobufushane at the umnyombo panel sika densest A with
amabili ephakeme kanye ezimbili aphansi ezingomakhelwane bayo A, kanjalo siyoba
okungcono benxenxa ukuthi lokhu cores njalo ukuthola ukuqinisekisile kanye
approximation eyanelisayo imithetho yethu evamile distribution. Manje, kanti core of
I, lapho ngenxa kabili esiphezulu z on ayisithupha a ezanele kwelula, isimo njalo,
okuwukuthi ngenhlonipho II phezulu (ngokwezinto Ubukhulu ezincane kuya)
akunjalo, futhi kulandela phansi inombolo 43 okubi inani umkhawulo 39 core.
Ngemva kwalokho, kungashiwo baphetha kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi Panel II for
evundlile elingakanani, mode evamile distribution wengeze kancane kahle futhi
kuyoba kancane efanelekayo imithetho evamile ushwele, njengoba Table I for mpo
elingakanani.
59. Kodwa manje phansi ngokwanele, panel mina II kabili i kunakuqala,
kunokuba ukwehlisa ukuba 5mm ukuba 10mm kute kokubili panel njalo njalo,
okuyinto kalula kwenziwe ngokuxuba ezimbili ngokulandelana A of ukuba i = 5 mm
panel kuyehla izindlela zabo futhi yabo ehambisana z bahlanganiswe
lezinombolo. Uma lokhu kwenziwa etafuleni I ( 58) kusukela phezulu, unjalo
ngenxa inani unpaired wazala a lelithebula A = 448 kanye z = 2
kwesokunxele; kodwa lutho evimbela ukuthi a -plate 448 futhi ngokungaguquki
ahlale okwenezela A = 448 kuya 5mm elikhudlwana A = 453 kanye z = unezela 0; the
isilinganiso a 448-453 unikeza ke encishisiwe a = 450,5 nge encishisiwe z = 2.
Empeleni, uthola panel okulandelayo:
The panel mina II, ukuba i = encishisiwe 10mm.
I II
A

S,

S,

370,5

484,5

380,5

22

25

494,5

23

32

390,5

60

85

504,5

58

90

400,5

100

185

514,5

102

192

410,5

130

315

524,5

113

305

420,5

91

406

534,5

82

387

430,5

36

442

544,5

44

431

440,5

448

554,5

15

446

450,5

450

564,5

449

574,5

450

Kusukela amatafula kuthanda odlule, ngokufaka isimiso esifanayo, ukuba i

= zingathola 20 mm encishisiwe panel, njll, engikubiza ngokuthi nokwehla izigaba
ezahlukene. With isinyathelo esisha ngasinye ukuncishiswa kunciphisa panel uze
okugcina ebomvu olulodwa. A nge red olulodwa. Z kuza.
Ukuze wenze lokhu nje etafuleni mina, etholakala phezu ukuncishiswa isihlobo 20,
40 mm, njll kusukela ukuncishiswa i = 5 mm ezilandelayo a -other:
20 mm 40 mm 80 mm 160 mm
A

375,5 25

385,5 185

405,5 448

395,5 160

425,5 263

485,5 2

415,5 221

465,5 2

445,5 450

435,5 42
455,5 2
Futhi kuyoba ngaso sonke, uma ekunciphiseni ukuba esiyinikwe i hhayi inguquko
njalo amagugu kodwa ngoba attain, ngokwandisa i sifike ngesikhathi enjalo noma
kodwa angaxhumana okufanayo. Kulula ukubona, kuyafana kusukela ekuqaleni
kungenzeka lokwehliswa ukuba esikhulu ehlukene i. Singaba at mina II,
oyinhloko i ekuqaleni ukuncishiswa esigabeni by izikhathi ezingaphezu noma
esingaphansi emihlanu III ucishe izikhathi ezine kuka i kungaba ngcono, by ucishe
equidistant (sabela kungakavalwa. ngokufaka ezingenalutho a equidistant wenza)
primary a ndawonye walithatha. Ngakho kukhona izici ezingasetshenziswa
ukunquma choice kule ndaba. Zonke jikelele futhi fixed ngayinye endabeni ethile
eveza bebodwa manje ngeke cishe give it up ezilandelayo, lapho engase akwazi
ukuyibekela imingcele inkululeko yokuzikhethela kuze imikhawulo ethile kanye
nemithetho.
60. Kukhona ukungqubuzana ethile phakathi emihle nemibi kweNdikimba noma
ukuncishiswa nokwehla i esikhundleni. Ibhayisikobho amaphuzu athile umbono kuba
nenzuzo kakhulu, okuyinto i ukugcina njengoba encane ngangokunokwenzeka ngoba
liwe emva ekuqaleni ( 5) exoxa imithetho ekahle ukusatshalaliswa ngokuqinile
ukukhuluma Kulokhu embonweni futhi kulokhu ofanelwe ngisho itafula primary
kunokuthola yikuphi ukuncipha, the njalo multiple of the primary i iqukethe; yebo
kungaba ngcono uma omunye i ngabe uqobo zingancishiswa nobuncane
esingapheliyo ibhodi primary, manje Yebo, akayi. Futhi elandelayo izimo
kunomthelela, ezinye izinto ukuba bayalingana, nokwehla on encane inokwehla
ukuba alethwe phambili ezinkudlwana. Ingabe iqiniso lokuthi on a
inikezwe a eenomborweni ezitlolwe z empeleni alalela yonke isikhawu ngaleso panel
primary futhi yehlise ubukhulu i lukhula, zibhekwa kunesidingo ekutholweni izakhi,

kanjalo yini kamuva (isahl. IX) akhiphe interpolation of the sokuphumula abafanele
ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo aid, futhi kumelwe uma kungenzeka agcine
ngezikhathi encane ngokwanele ukuthi anele by interpolation elula; ngoba kungaba
cishe cishe akunakwenzeka the kukahulumeni lapho omunye kuphi babedonsa
interpolation ngomehluko yesibili anqume yonke izakhi kanye ukuqhathanisa
phakathi sibalo nokuqaphelisisa. Futhi nakuba mina ngeke ucacise indlela kamuva,
mina asilisebenzisanga bebonke emva I lapho kungagcini ubukhulu
esetshenziswa i inzuzo retributive babengase ukuze uthole kubo hhayi ubunzima
yokusetshenziswa and fussiness zokubukwa.
Kunalokho, ukulungiswa we izehlakalo lapho inkambo
njalo enjalo kwaphazamiseka kwephaneli primary futhi atholakale iziqhathaniso
ngenqubekela kudingwa ngumthetho ngendlela, kodwa kuphela ngokunciphisa futhi
ngalokhu okwandisa i etholakala, futhi hhayi enkulu kakhulu i efanele ibe kuhlu
maqondana nalokhu, kancane kakhulu kunomuntu ongenalo ukuzwe enkulu
ngokweqile. Emva kwalokho konke okusemandleni akho kukho konke i enkulu
kangaka kodwa ukuba kuthathwe kunesono inguquko njalo senzeka okungenani
ngaphakathi umnyombo panel encishisiwe; kusukela semfene ngendlela the
angaphandle encane z babe ehlale ukuzimisela izakhi kanye nezimo zomthetho hhayi
kakhulu kokuphazamisa ithonya. Kodwa lapho, njengoba in Ngokwesibonelo wethu
panel ezintathu zokuqala, ngisho nalabo lifika semfene ngenxa izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela for bala non-umfaniswano, okungasayikuba khona isimo
ekhethekile ezengeziwe ukuthi i hhayi kancane, futhi ngenxa yalokho inani zibekwe
ngokufingqiwe equidistant a akufanele kuthathwe esingaphansi isikhathi of bala nonumfaniswano oluhambisana, futhi kweNdikimba i ukwenza lokhu ngoba kuphela
emva yonke Multiplis kuwo ngoba nje ngaphansi kwalesi isimo on ukulungiswa
amaphutha ngenxa bala non-umfaniswano kuyinto elindelekile ukuba. Manje ubuyele
e izilinganiso skull of Tab. Mina II ngokusho 51 le Maximalma- z emva ngamunye
mm 5 eziqhubekayo 1 a, ngesikhathi umfundi ukubuthela izilinganiso Tab. III emva 4
phakade athuthuka by 0.25 amasentimitha a emuva yohlu primary, kanjalo nokwehla
endaweni kulencane engokomfanekiso i in Mina II kuphela i = kwenzeke 5mm,
ngesikhathi III 1 inch kuphela, njengoba ezibhebheni ( 58 kanye 62) kunjalo, a
elikhudlwana ikodwa aphendule, omunye ubenganginathisa kuphela isikhathi lapho
kangaka namanje ngeke vesi njalo z encishisiwe lizodla.
61. Nakuba ngeke manje ukuthola izizathu washo akukho izizathu ukuqhubeka
ukuhlela isampula yethu amatafula lezi zinyathelo ukuncishiswa ephakeme, kungase
kusadingeka nentshisekelo ukubona efanayo, lokho umqondo ngaso sonke ukuba
alindele ushintsho izakhi kwentuthuko engako, futhi nginikela emva kwalokhu uqale
etafuleni ngimlandela itafula izakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokusho bheke zabo
kusukela izinyathelo ehlukahlukene ukuncishiswa. Ukuzimisela D p kwenzeka
ngenxa fussiness kwabo nje zokuqala izigaba ezimbili ukuncishiswa. Ngemva
kokushintsha amagugu main Yebo ukushintsha kuncike ukuphambuka
imisebenzi; u, u and p phambilini ( 10 kanye 33) ziye incazelo inikezwe, kusukela
lapho ', ,, m', m, ngokuvumelana linani amamitha in a echaziwe Indlela kumele

baphetha. The bheke of m ', m, futhi yingakho of u, futhi by e', e, kuphi

kusukela D p, hhayi kusukelaD i kwenzeke kusukela. The elisuselwa primary etafuleni A,
di A 1 kuvezwa isihloko. Zonke izakhi zihlobene ngokuvumelana okuthiwa. Indlela
Sharp of Kap.IX futhi X ngumuntu interpolation okulula sokuphumula
ukungenela. Ingabe ngempela ngokuhambisana nanoma yimiphi panel eminye
elandelayo amalungu ukuqonda.
Elements of Plate I, kuye ngokuthi bheke ezihlukahlukene
zokunciphisa izinyathelo.
E = 1mm; m = 450; A 1 = 408.5.
i

5E

10 E

20 E

40 E

A2

408,2

408,1

408,2

409,2

C2

408,6

408.6 2)

409,1

411,6

Dp

409,7

410,1

Di

410,5

409,8

410,6

414,7

u
u

+ 10

+12

+ 20

+ 31

- 29

- 40

e,

11.9

12.4

10.4

10.4

0.74

0.75

2)

Kungase kubonakale iphutha ukuthi C 2 for i = 10 ngempela ukubaluleka efanayo

for i wathola =. 5 [Kusithinta lokhu kodwa iqiniso lokuthi isikhathi lapho C 2 uwela
for i = 10, a kabili njengoba enkuluz has njengoba sokuphumula lapho C 2 for i
= uwela 5, njengoba kuboniswa eduze efanayo ezimbili esiphezulu z nokwehla
esigabeni i = 5 kungenxa.]
Sekuyabonakala ukuthi, ngaphandle last kubhekwe lapha ukuncishiswa isinyathelo,
ukuba i = 40, lapho panel kuyehla ehlehlela ukuba amagugu ezintathu, nje hlanhlatha
amagugu main, kuye ngokuthi isinyathelo zokunciphisa osayizi azinakwa futhi
ngezikhathi ayevumela nomunye; kanti u, u, futhi
yingakho ,, ', m ,, m' akuyona ushintsho azinakwa ngemva kwalokho
kungashiwo bazinqumela ukuthi, uma kuphela ukunquma amagugu uthishanhloko,
hhayi kakhulu incike esiteji ukuncishiswa, uma nje hhayi ngezinga eliphakeme ukuze
lihambe; kanti ukusatshalaliswa obufana kumele kakhulu influiert of the izigaba
zokunciphisa, ngakho-ke uyoqhubeka enza kanjalo ngenxa yalesi sizathu, cishe, uma
kusebenza, sabukela qhathanisa ukusatshalaliswa ibalwa lapho okunokwenzeka
ezingeni eliphansi kunawo, okuyinto namanje distribution njalo cores, kukhona

ukuba . uhlale Lapho level ephansi akuyona manje ngokucabangela estimate

nonuniform okungenzeka ekhona ngokwemibandela, njengoba ngo-Table mina, II
futhi III, it is futhi nakanjani elisanda kuqokwa i kabili nje ukuya ngenhloso a core
njalo, lokho kuphela inzuzo esisemthethweni ukuthi ungakwazi umane ngokuthini
kusukela odlule ezingeni leliphasi kuya ezingeni eliphakeme. Kodwa uma omunye
kusho nucleus njalo nokwehla ntekenteke kabili odlule i angathola, ngakho ngeke
iphendukele lokhu ukuphindaphindeka, kodwa ke kuyomelwe iphindele emuva ukuze
kulahlwe zokunciphisa efanele panel primary.
62. Ukuze ubone ukuthi lezi imiphumela namanye K.-G. uzothola phakathi
kwezinye izimo, silahla Table I, okuyinto skull kukalwa nge m kusebenza =
450 3) ukuze Table III for umfundi ukubuthela izilinganiso kanye m = 2047th
3)

Panel II ngiwele, hhayi nje ngoba siveza izimo ezifanayo njengoba nami, kodwa
futhi ngoba inikeza ngenxa ukuzwe in the nuclei yohlu primary Anhalt kancane
ephephile.
Ngo Table I thina baphoqeleka by the ukuziphatha bala non-umfaniswano,
oyinhloko i = 1 mm esigabeni sokuqala kuya kahlanu ukunciphisa; e Table III
nakanjani ngesizathu esifanayo, oyinhloko i = 0.25 intshi kane, di ukunciphisa 1 inch,
lapho we ngenhla 55 washo ngokuyisisekelo indlela
uqhekeko z sisetshenziswa. Lokhu lapho siqala kusukela sikhundla of the
zokunciphisa lokuqala 4) ukuthi umuntu ofanayo zenzeka ngaphandle ukwa,
ukusatshalaliswa panel ezilandelayo bese izakhi.
4)

kungenzeka izingqimba ehlukahlukene ekunciphiseni uzoqhubeka kuzoxoxwa.

At izigaba ezahlukene encishisiwe Panel III.

E = 0.25 amasentimitha; m = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.
amasentimitha

i = 1 inch
i = 2 amasentimitha
i = 8 amasentimitha

i=4

60

60,5

61,5

63,5

98,5

61

62,5

65,5

97,5

71,5

1815

62

64,5

17.5

69,5

823

79.5

133,5

63

66,5

80

73,5

992

87,5

64

68,5

280

77,5

129,5

65

15.5

70,5

543

81,5

66

26

72,3

626,5

85,5

67

54

74,5

365,5

68

108

76,5

113

69

172

78,5

16.5

70

253

80,5

71

290

82,5

72

330,5

84,5

73

296

74

223,5

75

142

76

75

77

38

78

13

79

3.5

80

81

82

0.5

83 0.5
Imisuka Plate III emva bheke abavela zokunciphisa izinyathelo.
E = 1 inch; m = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.
i

1E

2E

4E

8E

A2

71,75

71,76

71,77

71,64

C2

71,81

71,83

71,91

71,58

Dp

71,99

72,06

Di

72,04

71,98

72,16

71,54

u
u

+ 39

+ 41

+ 70

- 29

-120

- 147

e,

2.16

2.26

e'

1,92

1,96

p
0.75
0,77
Njengoba ungase ubone, uqinisekise lokhu etafuleni iziphetho sisuselwa amazinga

ukuncishiswa for I-circuiting.

63. Plate IV ngokuqondene rye kanye m ifika = 217, ngakho ngaya ngezivivinyo
eziningi bathola ukuthi ukuze sifike endaweni ethile core njalo, hhayi ukhululekile
ngaphansi encishisiwe i = 4 E angaya phansi lapho E = 0 , 5 cm; lapho, ekuqaleni
itafula encishisiwe a = 42, unikeza imiphumela elandelayo:

. Ukwehla ahlukahlukene ngezigaba Plate IV

E = 0.5 cm; m = 217; A 1 = 86.54.
i=4E

i = 8 E i = 16 E i

= 32 E
A

42

44

48

56

26

46

52

64

22

88

176,5

50

60

80

85

120

14.5

54

68

14

96

91,5

58

76

35

112

14.5

62

84

50

66

92

51.5

70

100

40

74

15

108

13

78

20

116

1.5

82

25

86

25

90

32

94

19.5

98

24,5

102 15.5
106 10
110 3
114 1.5
118 0

Ibhayisikobho I am okuqukethwe ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni

amagugu main, nakho ukukhombisa ushintsho oluncane kakhulu kuye isinyathelo

zokunciphisa kuphela.

Amagugu Main of Table IV, ngemuva ukuncishiswa ngezikhathi

ezihlukene amazinga.
E = 0.5 cm; m = 217; A 1 = 86.54.
i

4E

8E

16 E

32 E

A2

86,48

86,67

86.67 5)

86,30

C2

87,60

87.60 5)

87,53

86,96

Dp

90,25

Di

89,44

88,76

89,25

87,41

5)

[The nesikhathi amagugu A 2 for i = 8 bese i = 16, kanye C 2 for i = 4 futhi i = 8

kungenxa uhlobo the IV panel kanje nokulingana ezimbili A 2 yalo ukuthi isinyathelo
zokunciphisa i = 8, okuyiwo wokuqala, wesithathu, wesihlanu z njll ngephutha
ilingana nenani lezinombolo yesibili, owesine z kuba njll, kanti equinumerous for the
stage i = 4 (for A = 82 no-86) the yokulingana ezimbili C 2 isimo.]
64. Okwamanje, ngaphezu choice emkhatsini ezigabeni kuncipha emva kakade
phawula namanje ukuba akhethe phakathi izikhundla zokunciphisa.
Umehluko lokwehliswa izingqimba esekelwe lokuthi, kuye ngenani ekhishwa
omunye inkampani co-primary wazala a ushintsho ukuthi kuyehla panel ehluleka
ezahlukene. Sibona kuqala lokhu mayelana kubahlali main of the primary panel I. Le
nkampani ahlangene a waqala ngo izibonelo 53 zokuqala a = 380 uMnyango
lokuqala main, futhi sathola ukuze yehlise a 382 kanye encishisiwe z = 11 Ake
ngokungaguquki edlule, unjalo wokwehla besigaba sesibili main ezinhlanu
oluze a 385, 386 FLG. A kungancipha A = 387 kanye encishisiwe z Sinike =
25. Manje lutho evimbela ekuqaleni co-venture emihlanu
eliyinyabule a a a kusengaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ukuba kuphakame
ezinye ukwahlukana, okungukuthi, ukuba ayeke ekuqaleni ezimbili:
naked A 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390
z
1
primary
kusobala:

kungancipha
A

Ngezikhathi

383

380,5 ukuba
385,5

17

388

385,5 ukuba
390,5

24
njll

Lokhu, njengoba ungase ubone, a panel ezehlukene Holdings main encishisiwe

kuka kulowo odlule, lapho ngokuyinhloko a = 380, yehlise nge-382 ephakanyiswe,
esikhundleni sale aphansi esinezingane 381, yehlise nge-383
ngamakheshi. Landelayo wayengasiqonda nani, esikhundleni
ngekheli a kuphakamisa = 380 noma 381, ephakamisa kanye 382, 383 noma 384,
futhi kuphela uma wenza ekuqaleni 385, omunye ziyowa emuva zingene
ukuncishiswa indlela yokuqala yilo, uthome 380, kanye 385 incipient kuhlanganisa
phambili.
Kuwo izikhundla eziningi kangaka ekunciphiseni kungenzeka, njengoba inani
primary a noma i ukuthi lapho i kukhona esigabeni zokunciphisa
ngokufingqiwe. Uma manje i = 1 mm kwetafula primary I zokuqala ukuncishiswa
esiteji i = 5 mm luyanda, lapha ezinhlanu ukuncishiswa izingqimba nakho
kungenzeka ku ukuncishiswa kuya 10 mm eziyishumi izingqimba wayezokwazi
njalonjalo. Uma senza ngomqondo indlela )
a uswidi in a uxhumano esinobunye kanye neminyango
ezinkulu, inani efanele ekunciphiseni izingqimba eyandisa kulolusuku.
Ukuze bakucedze kungenzeka zokunciphisa zamatshe esiyinikwe ukuncishiswa
isigaba, asinawo kuphela izikhala phakathi primary a ngokusebenzisa
ezingenalutho a ibhekwa, kodwa futhi ngemuva amandla lokuqala a kude kangaka
futhi ngezindlela eziningi kangaka kanye angenalutho a ukubuya ukuthi amandla
lokuqala A namanje ngezansi kanye obandayoa kanye ifakiwe, di at izikhundla
ezinhlanu kungenzeka kuye isikhundla ngokulandelana abane, abathathu, ababili, ne
blank a. Ngakho esiyikho TafelI lapho 368 lokuqala force a nge-z= 1 kuyinto,
kufanele sigqoke ungqimba lokuqala:
A

364 365 366 367 368

z 0
0
0
0
1
kanye red. A = 366 njengoba kwaphakathi 364-368, futhi. red. z = 1 njengoba sum of
the red in. Isikhawu oluqukethwe z; e lesibili esilahla phambili a A:
A

365 366 367 368 369

. With red. A = 367, red z = 1, nokunye, okuyinto eyenziwa ezilandelayo izimiso

ezinhlanu:
Panel I (mpo ngezinga) kwabahlanu izingqimba ukuncishiswa
kanye i = 5 mm; E = 1 mm; m = 450th
A

366 1

367 1

368 1

369 3

370 3

371 2

372 2

373 2

374 1

375 1

376 2

377 3

378 5

379 5

380 7

381 9

382 11

383 17

384 18

385 22

386 23

387 25

388 24

389 29

390 30

391 28

392 31

393 36

394 33

395 33

396 45

397 40

398 41

399 49

400 55

401 47

402 54

403 59

404 55

405 50

406 60

407 63

408 65

409 66

410 73

411 65

412 64

413 65

414 62

415 52

416 60

417 57

418 51

419 53

420 55

421 44

422 47

423 40

424 39

425 35

426 34

427 22

428 17

429 13

430 12

431 13

432 18

433 19

434 16

435 14

436 10

437 5

438 4

439 4

440 5

441 5

442 5

443 2

444 2

445 2

446 2
447 2
448 2
449 2
450 1
Ukuze ukuhlukanisa izingqimba ehlukene, kungenzeka ukuba indlela elula
ukuqokwa by the ekuqaleni panel encishisiwe, di kulencane kungancipha a noma
encishisiwe E,ukusebenza, ngemva kwalokho ungowokuqala okungenhla
ekunciphiseni amaphepha by E, = 366, owesibili nge E, = 367 uqoke njll ..
[Umphumela ungqimba ukuncishiswa ukuba amagugu izakhi is kuboniswe
kuThebula okulandelayo:]
Elements of the panel I (mpo ngezinga) kanye nokuncipha izindawo
ezahlukene ezinhlanu kuya.
E = 1 mm; i = 5 mm; m = 450; A 1 = 408.5.
E,

366

367

A 2 408,6 408,7

368

369

408,2 408,5

370

Izinsiza

408,6 408,5

C 2 409,1 409,1

408,6 408,9

409,1 409,0

D p 410,7 410,5

409,7 410,4

410,3 410,3

D i 411,0

410,1

410,5 410,2

410,1 410,4

m, 246

244

240

244

242

243

m ' 204

206

210

206

208

207

e,

12.3

12.1

11.9

12.1

12.1

12.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.2

10.4

10.3

u
u

+13

+10

+10

+11

+16

+12

- 42

- 38

- 30

- 38

- 34

- 36

0.76

0.78

0,73

0,79

0,71

0.75

Qaphela ukuthi A 1 kwetafula primary ilingana 408,5, nokuthi A 2 yalo yonke

izingqimba emihlanu futhi ngenxa yalokho nomunye kancane nje ziyehluka, kodwa
ngokwesilinganiso kulo kanye A 1 ivoti. Futhi ubone ezinye amagugu main kuye
indawo ezahlukene kodwa umehluko omncane; kuyiwa show kuphambuka izibalo
kanye tibalo ukuphambuka futhi kulandela ngeziphambeko kusho.
Kodwa ungakwazi kakade uphawule ukuthi kuncane kangaka, amagugu A, C,
D kukhona isikhundla esifanayo ezahlukene, bengahlali zenzeka kuwo wonke
izingqimba ekunciphiseni oda efanayo. Kuyinto okungukuthi D likhudlwana
kuka A, futhi C uwela phakathi kokubili amagugu, njengoba kudingwa yimithetho
asymmetry. The asymmetry kwenzeka kakade ngaleyo ndlela kuyacaca ukuthi
wonke m,> m kuyinto; Yebo, liphinde lihlangabezana osebenzayo kwenzeka
asymmetry wokuba p = (D - C): (D - A) eseduze kakhulu = = 0,785 kuyinto.
65. Nakuba thina sibalo manje onjalo Table I esenziwa ngokwandisa
aphansi i kahlanu enikezwa ithuba lokukhetha phakathi panel emihlanu ehlukene
encishisiwe, sithola at III ngenxa ukwandisa kane kungenzeka kuncishiswe
izingqimba ezine.
Panel III qeqeba ezine ukuncishiswa
With i = 1 inch; E = 1 inch; m = 2047th
A

59,5

0.5

59,75

60

60,25 1

60,5

0.5

60,75

61

61,25 0

61,5

61,75

62

62,25 0

62,5

62,75

63

63,25 0

63,5

63,75

64

64,25 4

64,5

64,75

11.5

65

15.5

65,25 18.5

65,5

20

65,75

22.5

66

26

66,25 35

66,5

41,5

66,75

43,5

67

54

67,25 60

67,5

72

67,75

94

68

108

68,25 123,5

68,5

137

68,75

151,5

69

172

69,25 192

69,5

215,5

69,75

237,5

70

253

70,25 263,5

70,5

271

70,75

280

71

290

71,25 309

71,5

323,5

71,75

327

72

330,5

72,25 318

72,5

305

72,75

304

73

296

73,25 285,5

73,5

274,5

73,75

248,5

74

223,5

74,25 205,5

74,5

183,5

74,75

165

75

142

75,25 119

75,5

101,5

75,75

87,5

76

75

76,25 62

76,5

52

76,75

43

77

38

77,25 35

77,5

27.5

77,75

18.5

78

13

78,25 9.5

78,5

78,75

79

3.5

79,25 3

79.5

79,75

80

80,25 1.5

80,5

1.5

80,75

81

81,25 0.5

81,5

81,75

82

0.5

82,25 1

82,5

82,75

83

0.5

83,25 0

Imisuka Plate III emva nokuncipha izingqimba ezine.

E = 1 inch; i = 1; m = 2047; A 1 = 71.77.
E,

59,5

59,75

60

60,25

Izinsiza

A2

71,76

71,75

71,75

71,76

71,755

C 2 71,79

71,80

71,81

71,80

71,80

D p 71,91

71,96

71,99

71,97

71,96

D i 71,74

71,92

72,04

71,97

71,92

u
u

+ 21

+ 33

+ 39

+ 28

+30

- 76

-104

-120

-106

-101,5

2.05

2.04

2.045

e,

2.12

2.14

2, L6

2.15

2.14

1,97

1,93

1,92

1,94

1,94

p
0.80
0.76
0.75
0,81
0.78
It ibonakala ukuthi imiphumela Table odlule I ngokusebenzisa Table III uqinisekisa
kahle. Lokhu futhi kukhombisa D i nomaphi D p cishe ncamashi ezihamba ngazo
zozine, ngaphandle isikhundla E, = 59,5, okusho ngempela ithatha D i hhayi kuphela
kuqhathaniswa kakhulu kusukela D p esihluke, kodwa nakuSathane isiqondiso
asymmetry eziphawulekayo esingaphansi A 2 futhi C 2 kuyinto.
66. [Njengoba for etafuleni IV akuxhomekile by semfene zabo yehlise i = 4 E, i
primary i = 0.1 kodwa E kangaka ekunciphiseni 40 izikhundla kungenzeka lapha
ngokuyisisekelo.Kusukela efanayo izingqimba emine elandelayo izosetshenziswa
akhethiwe:
Ithebula IV qeqeba ezine ukuncishiswa
kanye i = 4 e; e = 0.5 cm; m = 217th
A

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

3.5

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

3.5

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

11

74

15

75

17.5

76

21.5

77

23.5

78

20

79

18.5

80

15.5

81

19

82

25

83

21

84

24

85

23

86

25

87

30

88

33,5

89

35,5

90

32

91

30

92

27.5

93

22

94

19.5

95

22.5

96

23.5

97

24

98

24,5

99

22

100

18.5

101

18

102

15.5

103

13.5

104

13.5

105

12

106

10

107

108

109

110

111

112

3.5

113

3
114 1.5
115 0
116 0
Imisuka IV Table by nokuncipha izingqimba ezine.
E = 0.5 cm; i = 4; m = 217; A 1 = 86.54.

E,

41

42

43

44

Izinsiza

A2

86,50

86,48

86,59

86,52

86,52

C2

87,90

87,60

87,87

87,85

87,805

Dp

90,19

90,25

91,31

90,58

90,58

Di

88,92

89,44

89,00

88,45

88,95

- 41

- 41

-52

- 45

- 45

e,

11,70

11,86

12,28

11,82

11.915

8,01

8,09

7,56

7,76

7.855

0,62

0.70

0,73

0.67

0.68

Leli thebula libonisa e eziqinile ezihamba ngaphandle of the amagugu main njengoba
in Mina III, i njalo isihlobo amagugu main futhi ukuphambuka nemisebenzi
ezingqimbeni ezihlukahlukene, njalo ukulandelana A, C no-D, kanye
budebuduze D i kanye D p. Khonamanjalo, p consistently esingaphansi ukubaluleka
kwakuthiwa edingekayo 0,785.]
67. Umbuzo ophakamayo manje, ukuze ngalo izingqimba ehlukahlukene
ekunciphiseni kufanele siqhubeke eholela izakhi noma ukuhlola imithetho emisiwe,
yini aphinde jikelele kakhulu, imithetho engashintshi cishe ukuba enikeza, kodwa
cishe okulandelayo kuyoba ngokuvamile ukusho ,
Okokuqala, kungaba ukubukeka show ngisho ukuthi ezinkulu kangaka panel
yethu m, njengoba ama-panel yethu kuncike izinguquko izakhi kukhona ayibalulekile
futhi, kuye ngokuthi isimo ukuncipha jikelele oda of the ukungaqiniseki ukuthi
avunyelwe ukuzimisela izakhi ngaso sonke kunjalo ukuthi livela mayelana nale
ndaba of nandaba lapho ukuncishiswa uyakwazi ukugcina up, futhi kumele bagcine
kuphela ukubusa ukuze kutholakale zonke izakhi ukuthi kufanele egcinwa kusukela
zokunciphisa ungqimba efanayo.Ngezinye izikhathi, nokho, kuyenzeka ukuthi
phakathi ehlukahlukene izingqimba ekunciphiseni omunye njengoba vesi njalo
kusimo kunomunye ezifana imibukiso njengoba for z. B. phakathi panel yethu
amahlanu I ( 64), the last kanye E, = 370 kuyinto ukuphambuka kusukela njalo, uma
umphumela z kungancipha: 55,50,73 uthola, esikhundleni the z kufanele bavuke njalo
kuze 73rd esiphezulu Qhathanisa, zonke ezinye panel ezine ukukhombisa lutho
uhlobo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhona akukhetha ukuthi. Lokhu kwenza manje uveza
ukuthi, uma umuntu eye bumped ibe core nge indlela okungajwayelekile, ungabona

uma ungayi kangcono nesimo esihlukile. Ever kuyoba nguye ukukhetha

ekuqhathaniseni imibhalo ukuncishiswa letehlukene letikhombisa kuphambuka
kancane kusukela ukusatshalaliswa imithetho jikelele. Choice ngamunye kungaba
indlela, ngaleyo ndlela nihlukane nezimpahla, ngokuletha kungenzeka zokunciphisa
izingqimba bonke akhawunti kanye isilinganiso imiphumela udonsa, kuphela lokho
lokhu ukuba sifeze eyisicefe phila Umstndlichkeiten kancane ezuzisayo nalo.
Manje ake sibheke ngokuqhathanisa at the ukubaluleka aphansi kanye elisuselwa
yehlise panel, ngakho kulandela ukuthi okwesikhathi ukwelashwa okuphelele K.G. kokubili ukuba umphelelisi nomunye kunokuba kufanele esikhundleni, okuyinto
kuphela ukuba wadabuka ngokuthi ekamelweni enkulu, ethatha panel primary
ngokuvamile, ngokuvamile usishukumisela ukuba balahle zokuxhumana yayo kanye
nokwaneliswa enciphile. Kunoma yikuphi eyodwa ine ethebuleni primary, base ngqo
ulwazi wonke ukwelapha a K.-G. owanikwa, futhi kusukela nokwehla
ubukhulu i, isikhundla ngezikhathi, phela nguhhafu futhi z ingenziwa noma kunjalo,
uhlala phambi ngamunye panel primary namanje isehlane, yikuphi ukukhetha yena
ufuna ukuhlangana, futhi unawo amandla ukushintsha ngisho ukulawula i kakade
izinqumo ezenziwe kamuva. Futhi, izibalo asho value ingatholakala ephephile by
hhayi kungancipha njengoba panel kusukela primary, ngisho umehluko izinto
eziningi othuthukayo kungenzeka azinakwa. Against lokhu unga ekuphishekeleni
ukwedlulela zomthetho we amagugu a K.-G. nokwehla jikelele panel kanye
ukucacisa izakhi abathintekayo semfene wendawo ngendlela ekhethekile, hhayi
ngaso sonke ikhiphe kanye nokwehla wendawo, kanye nokwehlisa panel ngabe
yikuphi ziye inzuzo ngokuletha njalo ukuba Vorscheine ukuthi primary panel
akubonakali.

IX. Ukunqunywa A, A ,, A , m ,, m ', ,, .

68. Ukuze sifanekise isicelo folgends ukuba anikwe imithetho yanoma yimuphi
ukusatshalaliswa panel odlule lalingase lisetshenziselwe. It lula futhi ngalokhu kodwa
kusiza isicelo imithetho kanye ngobufushane panel, ngakho mina ashiye ekuqaleni
encane, ngokuvamile kuphela emva kohlelo distribution ibhodi jikelele, ngaphezu
kwalokho ezinqumela, kusukela nje eziyisishiyagalombili a ka a eyalandela
ikholomu panel icanjwe, okungazange like nomunye enze izincazelo ezilandelayo,
leli kuhlangene kahle, kungatholakala kunoma iyiphi collective ukusatshalaliswa
panel application real. The columns S ,, S 'kukhona kukholamu elisizayo,
okuzokwenza ngokushesha ukuthola incazelo yabo.
Small, ezinqumela kusungulwa ukusatshalaliswa panel.
i = 2; m = 80; A = 912th
A

Ngezikhathi

za

S,

S'

2-4

80

4-6

10

79

6-8

35

77

8-10

10

90

18

72

11

10-12

30

330

48

62

13

12-14

20

260

68

32

15

14-16

10

150

78

12

17

16 - 18

34

80

80

912

304

416

Sum

In panel odlule nencazelo amagugu hlu A ,. Interv, z, za ngokusho kwesitatimende

sangaphambilini eyaziwa ukuthi amagugu S ,, S 'kodwa wachaza kanje:
Esokuqala S, ilinganakuqala, ngoba owesibili S, ilingana lokuqala +
sesibili isibonelo, owesithathu ilingana + lesibili + eyesithathu z, njll, ukuze last
ilingana isamba sazo zonke z and ngalokhu = m kuyinto.Ngemva kwalokho,
ngamunye, esiyinikwe a ohambelana S, by summation
ongaphambi a ohambelana S, kanye z yalowo a zokwazi.
In the ikholomu S indlela efanayo, kodwa isicelo kanye summation phansi
kolunye uhlangothi.
69. Manje, ngaphandle iyikho A kanye Isamba m yokwehlukanisa a
ongahluziwe and definition abukhali amagugu efanele ngomqondo phambilini
kuchazwe; a eluhlaza, eside kangaka njengoba omunye ulindele, sengathi
inombolo z, kelinye nelinye A kulotshiwe a panel primary noma yehlise, okufanayo
kulo lonke ingeyakho; ebukhali, uma ukucabangela unikezwa kuphi ngaphakathi
sokuphumula ngamunye empeleni a ukucabanga kusakazwe, owawuthi ukubaluleka
izakhi ukuba kunqunywe sokuphumula, lapho ukuzimisela eziheha okufanayo, nje
kweminyaka lwekucocisana is interpolationsmig ukuba inqume indlela Ngezansi
kuboniswe. Kuze kube manje liye ngeke okuxoxwe; emva kwalokhu izobe
kokuhlanganyela nalo futhi kusizakale lo abonakale.
The ukuba interpolated at ebukhali ukuzimisela sokuphumula, okuthiwa.
Engagement sokuphumula, Ngiyo ngokuvamile indawo yayo kanye nosayizi
ngokusebenzisa I khetha. In kwetafula isampula kuba coincident ne-edabula
itafula i lingakanani by = 2, ngenkathi indawo yayo phezu uhlobo Ungashintsha
umsebenzi. Ingabe General wakhe, ngenxa sokuphumula ikholomu umngcele kuqala
nge g1, incwadi yesibili ayibhalela kanye g 2 lisho; Ngakho lapho 10-12 isikhawu
lwekucocisana, g 1 = 10, g 2 = 12th
Yiba futhi ngokuvamile:
z o ukubaluleka z, ogxile isikhawu lwekucocisana I uwela,
a o kukholamu a abafanele I value ehambisana of a, okuyinto phakathi I kuyinto,
z o .umuntu o umkhiqizo demgeme Dimension, ogxile I, uwela
v okuthiwa. Vorzahl, ie sum of z and V okuyiwo za, lapho kusukela ekuqaleni itafula

kuze ekuqaleni I ngokwanele

n okuthiwa. Nachzahl futhi N Nachsumme okuyinto close we I kuze kube
sekupheleni kwetafula amabanga,
x = H - g1, Eingriffsma, lemali ngazo in I falling ekhanda
value H ekuqaleni I, di g 1 izipho,
y = m, - v, inombolo waziphatha, inombolo ngazo kusukela ekuqaleni
isiqala H ekufinyeleleni inamba ekuqaleni I kubaqoqi ukufinyelela,
Y lwekucocisana sum, sum of A, okusho kusukela ekuqaleni I ukuba H zokhahlamba.
Ngokuvamile, umuntu:
v + n + z o = m,
V + N + z o a o = a = za.
Where manje incazelo elandelayo, leli sokuphumula 10-12 wethu mina Uyoletha,
sinazo:
m = 80; A = za = 912;
g 1 = 10, g 2 = 12;
z o = 30; A o = 11; z o a o = 330;
v = 18; V = 138;
n = 32; N = 444;
x = H - 10; y = m, - 18.
Njengoba H akubaluleke ngalutho singenzeka, kodwa thina echaza okungcono kwi
kusho izibalo of the panel H zizihlanganise nabantu, ebalwa sokuhlukanisa of za =
912 kanye z = 80 ilingana 11.4 kuthanda, futhi ngenxa yalokho x = 1, 4
kukhona; kodwa kubuye value central kuka H ukukhonza.
70. Ukunqunywa value sum a.
Lokhu ukuzimisela kwenziwa ngokuqondile efingqa
the za; ukuze A with za lisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo netemu.
With ezifana amapuleti ezincane etafuleni lethu isibonelo manje kwenza
ukwakheka kanye ukunqwabelana za akukho nobunzima; kodwa uma panel ugijima
kude ukuthi a ka aikholomu futhi ngalokhu ukwakha Maprodukte za baningi
kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lokho kwenza panel primary, lokhu ukwakheka kanye
summation kuyinto nzima ngokwedlulele futhi kalula kuncike iphutha
izibalo. Asizame it nanoma panel yethu eyinhloko; ngisho at the panel esincishisiwe
izenze nobunzima efanayo, yize kancane, namanje wagomela. Ngakho, kakhulu
efiselekayo ukuthi kusebenza ngendlela efanayo primary njengoba ama-panel
kuyehla esigabeni nendawo ngayinye indlela imiyalo is, A (kanye ngaphakathi
Hereafter A)kanye ngempela izindinganiso ezifanayo, kodwa ngendlela elula kakhulu
ukuthola kuka indlela odlule, lapho mina lapho za ofuna ukubiza, kanti mina folgends

auseinanderzusetzende the the S ucingo. It kungokwalabo kuphela lokho

indlela ZA alibalulekile ukuthi amabhodi, ukuze ngalo indlela S kufanele kusebenza,
equidistant noma ezingenalutho by ziguquka azenziwa equidistant, ngemva kwalokho
ungakwazi bopha ngokwawo indlela esingesihle of za ukuba kungagcini kulabo
amacala lapho equidistance is hhayi kukhiqizwa.
Omunye kungaba manje yimiphi le S, noma S 'ukuze anqume
isamba a ukusetshenziswa. Uma ukuzimisela wokuqala kwenziwa ngokuvumelana
formula okulandelayo:

A = Me '- Z, i; (1)
kwesibili, uma le ndlela elandelayo:

A = Me, + Z 'i. (2)

Kulapho babe izinhlamvu elandelayo zincazelo. Ngaphansi m inani of
is a baqonda, sum of okuyinto okumelwe sithathwe,
ie z ngaphansi E 'the kunabo A noma ukweqisa eliphezulu (okuyinto Yebo kuyinto
kulelithebula lelingentasi) ngaphansi E, kulencane a noma ephansi ngokwedlulele
phakathi kwalezi A, yini amagugu, lapho ngegama A kufanele akhawunti nje ucezu
yonke distribution ibhodi, sisebenzise kuphela ucezu, hhayi lonke
ebhodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ake Z, lo isamba semali S, ukuze efingqa
okungazange kubeokuqondene, kancane le eningizimu, lapho
ukuze E 'okungokukaNkulunkulu, noma lokho kusho into efanayo, i isamba
semali S, okukhethekile ngokwedlulele eningizimu ,; Ngaphezu
kwalokho, Z 'the isamba S okukhethekile yini E, ingeyakho; i umehluko njalo
ngazo A of a ikholomu diverge.
Manje ake A ukuthatha lonke isampula panel, ukuze m = for the efanayo
80; E '= 17; E, = 3; Z, = 304-80 = 224; Z' = 416-80 = 336; i = 2. Kungakhathaliseki
thina manje sisebenzise formula lokuqala noma lesibili, ngakho by la magugu A =
912, ehambisana ilungelo sum ezithile za ukuthola kukholamu za umi.
Zonke ngendlela efanayo, okuyiwo A yokubeka isampula panel ngayinye
yathola, ngaphandle amagugu m, E ', E ,, S ,, S' kufanele ukuchibiyela ngendlela
efanele, njengoba nje uma summation kuphela ezine A of a ikholomu kuzodingeka
ukuba kwenziwe 5 kuya 11, omunye kuzodingeka: m = z = 47, E = 11, E, = 5, i =
2. The nezinsika S ,, S ', kodwa kungaba ifomu:
S,
2 47
7 45
17 40
47
Isamba: 73 162
yingakho
yiziphi:

30

Z, = 73-47 = 26; Z '= 162-47 = 115;

A = 465th

Ukuze emide kakhulu ungazithola esingesihle, kuyaqhubeka ngesikhathi amagugu

enkulu kakhulu S kokuba enyuka; kodwa kungenziwa kalula silungiswa
sokuhlukanisa lonke uchungechunge eminyangweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, futhi
yabo A ikakhulukazi sebehlolwa vorigem indlela ekugcineni yokuhlanganisa
kubo. Kodwa lapho esiwusizo ngisho nangokwengeziwe Kunconywa
ukusetshenziswa ahlangene ikholomu S, futhi S 'in the ngendlela elandelayo.
Omunye ekhethekile endaweni ethile, mayelana ewusizo kunazo phakathi
kwetafula, a value a kusukela lapho c hot, agijime wohlu S, kuze kube yileli c,
Akulibandakanyi. Okufanayo, kanye wohlu S Akulibandakanyi '. C waqhubeka,
efingqa the okuholela S, njengoba S 'ikakhulukazi; sum zangaphambili hot njengoba
phambi Z, owesibili Z ', ungafaka:

A = mc + (Z '- Z,) i, (3)

imiphumela:
, (4)
okungawo m, inani zonke ngegama A.
71. I babe S indlela in a indatshana on American ukubuthela Dimensions
(Elliott) 1) kwaholela abuthole ebonisa indlela umbhali sesifikile. Ukuze futhi
ngaphandle ubufakazi jikelele walo. Manje lobu bufakazi cishe Nokho, umphumela
nakuba aphansi 2), kodwa phishekela kunalokho nzima futhi eyisicefe; Ngakho uma ngidlula
phezu kwakhe, kusukela nqubo noma yiluphi uvivinyo enokwehla, kodwa ukwengeza
okufanayo wanezela ukuzizuzela isebenza amazwi alandelayo.
1)

[EB Elliott, On izibalo lempi United States of America. Berlin 1863.

(International Statistical Congress Berlin). S. Qaphela on the Ukwakhiwa amatafula
ezithile, k. 40.]
2)

[Eqinisweni. nje kunesidingo za imininingwane

by z 1 a 1 + z 2 a 2 + z 3 A 3 +. . Z n a n ukumela kanye quidiconstants a 2, a 3, ... a n by a 1 + i, a 1 + 2 i, ... a 1 + n - 1 i ukusishintsha ukuba by
efanele ukusikwa of the amalungu sum uguqulwa of the form: A 1 (z 1 + z 2 + ... z n)
+ i (z 2 + z 3 + .. z n) + i (z 3 + ... z n ) + ... iz n ngakhoke formula
yamangqamuzana: e, m + Z i uthole. Ngokufanayo, omunye uthola e'm - Z, i,
lapho a 1, a 2, a 3 ... a n - 1, ngokulandelana. by A n - n - 1 i, a n - n - 2 i, a n - n 3 i ... A n - i kwafakwa].

1. Yiqiniso, ukunemba yokunquma incike A bese ulandela

sokushona A ngokunemba of the eningizimu - kusuka columns. Uma S in the ukuze
okungalungile, zonke okulandelayo ubuye okungalungile ngoba yisiphi

ekuqaleni S engena wonke kamuva, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuba izindinganiso

eziphakeme of S kalula ukuthola khona ikhambi. Nokho, it has a ukukhanya futhi
ungalokothi ezingabanjwanga esebenzisa control ukuthi uma usebenzisa S - ikholomu
ngokwedlulele eningizimu, lapho Z is hhayi wathola, kanye m kufanele ifanelane;In
the indlela ahlangene S, futhi S 'kodwa wokugcina, Z hhayi kanye namagugu
engenayo of S, kanye S , lapho lungatholakala, kanye z amagugu c the
Isamba m kumele anikeze.
2. S - indlela, nakuba kusebenza ngokulinganayo panel futhi ngaphandle
esitshalweni-ezingenalutho A, futhi kumiswa S - Split Kwenzekani kokubili uma
umthetho ofanayo; kodwa ngeke Usazoba usizo, isicelo kokubusa uma kwenzeka
okwenzeka ezingenalutho a nge z = 0 nor ikakhulukazi ukuchaza ukuthi yikuphi
ukungaqondani nokwengamela kulandela ukuba kuthuthukiswe. Ngemva rule
esibekiwe ngamunye ngesikhathi esinikeziwe a ka a ehambisana
ikholomu S njengoba sum of the esandulele a elihambisana S kanye z of
ukuthi azokwazi. Ingabe manje yokugcina a an ezingenalutho z = 0, bese Yebo emva
umthetho wangaphambili kube S ukuphindaphindwa nje S odlule, futhi abaningi
benganelisekile a landela ngokulandelana, ngokuvamile ukuze
okuphindaphindiwe S kubo esandulele kusebenza a. Yethu amabhodi ezisikiselwe (e
68 70) anikeze incazelo yalo kungekho isizathu, ngoba, like panel kakhulu
encishisiwe, akukho ezingenalutho a oluqukethwe; ithuba more ukunikeza panel
primary, ikakhulukazi Endabteilungen yabo. Ukuze uthole incazelo emfushane
kodwa futhi sinikeza lapha panel encane nabathile ezingenalutho A phezu
ngokungenasizathu futhi ninamathele The ezingenalutho a ohambelana,
okuphindaphindiwe S ihluke lula kusuka kwenye ngaphandle kwalo kodwa
kumiswa S futhi ngenxa yalokho Z of of summation kungenzeka ngaphandle ngoba
kunalokho nje uthanda ezinye count:

S,

50

(2)

(48)

(2)

(48)

10

12

48

11

30

42

38

13

47

15

(47)

(3)

50

204

246

17
Sum

3
50

Uma, kangaki, ngo Endabteilungen panel primary inombolo enkulu

ezingenalutho A ngakhoke okuphindaphindiwe enezelwe S landela enye ngemva
kwenye, uyokuthola elula, lokhu bracketing belingana sum, kuphela lokho umuntu
kufanele aqaphe ngokumelene okwalandela S ke hhayi njengoba sum yalezi sum
of S entsha z, kodwa njengoba sum of the esandulele sizibulale
naked S entsha z ukuze kutholakale. Ngakho, uchungechunge S, ukwamukela panel
odlule ifomu elilandelayo:
2, (4), 12, 42, njll,
Ngakho, kuze kube = 9 z = 10 ohambelana S, = 12 kungabi ukwakha by kwalokho 10
eyedlule anqwabelene (4), kodwa lesi usuke on the esandulele naked 2; umthetho
okumele waphawula kahle. Manje ake sisebenzise lokhu uvo panel yethu eyinhloko I
(Chap. VII), futhi kuyoba phezu edingekayo (ngomcabango elisebenzisekayo) switch
on the ezingenaluthoA, ozingane zakhe ezimbili 368-371, amane 371-376, omunye
phakathi 376 kanye awe 378, uchungechunge S, wenze kanjalo:
1, (2), 3; (12); 4, (4), 5, 6 njll
In the table primary III, lapho i = kuyinto 0.25 amasentimitha, falling phakathi
ezimbili zokuqala force a, di 60 no 64 inch yonke isihlobo z = 1 no-2, ngisho 15
ezingenalutho A eminye 64 kuya 64,75 ezimbili , futhi ekuqaleni
design S, uchungechunge njengoba:
1, (15), 3, (6), 7, njll
Kubalulekile ukuba uthintane nabo. lokhu ukusetshenziswa
ezingenalutho A ukwenza ajwayelekile futhi ukulawula lesifanele ekufezeni real
efanayo in ukusetshenziswa icala by zibukezwe ngokucophelela, ngoba wena konke
kalula kakhulu kunikeza, futhi ngoba control ngenhla ukwakheka
efanele eningizimu -Kolumnen ukuthi wakhe wokugcina Inani kanyem uvume,
ngisho at ukuqala ingenalutho a kodwa ukusebenzisa, Ngakho-ke akufanele
dengwane, kodwa futhi, uma ugcwalisekile, hhayi ngokumelene ukusetshenziswa
engalungile ezingenalutho A kuqinisekisa.
72. Ukunqunywa tibalo eliphezulu aphansi,
ngokulandelana. A, futhi A ', maqondana esiyinikwe main value H.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake A ukubaluleka main, e isibonelo sethu, itafula 11.4, ukuze
ube yonke ukuzimisela eluhlaza emva a, okuyizinto esingaphansi 11.4, ie a = 3 kuya
kuhl. A = ngamafuphi 11, ie ehambisana za ukugoqa ukuba A, ukuba; Nokho
omunye A by efingqa the za of a kwafakwa = 13 kuze kube sekupheleni, ie A, =
468, a '= 444. Ngaphandle by summation ngqo efanele za la tibalo ngendlela
kuboniswa the S - indlela thola.
Ngokuba ukuzimisela ebukhali unayo sum A, ukucabanga eyakhiwa izingxenye
ezimbili, i Vorsumme V, lelo kusukela ekuqaleni itafula kuze ekuqaleni kweminyaka

lwekucocisana I ngokwanele, futhi ukuhlanganyela sum Y, lelo kusukela ngaleso

sikhathi kuya H, icala lethu A, zokhahlamba futhi etholwe interpolation elula
ngokubeka ukuthi ukuhlanganyela isamba Y ukuba ingqikithi isikhawu I, di
ukuze z 0 a0, oziphatha njengongqingili the Eingriffsma x isikhawu inani I; Ngakho:
Y: z 0 A 0 = x: I, (5)
Ngakho:
; (6)
Kusukela:
, (7)

In etafuleni lethu isampula kuyinto V = 138, z 0 a 0 = 330, x = 1.4, I = 2; Ngakho:

A, = 369; A = A - A, = 912369 = 543,

lapho ihlukile izimo esinzima.
Akufanele bathathe A yimuphi omunye value main H zenzeka, amafomula odlule
uzogcinwa okufanayo, ngaphandle ukuthi x esikhundleni = A - g1, kunalokho = H g 1 kwakuzothatha.Yiba njengoba ebukhali
ezithile C njengoba H kuthathwe. Ngokusho 82, lingatholakala ku etafuleni lethu,
kanye ukuqoqa kuze kube sekugcineni endaweni zamadesimali, kancane, kodwa
ukuhluka A, ilingana 11,467, ngakho x = 1.467; yilezi:

A = 912 - A, = 532 kuya 0,055,

lapho eseyiqedile ezenezelwe encane ukuba 380 futhi 532 ngoba nje ukuqoqa
the C incike the last endaweni okubala ngeshumi.
[Uma umuntu owayefuna; a ukuzimisela ngokunembe kakhudlwana
ukuhlanganyela isamba Y ukuthola, esikhundleni the interpolation elula libukhali,
shiya, sidabule yesibili ingcosana umehluko, ngakho lokhu ngeke
kuvunyelwe. Ngoba lokhu umehluko lokuqala zisekelwe legends imikhiqizo az amele
sum of an isikhawu i ewa amagugu a ngaphansi isimo kuphela ukuthi lezi amanani
ngokulinganayo basakaza phezu kwawo wonke sokuphumula. Ngakho yilo mbono,
ukwencika ukuhlanganyela sum Y of the izilinganiso lwekucocisana xkakade
kulawulwa futhi, kumuntu ikakhulukazi ehlaselwe ngezikhathi interpolated
esandulele noma ezilandelayo amagugu umkhiqizo az, njengoba ziyofezwa
ngokuvumelana umehluko wesibili noma ngisho ngaphezulu, kuhoxiswe. Ingabe

wena, ngalokho, kusukela imibono efanayo, summation of bonke ehlanganiswa sonke

isikhawu a subject; sum lwekucocisana Y ukunquma ngokuthe ngqo nokucija konke
okusemandleni, kumelwe amagugu ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni kwe-sum
lwekucocisana a, i lenombolo lwekucocisana y, futhi ndima elandelayo ilingana z 0 x:
I butholakala phakathi Eingriffsma x, okhethwe okuyingxenye sokuphumula di
e g 1 + x ucabange united and kanjalo
(8)
Kunalokho, njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla,
ilingana z 0 a 0 x: I. ubeke okuyiwo A, munye uthola ke ilingana:
, (9)
lapho summation isibonakaliso enamathiselwe index sikhonze ukuze yehlukaniswe
formula (7). In ukuzimisela ezilinganiselwe ze of Y ngokuvumelana A, by lemali

ende kakhulu ucatshangelwe, ukuze olunembile ukuzimisela ngendlela (8) uzokupha

inzuzo abafanelekile ngokuvamile. Empeleni, omunye uthola ngoba A isampula
wethu etafuleni = 11.4 A '= 362,7 ngokumelene A, = 369.]
Kodwa [akwanele ukunemba izuzwe kangaka, ngakho akuyona
kuphela Y, kodwa V futhi N ukuba anqume ngenxa umqondo wokuthi esikhundleni
ukusatshalaliswa umfaniswano of a walandisa-ngaphakathi isikhawu ngasinye
ngokucabangela ngezikhathi esingaphesheya, njalo kube ukushintsha
kwenzeka. Indlela ukufinyelela ezingeni elilandelayo ephakeme nokunemba lapho
kokuvumelana ngezikhathi angomakhelwane ukuba omunye ngezikhathi ezimbili
ngqo ezincikene, z. B. ukuba, njengoba iqhubeka kusukela ezincane kuya
elikhulu akungagcini sokuphumula okulandelayo ngokushesha. Khona
amalungiselelo odlule ziyokwenziwa indawo okulandelayo.]
[Kushiwo z 1, inani amagugu bawe ukuthi isikhawu kokuzibandakanya ngezikhathi ezilandelayo,
futhi unezela lona amagugu wokuqala, le Extreme E, okuqondene, kanye namagugu esidlule,
ngokwedlulele E 'hhayiukudonsa befaka sokuphumula invoiced kumele, ekuqaleni
kanye ekupheleni etafuleni olungenalutho isikhawu z = wengeze 0 ke sum of the
enqunywe a lonke lwekucocisana sokuphumula ilingana a 0 z 0 - 1/12 I (z 0 - z 1), le
+ 1/12 I z 0, lo Nachsumme ulingana N - 1/12 I z 1,
lapho V futhi N uyakuba ibalwe njengoba ngenhla, kanye isamba semali aNgakho
Vorsumme ulingana V

ilingana ngenhla ibalwa a. Ukubala sum lwekucocisana eminye inqubo

elungiselelwe:

, (10)
Ekugcineni, out of lapho:
(11)
kulandela.
73. Ukunqunywa ukuphambuka izinombolo m ,, m .
Emva ukuzimisela eluhlaza kutholakala m, kalula ngokungeza
amagugu for amagugu a zincane kunohlamvu H kukhona; futhi sithatha in etafuleni
isampula yethu A = 11.4 for H,ngakho lokhu kunikeza , = 48 = m - , = 80 - 48
= 32 nangu
Ingabe ukuzimisela ebukhali oyakuvuka m, yakhiwa Vorzahl v, lapho kuze
ekuqaleni I angabona futhi nenombolo lwekucocisana y, lelo kusukela ngaleso
sikhathi kuze kube Hzokhahlamba. Kodwa lokhu ulwazi x = H - g 1 etholwe
interpolation on the ndlela buqhathaniswa:
Y: z 0 = x: I, (12)
Ngakho:
(13)
futhi ngemva kwalokho:
, (14)
Ake sithi for H ukubaluleka A = 11.4 futhi ngemva kwalokho amagugu
ngenhla v = 18; x = 1.4; z 0 = 30; mina = 2, sithola , = 39, = 80-39 = 41,
ilungiselelo lapho, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukile ongahluziwe kakhulu, ngempela
preponderance lehla kwi uhlangothi.
Okufanele m hhayi by deducting the m, ka m kungaba azimisele ngqo, okungaba
wusizo for zokuqapha, kodwa kanjalo kakhulu ngokuvamile:
, (15)
lokho ku nokwehlisa H = A ngenxa yokuba n = 32 kuya

ubuyele.

Ozoba A kunalokho C njengoba H kuthathwe. Ngemuva ukuzimisela elibukhali X.

isahl. aluthole ku etafuleni lethu isampula kancane, kodwa ukuhluka A, ilingana
11,467, ngalokhox amagugu ezisele njengoba = 1.467 kanti
okufanayo A ahlale. Lokhu kunikeza:

,
Bobabili zinqubo, njengoba sifana imigomo ukubaluleka central, ilingana nomunye,
ilingana m = 40, ngokungeza nalokho futhi supplementary encane emihle nemibi
kuphela ukuqoqa off the C kweyeme decimals.
[Lokhu ukuhlinzekwa inombolo lwekucocisana y by interpolation elula ukuba
kubhekwe ngokunembile njengoba nje ukusatshalaliswa a ngaphakathi isikhawu
ngasinye kufanele kungaba bazitshela zifane. Uma lokhu akulona icala, bese by
interpolation ebukhali usebenzisa umehluko yesibili futhi ephakeme, yisiphi degree
of ngokunemba bungatholakala.Ngoba ngezikhathi afingqe
izinombolo a ku z amagugu okuyizinto ukubeka interpolation njengoba umehluko
ngowokuqala isizathu akuyona, njengoba elihambisana uhlanganise buzz of a ku za amagugu isimo esithile on ukusatshalaliswa a kuncike ngaphakathi ngezikhathi
ezihambisana. Ngakho uthola ukuthi phezu kokuvumelana umehluko yesibili, ie
ngokucabangela eyengeziwe isikhawu lwekucocisana ngokushesha kulandela
isikhawu ogama z ngenhla ulingana z 1 uyozibeka formula:
, (16)
Kodwa ikhumbula ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho sokuphumula ngokushesha
okwandulela ogama z by z -1'll wazwakalisa, kanjalo ukubala y le formula:
(17)
lapho umehluko umuntu khona kuzona. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi onjalo
ukuqiniswa kulesi sibalo y, ohambelana kokuqina kulesi
sibalo Y, V kanye N ngokwemibandela. Ikakhulu, ukusetshenziswa formula (16)
ukungena amandla amafomula (10) kanye (11) kuholele.]

74. Ukunqunywa ukuphambuka mutual uyifingqa ', , bez. esiyinikwe

uthishanhloko value H.
Ngokuqondile sithola emihle ukuphambuka isamba bez '. i ongumashiqela
kokuqala value H, uma senza ngamunye enqunywe umehluko '= a - H sum; the
folgends njalo amagugu ngokuphelele ukuba kuthathwe ukuphambuka negative
sum , uma senza ngamunye kunqunywa umehluko , H - A, ngeza; kodwa

ukuzimisela ngabanye umehluko eziningi nzima futhi kalula kuncike ngabanye

calculation iphutha; kokubili nazo ukuzimisela ngokusebenzisa le ndlela elandelayo:
= a - m H
, = m, H - A, (18)
Empeleni, sum of the emihle , di 'is etholwe lokuthi
ukubaluleka H ngamunye M' amagugu a ', ie, i a, yikuphi okukhulu
kunalokho H kangaka kuyo
yonke m' ukubukwa Hkusukela A 'ngeke emalini 3); lokho lokuqala zibalo
ngenhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sum of the negative is eyatholakala
ngokuvumelana nezimiso ngokuphelele lapho
okuyiwo m,amagugu a ,, d. I. amagugu a, okuyinto esingaphansi H, kukhona
of m, imibono H kuhoxiswe, okuyinto wesibili zibalo ngenhla.
3) Not

by m'a lokho kuphela kwakuzokwenziwa uma wonke umuntu abe sinye.

Lezi amafomula zisebenza kokubili ongahluziwe nokuzimisela ebukhali, nale

umehluko, ukuthi ngoba eluhlaza
ukuzimisela m, futhi m , A, futhi A 'abe eluhlaza, ukuzimisela ebukhali
enqunywe ebukhali. Ake sithi aphinde A njengoba value enkulu etafuleni lethu
isampula, lapho icala, for m, for Ikhutjhwe, singasebenzisa for ongahluziwe
njengoba ebukhali ekunqumeni amagugu kakade ngaphambilini kunqunywa,
owawuthi eluhlaza , = 48; '= 32; A, = 468; A = 444; yilezi:
okuluhlaza
, = 48 11.4-468 = 79.2
= 444-32 11.4 = 79.2
Bobabili izingqikithi ziyefana njengoba ihambisana nemigomo ye izibalo asho,
ngemuva ukuzimisela ebukhali eyodwa ine , = 39; '= 41; A, = 369; A' =
543; Kusukela:
kakhulu
, = 39 11.4-369 = 75.6
= 543-41 11.4 = 75.6
Ngakho waphinde ukulingana kokubili tibalo, kuphela lokho ebukhali tibalo ezithile
njengoba kukhona eluhlaza ezithile ezincane. [Uma-ke, esikhundleni sibalo
ezilinganiselwe ze weY, ashiwo ngenhla isisekelo olunembile, kuyinto ke 'a, =
362,7; a '= 549,3, etholakala, siqala lapha ukuze yehlukaniswe the ngenhla
ukuphambuka tibalo uphawu inani i index kuhambisana:
kakhulu
D, = 39 11.4 ukuba 362.7 = 81.9
= 549.3-41 11.4 = 81.9,

kanjalo tibalo ezimbili Okusizayo alinganayo ezidlula okuluhlaza ethize.]

. Lokhu bez Chile A njengoba H kuthathwe ngaso sonke jikelele futhi okungukuthi:
1.ngoba icala A> a0,

ngakho:

ebukhali , = eluhlaza , -

= eluhlaza , - k (19)

[ebukhali D, = eluhlaza , +

= eluhlaza , + ]

2.ngoba icala A <a 0, futhi ngenxa yalokho

::

ebukhali , = eluhlaza , -

= eluhlaza , - l (20)

[ebukhali D, = eluhlaza , +

= eluhlaza , + ]

The Kuthi nzima futhi penibeln ubufakazi 4) yalo ngiwele, kodwa ungakwazi
ziqinisekisa ukunemba formula kunoma izibonelo okuzenzela, z. B. e etafuleni lethu
isampula. Lapha, A =11.4; a 0 = 11, futhi ngenxa yalokho A> a0, ngesikhathi
esifanayo I = 2, x = 1.4 Ngakho-ke, x> I. Ngakho icala lokuqala ukhona. Well,
sasiba ongahluziwe , = 79,2. Inani yalo emalini k,ukuze , abukhali ukuya,
kodwa ibalwe ngokwendlela nkulumo engenhla maqondana z 0 = 30 kuya
30 0.6 0.4 = 3.6 kanye lokhu, 79 2 ehlutshiwe, zitholakala 75,6 ngenhla
ngokusho formula. [Inani Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo ukuba 'D, imiphumela
ebukhali, kungatholakala ngokuvumelana nokuzimisela ngenhla 30 0.6 2 = 2.7
lokhu yengezwe 79,2 81,9, njengoba kufanele kube. ]
4) [Ulandela,

kanye ukunwetshwa yimuphi ezinkulu value H, maqondana lapho

ukuphambuka ephansi futhi upper uyifingqa , . 'ezikhona,
amazwi ngqo kusuka amafomula:
raw , = (v + z 0) H - (V + A 0 z 0)
uma H> A 0 = V H - V lapho H <A 0;
ebukhali ebukhali,

lapho amafomula fanekiso for the upper ukuphambuka tibalo imi eceleni.]
Umehluko phakathi kuphela esimweni okhethekile anyamalale , eluhlaza
kanye , ebukhali lapho A nomunye kwemingcele amabili I kuvumelana isikhungo
noma, lapho x = 0 noma = I noma = I; kanti ngemuva ezothando esiphezulu
umehluko omkhulu lapho icala lokuqala x = I, icala lesibili = I, kokubili uma
ukubaluleka

1/16

z 0 mina uzothola. [Iphinde ubalekela umehluko

phakathi , eluhlaza kanye D ', ebukhali, uma A nomunye

kwemingcele amabili I coinciding, kanti lo mehluko yayo seqiwe 1/8 z 0 I etholakale
laphoA phakathi I uwela. ] Ngakho intante umehluko k noma l emkhatsini we -0
ne 1/16 for 0 mina [umehluko noma emkhatsini we -0 ne 1/8 z 0 I]; kodwa
kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umehluko nge efanayo I futhi x ebudlelwaneni elula
kanye z 0.
Manje ubona ukuthi ebukhali , [sabela kungakavalwa. D ',] kunganqunywa
ukuthi omunye inquma kuphela lula-to-uthole eluhlaza, emva kwalokhu k noma l it
deducts [sabela kungakavalwa. noma ukwengeza], kuye emva A> a 0 noma A
<a0.
Uma H ayilingani A, ukuze wena ube esikhundleni ukulingana kokubili tibalo
kunalokho okulindeleke ukungalingani. Ake sithi, isibonelo. C. Amafomu for
ukuzimisela kwalo lapha:
(21)
,
Ngemuva Cape. X. ngeke C umphumela etafuleni lethu isibonelo ngemuva
ukuzimisela ebukhali = 11,467 Nokho m = kuyinto 40 Futhi siluthola
manje A, futhi a 'ebukhalirule esibekiwe, sithola:
, = 40 11,467 ukuze 380 = 78.7
'= 532-40 11.467 = 73.3
. [Sabela kungakavalwa 'Q, = 40 11,467 ukuba 374.13 =
84.5
'Q' = 537,87 kuya 40 11.467 = 79.2].
75. Ake isicelo izindlela ezandulele ukuzimisela of omunye K.-G. yethu futhi
thina ukuphenya zithinteka izinzuzo ebukhali yokunquma phambi eluhlaza anikezwe
maqondana nesikhathi izakhi ebanjwayo ezingqimbeni ehlukahlukene ekunciphiseni,
kubonakala ukuthi ngokuphathelene ekutholweni , (engaphuma '= m
- , kulandela ) esibaluleke kakhulu, maqondana , (okusho 'alinganayo)
kodwa alitholakali noma kuyangabazeka [maqondana , kodwa Kuyaphawuleka

siyavuka].
Ngenzile ekhandlayo ngempela kuqhathaniswa izingqimba 5 incishiswe
ukusatshalaliswa panel of the skull selilonke mpo, okuyinto eyenziwa 64, futhi
ezicijile izakhi zabo ezithile nje ohlwini khona.

Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi eluhlaza kanye ebukhali amagugu

ezithile , futhi ,.
367

368

369

370

Izinsiza Diff.

E,

366

408,6 408,7 408,2 408,5 408,6 408,5

0.7

, eluhlaza 217

230

250

193

201

218,2

87,2

, ebukhali 218

220

220

219

217

218,8

5.2

,eluhlaza 2531

2509

2471

2492

2531

2506,8 101,2

,ebukhali 2528

4292

2465

2479

2509

2494,6 95,6

D
',ebukhali

2513

2505

2518

2540

2521,4 56,4

2531

The Ikholomu Diff. kukhona sum of the ngeziphambeko 5 zoMthetho ngazinye

ukuhlinzekwa central, futhi ngalokhu uhlobo elithile ukushintshashintsha kuye
ngokuthi isimo.Okuluhlaza kusimo ngokumelene ebukhali for , kuba emva
kwalokhu eqinisweni kakhulu, ngoba , liphansi kakhulu, ukuze singathwesi
ukuhlala kuyangabazeka [for D ',ngakolunye uhlangothi ngokwanele enkulu
ukuvumela ukunamathela eqondile ukuzimisela ngendlela avele ukuba
nomusa]. Phela, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhundla E, = 370 kungenzeka
ngaphandle kangcono kusukela iziqhathaniso ahlale, ngoba etafuleni
ukusatshalaliswa lokhu kulandela 67 kubonisa ukuzwe okungavamile cores ukuthi
akubenzi kahle kusebenza sokubalwa izakhi.
Ithebula oyinhloko awathandi iziqhathaniso, ngoba ningazivumeli ukuzimisela
enokwethenjelwa ngezikhathi zokuhlupheka ukuzwe omkhulu futhi bokungafani
balinganisela.Nokho, omunye angase abuze ukuthi kukhona kwakungafiki A efanayo
= 408,5 sokulahlwa wonke , futhi , ngoba ukuncipha izikhundla akukhetha 5
azisizi, kodwa ukungaqiniseki inkudlwana ekutholweni A kuletha. Nokho,
ngicabanga lokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo for kahle.
Ngokuba bheke of the ezinye amagugu main njengoba A kusimo ye ukuzwe kanye
estimate silingana iphaneli primary ngabe yikuphi ngokuyinhloko, futhi kumelwe
nokho ukuhambisana panel esincishisiwe, bese ngokombono wami, ngenxa
yalokho, A elisuselwa efanayo zokunciphisa esiteji futhi indawo, lapho kwemukelwe
ukuncishiswa awukona isikhungo elidala ratios amagugu ezehlukene ngokusebenzisa
ukuguquguquka main kule ndaba. Kunoma yikuphi, ngokuvamile kuphela panel
kuyehla okuzuza the A ngaphambi njengoba ezinye izakhi. Phela, kusukela A emva
imiphumela imilando ehlanganiswe 64-66 panel ukuncipha primary A kuphambuka

ngokuvamile kancane; kungaba futhi akukho mehluko okukhulu kusukela

ukunamathela nenye inqubo kulindeleke. Enginakho, okungenani kule
ndaba, , elithe wafunda e etafuleni elifanayo ukuthi imiphumela odlule phezu isicelo
of 5 ezithile A for bheke of the , uphiwa I yonke indawo okufanayo kusukela
primary A ngalokho ibonakala = 408,5, futhi wathola imiphumela elandelayo ,
owawuthi , uye washintsha eluhlaza ngokumelene ekuqaleni ndawo, lapha
ngokumelene , uye washintsha kakhulu kangangokuba ukuxhumana phakathi
izingqimba ezihlukahlukene Kuthi ngalokho kuyehla ngaphandle Diff. ekuqaleni
kwaba folgends 5.2 kuphela 11.6 yilokho esivumelana ngakho kuphela alimaze
isicelo ezenziwa of the primary A maqondana nesicelo ezithile
encishisiwe A lingahunyushwa ngalezi zindlela.

366

367

368

369

370

Izinsiza

Diff.

,eluhlaz 217
a

230

250

193

201

218,2

87,2

,ebukha 217
li

217

224

219

216

218,6

11.6

E,

The Ukuthinta kusho ukuphambuka, ukuze wena ube by kabili

of , kuqala and kwalokho:
futhi.

(22)

Untriftig angathanda Elliott kwenziwe e indatshana yakhe phezu American

ukubuthela izilinganiso, njengendlela , = ,: , futhi = : '' di =
(, + ) ; ngoba nje kuphela siphambene ngenhloso yokuqala
ukubusa Gauss kodwa azizwe sengathi angimnaki kokuya izinsimbi ezahlukene
lapho , noma kuye bheke yabo kusukela , futhi leza amagugu; emva ikhambi
kwesokudla:
(23)
kuyinto.

X. Compilation kanye uxhumano izici main of the amagugu

ezintathu main
A, C, D, eminye R, T, F.

 76. Ngaphezu lonke ayethanda ngami amagugu ezintathu eziyinhloko, kusho

izibalo of A, ephakathi value C kanye densest value D yilezi: ezintathu kukhona futhi
iphuzu kubhekwe ngami, lapho mina ehlukana value R, kusindza kakhulu
ukubaluleka T futhi umehluko focus value F lomculo.
Ukubeka ndawonye Ngokusobala ngokusho umehluko zabo eziyinhloko
okulandelayo.
Emgodleni value R, ukubaluleka a maqondana lapho a '= A, =
A, ngalokho sum of the amagugu ilingana nenani lezinombolo of the ezincane
ephakeme, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngamunye wabo ilingane uhhafu linani a sika.
Izibalo asho A, ukubaluleka a ngenhlonipho lapho '= , ie sum of
ngeziphambeko esihle ilingana nenani lezinombolo of the negative; futhi
bez. ogama 2 kuyinto okungenani.
Inani Central C, ukubaluleka a, ogama nenhlonipho m '= m, ie, inani
ngeziphambeko positive ilingana nenani ngeziphambeko negative, futhi kuyinto
esincane.
Densest value D, ukubaluleka a ngenhlonipho lapho izibalo ukuphambuka
zombili m ,: m 'njengoba ngesiphambeko isilinganiso efanayo e, e' ukuziphatha,
futhi isici z kuyinto esiphezulu.
Kusindza a value T, ukubaluleka a, Dimension umkhiqizo wawo za kuyinto
esiphezulu.
Kulendawo ukuphambuka value F, ukubaluleka a, ngenhlonipho z kuyinto
esiphezulu.
Ngiyoba, kodwa lezi zinqubo hhayi oda odlule, kodwa
ngekulandzelana A, C, D, R, T, F ukuphathwa.
Ngaphandle A, amagugu odlule njengoba amagugu Esahlukweni esandulelayo
incazelo ongahluziwe kanye ebukhali bayakwazi, ngesikhathi A angeke kube
nomehluko onjalo.Kungokufanayo ukusatshalaliswa itafula elincane njengoba
kukhona lapha achaze bheke, futhi lokhu izosetshenziswa izincazelo in the, 9 no-10
umuzwa esibekiwe. Bez. A lapha m ,,m ', ngo ,, ', futhi ,, 'e ,, .
77. izibalo asho A.
The izibalo kusho iqoqo namagugu a bahlanganiswe okulandelayo izindawo
ezintathu ngokwabo:
1.The impahla ngokwayo, ngemva kwalokho kuchazwa njengonkosi quotient
sum of A ngokusebenzisa okufanayo inombolo m kuyinto, ngakho:

(1)
noma, maqondana A by efingqa the za ukunqoba = az: m;

1.ukuthi okuyiwo ngeziphambeko positive 'nguye ilingana nenani

lezinombolo of the negative , at amagugu elingaphezu kukahhafu, ie:
= , noma - , =
0; (2)
3) ukuthi okuyiwo izigcawu the ngeziphambeko kuyo lincane kuka ngamunye
omunye amagugu kuyinto, in short:
2
=
'
+
, 2
= ok
unge
nani
(3)
The izindawo yangaphambili A elenga ndawonye yobumbano ukuze nalowo
ngesikhathi esifanayo zinikwa abanye, futhi okufanayo kungenziwa etholakala kodwa
sathola imiphumela efanayo emva ngamunye, ngaphandle ukuthi esuselwe
maqondana impahla lokuqala kuyoba esiwusizo kakhulu. Futhi, bona bazimele
distribution imithetho ethile of a futhi zisebenza phezu kwalokho kukahulumeni
hhayi nje i bazitshela njengoba engachazeki ephelele, kodwa futhi zonke isibalo
ezilinganiselwe of A ukusatshalaliswa okungahleliwe.
Umongo isethi wesibili nowesithathu zokuqala enikezwa kwencazelo
kungatholakala ngale ndlela.
Okwesibili isigwebo. Ngamunye ukuphambuka omuhle A kuyinto A
'- A, ngamunye negative ngemithetho ngokuphelele A - A ,, emva kwalezizinto
athuthukile:

=(
aA)
+ (a
A)
+
(4)
,
= (A
- a,)
+ (A

-A
')
+

Ngakho, lapho 'the number of emihle, , okuyinto ngeziphambeko negative,

=
a
-
A
,
= ,
A A,

- , = A
+ A, - (
+ ,) A (5)
noma ngoba A + A, = A and + , = m,

- , = a m A, (6)
futhi ngoba A = a: m

- , = A a = 0 (7)
Okwesithathu set. Iba value, bez. ogama 2 kuyinto okungenani, waqale =
njengoba ayaziwa x usethe, ukuze thina sibe:
= (a - x) + (a - x) + + (a, - x)
+ (A "- x) + (8)
Nakuba wena kufanele, uma sithatha ngeziphambeko negative ngemithetho
ngokuphelele okuhle, noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okuhlanekezelwe negative
esikhundleni a, - x, njll Kunalokho x - a, isethwe,

njll; kodwa (a, - x) 2 ilingana (x - a,)2, okwenza ukuba ukubaluleka yangaphambili

ukuthuthukisa ngendlela kukhonjisiwe. Manje sithola ukubaluleka
okungenani 2 ngokubeka umehluko of bez yakhe term. X ulingana zero; Lokhu
kunikeza:
2 [(a - x) + (a - x)
+ + (a, - x)
+ (A "- x) + ] dx = 0 (9)
Kanjalo by summation of bonke A and - x

A
- mx
= 0,

, (10
)
78. Uma ngisho kusho izibalo of the kukahulumeni abakwazi ukuthatha i luba
nesithakazelo esilingana ukuqedela kunokuba the Malehre ngokomzimba futhi
yezinkanyezi, ukuze wavumela kodwa inhlanganisela izici zayo ezintathu main
kulabo a zezibalo se nesithakazelo, yini enye kanjalo ngaleyo ndlela nakakhulu
ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi izimfundiso ezimbili kukhiqizwa
nguye. Against D usenguye ikakhulukazi kalula okukhulu nokuba lula ukuzimisela
yayo eqondile ngesikhathi inzuzo; of C namanje udlulele ngal kwaso, kodwa, ukuthi
ngayo inombolo ngesikhathi esifanayo engena ubukhulu ukungafani in the
ukuhlinzekwa ukulingana impahla yesibili, ulunika nesithakazelo ebalulekile
njengoba C. Futhi kungaba lesi saziso esilandelayo. Uma noma yimuphi
uchungechunge a, e-izingxenyana inombolo owanikwa esilinganayo ngomyalo
okungahleliwe lapho basuke afakwe ohlwini original a ehlanganyelwe kanye
ngamunye kubo A eziklanyelwe, kuyiqiniso kanjalo, kusho izibalo of A ne-ejenti
jikelele inani a umdlalo. Kepha nina niyakuwela ukusebenza ngokuhambisana
ekutholweni C, kuyiqiniso, kungoni lesemkhatsini noma isilinganiso ahlukahlukene
spezialen C ngokuvamile nge kusukela nesigcino a wasimama C umdlalo. By
beqhubeka ngokuhambisana D, kuyiqiniso, nakuba D, kodwa hhayi value isilinganiso
specialy D ne D of the nesigcino a umdlalo.
Ekugcineni wanamathelana ekutholweni A inzuzo esilandelayo esiwusizo. Uma
une A of K.-G. kusukela panel ukusatshalaliswa hhayi ezincane kakhulu m enqunywe
thina akuyikuwela kuphela ubukhulu jikelele "Gr." nodaba lo panel by
ukubuyabuyelela of A kanye m, kodwa futhi ngokoMthetho ematfuba, ubukhulu
jikelele into ngayinye ezinkulu noma ezincane m ngokuvele azalane ukuthi kuphela
ezithile A with the new amamitha wathola, kuphela ukuze ekudlwana iphutha

kungenzeka kanjalo lapho, kuye the amancane m kuyinto, kanti ekujuleni komthala
lo m, umuntu abonisa ngalo kuhlanganisa, kuphambuka therefrom. Ngakolunye
uhlangothi, uzobe inani lamakhophi m, elingelakwaJuda a usayizi jikelele inikezwe
Gr. nika, kungaba ukuvala mayelana ematfuba,
ngokubeka m = Gr .: A; kusukela A = ma = Gr. , Ngakho m = Gr .: A.
Lezi lishona kungaba, ngoba. Isibonelo, ewusizo uma ufuna ukunquma isikhala
ukuthi Kufinyeta kwenomboro onikelwe labantu ngezikhathi obuhlukahlukene
usayizi. Kwalona value central, ngisho value densest evumela ukusetshenziswa
ezifanele.
79. Kungenzeka ukuthi omunye A K.-G. ezahlukene noma ngisho ethize
kakhulu A iminyango ehlukene ye K.-G. efanayo ufuna ukudweba izindlela
ezivamile, futhi ine, uma lezi Aezahlukene ngamamitha etholakala ukuhlukanisa
ukuthi izindlela esichazayo ngaphandle noma mayelana ukwehluka m ukuba
wadonsa. Ingabe A1, A2, A 3 ... izindlela ezikhethekile,
isihlobo m1, m2, m 3 ... Ubukhulu besondele. Ngaphandle mayelana umehluko m,
izindlela in umbuzo uwukuthi lo A kube:
, (11)
lapho N inani A; sicabangela ukwehluka m kodwa kuyoba:
(12)
futhi izivumelwano ne-ejenti okuyinto etholakala uma ingqikithi A kanye
esiphelele m ihlukaniswe.
Lo mdlali kusho igama ubunye, lona wamuva isishwankathelo. Kuye uhlobo lo
msebenzi ungase ube munye noma olunye uhlobo agent overdraft kube ngcono. Ake
sithi lo agent kusukela ubude umzimba Chinese, bangamaNigro, Malays, baseMelika
kanye baseYurophu of uhlanga Caucasian ukuba azimisele; Kodwa kukhona
baseYurophu ukuze kukalwa 1000 ngamunye ezinye izinhlanga, 10 kuphela - degree
20 ngaphambi; ke owesibili, uhlobo summary of the izingoma ukudweba kungaba
inadmissible; ngoba, njengoba kulula ukubona, obungenza umzimba ubude
isilinganiso lezi izinhlanga ezahlukene ngoba isisindo uhlasela oqavile, lokho
baseYurophu ngenxa yazo ebanzi m etholakala cishe ngokuphelele iyavumelana
baseYurophu, futhi ngempela izindlela esichazayo ikakhulukazi, by amanxusa
obukhethekile ngobukhulu m zinqunywa, lapho okuphikisana uhlobo
umsebenzi. Lapha nature ubunye we izingoma ukudweba kuphela lokuqala,
iwusizo; futhi ukuthi akuzona zonke amamitha kukhona ilingane, zanciphisa nje
ukuphepha somphako ngokumelene icala, ukuthi isiqalo nesigcino m ilingana
phakathi wonke A basakaza. Izinto Ever ayehlukile (. Bheka 14) uyonika isizathu
sokuba lokuqala kuka wesibili kusho ukuzimisela; kanti ekhethekile A ukuba
kuhlanganiswe ezivela eminyangweni ehlukene isihloko ngazwilinye isimiso
izindlela yesibili ekunqumeni.

Kungase kube ukuthi omunye. esikhundleni ezahlukene A i arithmetic asho

ezahlukene C noma D has ukudweba, futhi kuba ke for the umehluko ehambisana
phakathi buningi summarischem izindlela, futhi kuncike ezicini efanayo kukhetha
omunye.
80. lesemkhatsini C.
The izici ezintathu eziyinhloko the izibalo kwakusho A kuqhathaniswa kuhlangene
lesemkhatsini C izici ezilandelayo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. nenikezwa by impahla yayo, njengoba okuningi a 'mayelana njengoba
ezincane a, ukuba bodwa.
2. impahla kokuba esilinganayo ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi uthembele kuyo,
ukuze m '= m, = m.
3. impahla ukuthi sum of the ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kusukela kuye
ngemithetho ngokuphelele kancane kunanoma imuphi omunye amagugu, kanjalo
bez. yalo kuyinto esincane.
Lezi izakhiwo ababambisene nomunye futhi zisebenza kunoma isibalo a ngonya on
a distribution umthetho ekhethekile, njengokukhuluma izici ezintathu eziyinhloko
of Akusebenza.
Iphuzu isici wokuqala yesibili iyindaba Yebo futhi akudingi umongo
Erluterung.Der of oda wesithathu kodwa iphetha ngaleyo ndlela.
Iba ukubaluleka impahla wesithathu kuyiqiniso, okokuqala njengoba =
angaziwa x isethwe, bese sum of the ngeziphambeko maqondana x at amagugu
elingaphezu kukahhafu awengubo kanje:
= (A '- x) + (a
- x) + + (x - a,) + (x - a') + (13)
Ukuze bathole okungenani lokhu sum, sinawo okufanayo bez umehluko. X isethwe
ilingana 0; onikeza:
- M'dx + m, dx = 0, (14)
Ngakho:
m = m ,, (15)
okuhambelana imigomo ukubaluleka ephakathi.
Ngiqala lokhu impahla yenani elikhulu indatshana 1) wazibonakalisa mayelana
efanayo bese ufaka ngokusebenzisa nje okungaqondile endleleni eholela iziphetho
jikelele besondele mina Sasingekho isizathu kodwa lapha.
1) [nge

ukubaluleka ekhishwa kulencane ukuphambuka sum hlinzeka,

ukusetshenziswa kanye nje okungaqondile; Umlando Mathematics kanye phys. Class
of the Royal. Sachs. Gesellsch. d. Scientific. XI.Band; 1878. p l - 76.]
81. Kuyinto value central buyela incazelo elandelayo for the kukahulumeni.

Kufanele ucabange ubuka wonke amakhophi a K.-G. kwenziwe in a isitsha enkulu,

ngoba lapho umuntu angabona ukubuka izwe ngokwalo, futhi wakhipha ikhophi by
chance, ngakho ematfuba ngabe alingane emi, elikhudlwana kanye nekhophi
ezincane C ukuyikhipha, futhi izitimela eziningi kakhulu ngempela lokhu ematfuba
efanayo ukulondoloza kanti maqondana namagugu kunangendlela C ematfuba
wasiphula into encane, maqondana namagugu ezincane kuno C kude ematfuba
ukhipha ikhophi elikhudlwana. Ngemva kwalokho, omunye
kungakusiza C ngomqondo ofanayo ukubaluleka cishe of a K.-G. shayela, njengoba
ibizwa ngokuthi isiphambeko cishe observation kusho kanjalo, aze amathuba
ngokweqile yayo futhi eshodayo ilingana.
In the common indlela evamile, kanjalo nokulungisa Verteilungstafelm of KG,
ikakhulukazi Rekrutenmatafeln ukuthi kwamakhophi ukuthi ahambe ngaphezulu
noma ngaphansi ngobukhulu umkhawulo ethile, kuphela inombolo, hhayi ubukhulu
sum unikezwa, kuze kulahlelwe kungenzeka i arithmetic olunembile ukuthini
ukuheha; bese, esikhundleni ukubaluleka efanayo central, ezingasetshenziswa
zimisele nje ngenani nje ukudweba la magama z. B. phakathi vintages ezahlukene
kanye nezindawo lapho kukalwa zihlobene, inqubo, engasenza ekushayeni
osemnkantsh 'ubomvu bavume ukubuthwa Belgian Ubukhulu uye wakhonza
izifundazwe ezahlukene Belgium, the corridor futhi okukhona ukuba washo la
izilinganiso ngokusebenzisa isikhathi nendawo.
82. I bheke of C kusukela uhla amagugu a, lapho kuhlelwa ngokusho yobukhulu
bawo, isimiso okumelwe yenziwe kuleso omunye okubaluleke phansi kusuka
ekupheleni badedelane sikhungo esilinganayo amagugu kanye value noma value
Lesisemkhatsini phakathi kwamagugu ezimbili njengoba C wamukela, ngo ahlangane
ukufeza imithwalo, inqobo lapha imigomo C, ukuba nhlangothi zombili esilinganayo
ngeziphambeko ngakhoke esilinganayo kumagugu lahluke ngabo bodwa kusobala
kwanele. Kodwa kukhona amacala amabili okumelwe ahlukaniswe: kuqala,
lapho a, ukuba yiphi efika kule nokubala kabili, noma amabili A, phakathi lapho ifika
umphumela ukubalwa, zilula, noma lapho, njengoba nje e ukusatshalaliswa
amabhodi ethu icala, nge z> kukhona abahluphekileyo. 1
Ngamafuphi ekuqaleni elula ayevumela icala iso lokuqala. Ngokuba uqala manje
ngenhla rule ubonakala Bilisa phansi kuleli cala, ukuthi uma isibalo
amagugu m kuyinto mamagugu, it ibala phansi by one noma phesheya, futhi m- th
value njengoba C ukunyuselwa. Khonamanjalo, We kalula ukubona ukuthi lokhu
enumeration, ngokusho njengoba kwenzeka kusukela kolunye uhlangothi noma
ezinye, kuholela value ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, okulandelayo uchungechunge
amagugu ezine .:
a, b, c, d
unikezwa, kanjalo omunye belungafica ukuba m th, di ukubaluleka 2-th of the
washiya e = b, kusukela kwesokudla ngaphakathi = c ukuthola. Noma ake sithi
esikhundleni a waqonda kuxaka m, z. B. 5 by ukwakha uchungechunge
okulandelayo:
a, b, c, d, e,

kanjalo ngabe ukubaluleka 2-th of the washiya phakathi b and c, ilungelo

phakathi c and d, bheka, Nokho, kuphela c isimiso oluhambisana nganxanye abaningi
amagugu emikhulu mayelana ngokwakhe, njengoba omunye ngemva komunye
bodwa ukuze babe. Ngokuphambene, kwanele ukuba imfuneko a njengoba
ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze okufanayo Cukuba angene iqonde uyinqaba amamitha,
lapho (m + 1) th value (ie ephakathi m and m + 1) for Kuthatha. Empeleni,
Esibonelweni bethu iqondile m = 4 ukusuka kwelinye noma phesheya kwinani
phakathi b futhi c, e isibonelo obungavamile m = 5, uma kokubili ukubaluleka c.
Ake kodwa yesibili, thina icala empeleni kuphela nesithakazelo, ebanjwa
ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi ethu, ukuthi count nhlangothi zombili in an A ifika noma
phakathi ezimbili Aifika, ne z zihilela> 1, kanjalo sasizokufa by eluhlaza
ekunqumeni, yileli isibonelo ngokuphelele umbuzo a ucabanga ngisho falling,
kanti C lokuqala nalelo uma umuntu self-coincident noma esimweni sesibili phakathi
kwalabo amabili A-ekubambeni futhi kufanele wamukele njengendlela phakathi
ezimbili ngesikhathi ukuntuleka avelelwe ethize. Futhi ukuze kwakuyodingeka
bakusebenzise e etafuleni lethu isampula ( 68) 11 njengoba value central by lapho
silandela umthetho wangaphambili 81 = 40 count nhlangothi zombili, lokhu
ngaphakathi A laqanjwa = 11 z = zifika 30
Kodwa ukuze uthole incazelo libukhali, kumele sicabangele ukuthi z = 30
zamakhophi yasakazwa kulo lonke Isikhawu 10 kuya 12, futhi abafika maqondana
nalokho ngaphansi kokuvumelana i interpolation yalesi kuka I ethunywa izikhawu
efanayo C ngokubala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi hhayi (m + 1), kodwa
of m amakhophi, ezifana kusukela ekuqaleni kakhulu ngokwemvelo uvele. Empeleni,
ukuze kusukela phezulu phansi (di (indawo etafuleni) for 40-th m th) ukungena
amagugu, kumele acabangele (lapho engena ikholomu ngokuqondile S, ungazifunda)
ukuthi kuze Ekupheleni kweminyaka odlule, kanjalo kuze ekuqaleni I-ocebile 18
amakhophi; Ngakho entula ukufeza zezinhlobo 40 namanje 22 singene
sokuphumula I abaphila. Manje thina zihlanganisa indlela lokhu sokuphumula
ukuwela 22 linani 30 I baziphathe, ngakho ekuqaleni I, di ukuba 10 namanje
zuzufgende value x,okuthiwa. Hamba I, ubukhulu I, di 2, kanjalo:
22: 30 = x: 2,
di

x = 44/30 = 1.467
C = 10 + 1,467 = 11,467.

Asiye manje ukubalwa kusukela ngezansi phezulu, ocebile ukuze 32 amakhophi

isikhawu I, kanjalo ulahlekile 40 namanje 8 ukuthi isikhawu I fall uqobo,
okungukuthi ingxenye I - xthatha ukuthi kusukela x kuya umngcele yesibili I, di
ufinyelela 12 bar. Manje thina aphinde ukuvala:
I - x: I = 8: 30
Manje, kusukela I = 2, umuntu
30
(2

- x)
=
16,
kuphumele ekwandeni x umkhawulo lokuqala 10 ngenhla = 1,467 onqumayo ukuthi
ukuba C uyabuya = 11,467.
Manje, njengoba yesibili ukuzimisela ngendlela by m kusuka ngezansi
ngesikhathi Chile efanayo njengoba imiphumela yokuqala, kodwa lokhu kulula,
ukuze sikwazi neqhaza ukuzimisela kwethu C okuqukethwe kule, futhi wasitholela
ekutholweni C ezilandelayo formula 2):

, (16)
lapho g 1 ngaphambili value kokuqala noma umngcele lokuqala sokuphumula kokuba
interpolated, z 0 the z lokhu sokuphumula, y inombolo wahlanganyela efanayo,
okusho inombolo ngazo Vorzahl v kumele okusakazwa m ukuya.
2) [Uma

esikhundleni interpolation elula libukhali, 2nd letehlukile asebentisa

zenzeka, kufanele sibe x = C - g 1 ngokuxazulula ezothando (16) of Chap. IX
endaweni ngenhla ngokuxazulula ezothando (13) ukunikeza lesi sahluko
ingatholakala.]

83. value densest D.

Sichaza ukubaluleka kafushane densest kuqala kunokukwenza omunye
eziningi A luvame kakhulu, noma kufika kwekulu ezifana empophomeni, kanjalo
angeke like eyedlule amagugu ezimbili eziyinhloko noma iyiphi inombolo
liyigugu a elisuselwa futhi oseke kuphela kukahulumeni i abafanelekile, kepha
ingqondo ebaluleke kakhulu 3). Empeleni, sinikeza isib elandelayo uchungechunge
ngokungadingekile amahlanu. A on:
1, 3, 4, 6, 16,
kanjalo siyoba njengoba izibalo asho A = A: m = 30: 5 = 6; njengoba value central
(by ukuqondana the enumeration of the sokunene nesobunxele) C = 4. Kodwa yini
ukubaluleka okufanele sizithathe value njengoba acinene ngoba zonke value livela
kanye kuphela, kanjalo bonke enjalo kukhona. 1 Ezenye zingatholakala wamisa
ezinqumela, lapho, nakubaezahlukene, ngoba ngesikhathi ezahlukene a kwenzeke
okufanayo esiphezulu z kodwa ngesikhathi ngaphezu a ephinda hhayi ukunquma
ukuthi iyiphi enye njengoba D ukubonisa.Kodwa ngesikhathi ukusatshalaliswa panel
of K.-G. ende m, ukwanelisa ezidingekayo ukuqinisekisa yimpumelelo uphenyo
zasesiteji, uyeza noma amacala anjalo ngeke ngaphambi noma kungaba uma kunjalo
panel primary, okuyinto kuboniswe in the amatafula Ch. ungakwazi VIIfinden

ngokusebenzisa ukuncishiswa edingekayo e ukuqeda indlela yokobana

esiphezulu z kuphela omunye encishisiwe A uwela. Kuyinto Yebo ngeke akukhohlwe
lokho omunye ukuze one esiphezulu round for the encishisiwe A, lapho kulotshiwe
beige, libhekisela; kuphela ukuzimisela rough yenani densest etholakale, okuyinto
ucishe eseduze ukuze ekahle ukuthi uzitshela i ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu m with
engachazeki ezincane ibangazuza, futhi kumelwe zifune ukuyifinyelela ngendlela
kamuva kukhonjiswe kungenzeka. Ngokuvamile, umuntu angabona kuphela sithi
lokhu value itholakala ngaphakathi sokuphumula, lo sokuphumula in the table for the
kungancipha a ukufaka endaweni njengoba engaba yayo sokuphumula.
3)

nokucabanga Yebo Uma kwenzeka kuze kube manje abakaze bakhale ngokuthi
amaphutha elibukelayo at nokujikijela-free Beobachtun Isakhi W. ziyalingana
bez. babe observation izibalo kusho, ukuthi usephutheni, ngakho ukubaluleka
okukhulu ababezokwakha D futhi lubhekane Malehre ngokomzimba futhi
yezinkanyezi. [Lapha Mayelana Comp. Chap. XXVIII.]
Lokho kanye ziyalingana W. . The ngeziphambeko bez A of the densest
value D kakhulu kanye A and C luqondane, kukhulunywa ngalo izikhathi
eziningana; emva nje okungaqondile of the GG for the W. quin of K.-G. kodwa yena
iyahluka kabanzi wakhuluma manje bese akanawo izici ezintathu eziyisisekelo
kuba A noma C, kodwa, lo wabalula in 33 izakhiwo, okuyiqembu main wobunyeahlobene: 1) ukuthi nguye nje densest ngomqondo kukhonjisiwe , 2) ukuthi umthetho
silingane, futhi 3) ukuthi GG ezimbili-ikholomu kuyinto inhlonipho efanayo,
okuyinto ke eminye kuncike, ukuze athole umthetho okulula nokusabalaliswa
ngeziphambeko collective, lo ngeziphambeko njengoba of kunalokho kusuka
kuye Anoma C kumele kwenziwe kuncike. Omunye banganezela
ukuthi D ukubaluleka cishe iningi a K.-G. imele izici ezilandelayo.
Uma ufaka kusukela nesigcino a K.-G. eyodwa ikhophi emva out ngezikhathi,
kanjalo ukubaluleka kuba D ezingaphezu cishe kunanoma ubani omunye ukuba
kuthathwe, futhi kuye eduze a nge, wakhe, ecishe ilingane ekuzeni, kodwa
verschiedenenW., kuye ngokuthi eyodwa noma kolunye uhlangothi D ukuwa.
Ngemva kwalokho outbids ukubaluleka D for K.-G. kusukela ezingaphezu
kweyodwa iphuzu ezinye, ukubaluleka main ngamunye, kodwa ngaphandle
ekuvimbela iqiniso lokuthi laba bayohlala esiphawulekayo izici ngalo akahlanganyeli
nabo kanye nezici egcwele a K.-G. zihlanganisa; futhi uphakeme kakhulu kangaka
bokwenza kunomunye, ukuthi ukumelelwa wakhe olunembile kakhulu kunzima futhi
izibalo umsebenzi izingcingo, okuyinto akudingeki it for the ezinye. Khona
sebezokwenza kokuya imininingwane; kodwa Ngikhetha kunalokho nzima izingxoxo
verspare on esuselwe yayo ngaso sonke on a isahluko ekhethekile ukuze baxoxe
ngisho amagugu main ezintathu.
84. sangasese value R.
Inani ukuthi sum alinganayo A kumele abe phakathi kwabo, futhi yiziphi umngcele

emgodleni phakathi ubungako bawo by umzali ezincane kanye emikhulu A has

wawuyomiswa uma efingqa ezincane a ilingane jikelele okumele, njengoba by
summation elikhulu a.
[Nguye ngenhla C. Ngenxa inani nangaphezulu C akhiwe a kuyinto kokubili
ezifanele, imigomo C ngokuhambisana, okufanayo m; ngalokho kuba:
.
ukuze uthayi ukuze phansi kuphela kuyigugu ukudlula sum
engenhla C kungafinyelelwa. Ngakho ngesikhathi esifanayo ngenhla A noma
ngenhla D; yikuphi A noma D kuba esingaphansi C kuyinto, kanti kungase kube
kungenzeka ngezansi omunye lezi amagugu ezimbili eziyinhloko, lapho omunye
mkhulu kunalowo C kuyinto. Nokho, waqale isikhundla sakhe mayelana
ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi asebezifinyelele kakade kakade A ukuze kutholakale
Lokucabanga ukuthi R ngenhla A amanga.]
Manje ake A ,, a 'izingqikithi ngezansi futhi
ngaphezu R, A "futhi A" izingqikithi ngezansi futhi ngaphezu A, kanjalo
nokubala kuba = ( A "- A") kuya phezulu, ie, ngokusho amagugu emikhulu of
mayelana A kusukela ku R ukufika.
Ubufakazi. Ngemuva nokucabanga the line scheme

| |
AR

okuyiwo engezansi a bez. R ilingane ephansi isamba bez. A plus sum

phakathi A no R, lapho hot, di
A, = a "+ .
. Engenhla sum bez R kodwa ulingana:

A = a - ,

Ngakho, kusukela
A, = A ', a "+ = A" - ,
, (17)
Kusukela
A "= , A - ,
A "= A + ',
kanjalo nani kufanele:

(18)
Lezi specialisation kukhona ngonya ukuba distribution emthethweni othile
oqondile, kuphela leyo ncazelo ongahluziwe futhi ibukhali ungabahlukanisa
ngendlela evamile. [Bathi ayohlala esemthethweni ngisho
esimweni A ngenhla R kuba; kodwa ke negative ngakhoke uyiswa amagugu yayo
ngokuphelele by, di phansi amagugu kancane by A. Bala ukufika ngesikhathi R]
In Isibonelo sethu engokomfanekiso kuyinto emva odlule ukuzimisela A =
11.4; A "= 369; A" = 543, yingakho u-Uri labo samanje? = 87; lokhu sum
sinawo 11.4 phezulu, di emva amakhudlwana a yokubala ukuze R ukufinyelela futhi
kweminyaka 10-12 kanye za = interpolate 330, okuholela 2 87: 330 = 0.527
ukwengeza 11.4; kukhona R = 11,927.[Nokho, uma, njengoba esikhathini esidlule (
72) 'a' = 362,7; 'a' = 549,3, kanjalo = 93.3, unjalo ngenxa yalokho
umehluko R - A = x kusukela ezothando: 93 , 3 = (11.4 + x) 15 x ukuthola
ukubaluleka 0,533; sikanye amagugu ngenhla kakhulu coincident R = 11,933.]
[Manje, esikhundleni, njengoba kwenzeka lapha, R njengoba umsebenzi A ukuze
kutholakale, kungase kahle njengoba umsebenzi C noma D zitholakala; ke Yebo
kukhona A ", A" futhi ngokuhambisana izibalo ukuphambuka futhi
ukuphambuka sum bez. C noma D esikhundleni bez. A azithathe. Ngakho wathola
Imiphumela C ekunqumeni: =
(bez.C); Imiphumela D ngokumelene: = (m '- m,) D + . Ngaphezu
kwalokho, R ngqo, ngaphandle ezilandelayo akutholakalanga ezinye value main
kusengaphambili. It lokhu kwenziwa ngokufaka etholakala ngokungeza a kokubili
emikhawulweni etafuleni distribution, lo ukuvakashelwa sokuphumula,
lapho R ubekwa, bese sum lwekucocisana kule sokuphumula lwekucocisana Y uhlobo
kunqunywa ukuthi Vorsumme anda isamba lwekucocisana ulingana uhhafu isamba
semali the a kuyinto. Lokhu kuholela, kuchazwe usebenzisa ( 69) amagama
formula:
(19a)
noma
(19b)
Kuye kuthathwe ngokuvumelana nezinhlinzeko 72, le Eingriffsma x, ie inani
ngalo R, ephansi umkhawulo g 1 of the sokuphumula I lwaluba, ngokusho inani
x: I = Y: a 0 z 0
noma ngokunembile, ngokusho ezothando:

kubalwa kanye g 1 is added.]

[Ekugcineni, ufanelwe okukhulunywa ukuthi isikhundla R kuka ukuthi ngezinye
izindlela A, C no-D kusukela A engaphansi iphaneli distribution. Okungukuthi,
ngamunye ngokuya aumthamo owodwa futhi ofanayo, kanjalo A, C no-D okukhulu
esilinganayo, ukuze isikhundla alondolozwa ngaphakathi panel; Nokho, ukwanda
esibekiwe kubangela i approximation ofR kuya C yohlobo ukuthi, e unlimited
ayanda R kanye C kuvumelana. Kusukela lokuthi phakathi Lokhu kulandela
ngqo C no R sum ethandwayo A, di , njalo ulingana (bez. C)Ngakho at
okwandayo a ukusabalala phezu amancane ekupheleni sokuphumula.]

85. olusindayo value T.

Inani ngamunye a kuyinto efanelekayo izifundo ukusatshalaliswa yethu ibhodi,
ngokuvamile, kuye ngokuthi lingakanani kanye for kwenzeka kangaki, umkhiqizo
ehlukene za, futhi ungakwazi manje emva a imibuzo lapho lo mkhiqizo
esiphezulu. Okokuqala, lets khumbula ukuthi kuvumelana amagugu densest. Kodwa
lapho lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ubukhulu z, hhayi za ukuba. Zikhona
amagugu A, okuyizinto kunangendlela D, futhi nakuba zenzeka kancane njalo
kuka D, kodwa kubanikeza kuze imikhawulo ethile, ubukhulu a Ngokuphatheleneza,
yini baba inzuzo.
Kunoma yikuphi, T emva nje uhlangothi oluhle D ilele phansi, ngoba lapho ashaya
Ukuhamba amagugu a ngezansi D kokubili a njengoba enjalo ukwehla. Ngemuva
ukuhlinzekwa ongahluziwe e yethu isibonelo etafuleni ngabe T kanye D ngesikhathi
esifanayo on a = bawe 11, inqobo nje uma lowo esiphezulu therefor za = 330
bathola. Ngemuva ukuzimisela ebukhali kodwa kokubili ukuwa out of nomunye,
futhi umuntu kumelwe lapho GG amabili emaceleni kucatshangwa ukuba
kusetshenziswe ukusebenzisa phansi ubufakazi elandelayo ngaso sonke ezilandelayo
formula:
, (20)
Ukuze yethu Isampula etafuleni 68 itholakala emva esahlukweni esilandelayo
ukuba bahlukaniselwe ukulinganisa indlela
D = 11.6; e '= 1.9;
emva kwalezizinto
T = 12.1.
Manje omunye angase abuze, yini it for an incazelo enokwehla ukuthi ukubaluleka
kanjalo wokuzimisela t esiphezulu of za uwela. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele
akhumbule ukuthi ngemuva wokubuka ebukhali ngamunye a distribution panel
empeleni nesikhawu yonke ubukhulu i imele panel, okuyinto
efanele A liyisikhungo. Ngakho kuyinto namagugu T = 12.1 for ukusatshalaliswa

yethu panel, lapho i = 2, wathi phakathi kwabo bonke laba ngezikhathi panel
ubukhulu 2 isikhawu ogama isikhungo T = 12.1 okungukuthi, ngakho sokuphumula
11.1 - 13.1 elikhudlwana za iqukethe kunanoma iyiphi enye sokuphumula usayizi 2.
[Lokhu manje itholakala kodwa hhayi ukuqinisekisile; ngoba lokho Za isikhawu
kusukela 11.1 kuya 13.1 ilingana 296, kanti ukwehla of the sokuphumula 10 - 12
alinganayo 330thNokho, lokhu akudingekile the AMANGA of the ngenhla
ezincwadini ukuzimisela indlela is T bekubona, kodwa kuphela wasikisela ukuthi
imfundiso bafuna ngodli isikhundla value olusindayo ayifani ncamashi yakhe, kule
panel isimo empirically owethulwe, okuyinto indlela kwaba kumelwe zilindelwe
kusukela ekuqaleni. Ukuthi lokhu empirically wanikeza ngisho nalapho panel K.G. akuyona kakhulu ezahlukene, kubonakala isibonelo esilandelayo.]
The panel ukusatshalaliswa for the mpo skull selilonke kanye i = mm 5 ( 58)
kukhona by yencazelo D esebenzisa indlela ukulinganisa:
D = 409,7; T = 410,1;
lapho lapha isikhawu kusukela 407,6 kuya 412,6,
kwekulu za uwela. Kungakhathaliseki uthola ngempela lokhu kungaba empirically at
the isheke etafuleni ukusatshalaliswa, futhi sikhetha ukuba uqhathanise sokuphumula
value densest 409,7, emva ezifanele ukuhlinzekwa di 407,2 ukuba 412,2.
Njengoba ukwehla of the ngezikhathi abafanele kungukuthi wanezela ngqo panel
ukusatshalaliswa, ngoba lezi ngezikhathi ngokwabo zabo za benganikezwa kuwo,
kodwa sokuphumula kakhulu olunzima, kanye of the value densest, ligamanxa
phakathi ezimbili ngezikhathi yohlu unikezwa, kumele ukubala interpolationsmig
lokho ukulinganisa lunga zazihambisa njalo ngezikhathi ezimbili, futhi by summation
of lamasheya kokubili ZA of the sokuphumula, okuyinto D kuka lokho T umise, thola
yini angifuni lapha imininingwane 4).Emva kwalokho ngathola for the isibonelo
ngenhla, i ZA of the densest value 26631, lapho T ilingana 26656, ukuze, njengoba
ungase ulindele, lona wamuva kancane kakhulu, kodwa, njengoba zidinga, kodwa
inkudlwana kunesokuqala. [Kodwa nokho kwakuthiwa kwanqunywa kusukela (20)
kuba T ezahlukene ukuba asuswe ibhodi enokwehla; ngoba a = 413 imiphumela
ngisho nangokwengeziwe value za = 26845th]
4) [Esimweni

phambi kwethu lula ngenxa for a = 408 futhi A = 413 common z = 65

kule akhawunti, futhi uzothola za for D sabela kungakavalwa. T ulingana
65. D sabela kungakavalwa. 65. T.]

. Ubufakazi Kusukela T mkhulu kunaye D, kanjalo sibeka

T = D + , (21)
lapho ukuphambuka omuhle D kuyinto, futhi anqume , by
za =

z (D
+ )
(22)
Beka le value ukuthola ezothando esiphezulu mayelana Leyehlukanisa futhi abeke
umehluko ulingana zero, thina ngobulula the uyilahla kuze z, a, , e iyawashiya
ukuthi empeleni babiza isikhundla lezi amagugu ngenhla D selisho ,
Ngakho kufanele:
, (23)
zazo ukubaluleka last z kuyinto. Ukuze
ukuthola, has z njengoba
umsebenzi ishiwo, okungase kwenziwe yithi emva ezimbili ikholomu GG the ratios
lokungenzeka for positiverseits of D angaphumeleli. Ngemva kwalokho, njengoba
waziwa kabanzi, ematfuba a value
, (24)
okungawo h = 1:. e In ngendlela evamile asebezifinyelele kakade enkulu m kodwa
ungakwazi by z: m 'kuthiwa uzwakalise, kanjalo
, (25)
kusobala:
(26)
futhi ngoba
, (27)
Ngakho:
, (28)
okungawo z siqedwa njengoba isici esivamile, futhi omunye kanye kubuyekezwe
uphawu nokucabangela ukuthi h = 1: e,
esikhundleni equation ezilandelayo
quadratic:
2 + 2 D - e = 0, (29)
kusukela lapho kungaba azimisele.

Lokhu kuqala:
(30a)
zazo kuphela isibonakaliso eliphezulu kuyasiza; noma:
(30b)
futhi:
(31)
86. Heavy ukuphambuka value F.
Omunye kungaba ngisho ikhuluma isici ukushintshashintsha amagugu, lapho
ezimbi kakhulu a amagugu kuba analog futhi kumele ibalwe analogously, Kusukela
olusindayo ukuphambuka value kungenzeka ngokuthi. Kukhona bacela,
okungazange kube ukuwa enkulu kunazo zonke za, lapha ubuza, ngalo ewela
ezinkulu z , futhi okulungiselelwa ngesikhathi ekhishwa esiyinikwe amagugu
main H kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo a = H unikezwa,
ngalo a elingenamikhono le ngobukhulu z ,
a amagugu coincident. Khonamanjalo lisikisela umfanekiso ehluleka
amaphuzu alandelayo. The esiphezulu of za izimele amagugu main ukuthi ufuna
bakhetha ngoba lokhu yebo kuze amagugu langempela a and
ahlobene nalokho, ngoba lutho kushintsha, ngaphandle ukuthi ukubala okulula
kwekulu za nje ngaphansi ekhishwa D ngokusho ukusatshalaliswa jikelele yethu
imithetho kungenzeka kuyinto. Against the value incike for kuzolindeleka of the
one on the ngeziphambeko, ngoba amagugu kusukela kusukela amagugu
main, zincike ngokwabo ngokusho yobukhulu bawo yalo. Nokho, uhlala ukubala
ezimbi kakhulu a -value alinganayo, baze kanye olusindayo value kuphela
Imiphumela D kwenziwa ngesisekelo distribution umthetho wethu jikelele,
nangokusebenzisa umphumela kungaba ehlaselwe ukungabi nokuhambisana ne
zasesiteji. Ekugcineni, lo mzekeliso akaphinde asibalele kude kangaka, njengoba
evamile nje lungene za 'kungaba ukungena ku panel ukusatshalaliswa
ngamunye; ngenkathi for side of the akhethiwe value uthishanhloko esiphezulu
oluthile z ngamunye sabela
kungakavalwa. z futhi z, , short F 'futhi F, kukhona yini ukunikeza lapho
kusukela D kuncike izibalo efanele kakhulu.
By indlela umfanekiso sithatha etafuleni kungancipha for the ngezinga mpo
Yekhanda ( 58) kanye E, = 368; i = 5, ngoba ngokweBhayibheli 61:
D = 409,7;

= 14.9;

= 13.0;

Izindinganiso ukuthi ngeke angene ukucabangela kulesi sibalo; futhi senza

ngokusho a futhi ngeziphambeko a ka D, d. i. , kulandela labo Table Table amagugu
Okusizayo ezihambisanayo:
D = 409,7;

= 14.9;

a,

z,

z, ,

383

26,7

17

454

388

21,7

24

521

393

16.7

36

601

398

11.7

41

480

403

6.7

59

395

405,5 - D

0 kuya 4.2 55

115

A'

'

D - 410,5

0 - 0.8

10

413

3.3

65

214

418

8.3

51

423

423

13.3

40

532

428

18.3

17

311

= 13.0.

Omunye ubona lapha ukuthi futhi ngenxa kangaka ukuthatha gear reverse,
njengoba indlela yakhe kanye a ku D kunciphisa ohlangothini
ngalunye, ngoba okhulayo; Ngakolunye, ukususwa a by D. Uma
manje z and Lapha ukulandela lobudlelwano, olunjalo lwaluyoba ahlale njalo
kulo lonke uhla amagugu, kodwa lokhu akulona neze icala, njengoba ungase
ukuzitshela wena kusukela yelingekugcineni, lapho ngoba a, page
lungene z, , ngokushesha F ,, at , = 16.7 futhi A, = D - , = 393; futhi
phezu a 'page lungene z' ', short F', ngesikhathi = 13.3 futhi a '= D + = 423
senzeka. [The izindinganiso ezifanayo futhi uphawu ngokuzimisela ezibukhali kusho
interpolation elula, maxima of the z .]
Njengoba ungase manje ukubona, kuyiqiniso of kangaka empirically uzimisele
seqiwe of z, , = F, eduze kakhulu amagugu letinikwe lapha ngenhla, e,
= 14.9
futhi seqiwe empirically wathola by z = F 'on a' - side close kakhulu amagugu
letinikwe lapha ngenhla, e '= 13.0; futhi eqinisweni, umphumela okumele
silungisiswe emva invoyisi ngenxa ubuqiniso umthetho wethu distribution ukuthi

(32)

Kodwa [wena Inquma interpolationsmig amagugu , = 14.9 futhi '= 13.0

ezihambisana z, , futhi z' 'ukucabangela ukuthi i = 5, kanjalo beka omunye z, , =
563; z '= 529, nalokho real amagugu esiphezulu of the panel sikwazi ukubona
degree of ukuhambisana phakathi kwezindinganiso kwakuthiwa edingekayo kanye
empirically wethulwa.]
[Ubufakazi. Uma, ngenxa asebezifinyelele kakade njengoba isebenza ezimbiliikholomu GG:
, (33)
lapho h '= 1: e', kuba ukuthola ezothando esiphezulu for z value:
(34)
mayelana 'ukuba ukuhlukanisa futhi imiswe elilingana umehluko zero. Etholwe
Ngakho:
, (35)
Ngakho, kusukela Coefficient (1 - 2 amahora ' )
,
noma.

(36)

Ngokufanayo, kusobala ngoba ngeziphambeko ephansi:

, (37)
Kukhona manje kodwa e
'futhi e,
i okuhambisanayo ngeziphambeko square
kusho ukuze ukubaluleka ezincwadini gravity ukuphambuka
amagugu F' futhi F, maqondana Dnje ukufanekisa ukuphambuka square isilinganiso
Contribuu ayasenhla
millorar la traducci
amagugu
nemithombo yasenzansi.]

Text original

XI. Inani densest.

87. [Kusukela value densest njengoba starting value of the for K.G. usesikhundleni ayisisekelo the kukahulumeni ngo itleyimu ekuzuzeni umthetho
ukusatshalaliswa, njengoba kuyinto ingxoxo incazelo yakhe zezibalo kanye
ezidingekayo yayo phezu yokugcina ukuba imiswe ukuzimisela
zezibalo. Kubalulekile lapha, njengoba D i akhonjwe value empirically densest

hergibt panel kusukela lapho D p eziqokiwe value kwakuthiwa kungenzeka ukuthi

umthetho ukusatshalaliswa kudinga, ukuba ahlukanise futhi uphathe ingane ngayinye
ngokwehlukana.]
[The khona D i isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi for the ibhodi ukuthi for a K.-G. inani
amakhophi ubukhulu a state, akuzona njalo kulo, kodwa avuke futhi bawe. Njengoba
isikhathi eside manje ngokuzimisela eluhlaza for ngokuqondile njengoba beige
sisayinwe a waqonda okuqondene kanye efanele kulinganiswa phakathi a ebhodini
embozwe a amanani eziningi zibhekwa okwenzeka, kuphela can
ngobukhulu onjalo ihlushiwe a self-abethi njengoba value densest ; futhi kukhona ke
indlela, esimweni ezithile zilandelana A okufanayo esiphezulu zbabe kokungabaza
ukuthi a manje qiniso kuyisici esibalulekile ukubaluleka densest
ukuphakamisa, 1). Uma Nokho, kubhekwe ukuthi ngezikhathi phakathi
elinganisiwe A inombolo kuphela elincane zezinhlobo kulinganiswa kanye
AMANGA yokukala kufanele babonge, kanti ngokuphelela angenamkhawulo
amakhophi K.-G. ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngaso sonke, amanga phakathi
ukweqisa a basakaza, ngakho kufanele ubhekephi amagugu etafuleni inikezwe
kuphela pad ngalo ubuhlobo functional phakathi z and a bakhiwe. Ingabe babebhala,
ngakho densest value imiphumela ngendlela elula njengoba esiphezulu umsebenzi
icanjwe.]
1) [livela

ezimbili Okusizayo alinganayo, ahlukaniswe amagugu Lesisemkhatsini

esiphezulu z akufanele kubhekwe, njengoba lokhu kuhilelani okuvela ezahlukene
amagugu ezimbili acinene futhi kanjalo a Mi-ucwaningo K.-G. ayehlukile ukuba
lapho imithetho ukusatshalaliswa akukho ngqo kuzosebenza, View.]
[In the kulungiselelwa lokhu ubuhlobo functional manje ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho sibangelwa kakade by the AMANGA of the nesilinganiso kanye khona
kulandela of ngezikhathi primary - for the ibhodi kunokuba amagugu ngabanye
umsebenzi engaziwa, kodwa njengoba sum of amagugu; ukuba ubheke ngezikhathi
ohambelana, ngakho njengoba amagugu ebalulekile, kuthathwe for kwemingcele
ngezikhathi, kufanele sisebenzise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso interpolation ukuba
angeniswe ekamu ukusetshenziswa okuphuma emlonyeni, inani lamakhophi
ubukhulu a, lapho ngokuvamile uzobe luchazwa, ngaphakathi uhla ethile njengoba
umsebenzi lonke okunengqondo a the vorauszuset-zen bese esebenzisa
unikezwafor the panel ukuze kutholakale coefficients yayo ukuze sum of , ,
,
. isib etafuleni ngezikhathi kakhulu efanayo luqondane; Nanku umumo
efanele ukuhumusheka, ngezikhathi kumazinga umsebenzi bazetha noma inombolo
ye coefficients dependent ezilandelanayo ukuze azimisele, futhi uyakhula ne banda
lalabo ngesikhathi esifanayo, le degree of nokunemba izuzwe.]
[Uma kunjalo inqobo ukuthi lebanga zenani A, okuyinto sokuphumula
maphakathi a 0 kanye z ulingana z 0 Liege, kungaba njalo noma umsebenzi lwento
of a uboniswa noma lezo besigaba sesibili ngeke, njengoba kuyinto esimweni

sokuqala, kuphela z 0 of the sokuphumula ngokwayo, esimweni sesibili the z omunye

ngezikhathi ezimbili ezincikene, esimweni lesithathu, lo z ukusebenzisa ngezikhathi
ezimbili ezincikene, ukunquma constants. Omunye ungathola ukuze lapho z of
mayelana amanga emva kweminyaka eliphezulu okukhulu z1, lapho itholakala ohlangothini
okuhlukile z - 1 libhekisela futhi lapho qina ku extension emhlabeni ngobukhulu panel
sokuphumula emva setting ekuqaleni i ubizwa ngokuthi, esimweni sokuqala:
; (1)
esimweni sesibili:
noma

=; (2)

esimweni wesithathu:
; (3)
Amafomula ogama Ububanzi esimweni ngasinye phezu sokuphumula kanye
imikhawulo a 0 - i and a 0 + i kwelula].
[Uma ufuna ukuba Ngenxa kanjalo icanjwe ukwencika ukusebenza
densest A ukucacisa sokuphumula, kanjalo nje formula (3) efakazela ukuba wusizo
lenhloso; ngoba (1) njalo ngokungaguquki ihambisa njalo, (2) ukwandisa noma njalo
kuyancipha amagugu. From (3) kodwa kukhona seqiwe noma value densest:
, (4)
uma 2 kuphela z 0 - z 1 - z -1> 0. Uma ukubaluleka wesibili esingaphansi zero,
umele a umele okungenani, kodwa kuyinto 2 z 0 - z 1 - z - 1 = 0, bese (3) kuyinto
linearly futhi ekunqumeni a esiphezulu yaphela indaba yalo. Akufanele futhi, uma
kunesidingo, esiphezulu ngaphakathi sokuphumula lahlola, ngakho kumele
kokubili z 1 and z - 1, ngamunye uqobo, esingaphansi z0 kube].
[Esikhundleni isikhungo A 0 azimisele ukubaluleka densest on the imingcele
sokuphumula: g 1 = a 0 - i and g 2 = a 0 + i beka. Omunye uthola, lapho a - g 1 =
x isethiwe:
; (5)

kuphumele isilinganiso elula:

x (i - x) = (z 0 - z -1): (z 0 - z1) (6)

kulandela.]
[Ukuzimisela D i kwenziwa ngokwakhe kanjalo kusho amafomula ngenhla
sokuphumula wokuqala esiphezulu z, ie eluhlaza ezithile value densest, ukubuyiswa,
bese isimo D ingaphakathi kwale kweminyaka lapho sekusondela inani (6) noma
ibalwa kusukela zibalo (5) noma (4). Uma kukhona kuphela esiphezulu, ngoba,
ukunemba kufinyelelwa yanele, lokuma interpolation libukhali
ngekucikelela akhawunti, ngoba ezine noma ngaphezulu ezincikene ngezikhathi
ngokuvamile akudingekile. Yebo wena ukunqoba ngokwakhe ngisho ke ilungiselelo
ewusizo uma esiphezulu emibili elandelanayo for the ukuzimisela ongahluziwe value
densest kungaba engaqinisekile. Okungukuthi, lapho z 0 = z -1, x = 0, futhi
lapho z 0 =z1, x = i, ukuze njalo umngcele ezivamile ezimbili, kanye esiphezulu z ngezikhathi abathintekayo njengoba D i ukuba bafune kuyinto ukuthatha.]
88. [Ngale ndlela, amagugu D i izinyathelo ehlukahlukene zokunciphisa futhi
izingqimba incishiswe VIII. Chap. kubalwa. Kungenjalo sizoqhutshwa ezahlukweni
kamuva. Kungase Nokho, kube efiselekayo icala esiphezulu emibili elandelanayo z lifika abe formula libukhali atholakalayo. Yebo, kungaba esinjalo ebalulekile, uma okuyinto nakancane ukuba and, uma kunesidingo, kungagwenywa ngokushintsha
ungqimba zokunciphisa - ezintathu esiphezulu succedierende for the ukwehluleka
amafomula ngenhla kuyodinga. Bese kuba khona eminye ukwanda sokuphumula
wanezela lesi uyizwe ukuba ukuba anqume njengoba umsebenzi yesithathu degree
kungakusiza. Kuyinto lokhu ukuthi sokuphumula kanye z = z 1ezilandelayo
sokuphumula kanye z = z2. Uma senza manje ngenhla a = g 1 + x noma = g 2 - (i
- x), lapho g 1 no g2, kwemingcele ephansi kanye engenhla sokuphumula
maphakathi a 0 and z = z 0 kukhona kuphakama kangaka :
= + (i - x) - (i - x) 2 - (i - x} 3;
12 i = 7 z 0 + 7 z 1 - z - 1 - z2; 12 i =
15 z 0 - I5 z 1 - z - 1 + z 2
4 i = z 0 + z 1 - z - 1 - z2; 6 i 4 = 3 z 0 3 z 1 - z - 1 + z 2. (7)
It kulandela njengoba seqiwe lapho, isibonelo. Z 0 = z 1 and z0> z2> z -1:
, (8)
Omunye uthola okunye:
Uma z 2 = z 1 = z 0;

Uma z - 1 = z 1 = z 0 (9)
ngemva kwalokho isimo D i zizoshintsha, kuncike ekutheni omunye ezintathu
esiphezulu z ubheka lokhu okulandelayo noma sokuphumula odlule. Lokhu
ukungaqiniseki kungenziwa kuphela bahlangana ngokusebenzisa ucingo phezu
ngezikhathi ezimbili ezingomakhelwane.]
[Lokhu kwenziwa ngo z 0 = z 1 = z - 1 wamukela and ngaphandle isikhawu
okulandelayo z = z 2 babe isikhawu odlule z = z - 2 ucatshangelwe, sithola
ekutholweni esiphezulu, ngoba x =a - g 1, ezothando:
+ 2 x + 3 x + 4 x = 0;
12 i = - z 0 + z -2; 8 i = z - 2 - z2; 6 i 4 = z 0 - z -2; (10)
24 i 5 = - 2 z 0 + z 2 + z -2;
nesimo:
2 + 6 x + 12 x <0th]
89. [Nakuba ngakho khona D i izimele khona umthetho distribution, futhi inhloso
yayo ingafinyelelwa ziwukulinganisela by interpolation ngokulandelana, iyona
khona Dp, nje ukusatshalaliswa umthetho bazitshela, icala lethu ngokusebenzisa amabili emaceleni GG
izinto ngenkani, ukubala wawo amagugu etafuleni inikezwe Kunconywa ngenxa izindawo zalo izibalo
zavela. Kwakuyoba

ngempela, uma ngenakugwemeka, izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela

bekungeke ukuvimbela i ngqo lwekwakheka umthetho distribution, ukubaluleka
densest kusukela ekuqaleni property D p ifa, ngakhoD i = D p kube; futhi
ngalesosikhathi kungekho sizathu ukhona, ngaphezu D i namanje D p ukubala uma
kungenjalo ubekwe Properties kakhulu kuleli cala D p ngabe ukulondeka okukhulu
ukwedlula ziwukulinganisela of Interpolalionsverfahrens. Kulokhu, kodwa
ungalokothi elihambelana ukwedlulela ibhodi uyayazisa izidingo zomthetho,
soft D i kanye D pngaphandle; futhi kumele kube khona
esizimele D i nako D p sizimisele ukunqoba kokubili umehluko endaweni yabo
elithile yokusebenzisa umthetho ukusatshalaliswa, kanye D p a Augangswert more
ofanele njengoba in D i ukuthola isicelo lowo mthetho.]
[Kuyoba Dp, kuchazwe yobumbano uxhumano ne GG amabili emaceleni, by impahla ukuthi izibalo
ngeziphambeko yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi ngenhlonipho ukuba zinje njengoba ezomhlaba of the
ngeziphambeko engenhla nengezansi, noma ukuthi:

m ,: m'= e ,: e . (11)
Kusukela leli impahla value kwakuthiwa kungenzeka kuyinto emanation yomthetho

ukusatshalaliswa, njengoba kuvamile kucatshangwa bokuthi lo mthetho kusukela

ekuqaleni ukuthi munye kuphela value ukhona ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi ethu futhi
eduze D i kufanele ngifuna. Nokho, it has isithakazelo, ukufakazisa
ukuthi D p ngakolunye uhlangothi angikwazi Anoma C, kukhona kunoma iyiphi panel
kanye ngakolunye uhlangothi zenzeka ezingaphezu kweyodwa can edition.]
[Ngenxa yalesi njongo sibekela a panel ukusatshalaliswa nge
equidistant a phambili ogama z the one time njalo kulo, omunye nini isibuyabuyelelo
efanayo efanele a pose.]
[In the icala wangaphambili, lo z ngokulinganayo basakaza lonke panel; Ngakhoke, phakathi kwemingcele a = b futhi a = c:
= ,
lapho kuyindlela njalo; futhi nganoma yisiphi a umuntu ethola:
e, = (a - b) e '= (c - a)
m, = (a - b); m '= (c - a),
ukuze ngamunye a impahla D k anazo.]
[In the Icala lesibili kuphakama by interpolating ukusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo:
=a
futhi ekhethwe njengedifolthi kwemingcele a = 0; a = c, omunye uthola maqondana
a wayefisa a:
;;
;;
ukuze njengoba izixazululo ezothando:
e, m '- e' m, = 0
kuphela amagugu ezimbili a = 0 and a = c Chile for lapho e, kanye m, sabela
kungakavalwa. e 'futhi m' ayalingana zero. Nokho, Of le mingcele, ngo panel
ngayinye kusukela ekuqaleni ezothando isimo for D p wahlangana ngaphandle
kokuba kubo njengoba D p eqala amagugu ukuqedela. Ngakho-ke kukhona kuleli cala
akukho D p ngaphakathi panel.]
[Ngenxa yalesi nesenzakalo, kungase kubonakale efiselekayo ukunikeza
umbandela phambi D k ukuba ulidle. Izici ezinjalo ngendlela elula by the
ukucabangela elandelayo. Ingabe ekuqaleni panel bekubona e ,: m,> e ': m', ngoba
ukuphela e ,: m, <e ': m', kanjalo kumelwe i value isilinganiso e ,: m, = e: m 'Yiba
njengoba quotient e ,: m, futhi e': m 'njengoba ngenxa distribution sokuhlala z phezu
ngezikhathi ngamunye njalo ukushintsha isikhundla ukubaluleka okungazange

babhekisela. Kodwa manje, lapho enjalo the z of E ,, z ukuthi

of E 'kuyinto kanye umkhawulo engezansi Isikhawu e, kanye b, umkhawulo ophezulu
we Isikhawu E' kanye c ubizwa, ngoba ekuqaleni panel :
;;
ngoba ekupheleni etafuleni:
;.
Kukhona Ngakho-ke, noma kunjalo, a value D p in the table uma:
;

Is] (12).

90. [For the ekubalweni D p ingase iqale ukukhonza kuphela ukulinganisa (11),
ngoba ichaza lokhu value. It can Nokho, ngenxa ukuthi silingane ukubaluleka izici
ezilandelayo D pubufakazi elingase lisetshenziswe ngendlela efanayo izibalo:
1.The izibalo kusho ngezansi D p akhiwe a, di a ,: m, okusakazwa kusho

izibalo kwezingenhla D p amanga a, di a ': m , ilingana kusho izibalo zabo

bonke a, landa ngamaphesenti D p uqobo. Ngakho:
, (13
)
2) Umehluko phakathi ezomhlaba of the ukuphambuka engenhla
nengezansi a nenhlonipho D p ilingana umehluko phakathi
kwezindinganiso D p uqobo kanye kusho izibalo of a;kanjalo:
e, - e '= D k - A. (14)
Uxhumano sakamuva kanye ezothando (11) kuholela ukuphela eminye:
, (15)
lapho u = m '- m ,. By nokungeza lengqikithi (14) kanye (15) okunye ukunqoba:

(16)
The ubufakazi (13) is olunikezwa esikhundleni amagugu

(17)

kuphumele ingxenye yawo (11) ezothando e m ', = e, m kusho izibalo

ezothando elula:
(18)
elisuselwa futhi efanayo
;
isethwe. Empeleni, kusobala kusukela equation okuholela njengoba:
(19)
ukwahlukana by. m Umthetho ofingqiwe (13) Kodwa lokhu formula eyatholakala,
khona-ke kulandela kuye lapho A ,: m, futhi A : m 'kusukela (17)
by D p and e, ngokulandelana.e' amazwi ngqo ezothando (14).]
91. [For ukuzimisela yezamakhompyutha of D p manje ezothando (13) le ndlela
elula kakhulu. Nokho, kufanele sazi sokuphumula, ngo D p uwa, edingekayo ngoba
izindawo yalesi value esekelwe izibalo ukuphambuka kanye ukuphambuka tibalo
hhayi i ukuzimisela ngokuphelele njengoba for A kungenzeka, ukuvumela. Kumele
ke, lapho lolo lwazi, lo z. B. by ekubalweni ngaphambi D i angathengwa, ulahlekile,
tentatively waphinda indlela for abanye wenza kwesikhawu samahora futhi uma
kungekho ngozi isikhawu lesifanele wathathwa omunye sokuphumula Nokho, ukuba
umphumela run lokuqala, ngokudayisa uphela invoyisi has ukuthonya kukhethwa
sokuphumula in the ukuphindaphinda ukuhlola. Inikeza etafuleni yimuphi kwezinso
ezinkulu, ngakho kuyoba kulezi ukuhlolwa kuphela akhethe phakathi ngezikhathi
ezincikene.]
[Uma omunye has ke isikhawu ethile, maphakathi lapho a0, umkhawulo
engezansi g 1 kanye z ulingana z 0 ekhethwe njengedifolthi isikhawu ukusebenzisana for
the efanayo v, n, V, Nibalwa, njengoba ekuzimiseleni ongahluziwe
ngokuhambisana ( 13):
; (20a)
noma:
; (20b)

kuye D p kuncane noma mkhulu kunalokho a0. Ngakho, kuba formula zangaphambili
kusebenza lapho a 0 - D p <i, lona wamuva lapho D p - a 0 <i kuphakama.
Ukuze ukuzimisela ebukhali kodwa le ndlela:
(21)
ukuya lapho Y lwekucocisana sum, y inombolo somshado. Esikhundleni lapha
Cape. IX, formula (8) kanye (13) uma x the Eingriffsma = D p - g 1 libonisa 2):
;;
sithola ezothando ezilandelayo for x = D p - g 1;
x - x + = 0;
;
; (22);
kanye amalunga x uhilela esingaphansi I kwaba.]
[Uma besingenza the ayevumela elula, kodwa formula eyahumusha (6) of the
Cape. IX, okungukuthi Y = a 0 z 0 x: I sebenzisa, kanjalo esikhundleni (22) a third
degree ezothando for x imiphumela;bekungathatha kanjalo babe ukulahlekelwa
naphutha futhi ukulahleka yezamakhompyutha lula Chile.]
2)

[Nokho, leli lungiselelo akuyona indlela elula, ukuba D p kunoma elele efanayo
sokuphumula main amagugu H zihlobene Ngenxa izindawo ezikhethekile
ekhethiwe H yokuwina zibalo lula.]
[Ngenxa yale njongo, like izinombolo futhi isibalo ngezansi futhi
ngaphezu H akhiwe a by m ', m ", A", A "okukhulunywa ngayo, eminye D p H = x' futhi phakathi D P futhiH amanga a Inombolo yabo ngokufanayo y ', sum yabo
ngokufanayo Y' ezibekwa ukuze:
;.
Omunye uthola ke kusukela izindlela:

(23)
ngoba x '= D p - H ezothando:
x - x + = 0;
;
; (24)
;
ngoba H = g 1 okuhlanganisiwe zibe (22). Kusukela lowo kumele x Chile ', noma
emihle futhi esingaphansi g 2 - H (lapho g2, lo mkhawulo isikhawu lwekucocisana kuyinto),
noma negative kanye nezimiso zayo ngokuphelele emva esingaphansi H - g1. Ingabe]
[Lokhu ezothando manje kuholela, lapho noma izibalo asho A noma central
value C noma sangasese value R in the sokuphumula kusukela D p uwela kanye
njengoba H esekhethiwe, iinjamiso ezilandelako:
1.Kufanele kube: H = A; x = D p - A; ke:

; (25)
lapho , futhi 'the izibalo ukuphambuka, ,
. A abakhona.
1.Kuyinto ke: H = C; x = D p - C; ke Imiphumela:
; (26)
lapho A "futhi A" ukuba C beka.
3) Ekugcineni, kumele: H = R; x = D p - R; ke kuphakama:

; (27)
lapho m 'futhi m mayelana R kumelwe ayiswe.]
[Ububanzi ukuthi izindlela ukuhlinzekwa luzosatshalaliswa lapho umcimbi

ukuthi Dp, shift of the sokuphumula lwekucocisana kwenza nokuwa value enkulu lapho lo
mthethosivivinywa libhekisela ngezikhathi ezincikene noma, ngamanye amazwi, lo sokuphumula
nokuxoxisana izingxenye abutting ngezikhathi ezimbili ezingomakhelwane akhiwa. The

z 0 kwale
kweminyaka esiyinhlanganisela ke yakhiwa ezilinganiselwe ze ezithile z ndawonye
izingxenye zayo, kanti Ref. waligcina main value imithetho force.]
92. [Kulezi amafomula kuyoba ngokuvamile kungcono (26). Ngoba (27)
sibhekisela isithakazelo okutheni main ukucabanga ogama ngqo ngisho nangemva
Cape. (19b) X kudinga isinqumo i equation besigaba sesibili; kanti (25) libhekene
esimweni dasss A isimo ngokuhambisana nemithetho ka D p by C uyashiywa futhi
kanjalo, ngaphansi frequent kuka C kanyeD p kuzoba ngezikhathi efanayo. Kuyinto
futhi sizizwe kusimo ukuthi ezothando (26) wokwazi amagugu
ezimbili A no C erheischt, kusukela owayeseduze D p njalo futhi A futhi Cibalwa.]
[Kuyafaneleka-ke ukuthi ulwazi C kanye A wawuyomiswa by ukubala D p ukuletha
(26) kuya ngendlela elula kungenzeka.]
[Ngenxa yalesi njongo thina ahlukanise (26) by m x bese ubhala ezothando
kanje:
(28)
Uma thina manje:
,

Ie,

sithola:
, (29)
lapho a waqhubeka ingxenyenamba umfanekiso unikezwa, lapho converges
ngokushesha njengoba 2 z 0 (C - A): (. In) for panel yethu imele amagugu encane]
[Ukudlula the bill Ngakho uhlobo wamisa, ukuthi of ngenxa
;
Izinto kuqala:

1 = - 1;
;
;

Etc.
enqunywe futhi lapho bill yema, kusukela amagugu ethu
okutholwe ukubaluleka x = D p - C lisuselwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ngendlela
elula, ukubaluleka imiphumela
efanayo.]
[From ezothando (26) kanje, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi we empirically uzimisele
amagugu main A, C no-D p umthetho organic ugcwaliseka ekuqaleni in the amabhodi
ebusayo olinganise yethu. Ukuletha okungukuthi ukuthi ezothando ngesimo:
.
kusobala wofern
.
ukuthi A - C and x, di D p - C, futhi ningamniki ngesikhathi esifanayo emihle, kodwa
ngesikhathi esifanayo angase abe negative. It is Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuthi isimo
obaluliwe eqinisweni wenelisekile amabhodi ukusatshalaliswa,
noma A> C> D p noma A <C <D p,
njengoba umthetho isimo uludinga.]

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XII. Umcabango
ukuthi asymmetry enkulu ngeziphambeko ngenhlonipho izibalo asho kanye
nokusabalalisa umthetho quin isebenza ngenhlonipho abaseduze value D
ngaphakathi kwencazelo yoMthetho ka okuvamile Gaussian Act (Chap. V)
Endabeni jikelele.
93. Ngokuhambisana ( 4) wenza umehluko emkhatsini amalungiselelo
ebalulekile inessential bangase futhi i asymmetry ebalulekile futhi non-abalulekile
(noma okungahleliwe) Deviation maqondana zenani main njengoba izibalo asho
noma value densest ukuhlukanisa. Ake sibheke lapha okwashiwo kule ndaba,
okokuqala kwi izibalo asho A. Akungatshazwa ukuthi ngisho nazo ziyalingana W.
ngeziphambeko bez. A by izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela umehluko phakathi
amabanga we Extreme E ', E, ka A futhi umehluko u phakathi inani ngeziphambeko
mutual 'futhi , kungaba ziyaphuma, futhi kanjalo ungabheka izici ukubuza ukuthi
yini eyenza enkulu asymmetry bez. A, okuyinto akancikile izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, ingane noma ohambisana, lapho incike ezahlukene. Ngaphandle

manje Chap. II washo jikelele, into kwezimfanelo engacacile, okumele ahlukaniswe

kubalulekile emalungiselelweni inessential, kungaba kuleli cala kufanele kusekelwe
ukuthi of ezivezwa nje ongenakulinganisela izehlakalo
umehluko u phakathi 'futhi , ukuzimisela namaguludla iyakhona nokuthi efanayo
usayizi kungenzeka inganikelwa. Ngokusho manje, njengoba lo mehluko kungenzeka
ufinyelelwe, cishe kuba ukuthi asymmetry nje okungahleliwe, futhi kukhona ngisho
imithetho ukucacisa degree of improbability, ngaphandle Yebo, baqiniseka
ngokugcwele nangu ofinyelelekayo; lapho I (historical) emuva, phezu kokuma
equkethwe 31 ezibhekisela amathuba amafomula XIV. Isahluko. Futhi ngakho
obengama njengoba iphuzu guiding ngokusho ematfuba preponderant, kuphela
amacala asymmetry ngenhlonipho Aukubamba for okuningi futhi ufuna probation
imithetho ukusatshalaliswa kakhulu quin lapho ukuhlonishwa A okuholela value
cishe u is not lidlule ayibalulekile.
Empeleni, ngiyithathile kusukela ekuqaleni into kangaka, kodwa ngasemuva
kwangenza ngaqiniseka, njengoba kuphawulwe 32 ukuthi lokhu, ekuqaleni
ngokuthi emvelo, wayala ngempela umcabango kokuvela ikhumbule ngokuphelele
isici lesifanele. Kungaba ezinzima uma W. lesinesitfombe-sibuko ukwehluka
e A kungaba icala ngokuvamile asebezifinyelele kakade, futhi kuphela njengoba
umuntu engase lokucabanga kusukela ekuqaleni futhi namanje olunikezwa Quetelet,
Okungafani wayeyohlupheka, ababefuna ukuba ikakhulukazi wafuna out and
ziphathwe lokwahlulela. Anders kodwa kuvela, uma kunalokho ngomqondo
okungekuhle kakade umbono nekhono lokukhuluma the asymmetry ezibalulekile
kunjalo jikelele, lapho phakathi degrees ezingenakubalwa, lapho asymmetry
Kungenzekani lapho ayanyamalala, njengoba nje ekhethekile, kuzo zonke eqinile
mhlawumbe never okwenzeka icala iqukethe.
94. Bese, umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi asymmetry ebalulekile futhi nonebalulekile akuyona ukwenza; konke K.-G. Kungenzeka, ngempela W. quin kumele
ziphathwe ngaphansi isimo ukucabangela kuphela ukuthi nazo ezilinganiselwe m for
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela ubukhulu nesiqondiso asymmetry ziyahlukahluka
ngezikhathi kusuka ukuthi ngaleso okungenamkhawulo m aphendukele ukuba
kubalulekile; futhi isizathu wokugaklazeka ukuyikholelwa kunjalo, ukuthi ngisho
nalabo ezimweni lapho ngokusho samanje ematfuba amafomula the asymmetry
maqondana A kungenzeka kube ngengozi kuphela, njengoba ezisohlwini 33
imithetho asymmetry ukuba ukuqinisekisile ngedwa zomphakathi ezingalindelekile.
Manje mina kufanele Nokho, siyavuma ukuthi ngisho wawubonakala ongaziwa
futhi ngempela imfihlakalo e lingatholakala ukuthi lapho asymmetry buthakathaka
kunjalo, njengoba eziningi in the K.- G. of VII. Futhi VIII. Chap. kwenzeka,
iphambene nayo izehlakalo ongenakugwenywa ngenxa nature ezilinganiselwe of m,
kodwa imithetho emisiwe-ngenhla asymmetry ukuqinisekisile kanye generality
okumangalisayo futhi approximation.
Ake sithi z. B. izilinganiso zobukhulu skull. Amakhophi 450 European Skull
anikeze for the ngezinga mpo (at i = 5 mm E, = 368) 220 negative, 230
ngeziphambeko omuhle A2, ugebhezi efanayo kuze kube sezingeni evundlile engaphansi kwezimo

ezifanele ngisho 226 negative, 224 umehluko omuhle, umehluko ukuthi okuningi neze, akufanele yene by
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela; kodwa

unike la macala, kanye nabanye eziningi oda

efanayo umehluko, ziqinisekiso akukho ngaphansi ezinhle owasungulwa asymmetry
imithetho njengoba izibonelo asymmetry okukhulu lokho I me kangaka owaziyo
kuphela zingachazwa ukuze izakhi ezahlukene, ubudlelwano babo, efanele imithetho
ulandisani, ehlaselwe izehlakalo ongalinganiseli uxhumano, basuke therefrom
washintsha ohlangothini olulodwa futhi nahehin ukuba osayizi efanayo noma
ingxenye efanayo, ukuze amagugu kunalokho kuphela ngokuphelele ukwedlula
umehluko zomthetho noma ratios izakhi behlupheka, okuyinto akumangalelwanga,
ukuthi lezi ezifanayo noma ezilinganiselwe ze ushintsho ncamashi impumelelo,
kodwa kuphela ukuze kude ukuthi leeway ukuvumela imithetho ayengayisebenzisa,
is not lidlule. Lokhu umbono angase asidinge ngisho ingxoxo ngokuphelele
zezibalo; ilindele enjalo Noma ngabe yikuphi iqiniso elisalayo ukuthi ngisho degree
umpofu of asymmetry ngenhlonipho A ukusatshalaliswa imithetho ezicwaningiwe of
asymmetry namanje ukufakazela semthethweni kwabo, kanjalo sinezele uqobo
ukufakazela umphakathi jikelele a okungaphezu asymmetry wengozi 1).
1) [Bathi

ukuqhathanisa lokhu bheke ezincwadini distribution quin umthetho

ngokwesigaba 136, ngemva kwalokho amagugu eziyinhloko kuphela ubukhulu
oda. I noma 1:
ezahlukene, i Laba presupposing amancane ukuze tikwele
2
zabo i noma 1: m osayizi senhloko okuphambene, kungenzeka dengwane.]

Ingabe kukhona manje kodwa enjalo ngomqondo kuboniswe for K.-G., ngakho
isicelo yeTibalo ematfuba amafomula ukuhlukanisa asymmetry ebalulekile futhi nonebalulekile empeleni eyize. Ngakho kube detectable njalo bafuna izinto of asymmetry
ezibuthakathaka ukuthi asymmetry kungenzeka kube ngezikhathi nje ngenhlonipho
A; lokho kwenziwa ngayo, uma uphenyo okuyiqiniso efakazela ukuthi balalela
imithetho asymmetry ezibalulekile; Nokho, kusukela lezi amafomula kodwa uphucwe
ethile nesithakazelo ezicatshangelwayo endaweni yethu, ngifuna ukuya ngaphandle
folgends isizathu esinengqondo ezahlukweni ezilandelayo lona kufanele sisekelwe
kulo.
95. Uma manje zonke izizathu ndawonye, okuyinto ukusiholela ukuthatha imida
yesimethri yekwenta ngenhlonipho i asymmetry ebalulekile A imvume futhi isiphetho
of the GG ngomqondo 33 imithetho ohlwini, kanjalo kukhona okulandelayo.
1) Ngoba nakanjani amacala okukhulu kangaka u: m khona, lapho umuntu
akakwazi ukusiza by okungaphezulu cishe kuka izizathu, phambi asymmetry
yekwenta ngenhlonipho A. Imvume, icala jikelele kungaba anisoze e elibonakalayo
imida yesimethri bez A icelwe; kahle kodwa, uma kukhona General for K.G. kufanele sisebenzise kule ndaba, ngo asymmetry yekwenta phakathi ezivela
yesimethri ezintweni ezibalulekile futhi asymmetry buthakathaka njengamanzi
ezimweni ezikhethekile.

2) Uma omunye kanye K.-G. efanayo a indlela yokuqhathanisa engenayo by the

asymmetry kusebenza ebalulekile, ezimbili-ikholomu ukusatshalaliswa Gaussian
umthetho ( 33) kanye nemithetho for imida yesimethri ezibalulekile, umthetho
ukusatshalaliswa Gaussian elula ( 24 FlgD.) Izikhonzi, yangaphambili
ukusatshalaliswa sibalo kusukela ekuqaleni ungachazwa inzuzo ukuthi empirically
ezahlukene m ', m, bez. D eveza zombili ngokunembile, kuyilapho yokugcina for the
empirically ezahlukene , , Dist. A Inani elifanayo ('+ ,) = m kukhona, weke side by okuningi njengoba ngokumelene inombolo ukuphambuka enokwehla
enkulu kakhulu njengoba ngakolunye kufanele kube encane kakhulu. Lokhu, isimiso,
invoyisi izindlela kuqhathaniswa silungisiswe inzuzo umthethosivivinywa emva nje
okungaqondile of the GG for asymmetry manje bavimbela hhayi ukuthi ngempela
ngamunye amalungiselelo ukusatshalaliswa kwe-m 'j' futhi m, , ( 27) zinkulu
kangangokuba futhi kulo bokwenza enkulukazi ngokumelene bill, ngokusho GG
elula ugomela Mach-eziyishumi; kodwa kuze kube manje ngikudonse iziqhathaniso,
okuphambene kunjalo.
3) Imithetho asymmetry ebalulekile lapho 33 for the Endabeni ngokwanele
enkulu m and imisebenzi kuchaziwe e Chap. IV kuboniswe zasesiteji basuke
elalizokwakhiwa futhi uzoqhubeka ukuthola balungisiswe theory, ukuqinisekisile
samanje efundwayo bebonke kanye ndlela ezinjalo izimfuno ekahle, njengoba
kungaba kuphela kumelwe zilindelwe hhayi ngempela excludable izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaleyo ndlela ubonise esiza
ekuboneni ukunemba kwale theory.
Ngakho okokuqala ngenhlonipho ukuba umthetho ezilinganiselwe ze. Ngokusho
izincazelo ezinikezwe kukhona ukuthi maqondana ukubaluleka ukuba lapho
ngobukhulu ezifanaempophomeni iDemo ngokuphathelene value abaseduze, inani
ngeziphambeko mutual like ubukhulu amagugu abo kusho
di m ,: m '= e ,: e 'izenzo, lapho uhlehlele ukubaluleka maqondana okubhekisele
lokhu isilinganiso lapho by yayo z -Maximum ngqo ezithile amagugu acinene kumele
uqondane. Manje sinawo panel distribution ngokusebenzisa ukuncishiswa ezifanele a
vesi enjalo njalo z ziye zaletha ukuthi uphenyo imithetho yayo futhi izimo
kungenzeka, singathola it njengoba kunqunywa inani isimo sokuthi mayelana
okufanayo m ,: m '= e ,: e 'Ziphatheni, ngo sokuphumula falling, ukuze ngalo
ngobukhulu ezifana empophomeni, njengoba ungase ukukholisa ngokwayo, uma
omunye uhlangothi, amatafula ukukhombisa izakhi nomaphi kuleso simo
ezithile D p, ngakolunye uhlangothi on ukuma ebhodini sokuphumula ibekwe ukusatshalaliswa panel
kusukela lapho esuselwe kwenziwa, ukuthatha engqondweni.Esebenzisa Cape. Kodwa XI
esibekiwe interpolation indlela kungaba D anqume ngokunembile izikhathi lapho
kukhona, sengathi omunye ngqo kwi ubukhulu bayo z lahlola ukunquma ukuthi
iyiphi enye ke ngokuqinisekile amatafula izakhi hhayi nangenye isiqinisekiso
yomthetho ngobungakho in ungase uthole ukuthi ngenhlonipho ukubaluleka
abaseduze ezisohlwiniD p ngempela m ,: m '= e ,: e sivele sisebenze
njengokungathi D p ngokwaso kunenani enqunywe maqondana lapho kukhona lo

isilinganiso. Kodwa manje, mhlawumbe ithatha le value ngaphansi kwethonya eqinile

izehlakalo ongalinganiseli kanye nokuncipha isikhundla okungekuhle agcinwe kule
sokuphumula kanye esiphezulu z uqobo, ukuwela sokuphumula
angomakhelwane; kodwa kwanele ke ngokuvamile ukuya ukushintsha ukuncishiswa
yini ukumbuyisa singene sokuphumula abafanele.
Nokho, Okulandelayo, sithola sharpest okungenzeka ngenxa ukuthi silingane
ubazisa D p a nokwengeza ukuhlelwa kwekambiso yesisekelo for ngeziphambeko
lapho ukwanelisa GG ezimbili-ikholomu, kanye perturbations okungahleliwe Nokho,
lo yebo akukho ndawo kungenzeka ukuthi ziyashoda, kodwa labo of the oda efanayo
kuphela, kanye nokusabalalisa iphutha observation mayelana izibalo kwakusho
zenzeka kanye kubekezelelwe, njengoba Bessel sifaniso amatafula 2) ukufakazela
phakathi observation and calculation.
2)

[izisekelo astronomiae, ngokuhlinzwa II, k. 19. 20.]

Yini umthetho organic ukhathazekile, owawuthi central value C kanye izibalo

asho A set-off ukuze ohlangothini olufanayo kusukela amagugu densest
ngendlela C phakathi A no D puwela, ngakho kuyoba khona kanye nemiphumela
yayo ngaphandle ngisho umpofu u: m in thola kuqinisekisa amatafula izakhi, futhi
Ungase uthambekele ukubona lokhu njengoba ubufakazi allerschlagendsten of
asymmetry elibonakalayo, kusukela yesimethri ezintweni ezibalulekile
kunalokho Dp, C, A kungase ziyehluka kuphela zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela, bese
an mutual olukwazi nanini namuhla. Kodwa lokhu akulutho ukunikeza. It
kungenziwa kuboniswe okungukuthi ukuthi umthetho organic umphumela
edingekayo ezilinganiselwe ze Act 3), futhi uma D p kunqunywa amatafula izakhi
ngokusebenzisa umthetho ezilinganiselwe kumelwe Yebo umthetho organic
ephathelene ingaqinisa efanayo ngaphandle ukukwazi kufakazelwe, ukuthi lo value
esiphezulu z sifana yini ngokuyisisekelo kungaba njalo nje kwenziwe
yokuqhathanisa.
3)

[Comp. isiphelo sesimiso esahlukweni esedlule.]

Against leli ukubeka -Gesetze lapho ibanga phakathi Dp, C, A tekuphila

zitholakala, ukuba semthethweni ezimbili-kukholamu GG phambili ngaphandle lokhu
kuwumphumela ledzingekako umthetho ezilinganiselwe futhi ngenxa yalokho,
athwale maqondana njengoba kunjalo okwenzeka Qinisekisa ndlela ezifana, njengoba
ukuvumela zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela, kodwa kakhulu, ukufakazela ukuba
khona asymmetry eziphawulekayo, maqondana njengoba enjalo ubumbano the GG
ezimbili-ikholomu.
Ekugcineni, izici ke, lo abalulekile amatafula izakhi kanye ahlobene nalokho
amatafula ngokuqhathanisa phakathi ukusatshalaliswa waphawula futhi ibalwa ukuba
kuthathwe khona asymmetry ngibuye kukho: a) ukuthi ngokuhambisana nomthetho
ezilinganiselwe ze ezithile D p ilungelo ethize D i close kangaka eqondana, njengoba

ukuvumela izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela; b) ukuthi ngeziphambeko kusukela

yangaphambili ngezindlela ncamashi ngangokunokwenzeka
esibekiwe D p ukwanelisa ezimbili-kukholamu GG ngokugculisayo; c)

ukuthi - imithetho uhlangene approximation eyanele. Kuyacaca ukuthi bonke

ukuhambisana ne requisites of the Cape. IV kuthiwa enomuzwa wokuthi phakade
ukuba uphenyo ngempumelelo K.-G. kumele wahlangana. Uma ngokuvamile manje
ukusebenzisa criteria esibekiwe ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, Nokho, esiphethweni phezu
okuvela jikelele asymmetry kubalulekile, isuselwe kulo.
4) Qonda siyilandisa K.-G. ngaphakathi okushiwo izibonelo ezilandelayo, ngakho
akukho Ezimweni ezimbalwa lapho u yalo anawo ukuze m kuyinto encane kakhulu
ukuba ube neze ikakhulu kungenzeka emalini asymmetry nje nomaphi washiya,
ohlangothini kodwa bonke accordant noma Abwandelung izinto ukuze umthetho
ezilandelayo, njengoba akuvumelani randomness nje.
Ngakho, manje nginokuthula amasosha izilinganiso emazweni ehlukene kakhulu,
kuze kufike bona kucatshangwa ukuthi ephelele, lo asymmetry
maqondana A ezitholakala njalo elihle nsuku zonke futhi imvula ngenyanga (Geneva,
Freiberg)
for bonke izinyanga, ngoba ezihlukahlukene izitho besisu futhi
Contribuu anegative
millorar la traducci
thoracic kubantu ( by Boyd) bathola negative njalo. In the ezishisayo ngenyanga
ngeziphambeko ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiqondiso asymmetry entela ezinyangeni
ithuthuka unyaka emthethweni, kangangokuthi kahle phakathi nezinyanga
zasebusika, kancane negative phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, phakathi is zithonye
ezinyangeni wesikhashana. Lapho rye kuba u leli lungu phezulu kahle, buthaka in
ukwehla ukuze izitho ephansi futhi ishaya ngaso aphansi washintsha into negative. It
is not kuphikiswana, nakuba ezingaholela m zonke lezi zimo zithathwe encane
ngokwanele ukuthi njalo noma semthethweni babengathukuthela kabi noma
ubungeke uvele ngaphandle uma nobuncane of m ngokuwina izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela nethonya elikhulayo; kodwa m, eyayise umyalo wakhe,
bekulokhu eyanele ukuba ukuyivimbela. Kodwa uma kungekho asymmetry
abalulekile owawukhona, kwakuyodingeka futhi ngasiphi ubukhulu m onganqoba
onjalo preponderance njalo noma zomthetho phezu izehlakalo. Ukuvela multiple of
Ezimweni ezinjalo kuqala kwaholela me out of the asymmetry ezibalulekile ngaso
sonke indima jikelele ezindaweni K.-G. kubangelwa; futhi ngokungangabazeki
amacala lolu hlobo ngabe buthelela uma nje ucwaningo sufficient
eyanele m eziphathelene vorlgen it.

Text original

XIII. Ratios Mathematical of the elibona nxazonke asymmetry

ebalulekile futhi non-kubalulekile.
96. Ake ezinye, a value H kuthathwe njengoba starting value of the
ngeziphambeko, futhi kukhona W. quin (asymmetry ebalulekile) yalo ngenhlonipho,
ngakho babengeke bamukelwe ukufinyelela zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela
(asymmetry okungahleliwe) umehluko u phakathi ngeziphambeko mutual umane
wakhona ukukhulisa noma ukuncishiswa sabela kungakavalwa. zikhule noma

ukunciphisa. Empeleni, naye banikezwe okukhipha -M ilingana x, kanjalo wayeyoba

at n -maliger ngokuphinda observation at ngamunye amakhophi esisha into efanayo
ukubaluleka efanayo XN ukubukwa ukufinyelela, kanjalo futhi kule ukwakheka kwen uchungechunge ababecabanga ibe olulodwa okuqhubekayo
umehluko x e nx pass. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma asymmetry lobuKhristu
wakulahla ngokuphelele, futhi wayencike umehluko izehlakalo nje
ongenakulinganisela, belungafica, uma senza ngaso
okukhiphayo m umehluko y babekwazi ukuthola, lomehluko n -fold m
akuyona ny kungenzeka ngoba isiqondiso nokubaluleka umehluko izinguquko
okungahleliwe kule ezinikezwa, futhi, nakuba ngokuvamile a preponderance, lapho
elinganqunyiwe side, isekhona kuze kube yilolu, kanjalo umehluko ocacile
kushintsha njengoba nje wena ukuthuthela e izinombolo ezinkulu ukuhluka, futhi
ngokwesilinganiso futhi ngo izinombolo ezincane emva eyaziwa isimiso kunokuba
maqondana n kunalokho isihlobo. Uma sethula manje sifaniso nfachende m njengoba iyunithi ukuqhathanisa n -fachung futhi uqoke ubukhulu nkuncike amagugu kanye n njengenhlangano index, kanjalo sizokulalela abeke
babe

1):

umcimbi asymmetry nje abalulekile:

u n = nx 1 (1)
umcimbi asymmetry nje engabalulekile:
(2)
futhi esimweni ukuqondana kokubili:
(3)
lapho y1, ngokuvamile, kanye x 1 kungenzeka setshwayo noma ezingalingani; ngoba
ngenkathi x in the ingucuko kusukela x 1 kuya nx1, kube ulondoloza emihle noma emibi, Richtung, can y 1 in

labona y 1
by Random silondoloze isiqondiso salo noma ukuhambisa
ngaphandle isinqumo jikelele ukhona therebetween; futhi sithatha y 1 by amagugu
ngokuphelele, kanjalo siyoba ukubeka ngale ukungaqiniseki:
(4)
kanye okukhipha m ngokwayo, lapho n = 1,
u 1 = x 1 y 1. (5)
Singabantu manje once n = 100, esinye isikhathi = 1: 100, kanjalo siyothola isihlobo:
u 100 = 100 x 1 10 y 1, (6)

. (7)
Ngakho lapho ngekhulu ukwanda nomkhiqizo m ekhishwa is ngokusho (6) x izikhathi
ukuze 100, ekhishwa y nje ukuba ukwanda 10-nesibaya, futhi kufanele n lenyuke
unomphela, kanjalo le esichazayo y, ie of izehlakalo ongalinganiseli umehluko
kuncike ngokumelene engaphansi ebalulekile asymmetry x zinyamalale
ngokuphelele; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusho (7) for a ukuncishiswa
nomkhiqizo -M ukuba 1: 100, ekhishwa x at 1: 100, ekhishwa y nje ukuba 1: wehle
10, kanye zangaphambili in nokwehlisa of m kungaba luhluke zinyamalale
ngokumelene yokugcina lokho kuphela maqondana hhayi ngempela zifana
nokwanda m is, njengoba m ukwanda infinity, kodwa zingancishiswa kuphela 2,
ngisho namanje umehluko u akhona. General kodwa kusobala ukuthi asymmetry
ezibalulekile lighter wonkana, ingane nge encane m evelele ngaphandle thina ukuthi,
lokhu njengoba mkhulu izimo esindayo njengoba encishisiwe kakhulu izimo
sokuhamba m kungaba, cabanga ukuthi ungase njalo uthathe kuwo , okuyinto Yebo
incike isidingo sokuba zazisho kungenzeka m isicelo ukuthola i asymmetry
ebalulekile njengoba kuphazamiseke ngangokunokwenzeka abangelutho.
1) Inani x lapha consistently kanye notation ngenhla, uhlu 1 inqobo ukuthi udlulise
ngesikhathi off gangs- m, lapho n = 1, ukubaluleka aphethwe of x lisho,
ngokuhambisana y. [Futhi wazi ukuthi formula (3 ) uyonika kuphela ukumelwa
kwendikimba
yela traducci
ingxube asymmetry ebalulekile futhi non-abalulekile ngaphandle
Contribuu a millorar
echazayo dasss y 1 ukubaluleka efanayo (2) simele. Eqinisweni, kokubili amagugu

Text original

zihlukile.Ngoba ukuthi okusekelwe asymmetry ongabalulekile element y 1

bumane nje kulindeleke by W. ukuguquguquka isilinganiso ukubaluleka u n, kanti
enesisekelo esihle kubalulekile asymmetry ilungu nx 1cishe
kunazo. Ukubaluleka u n umele; Ngokwesilinganiso ukushintshashintsha
esilindelekile emhlabeni value kungenzeka kakhulu Nokho, luncike yokugcina, futhi
ngaleyo ndlela has kumagugu lahluke, kuncike-ukubaluleka kungenzeka kakhulu
zero noma usayizi ezilinganiselwe. Comp. Engeziwe ukuze lokhu, esahlukweni
esilandelayo, ( 101).]

XIV. Formulas for the asho ukubaluleka cishe kuncike

luyingxenye okungahleliwe asymmetry umehluko u.
97. Uma kakade izici ngenhla ukuhlukanisa ebalulekile evela inessential
asymmetry zinikwa, ukuba bavume kodwa ukuthi akudingeki uhlamvu
ngokuphelele. Futhi unga eqinisweni never isiqinisekiso ngokuphelele ukuthi

asymmetry okuphawulekayo abakhona, kodwa kuphela ukuthi ematfuba eyinhloko

efanayo kuyinto kakhulu obuqand, the more wenza izici eziwubufakazi ngenhla
ngokuzuma ukuhlangabezana.
Ukuze enze ukwahlulela kancane esiqondile kodwa ematfuba, kuyasiza ukwazi
ukuthi yini umehluko ungalindela ukuthola at yesimethri ezintweni ezinkulu
randomness mere W. kanye ezomhlaba kufanele.
Phakathi cishe umehluko Ngiyaqonda ukuthi lapho njengoba ngokuvamile
ngezansi (hhayi izuzwe) ngendlela, empeleni, inqwaba esingapheliyo amacala, ziyobe
lidlule; ngezansi isilinganiso noma ngokwesilinganiso atholakala lapho kwenziwa
ukuhlola eziphindaphindwa nge inikezwe m amagugu etholakala u wanezela
ngaphandle mayelana nesibonakaliso kanye nenombolo n ezinikezwa ezenziwa
ahlukaniswe. Empeleni, unayo noma enye amagugu ezimbili kwenzeka imida
yesimethri elibonakalayo kunqunywa ngokuvamile, siyakuphila ngamunye,
atholakala a izindlela inikezwe yokunquma ukubaluleka u engaqhathaniswa nalo. It
evelele labo amagugu ezimweni esindayo, kanjalo kuzodingeka ukuba bakuthola
Cishe ukuthi ingafinyelelwa kanye imida yesimethri, ngoba improbability zazo
lukhula ubukhulu mayelana ekhuphukayo, lapha ngokumelene asymmetry enkulu
isibonakaliso u ozakuba cishe kakhulu. It uhlala kakhulu ngezansi lamagugu, kanjalo
umuntu kufanele ukuphetha okukhulu W. yesimethri ezintweni noma asymmetry of
ezingabazisayo uphawu encane. Yebo, ungakwazi namanje sifinyelele eziphethweni
ezinembile. The theory lifundisa, kanye nesipiliyoni kuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi
zilinganiso Kungenzeka labo abenziwe ngokuvumelana noMthetho Basic
ngesiphambeko observation ngaphakathi okushiwo eyaziwa tabular representable
ebalulekile ngokwayo imida yesimethri omkhulu u ngocansi ngesitayela ake ukuthi
idlule isilinganiso noma kungenzeka u kufinyelele emkhawulweni inikezwe
alingane W. ndaba engeqile elula isilinganiso noma kungenzeka observation iphutha.
Lokhu okuningiliziwe futhi eqinile more wafakazela ezahlukweni ezilandelayo
ezimbili e theory, efakazelwe empirically kanye nesicelo yalo kukhonjiswa. Lapha
ngiyakuhlala khona gcina ngokwami ukuboleka okungekuhle okulandelayo ekhonzile
main yalo, okuyizinto cishe ukunikeza Anhalt jikelele kakhulu.
. 98. Kuye ngokwenza amacala amabili ahlukene, icala ngempela kuphela ekahle
ukuthi amagugu kusukela weqiniso A kufanele kulindeleke, njengoba kungaba
ukuphuma isibalo okungenamkhawulo amagugu single, okuwukuthi ngokuphelele
evamile, futhi esimweni esingokoqobo, bakuphi of the engalungile ngandlelathile A kufanele kulindeleke njengoba kuba athole inombolo ezilinganiselwe of
amagugu. Icala Okokuqala akusho lutho, lapho imithetho distribution silalele
amagugu ngamunye ngobukhulu futhi nenombolo, hhayi ubukhulu, kodwa isibalo
sabo ngesikhathi W. efanayo + futhi - ukhathazekile, futhi unga isikhwama owaziwa
alinganako white and black izinhlamvu esikhundleni + futhi - thatha njengoba
reference ukubala. Icala Last analo sibalo ezincwadini avareji begodu
kungenzeka u umthetho esithile distribution kuzosetshenziswa njengesisekelo, ngoba
ngemva kwalokho ukuphambuka avareji kanye okunengqondo cishe kwamanga
weqiniso A iqondiswe, futhi lokhu futhi ubukhulu avareji kanye engaba u of

ithonya. We indawo yesibili ngendlela efanele ezifanele, lalikhona the GG

ngeziphambeko okungahleliwe kusukela agent ilihlo okumelelwe owaziwa
ebalulekile, ngoba lokhu ukusatshalaliswa kunokuvamile for the icala ekahle a K.-G.
kakhulu ziyalingana angasebenza.
Manje ake U phakathi, V the kungenzeka futhi the nje ( 97) ngezinhloso esibekiwe
ngaphansi isimo icala lokuqala, U futhi V ngaphansi isimo esimweni sesibili 1),
esinawo, kuze encane kakhulu m luhluke kusebenza okulandelayo amalungiselelo standard:
(1)
, (2)
, (3)
, (4)
= ungene 0,79788 0,90194 1, =
ngemvume 0,828 0,67449 97-1,
= ungene 0,48097 0,68212 1, ungene =
0,40659 0,60916 1.
In the amagugu U futhi U isibonakaliso engenhla ngokulandelana 0.5 1.5 for kuxaka,
the ephansi ngoba iqonde m ukusebenzisa.
l) V

futhi V IZIMO lapha abe nencazelo ehluke kunenani asibeka 10

99. Kuze kube manje amazwi alandelayo. Zonke amafomula ezine ngokomthetho
kuphela njengoba eseduze for emikhulu m elisuselwa, futhi lokhu bheke ukuthi
iphethwe ukulungisa 0.5 1.5 amagugu U futhi U (elikhulu sikuso
ngokumelene m ubalekela) akutholakalanga. Kodwa butholakala empirically ukuthi
by axube amafomula efanayo abafanele ukuba ezincane kakhulu m -. Cishe uye
kulencane - ziyancipha kakhulu lapho kusebenza ngaphandle
A impumelelo ukulungiswa 0.5 for U ukuthi ukubaluleka kwalo ngayinye
oyinqaba kanye elilandelayo emikhulu nje m ngobukhulu efanayo, futhi kube
impumelelo ukulungiswa 1.5 for U ukuthi value ngayinye kuxaka nokuhleleka
amayunithi 3 ngokunembile m ulingana. By uya emuva amafomula eqondile
kakhulu U, kodwa amakhudlwana m kukhona nzima kakhulu ukusebenzisa, kungaba
wafakazela ukuthi impumelelo ngokuvamile kusukela kwencani kufika
kwekulu m esokuba futhi yonke esemthethweni; lokho yesibili ukhathazekile, kanjalo
mina can akufani nokuvikeleka efanayo, kodwa kuphela emva in Chap. XVI
kulandela imiphumela enokwehla baye bame kwelokuthi lokhu impumelelo njengoba
cimeza njengoba ungalindela emva ukungaqiniseki imiphumela enjalo, show; futhi

iyona bheke ezincwadini amafomula yanikezwa U futhi V akamuhle ephephile

njengoba for U futhi V, futhi kodwa ukwenza lokhu Nokho yiso kusukela labo yedwa
ngoba uphenyo kwethu kwamanje ngokoqobo, lo for U futhi V okukhulu kwezinye
uphenyo athole ukubaluleka, kanjalo maqondana lokhu inothi etholwe a eyinqaba
kakhulu, indlela ekhandlayo kakhulu ami, enokwehla probation imiphumela
for U futhi V ukuba ubheke 115th
Kuyoba ewusizo uqaphele ukuthi amafomula odlule singasebenza ngisho icala
uma, esikhundleni m uchungechunge owodwa summatorische m more, maqondana
ezahlukene Central wathola series, mhlawumbe iyefana nobe yehlukile m ine phambi
kwakhe, by lokhu m for m ukufaka endaweni amafomula odlule; kuphela kumele
lesi simo kufanele wahlangana, ukuthi izehlakalo okuyinto Series ngamunye
ngobukhulu u nethonya, kanye kubhekwe ngayodwana, futhi ngenxa yalokho
aggregation ezihlukahlukene m bavame efanele ukuze sivale lapho sisilela khona,
njengoba uma m uchungechunge efanayo lakhulisiwe.
100 Usafuna ukuba vubukula nye ukukhathazeka theory ezingaholela kalula udle
phezu ukucatshangelwa amafomula odlule.
Emva asebezifinyelele kakade e amafomula odlule ematfuba
alinganayo 'futhi , wayekade esakeni inombolo esingapheliyo amabhola white and
black, okuyizinto ,zingamelela ukuba singaphethi alinganako
zombili; futhi uma isibalo lonke okungenamkhawulo ibiyobumbana, lo m of the train
kanjalo kungaba akupheli, ngakho kufanele Kusukela umehluko u abe null futhi
ngempela ngesikhathi ukuphindaphindwa isitimela enjalo zero ngamunye, kanjalo
avareji begodu kungenzeka umehluko zero, kanti formula a , kanye mlikhula
unomphela futhi ngaso m = isisindo esingapheliyo U, V, U, V kungatholakala.
Ibhayisikobho ngakolunye uhlangothi, Nokho, kuyacaca ukuthi nazo
ziyanda m and kwenkululeko umehluko kungenzeka ngephutha
phakathi 'futhi , ukwanda, futhi kulokhu, kodwa, ukukhula umehluko avareji futhi
kungenzeka kanye m kungalindeleka, okungase kusengaphambili awapheli, osele at
akupheli m Empeleni, umehluko akupheli kungalindeleka.
Lokhu antinomy sobala umi phandle ukuthi, nakuba umehluko isilinganiso futhi
kungenzeka in elingapheli m amafomula ukuba luba akupheli ngokuhambisana, yena
kodwa njengoba kanye
ezilinganiselwe njengoba ubukhulu oda yesibili,
ngokumelene m kokubili 'futhi , lapho ngisho ne m kukhona of oda efanayo,
ubalekela, ukuze zazisho kungenzeka lokhu ezicini zezibalo ', ezingasetshenziswa
wahudula, namanje ulingana , noma ': , ungabeka iyunithi efanayo isimo imida
yesimethri Kufanele kuqashelwe, nakuba of , iyahluka by an ongabalulekile
ngokumelene kokubili usayizi.
Futhi umuntu angabona mhlawumbe afingqa daba ngale ndlela: Njengoba i infinity
angase abhekwe iphindaphindwe i infinity, lapho eveza i infinity, kusobala ukuthi
samane khipha i okungenamkhawulo inombolo balls, hhayi ukuthi athathe i inamba,
futhi ayekwazi okungenani ngo infinity ngokuphelele inani amabhola white and black

kube okufanayo ngaphandlem = lokhu ukulingana omunye imikhandlu

lapho akusho infinity ngokuphelele.
Noma kunjalo, ungathola akuhambisani ngaphandle ukuma ngenhla amafomula,
babeka nezaba ngaleyo ndlela efanayo ngokumelene nanoma ikuphi ukungabaza of
the theory, yini inyumbazana vorigem izici.
Okwesibili, omunye ongasho ukuthi, njengoba kanye okwandayo m umehluko
phakathi kweqiniso nokwamanga A more and esincishisiwe more and at
okungenamkhawulo mvanishingly lincane phakathi kokubi nokuhle kodwa
ngokuvumelana amafomula ngenhla A afakwa U weqiniso A esivezwa U a at
emikhulu m luhluke has isilinganiso njalo, umbundu ngqo for
okungenamkhawulo m esikhundleni 1 kunalokho
(5)
kuyinto.
Nokho, lokhu isizathu ezilandelayo: The number of ngeziphambeko, lapho amanga
phakathi weqiniso futhi izindlela ezingafanele, futhi yini umehluko
phakathi U futhi U kuncike, Yebo, kunciphisa kanye ekusondeleni ongamanga
izindlela weqiniso, kodwa ubukhulu m ukuba; futhi maqondana njengoba kusondela
kokubili amanxusa ubukhulu m kungenxa isinxephezelo lokhu ukuze leso silinganiso
njalo okwandayo m uyaphuma; futhi, ngisho at indlela esingapheliyo kokubili ejenti
esenziwa the infinity m namanje inamba okungenamkhawulo umehluko engachazeki
encane phakathi ezimbili kucatshangwa izibalo amanga. Kulesi sici, isipiliyoni
empeleni ebalulekile. Ngokusho okukhulunywa 115, nomunye amagugu
efanayo U futhi U kutholakala for m = 10; 50; 100 inombolo noma
ukubaluleka U: U ilingana 0,554; 0,558; 0,608, okuyinto kuphambuka ubudlelwano
theory kanye of the njalo nje ngaphakathi kwemingcele ukungaqiniseki kulindeleke,
okuyinto engokwemvelo isilinganiso amagugu ezimbili kakhulu mkhulu kunani
amagugu ngabanye.
Okwesithathu, iqiniso ezilandelayo kungenziwa waphawula. Kuye kulindeleke
ngeziphambeko kusukela izindlela ngokuthi iqiniso noma amanga sum ewela ehlukile
efanayo, futhi kangaka ngaphansi ikhambi okungalungile for the bill kusukela
maphakathi weqiniso, lo ezincane-avareji ka bill m ngakhoke amanga
izindlela. Kodwa umahluko okhona kakade ngokulinganisela m cishe vanishingly by,
njengoba ngasho indatshana ahlukene 2) kwakuthiwa futhi empirically kuboniswe
ukuthi isilinganiso weqiniso esewonke yamanga
ukuze
baziphathe, onjani
ubuhlobo okwandayo m, iyunithi sisondela ngokushesha. Against kuvela abatelekile
ukuthi umehluko isilinganiso phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kuyinto
ehluke ngokuphelele, njengokungathi okungenhla umkhawulo
isilinganiso U: U = ezithela 0,6028.
2)

["Mayelana ukulungisa maqondana ukunemba ukuzimisela ababecabanga" njll

imibiko Royal. Sachs. Society of Sciences. 1861.]

Lokhu kungakwenza ngokwabo kuqondwe kanje. Uma ngeziphambeko etholakala
empeleni, babengase kubalwa kusukela maphakathi weqiniso, ngezinye
ezilinganiselwe m hhayi kuphela inombolo kodwa futhi sum of the efanayo ulingana
nhlangothi zombili by Random. Manje kwencazelo ikhambi okungalungile kwenziwa
ukuze izamba of eyayenziwe okwenza ukuba zombili alinganayo, njengoba lokhu
ngempela isimo izibalo asho, futhi umuntu wayethi kufanele alindele emva
kwalokhu, ukuthi yinani lika umehluko kanye umehluko ijubane ekulandiseni
wamanga kusho zinyamalale ngokuphelele lapho bobabili kuhluka ezilinganiselwe
ze. Lokhu manje akunjalo; kodwa noma kunjalo inikeza umuntu, ukuthi
ukunyamalala umehluko inani ingucuko kusukela weqiniso izindlela bamanga kahle
kakhulu kungenzeka ezihambisana nokwehla obaluleke kangaka in the umehluko
inombolo, njengoba kubonakala ratios U: U kuvela.
Ngokuqondene asymmetry ezibalulekile, ngakho ucabanga ukuthi nje zokunciphisa
encane Amaphesenti. Njengoba ngenhla (Isahluko XIII.) Amezwabo, neither
asymmetry abalulekile noma engabalulekile ngempela encane
kakhulu m ukuthuthukisa ilungelo; kodwa kwenzeka ngo kuphambuka of the
kwamanga izindlela weqiniso ngu- nje kaningi njengoba in Kunalokho mqondo
umqondo asymmetry ezibalulekile ezitholakala enkulu m esikhundleni imbuyiselo
ithonya zalo asymmetry lobuKhristu.
101. [Ukwengezwa. Ekugcineni, ngo-oda ukuhlela kabusha ukuthi ahlupheke
amafomula ngenhla, ngoba endabeni asymmetry ngokuyisisekelo ukunikeza futhi
ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufakazela ubuqiniso schema ezinikezwe esahlukweni
esedlule ingxube asymmetry ebalulekile futhi non-kubalulekile, kufanele
kuphawulwe ukuthi uma K.- kakhulu quin G. hhayi kusukela izibalo asho, kodwa
amagugu densest is ngokuyisisekelo assumed. Mayelana nenzuzo yokugcina, lo
Ematfuba of ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi ke akufani, kodwa, ngokuhambisana
kwencazelo ezincwadini ukubaluleka densest, ngo nemibandela mutual elula
ngeziphambeko ngokwesilinganiso e 'futhi e, ukwamukela. Ngoba isilinganiso e
': e, =m': m, ichaza ukubaluleka densest ukuze inani amakhophi ekwezimo 'e: e, basakaza nhlangothi zombili ukubaluleka densest, futhi ngenxa
yalokho ngokunembile lokhu lobuhlobo, Ematfuba p futhi q = 1- p enqunywe for
ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi. Kuyinto ngokuya a K.-G. kanye
esiyinikwe e 'futhi e, bez. the value densest 3):
;

(6)

Khona, kuqala umehluko kungenzeka kakhulu phakathi ngeziphambeko emihle

nemibi nganoma yisiphi kuyinto m ilingana:
m (p - q). (7)
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ngokwesilinganiso futhi ukuphambuka kungenzeka

kusuka kule value ngendlela efanayo by U futhi V okukhulunywa ngokuthi

Ngokuphathelene ngaphezu ukuphambuka avareji futhi kungenzeka kusukela
amagugu zero kwenzeka, sithola kanye ukudebeselela nokulungiswa:
(8)
V = 0,6745

(9)

Kukhona-ke kwemingcele cishe umehluko and alinganayo

(P - q) m 0,6745 , (10)
ie, kuba 1 ukugembula ngokumelene 1 ukuthi waphawula u ayinkulu
kunenkosi (p - q) m - 0,6745
kwaba].

futhi esingaphansi (p - q) m + 0,6745

3)

[A ingxoxo eningiliziwe lifundisa ukuthi asymmetry ekwelashweni

ezibuthakathaka izibalo of K.-G. kuvunyelwe, p futhi q kuphela ubukhulu oda 1:
lapho m kuyinto inani lamakhophi K.-G. imayelana zihlukile.]

[Lokhu ukuhlinzekwa kwemingcele kungenzeka ungakwazi futhi lezi zilinganiso

ukuxuba asymmetry kubalulekile futhi inessential ukubona lapho ngokuvumelana
izitatimende of the esahlukweni esedlule ngaphansi asymmetry enkulu cishe non-zero
umehluko value U, kuyaqondakala ukuba asymmetry engabalulekile
ukushintshashintsha cishe lokhu value kungenzeka kakhulu , Kubonisa ukuthi kule
formula (3) soMthetho isahluko esibekiwe x 1 = (p - q) m; y 1 = 0.6745
angabeka, futhi lokho bese e formula (2) lapho p = q =
kucatshangwa y 1 = .6745
has ukusetha.]
[Man efika amalungiselelo esithile cishe u, futhi phakathi ukwehlukahlukana
kungenzeka ngale value lapho ematfuba ukuthi
phakathi m ngeziphambeko m 'positive and m, uthole negative
ngalokho u = m' - m, , ilingana:
(11)
lishona futhi therefrom ngaphansi isimo zenani elikhulu m nge value eseduze:
(12)
elisuselwa]

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XV. Amathuba umphako engaphansi luyingxenye

okungahleliwe asymmetry umehluko u Imiphumela kusukela
maphakathi weqiniso.
102. Ngokuvamile, kungatholakala at K.-G. phakathi inani ngeziphambeko
emihle nemibi ', , bez. izibalo asho A umehluko u = '- , kusukela lapho
uyazibuza yena akukhona okufanayo W. ngeziphambeko mutual nje izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela ngenxa finitude of m kuyinto explicable, noma ngabe
ukubandakanywa an W. quin ngeziphambeko zombili kufanele zithathwe ukuze
abambisane nabathumbi ngoba izehlakalo ongalinganiseli lapho
ezilinganiselwe m, nayo njalo ukwenza, ngeke ulahlekile ngaphandle kodwa ke
kudingeka zihilela kuphela umehluko bathola. Lapha Mayelana nami okungenzeka
amalungiselelo zibonisa ukuthi nakuba sifundisa akukho ukubaluleka ayisisekelo,
kodwa kusadingeka isithakazelo ngesizathu ebalulwe 94, yini eyabangela kimi
ngaphandle qeda ngale ndaba lapha ufuna ukulandela ukujula yakhe zezibalo, kuze
imikhawulo ethile angena kuwo.
The esivame kakhulu, lokho kungathiwani kuba ukuthi mkhulu
umehluko kanye namagugu ngokuphelele ngokusho izimo linani m kuyinto, kanti
emikhulu m ngisho, cishe kuyinto umsebenzi nje izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela,
noma, njengoba thina kafushane bangase bathi randomness nje umehluko, the more
cishe Mitabhngigkeit uW quin, ngaphandle Nokho, ukukwazi ukufinyelela
ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ngale ndlela ngaso sonke. Kuyinto Nokho kungenzeka
ukuba ucacise enkulu W. at kakhulu ziyalingana the medium ngokuzuma umehluko
kungenzeka kanjani u phakathi 'futhi , ukuthi kuye ngokuthi
ezikhona amamitha kungalindeleka lapho ngaphansi umehluko ngokulinganisela,
iDemo U Kuyaqondakala umehluko , ngesikhathi ukuphindaphinda oftmaliger of the
observation ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo okufanayo m njengoba kusho izibalo of
the amagugu ezahlukene etholwe ngale ndlela njalo kusukela amakhophi esisha into
efanayo futhi kungabonakala (in value ngokuphelele); ngaphansi umehluko
kungenzeka, short V, i value nje ngokuvamile lidlule njengoba ngezansi, okuyiqembu
wokuqala mayelana u uyayazisa efanayo A bez. of a amagugu, owesibili kuyafana
bez lesemkhatsini. of a amagugu kuyinto. In olinganise sikhula manje ukuthi
ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela ematfuba determinable, medium luyingxenye
ngokuzuma kungenzeka. U sazi panel distribution, ngokulandelana U futhi V, nazo
the uufinyelelwe, cishe ukwencika kwalo ngengozi nje; futhi kungenziwa ngisho
ucacise degrees of improbability in inani ngokweqile enjalo, ngoba lapho imithetho
zaziwa zezibalo, kodwa mina ngeke uningilize lapha.
Manje kubonakala ekuqaleni, Yebo, ekunqumeni nemibandela u bazetha ezaziwa
kusukela isitsha ematfuba theory ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi in an inombolo
okungenamkhawulo, ngo inombolo kodwa inani elifanayo amabhola white and black
Kuhlanganisa by at ukusikwa per m a amabhola alinganayo W. for the train of
amabhola white and black khona, okwathi ngemva kwalokho umehluko
ijubane futhi kuzodingeka ukuba amabhola zero, ngezikhathi kodwa

eziphindaphindiwe, uthi n izitimela ngamunye m amabhola ngokushesha inani

eyodwa, manje ezinye amabhola maduze more, ngezinye izikhathi kancane bulingana
umehluko okungahleliwe iDemo u etholwe ngobukhulu okungahleliwe isiqondiso
okungahleliwe. It hhayi kuphela kungaba ibalwe, kodwa bezibonakalisa nakho
elikhulu kangakanani neziningi (empeleni, okuyohlala abaningi) siqeqesha
maphakathi kanye engaba u basesimweni value ngokuphelele, futhi kusobala ukuthi
Chile yalo, phezu phakathi kungenzeka value of u ukudlulisa lokho by ukuqondana
naked phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kusukela ezomhlaba arith-metic
of K.-G. abazazisayo ziyalingana W. yalo ngenhlonipho eyatholakala. Nokho, manje,
uzoqhubeka ( 109) Ezimweni zicaciswe, okwenza ukudluliselwa nje Chile kusukela
elinye lelinye icala impracticable; Kodwa ake aphume icala esisanda kuxoxa ngazo,
nabathile ezithakazelisayo, uma mina angingowaleli oyiphutha, ngaphambili
ubudlelwano engaziwa iyohlala kuze kamuva kuyinkimbinkimbi, enganikeza
umehluko collective ukuba badlulele; Ngokushesha thina kufanele-ukukhuluma
kuqala zonke Chile isitimela of amabhola kusukela isitsha ngaphansi kwezimo
washo, futhi mina am ukuhlonipha imiphumela emikhulu m usekela imisho ukuthi
mina in the "Recherches sur la probabilit of jugements" of Poisson futhi Umlando
HAUBER e 7, 8 kanye umthamo 9 Journal of Physics and Mathematics of
BAUMGARTNER kanye Ettingshausen uthole, futhi izinto esivumelana ngazo
kwezinye izindawo 1) ingatholakala, ngesikhathi mina ezincane m, engikwaziyo,
akukho kophenyo unyawo uphenyo lwabo siqu.
l) [Ngokwesibonelo,

ngo izinkulumo Meyer on okungenzeka theory, mayelana

nemithi BEBNOULLI'schen theorem; Chap. III.]
103. Manje ngithola kuqala Chile jikelele ngenxa labo imithombo, ukuthi ratios
amathuba u sonkana kakhulu m and n nomunye umthetho efanayo
ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe ngaphansi kwezimo kukhonjisiwe ubudlelwane
babo, njengoba ngeziphambeko kusukela izibalo asho by the GG iphutha
observation, nokuthi ngenxa yalokho lapho Q2 - isilinganiso izigcawu
kungenzeka u at a inikezwe m esiphakathi Q, U futhi V wonkana m and n lokhu
ingxenye efanayo emva GG phakathi q 2, and f, uma q 2 kusho iphutha
square : m, the elula isilinganiso iphutha : m, futhi w iyona iphutha
kungenzeka. What:
U=

= 0,79788 Q log 0,79788 = 0.90194 1 (1)

V = 0,67449 Q = ungene 0,67449 0,82897 1 (2)

V = 0,84535 U ngemvume = 0,84535 0,92703 1 (3)
Ngemva uphenyo ayo, kodwa ngithola ezimbili ezilandelayo, kukodwa imisho
hhayi ungakujabulisi okuyinto enkulu kakhulu, ukukhuluma ngokuqinile,
akupheli n ahlale ngokuqinile isebenza, like m kube enkulu noma encane, ngeke
Ngakho zibonakale yilo kunjalo, kaningi isitimela esisodwa
ngamunye m ngokuphindaphindiwe balls, kuba sengathi njalo 2 noma 10 noma 100,

njll, kukhona ngabe:

1) ukuthi Q 2 = m
2) ukuthi U ubalulekile ukuze a oyinqaba owanikwa futhi by 1 emikhulu
nje m, okusho m = kuyinto, njll 1 no 2, 3 no 4, 99 ukuze 100.
104. Landelayo indlela izibalo matic isandla imisho odlule.
Be njalo m, isibonelo, besondele 4 amabhola kusukela isitsha in umbuzo, ezingavela
amacala 5 ezilandelayo:
Inombolo Special of okuqinile white
amabhola kanye black

4 w.

o schw.

+4

3 w.

1 schw.

+2

2 w.

2 schw.

1 w.

3 bl.

-2

0 w.

4 bl.

-4

Ngokuvamile, ngoba inikezwe m, kukhona kungenzeka U amagugu m + 1, lapho

emihle nemibi u okumelwe ahlukaniswe, kanti kuphela m 1 +
ngoba iqonde, m (m + 1) ngoba kuxaka m lapho u emva ngokuphelele amagugu,
akhayo ukuze nemibi bayalingana abalwe. Ukuze ngamunye ingenkulu
kakhulu m kungenzeka kukhona u kalula wathola empirically on the scheme odlule,
futhi manje nezimangaliso izikhathi bangaki ne izitimela frequent kakhulu
kusukela m, njalo Kulokhu ngamunye kungenzeka 4 amabhola kanye ngokulingana
inani kungenzeka u kwenzeka , noma ngokunikeza kafushane lokho W.
ngamunye u ine. Be lokhu W. Utholakala ngendlela efanayo
kukhonjiswe. Ukuphindaphinda ke ngasinye ukanye W. yakhe futhi unezela
mikhiqizo, ukuze ube khona by isimiso eyaziwa ematfuba theory, kusho
ngqo futhi yini thina U shayela. Ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale ukuthi sum of labo
imikhiqizo noma sum of the W. Ungathanda kufanele ihlukaniswe
phakathi futhi ukuthola; kodwa ngamunye W. ngabanye kuphakama njengoba limele
value encane 1, kanye isamba semali lezi amagugu fractional kukhona 1, okwenza
nokwahlukana esithile ezidingekayo. Ngokufanayo, sithola
Ngokwesilinganiso u 2, thina Q 2 call, by efingqa imikhiqizo ngamunye u 2 in yabo
ngokulandelana W.
Ngakho-ke kudingekile ukuba U futhi Q for esiyinikwe m ukuthola ukuthi lokhu
kungenzeka futhi baloba ngezinhloso ngenhla isibonelo, ukuze anqume W. ngamunye
kanje, bese ukuthatha njengoba banikezwe sum of the imikhiqizo.
Ukuze the W. of u, short W [u] noma W [ '- ,], ngaphansi

ngokuhlukana amagugu emihle nemibi for inikezwe m inzuzo,

umuntfu esilandelayo, zezibalo owaziwa formula 2):
, (4)
lapho 1. 2. 3 ... m umkhiqizo wabo bonke integers kusuka ku 1 kuya. kuze futhi
kubandakanya M kusho ngokuhambisana kanye , lapho icala, kodwa,
ukuthi noma , = 0, ukubaluleka 1.2.3 ... 'noma 1.2.3 ... , kumele akhiwa. 1
2) Ngaphansi

Ukucindezela indlela efanayo kanje:

Ukuvula lokhu isibonelo sethu m = 4 ukuthatha 'for the number of

white, , ngoba black balls, 1 2 3 4 =

24 ;; sithola:

'

+4

+2

-2

-4

W [u]

Ake sithi manje u for amagugu ngokuphelele ngonya on uphawu yayo, njengoba
kumele wenze, ngoba U sithathwa isilinganiso amagugu ngokuphelele, kanjalo kabili,
ngokuba oyinqaba m the W. ngayinye, futhi, e iqonde m, njengoba okungawo m = 4,
ngayinye u with. Ngaphandle u = 0, futhi sinesibonelo odlule ukubhala njalo:
u W [u]
4
2
0

Ukuqaliswa esihambelanayo sabo kuxaka m = 5 futhi 1 kuya ngokunembile m = 6:

ngoba m = 5
u W [u]
5
3
1
ngoba m = 6
u W [u]
6
4
2
0
Kodwa [kusobala U = 1, Q = 4 m = 4; U = 1 7/8, Q 2 = 5 for m = 5 futhi U =
1 7/8, Q = 6 for m = 6, kanjalo ukuthi Okutholakale kuqinisekisa imisho
ngenhla Q = m for m = 4, 5 no 6, futhi U for m = 5 no 6 esikhundleni value
efanayo. Ngendlela efanayo for yimuphi omunye m by invoyisi isiqinisekiso ngqo
bungatholakala.]
[Nokho, ngo-ukuze afakazele amasethi amabili e semthethweni kwabo bebonke,
bakubize Q futhi U emuva ngokucacile ukwencika m by Q m and Um, bese usetha kuqala:
, (5)
lapho summation phezu kwakho konke ngazimbili ( ', ,) = (m, 0); (M
- 1.1); (1, m - 1); (0, m) kufanele kudluliselwe, ngoba lapho '+ , =
m. Ngakho, (' - ,) = ( + ,) - 4 , = m - 4 ' , futhi etholwe esikhundleni
value yokugcina:
, (6)
Kusukela
.
uma = 0 noma , = 0, ngakho isamba yesibili nje namanje value ngababili
(kuyinto , ,) = (m - 1, 1), (m - 2 2,), (1 , m - ukwelula 1), futhi umuntu
angabona ke Q m 2 amele amafomu alandelayo:

, (7)
Nokho, kuba sum lokuqala uyalingana (1 + 1) m: 2 m, owesibili ilingana (1 + 1) m-2: 2 m-2,
njengoba kungabonwa ngqo, uma izinzuzo eyenziwa ngokusho theorem binomial, futhi ukubaluleka
ngamunye tibalo ababili lingana kuze fike. Ngakho,

sinazo:

1) Q m 2 = m 2 - m (m - 1) = m.
Yabeka for an ngisho m, okuyinto 2 Lokucabanga:
(8)
1 to ezincane m kuxaka = 2 - 1:
(9)
futhi bandise kuqala uma summation of the value ngababili: ( , ,) = (2 , 0), (2 1, 1), ( + 1 - 1); Icala lesibili on the value ngababili ( , ,) = (2 - 1, 0), (2 2, 1), (, - 1). Manje kungenzeka wangaphambili = + 1 + , , = - 1 - ,
= + , , = - 1 - set, lapho bobabili uma the ubazisa 1, - 2, has ukwamukela 0, ukuze umuntu uyithola ukubonisa takhiwo
ezilandelayo:

; (10)

; (11)
Nokho, kusukela nganoma yisiphi integers positive kanye v3):
, (12)
kanjalo:

(13)

futhi etholwe nokwehlisa elula:

.]

1.

105. Ngo owedlule amasethi amabili lutho iqukethwe at the ubuhlobo inombolo,
okuyinto amafomula (1), (2), (3) ngesisekelo nokusebenza GG kuze ratios
lokungenzeka futhiphakathi amagugu U, Q futhi V ibekwe kukhona, futhi kuze kube
manje ungakabi [elula] umsebenzi amagugu U futhi V ngobukhulu m phambi,
njengoba sisadinga enjalo. Esikhundleni manje kodwa amafomula ngenhla theorem
1) ukubaluleka
of Q, kanjalo sithola amafomula ezimbili ezilandelayo ukwenza
4):
Kuyadingeka
U = 0.79788

(14)

V = 0,67449, (15)
Formulas ukuthi kungenziwa elisuselwa amafomula imithombo ukhonjiswe,
ngenhlanhla, ukuze lutho ngokuyisisekelo omusha sinikezwa njalo; lapha
ingafaniswa sokugweba 2)ezilandelayo, kubonakala kimi, ngenxa yezizathu njengoba
ukulungiswa kodwa engaziwa formula (14), ngazo kwesisekelo okulandelayo.
3) [Enye

esifakazela lokhu ungubani by wokuqala

setha bese ngokulandelana

ngoba = 1, 2, ... - by 1

kwafakwa.]
4) [eyodwa efika indlela efanayo for U, uma umfanekiso ngenhla U 2 , lapho

ngenxa ngobulula in the form unreduced

ngeke inqobo emva formula Stirling (2 )! = (2 ) 2. Exp [- 2 ]

futhi ! = Exp [- ]
edingekayo

lishona; atholakala ke on the ukuncishiswa

noma.
Nokho, kusukela kanjalo kuphela approximation of the ciniso U 2 = U 2 1 kufinyelelwa, kuyafaneleka ngoba amagugu ezincane 2 and 2 - 1, ngenxa
formula olunembile more
.

amagugu cishe (2 )! kanye ()! namanje isici

sabela kungakavalwa.

ephelezelwa; ke etholakala
;

Ngakho, ngoba ngisho m ifomula:

;

ngoba oyinqaba m ifomula:

,

Omunye kanjalo uzuza ngale ndlela tibalwe lapha ngentasi (16) Ukulungiswa for U.].

Nakuba imisho ngenhla 1) no 2) amancane ezinqumela nezinkulu m at ngokwanele

ezinkulu kuphela n ayohlala esemthethweni, ukusetha amafomula (14) kanye (15),
kanye namafomula (1), (2) no (3), kusukela ngalo kulandela, empeleni, ende
okungenamkhawulo m phambili, ngaphandle elikhudlwana n ngekani kuka
kuqala Uma ufuna ukuba nawe kodwa omncane m kangaka an ngokungenamkhawulo
enkulu isicelo njengoba 3, 4 noma 5, babengenza ngisho phakathi an izitimela
inombolo okungenamkhawulo, n Nokho, yalokho ngokuphawulekayo embi, kakade
ingxenye eyingqayizivele enkulu kakhulu m a yi ngokuphawulekayo lesifanele
nika. Kodwa thina esikhundleni formula (14) by okulandelayo:
U = 0.79788

(16)

usebenzisa ilebula phezulu kuya iqonde, ephansi ngoba kuxaka m, thina ke

ihambisane nemfuneko set 2) bese uthola kokubili empirically ukuthi lokhu formula
ngisho kuya kwencanem Nakuba encishisiwe hhayi ngokuphelele, kodwa cishe
ncamashi kanye theory ngqo Izinombolo uyavuma ukuthi isimiso ngenhla
ngezindlela esibekiwe encane njengoba for enkulu nse m ingatholakala, ngaphandle
kokuthi amakhulu m ayisekho nokwenzeka umthethosivivinywa. Empeleni, omunye

uthola kwalokho okulandelayo kwithebula lokuqhathanisa:

Ukuqhathanisa amagugu esiqondile U kanye ibalwe (16).

ncamashi 0.797 88

Diff.

1 u. 2

1,0000

.9772

- 0,0228

3 u. 4

1,5000

1,4927

- 0,0073

5 u. 6

1,8750

1,8712

- 0,0038

7 u. 8

2,1875

2,1851

- 0,0024

9 u. 10

2,4609

2,4592

- 0,0017

11 u.12

2,7070

2,7058

- 0,0012

15 u.16

3,1421

3,1413

- 0,0008

25 u.26

4,0295

4,0291

- 0,0004

Njengoba ungase ubone, zonke ngokusho formula (16) soft ibalwa amagugu U in
lokususa of the starting ngqo, kodwa ngisho ne m = 1 no-2, umehluko impela,
isezingeni m = 25 no-26 amayunithi 4 kuphela. 4 wezinombolo kanye kunciphisa
ngokwanda of m eminye. Yebo kukhona formula uncorrected (14) nge
encane m ngeziphambeko okukhulu kusukela amagugu ngqo; at m = 25 liye lehla
ukuba - 0,0401, at m = 26 + okwamanje 0,0389; futhi kuphela ngesikhathi
olukhudlwana m kuthanda luhluke vanishingly by formula (14) njengoba e formula
(16).
106. Njengoba for the value V uphathelene, njengoba okufanayo bazonikezwa
isimiso ngokunembile ngokuxuba ukubaluleka u ethile maqondana lapho amathuba
emikhulu futhiulingana ematfuba ezincane u; kodwa sizozama lokhu izibonelo
encane m, njengoba ngenhla kanye m isicelo = 4, 5 noma 6, ukuze ibanike ngalutho
onjalo lapha, kodwa lokho amagugu sifuna ukuthatha it, ngakho sum ematfuba
ezinkulu nezincane kuyinto u alinganayo, futhi ngabe efanayo uma sake safuna value
ezithile , phakathi ezimbili u bheka ukuthi ihlukaniswa 2, z. B. kanye m
= 5 phakathi u = 3 no 1, okungawo m = 6 phakathi u = 2 kanye 0, ngaphandle, ukuze
kude njengoba ngibona, a Isimiso enengqondo ukuze a ukuzimisela ngokunembe
kakhudlwana likhona, lokho asivimbeli elikhulu kangaka m, ukuthi 2
Ngokuphambene ubalekela sokuthola formula (15) esivunyelwe. Khonamanjalo,
kwakubonakala isithakazelo, nelungiselelo ezincane m ukulinganisa lesi simiso
esilandelayo.
Isibalo amagugu for, on a value a a K.-G. kulotshiwe, kungaba panel primary noma
yehlise, kulandela izibhelu ekuqaleni empeleni belulele phezu kwesikhawu samahora

wonke ukucabanga, ogama imingcele at equidistant A in the ephakathi

ezimbili a ukuwa. Uma siqhathanisa equidistant u nge equidistant A, ukuze
ingalungiswa by Isifaniso the Ematfuba ukuthi ngamunye u uthole, ukucabanga
bendlale phezu esingaba usayizi 2, futhi ngemva kwalokho, ngo ncamashi ngendlela
efanayo thina ukubaluleka central a ka by interpolation sokuphumula, lapho uwe,
thola (s 82.), njengoba ukubaluleka central u, di V; uthole by interpolation of
sokuphumula yayo. Angikho bethi lo ukucabangela is LUMA; ngoba labo
nokusakazwa kwezincwadi z in K.-G. uphiwa ngokwesimo njengoba kudingekile
lapha kuqhathaniswa u dinga lutho, futhi ungayididanisi ilungiselelo wathola by
interpolation nge eqondile. Kuxazululwe Khonamanjalo kodwa umzamo ukwenza
lokho okuphuma, ngakho amagugu ezitholakala ngokuba anikezwe kungaba m with
for enkulu m by formula (15) Madanisa inikezwe. Kodwa kunokuba umane
interpolation ngomehluko lokuqala I nayo eningiliziwe umehluko yesibili
ziyasebenza nalapha futhi uthole imiphumela elandelayo:
Ukuqhathaniswa interpolated V kanye libalwe (15).

interpolated

0,67449

Diff.

1,0000

.9539

- 0,0461

1,1716

1,1682

- 0,0034

1,3837

1,3490

- 0,0347

1,5072

1,5082

+ 0.0010

1,6667

1,6522

- 0,0145

1,7912

1,7845

- 0,0067

1,9117

1,9077

- 0,0040

2,0372

2,0235

- 0,0137

10

2,1328

2,1329

+ 0.0001

15

2,6168

2,6123

- 0,0045

20

3,0241

3,0164

- 0,0077

25

3,3733

3,3724

- 0,0009

It ibonakala ukuthi ukuqhathanisa ngempela hhayi ngaphandle impumelelo, by

idatha etholwe interpolation V amagugu ngisho at amagugu ongaphakeme kakhulu m,
cishe ncamashi liyavumelana nalabo lapho sihambisana formula (15). Futhi ihlala
kuphela abatelekile ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso ezihambisana
ukulandela zazingenawo amakilasi ahleliwe okufunda njalo, futhi nakuba iningi
libalwe (15) zinqubo a trifle ezincane kuno amagugu interpolated ezimbalwa (for m =

5 no 10) The reverse senzeka, okuyinto isekelwe sibalo iphutha, njengoba mina eziye
zenza ngokwami by zibukezwe ngokucophelela.
[Kuyinto lesi sivumelwano universal Nokho, libonisa ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa
interpolationsmige kuphela kuze kube sezingeni esebenzayo, njengoba formula
(15) ukubaluleka cisheu umele kanye approximation eyanele. Kodwa lokhu - the
bheke of ukuthi formula ukulandela - kuphela ke kunjalo uma osayizi komyalelo
wokungabi 1:
zingase dengwane, kanjalo ngeke ubheka ezincane m ukukhonza
kungoni formula (15), kodwa indlela interpolation kanye inzuzo, kunalokho bakhetha
amalungiselelo okunembile V chat. Okunjalo kungaba ihlukaniswe approximation
ngokulandelana ukubaluleka kweqiniso ngosizo formula enokwehla of MAC
LAURIN, olubizwa nangokuthi summation formula Euler, ukunqoba.Okungukuthi,
kukhona ukubaluleka eyisisekelo ukuthi formula sum is ukuthi. The kathisha
isizumbulu ngokuqhubekayo, ubuyela ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, phezu
ukuhlanganiswa kanye kwamangqamuzana futhi kanjalo nkulumo ushintsho njalo
inikwe amandla ubeka esikhundleni kusukela izikhawu isikhawu nokweqa
ekushintsheni sum valueUma lokhu kwenziwa ukuze sum of the amagugu W [ u],
kungenzeka ukuthi of u azimisele, ukuba lapho okuyiwo amagugu enhla nasezansi
ulingana , ngaleyo ndlela ngokunembileV kutholakala.]
[Kukhona ophakamayo manje ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ( 110) ibekwe, ngoba
ngisho futhi okungekuhle amamitha:
V = 0.674 489

- Figure

1; (17)
osayizi wofern komyalelo wokungabi 1:
njengesibopho, labo
oda 1: m banganakwa. Uma ushayela osayizi komyalelo wokungabi 1: m okunye
uzothola:
1.ngoba ngisho m = 2

; (18a)
2.ngoba oyinqaba m = 2 - 1
; (1
8b)
lapho ukubaluleka c esebenzisa le t itafula zombili izimo esiyinikwe = m sabela
kungakavalwa. (m + 1) kusukela:
(18c)
. Ukuthola amafomula ezimbili (18a), (18b) yakha analog of (16); banayo
umphumela ukuthi nahehin V for an ngisho m and kanti kuxaka ngokulandelana

olandelayo ayalingana futhi ezifanayo khona uma c

kanye ukungayinaki
isixhumanisi 1: 16. bazowamisa e (18c) ilingana 0,67449]
[Ukuze ekuqhathaniseni amafomula ezintathu eseduze (15), (17) kanye (18),
i V sequentially njengoba V 1, V 2 futhi V 3 zibizwa, kulandela Compilation
isetshenziswa:
m

V1

V2

V3

1,349

0,349

0.565

1.508

0.508

0,529

1.652

0,652

0,827

2.023

1.023

1.043

10

2.133

1.133

1.267

11

2.237

1.237

1.257

20

3.016

2.016

2.111

100

6,745

5.745

5.786

1000

21,329

20,329

20,333

107. Kusukela ngaphandle interpolationsmig kukhiqizwa V wonke

amalungiselelo odlule zisekelwe ocacile ezimisweni izibalo kanye lishona, kanjalo
okufanele probation enokwehla efanayo ngamunye se ngeke kudingeke Nokho, mina
ngeke abasaya enjalo futhi ngokwengxenye ngoba indlela probation se kufanele
ninikele intshisekelo eyinqaba by esikhundleni isitsha ematfuba, ngokwengxenye
ngoba imiphumela yabo ukunikeza izimpawu Uyakufika amagugu esiqondile
kanjani Q futhi U for inikezwe m, lapho isimiso yiziphi izinhlinzeko zalo
okungenamkhawulo n embonweni wonkana, kodwa namanje
ezilinganiselwe n, njengoba kuba imiyalo empirically ungalindela kamuva.
Ngokungangabazeki Unikeze isitsha kanye engachazeki eziningi, ngo izinombolo
amabhola alinganayo abamhlophe nabansundu umqondo ezifanele kakhulu, lapho
omunye ongachaza imisho odlule, kodwa ngezinhloko okunjalo ngeke walungisa,
futhi lapho kukhona ezilinganiselwe by an isitsha nge Inani balls luthathelwa, lapho
omunye the m emva course ngayinye zurcktut balls, lapho kungenziwa kahle,
kungaba inqubo ezitimeleni eziningi kakhulu yisicefe ngokwedlulele futhi
ukukhiqizwa ingxube okungahleliwe ngokuphelele amabhola ngaphambi Yebo
omusha ngamunye ofinyelelekayo neze short, real njalo besebenzisa indlela
impracticable; Ngiphinde Angazi ukuthi wake wasebenzisa kwalo. Kodwa
okulingana isitsha kule zinhlu abadonsekela ngokuwina inombolo ye amabhidi
lottery, okuyiqembu njengoba amabhola white, lo kuxaka kanye black, noma uma
ziqhathaniswa ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi of W. alinganayo, lowo emihle,
omunye zingafundwa njengoba negative.

Kuze kube manje, enginakho (in the 50s) iziphathimandla ethintekayo, izinhlu lotto
eziyishumi Saxon kusukela 1843 nge 1852 per izinombolo 32.000 ukuba 34.000 verkudala, uhlu, lapho Izinombolo emva ukulandelana okungahleliwe, lapho basuka
babe, kukhona, kanjalo 28904; 24460; 32305; 16019; 157; 3708; 16 928 njll Manje,
nakuba inani izinombolo ngamunye lottery wonyaka njalo inombolo kuphela
ezilinganiselwe, futhi izinombolo besondele azihlanganisiwe in the isondo fortune,
kodwa ukusikwa izinombolo odlule akashintshi in the isilinganiso amathuba kamuva,
njengoba kunjalo isicelo isitsha inombolo ezilinganiselwe kungaba amabhola of the
icala, futhi ungakwazi ukuyibuka sengathi isitsha equkethe i akupheli inombolo
amabhola vorlge 5).
5)

Izinombolo eziningi Glcksrade ucabange, kuze kufike Ngiyabona at a Ngakho

wenza isikhungo, kuba izikhonkwane njengoba elincane Ozibonile sekusondele,
imiqulu amancane akhiwa uvalwe iphuma kanye eyayifakwa annular imikhono
amahlumela ngalo izinombolo afakiwe. Mhlawumbe lokhu incazelo akuyona
ncamashi ngekhanda, lokho kodwa kuza-lapha lutho. Ngaphambi drawing lezi
zinombolo ahlelwe amabhodi ngokwesiko labo enkonzweni yabo of 1000
ebhodini. Lezi amabhodi kuthiwa wafika ebhokisini kusuka lapha isondo fortune,
ukuze kusukela ekuqaleni ingxube okungajwayelekile esikhundleni izinkulungwane,
uye ke waphenduka phezu isondo yathululela zibe okungajwayelekile, kunqunywa
ukubizwa okungahleliwe umyalelo esemthethweni, futhi lokhu wadonsa-100
izinombolo ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngesikhathi ahlangene openwork amaphiko
wheel amane inamathelisiwe, lapho ukushintshanisa kolunye uhlangothi kwesondo,
ngaleyo ndlela ethwele conflation okungajwayelekile.Uma ubuka indlela lokhu
kwenzeka, asibekela inkatho ngomunye, ngakho ngeke ulingeke ukuba akholelwe
ukuthi kakade kwanele esonta nabaningana ukwenza ingxube ngempela
okungajwayelekile; kodwa kufanele, ngokusho kwezikhulu at the Kufinyeta lokuqala,
lapho lottery lihlukaniswe, kubhejwa umakhelwane kaningi avele ngemva kwenye,
ngesikhathi draw last, emva conflation ifezwa ezingamakhulu amaningana izikhathi
ukuzungeza kwesondo, into enjalo uyayibona.
Thina ukuchaza isicelo yalo ekucaleni ngesikhathi icala okulula m = 3, lapho nje
ezimbili u = 1 no 3 ne theory W [u] = 0.75 ngokulandelana 0.25 kungenzeka, lapho
ingatholakala emva imithetho ebalulwe , In 2000maliger ephindaphinda
ukuzimisela m = 3 kusukela phakade ezintsha izinombolo, ie n = 2000, imiphumela
okulandelayo zazitholakala kuzo zonke:
Inombolo enokwehla izikhathi u in n uchungechunge per m kwenzeka = 3
amagugu, uma liqhathaniswa nenani theory
m = 3; n = 2000.
u kwakuthiwa Empiric
1

1500

1494

500

506

Kwehlukanisa izinombolo etholakala nge n, sithola etafuleni odlule, iinjamiso

ezilandelako:
W [ u]
u kwakuthiwa Empiric
1

0.750

0,747

0.250

0,253

okuyinto ke kuveza Q , U, V, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili kungacacisa; . Ngakho

isibonelo, kwakuthiwa Q = 1 0.750 + 9 0.250 = 3; futhi U = 1 0.750 + 3 0.250
= 1.5.Ngakho, imiphumela elandelayo makhulu m and ezahlukene, nje ukuthola
enkulu kakhulu n ukuqonda futhi aphathe.
Inombolo enokwehla izikhathi u in n uchungechunge per m kwenzeka
amagugu kuqhathaniswa nesibalo theory.

m = 10; n = 5000

m = 50; n = 1000

m = 100; n = 600

kwakuthiwa Empiric kwakuthiwa Empiric kwakuthiwa empirically

0

1230

1201

112

110

48

46

2051

2027

216

217

93,5

104

1172

1225

192

194

88

85

439

442

158

154

80

67

98

97

119,5

120

69,5

68

10 10

84

65

58

63

12 -

54

62

47

51

14 -

32

41

36

31

16 -

17

21

27

34

18 -

10

19

13

20 -

13

14

22 -

8.5

24 -

0.5

5.5

26 -

28 -

30 -

32 -

0.5

34 -

0.3

36 -

0.1

38 -

0.1

5000

1000

1000

600

600

5000

Amanani kungenzeka u in etafuleni okwedlule m = 50 futhi 100 hhayi sigcwaliswe

kuze kube sekupheleni, kodwa alukho angaphinde W. luhluke, ukuze isilwane
esikhulu n ngabe kwaba okudingekile, kufanele leso sikhathi noma omunye zenzeka.
Ibhayisikobho itafula odlule, ithebula iyona enokwehla Q , U, V elisuselwa
ziqhathaniswa amagugu theory.
m

kwakuthiwa empirically kwakuthiwa empirically 0.674 empirically

Interpol.
49
3

2000 3.00

3,02

1.50

1.51

1.17

1.18

10 5000 10,00

10,13

2,46

2.49

2.13

2.19

50 1000 50,00

52,02

5,61

5,71

4,77

4,76

100 600 100.00

101,68

7,96

8,05

6,74

6,94

Isivumelwano close phakathi kwezindinganiso enokwehla ne theory kuyinto

indisputably egculisayo futhi abatelekile kuphela ukuthi ngakho konke
amagugu m the enokwehla uqoboQ futhi U uthatha kancane lilikhulu
kunezinkanyezi theory, cishe yisona sizathu kuphela kungani leli cala ngoba
uchungechunge for the emikhulu m ikakhulu ukuhlanganisa chungechunge, ngoba
ezincane m zazitholakala ayekade etholakala, ukuze bakwazi ukwelula ithonya zabo
phezu zangaphambili nalokho ngenxa squaring of the u in
ekutholweni Q 2kwadingeka ukuba obonakalayo kuka e U, lapho the imibukiso
kancane Okufana.
108. I yezakhi odlule kanye namafomula kungaba wusizo ezimweni eziningi
zokusetshenziswa ezifundweni kwezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakudingekile ukuba
sihlole ukuthi umehluko ongagcini phakathi isibalo ezizalwa noma ukufa noma
abazibulala zonyaka ezimbili ezahlukene, noma phakathi inani iduna nensikazi

ukubeletha, noma phakathi inani lidume ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene, kwenzelwe

nje kwaqondana , noma ngabe ubunjalo zonyaka, bobulili, wabaphonsa has a elikhulu
ubukhulu isiqondiso umehluko. Yiba Summa zihlukaniswa kokubili izimo eziningi
kakhulu, bathi m, amacala aye abonakala futhi kulokhu wathola ukuthi ngalapha
', ngakolunye , amacala zenzeka, yingakho umehluko ngokuphelele u kuyinto,
ngakho ivuliwe zifika, ngabe umehluko ezitholakala u ku amagugu ngokuphelele the
cishe V idlula noma lehla ngezansi, futhi yini izimo lokhu kunjalo, ukwenza ematfuba
iziphetho ezilandelayo uhlobo.
Ukube W. of 'futhi , alinganayo, ngakhoke umehluko bathola u by chance,
ngakho nje ukuthi kungenzeka waze okukhulunywa ngayo amafomula odlule le
mfuneko W. ziyalingana, umehluko kungenzeka V yokuwela futhi izitebhisi, futhi
lapho ebona okufanayo m wayevame kakhulu ukuphindwa, wayeyoba phakathi
nalesi V zitholakala kakhulu alinganayo; lapha ngokumelene umehluko luyingxenye
okungahleliwe Yebo Ngaphezu akunakwenzeka, ngezabelo amakhudlwana kube
imfuneko ethize ngaphansi randomness obuphindiwe
kungenzeka V idlula; Ibhayisikobho lokhu, lo W. ukuthi wayengamane nje by chance,
siyokhula owawuzoba ngamunye ratios emikhulu engeqile lokhu; futhi uma nje izimo
luyingxenye okungahleliwe futhi wonkana m kuvumelana nezimo yesiphambeko
observation by GG, futhi ngokusho itafula yoMthetho Basic, onikeza lezi zilinganiso
ematfuba iphutha njengoba umsebenzi isilinganiso lapho iphutha
kungenzeka w isipikili yibo noma ngaphansi anda , ngaphansi esikhundleni
of V for w angenza ngisho ocacile more okungenzeka izibalo ebudlelwaneni odlule.
Against la zinto jikelele, ngombono wami cishe bayoba kuphakamisa eqinile
ayikwenqabeli; ngokuqondene nencazelo ethile kodwa mina folgends the ratios u:
V bayavuma e izithakazelo ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuwusizo kungenzeka ukuba
ingxenye calculus ematfuba ajwayelekile ngokuphelele sezibalo professional
mhlawumbe namanje efiselekayo kalula olukhulu imiqondo engalungile futhi
fallacies kule nsimu, lolo eliyisisekelo.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake m = 1000 lidume ngesikhathi nesikhathi esifanayo
ezindaweni ezimbili, kuthathwe ndawonye, kokubili, waphawula at a '= 530,
ngesikhathi omunye , = 470, okusho u = 60; ke, ngokusho formula (15), the
kungenzeka umehluko V, lapho silindele by the zenzakalo nqunu futhi, ngaphansi
kombandela okufanayo W. lesinesitfombe-sibuko uand , w itafula iphutha
angasebenzisa:
V = 0.6745

= 21.33.

Lokhu value kuba 21,33 olinganise enkulu umehluko wathola u isipikili = 60; by
60 = 2.81 V, ngakho kungcono kakhulu cishe ngaphezu okuphambene, ukuthi
umehluko akuyona by chance, kodwa kunomphumela wendawo on isiphetho salo
ukulinganisa, ngaphandle kokuba avunyelwe kodwa kuba-ke beba semathubeni kuka
hhayi ukuthola ukuthi yena nje esekelwe ithonya wendawo, kodwa nje ukuthi ithonya
lendawo ethile elikhona, lapho ushayela futhi kulindeleke nje by chance kanye W.
ziyalingana mayelana. Uma ngakolunye uhlangothi umehluko wathola, futhi lincane
kungenzeka V, z. B. '= 505, , = 495, yingakho u = 10 = 0.47 V, kanti V = 21,33

izinsalela, ngakho W. enkulukazi ngeke alwele ukuthi nje umehluko nomaphi ukhona,
kodwa ukuthi Ithonya okungahleliwe inkulu ngokwanele ukuba zinkulu nomphumela
wendawo kungenzeka, kuyilapho kungekho theory ematfuba salokhu ukuthi
umehluko Zathola kwaba kuncike nje ngephutha noma nje kuphela ithonya
wendawo. IDemo, lawa W., ngabe omunye ithonya bulingana, hhayi nje ukuthi
omunye ukhona. Kodwa uma W. ukuthi wendawo oqavile, kuyinto enkulu kakhulu,
ngakho-ke Yebo futhi W. omkhulu kakhulu ukuthi sikhona; futhi kube izikweletu
yalolu hlobo inzuzo ematfuba khona obunye ubufakazi kuka amathonya nje
okungahleliwe. Uma lapha zinkulu W. ukuthi ithonya okungahleliwe kungenzeka
ukuba zinkulu okungahleliwe, kanjalo kuyangabazeka ukuthi enjalo ikhona ngaso
sonke, futhi unayo kuphela ithuba ubufakazi bokuthi wayenguMesiya phakade
encane.
Ake lendlela kukhona, kanjalo ngibuyela izibonelo odlule, sithola on icala lokuqala
lapho umehluko bathola u = 60 kanye V = 21,33, ngakho u: V = is 2,81, ngokusho
etafuleni GG, ukuthi W., umehluko u ngeke ngihlale eqondiwe kusukela kulesi
amagugu uziphethe for W. ukuba Kunalokho njengoba 0,942 ukuze 0,058; futhi
kuncike ekutheni lezo value u is nokho ufinyelelwe, uyokwazi ukuba ukugembula
ngokumelene 6 izinombolo nxazonke, 94, yena wayengekho nje
ngephutha. Esimweni sesibili, lapho u = 10 = 0.47 V, kungatholakala emva etafuleni
umbuzo, ukuthi W., umehluko u uzohlala namagugu nomaphi ngezansi lokhu, ukuba
Kunalokho njengoba uziphatha 0,249 ukuze 0,751, kodwa uma futhi engeke uye
wahlala ngaphansi kwaleli nani, uthola le W. okuphambene lwalumumethe ukuthi
ifinyelele njengoba nomaphi lokhu value, futhi kuyoba, ngo izinombolo nxazonke 1
Ungafunda ukugembula ngokumelene 3 ukuthi ithonya wendawo babe outbid
nomaphi, 3 ngokumelene 1 kodwa okuphambene, kodwa ngaphandle ukukwazi
ukubheja ukuthi yayingazange atholakalayo, ithonya lendawo. Bengingazi
okungenani ukuthi labo izimo ezazizolandela ukubamba ngenye kokubili practical
nangokushesha.
Iba W the W. ukuthi noma u uzitshela W. ziyalingana ngezansi a ingxenyenamba
inikezwe noma amaningi of W noma V kuyohlala, ngakho kufanele uthole isampula
elincane the okuqondene lapha Table 6) ukunikeza GG ukuba ngamunye
ngokufanele:
u

0,10 V

0,05378

2.25 V

0,87088

0.25 V

0,13391

2.50 V

0,90825

0.50 V

0,26407

2.75 V

0,93638

0.75 V

0,38705

3.00 V

0,95698

1.00 V

0,50000

3.25 V

0,97163

1.25 V

0,60083

3.50 V

0,98176

1.50 V

0,68833

4.00 V

0,99302

1.75 V

0,76214

4.50 V

0,99760

2.00 V

0,82266

5.00 V

0,99926

Umuntu kodwa uqhaphele uma usebenzisa ukuzimisela odlule ngaphambi isicelo

yokuphambuka okufanayo ngomqondo okulandelayo. Ake sithi, kungaba ezinye
izinyanga ezimbili noma yimuphi zonyaka ezimbili ngaphandle kwezinye, mayelana
nenani iziphepho egcinwa, kanjalo lutho ukuvimbela ukuthi ukuzimisela odlule
ngokuphathelene umbuzo ukuthi umehluko izinyanga ezimbili noma izinkathi a
kwadingeka ngaphandle umphumela nje ohambisana on the kwagadla iziphepho, nje
ukuletha kangaka isicelo, sengathi kuba nethonya yendawo yakithi. Kodwa ake sithi
wena kufanele bagcine inombolo isiphepho esikunikezwa m wenza yonke izinyanga
12, kanjalo, ngisho noma ngazo zonke izinyanga W. lidume inombolo,
kuyafana u baphume ukuqhathanisa yanoma yimuphi ezimbili ezahlukene efanayo
ngezikhathi, futhi kuyothiwa kuhlanganise Thola izinyanga ezimbili
ezinkulu u ukunikeza yini njengoba enkulu lula ukubona ukuthi emva ubudlelwano
bakhe kanye V eduze W. enkulukazi nethonya elibonakalayo. Kodwa lesi siphetho
kungaba iqiniso kangaka njengoba phakathi inombolo enkulu amacala, ngisho ne W.
low Nokho, umehluko omkhulu ukuphambuka zenzeka. Noma kunjalo, khona-ke
ukuhlala ezinyangeni efanele ezisolisayo ngenxa ithonya ethize; kodwa ngombono
wami kuzodingeka ukuqinisekisa observation noma ikakhulukazi enwetshiwe kubo z.
B. kuzoqhutshwa kuze kabili inombolo ukubona ukuthi nikhuluma ematfuba
ukuqinisekisile 7).
6)

[Leli thebula zingatholakala isazi sezinkanyezi Berlin. INcwadi Yonyaka for

1834, S. 309 FlgD.]
7)

[Comp. ukuze lokhu endimeni kwalokho yesibili ( 111).]

109. Okokuqala, manje obonakala asebenzise yezakhi odlule kanye namafomula

futhi ngokuqondile kusebenza umsebenzi ubukhulu umehluko u emkhatsini inani
ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi + futhi - . izibalo asho A kuyinto ukuvala
emva W., ukuthi umehluko ayengase zincike izehlakalo kuphela, noma ngabe in the
nature of the into nemibandela ukhona ithonya amanga, uma kungenjalo sole at
ukukhuluphala inombolo eyodwa noma ezinye ngeziphambeko kodwa wazi
amabhere, noma short, ngabe asymmetry eliphawulekayo umehluko wabelane. Futhi
ngempela, uma thina baqinisekiswa kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi ngeziphambeko
zezinhlobo A kusukela izibalo zabo asho A W. ziyalingana efanayo ezibhekene
zombili, njengoba amabhola white black ekusondeleni efanayo, ngakho yezakhi
odlule kanye namafomula obungenza kakhulu kube naso osebenzayo; kodwa lokhu
akulona icala ngokusho izizathu ezilandelayo.

Ake shayela ngomqondo a kwelulwimi Okuynqo eyaziwa kusho A phakathi

inombolo okungenamkhawulo amakhophi, engafanele kusho A m the us nje imi
umyalo wakhe a ezilinganiselwe inombolo m. Manje ake ziyalingana W.
ngeziphambeko bez. agent weqiniso phambili, kodwa kokubili tibalo ukuphambuka
mutual, njengoba ukuphambuka mutual izibalo bez. yalo ibe non-ngezikhathi futhi
ngendlela evamile uma ushintsho of the Isamba m Deviation hhayi wakhona
nomunye, kodwa ngomqondo functional ngokuqondisa efanayo, okusho ushintsho
ukwanda noma ukunciphisa 8). Manje uma kusuka eziningi ezilinganiselwe
we a wadonsa indlela engafanele, ngakhoke ngakho ubalekela umehluko phakathi
mutual ukuphambuka tibalo ngoba amanga yebo ngokwesimo kusho izibalo; kwenza
up the tibalo ukuze ukusho eyayenziwe alinganayo, futhi uma izingqikithi izibalo
kanye yashintsha ngokulingana nomunye, ukube ngesikhathi esifanayo umehluko
phakathi tibalo mutual umehluko u zinyamalale phakathi izinombolo mutual,
engesiyo experientially akusikho lokho kuphela, kodwa akufanele kulindeleke futhi
ngenxa ushintsho non-ezilinganiselwe ze. Kodwa nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso
kwehlisa kanye ukuqedwa umehluko phakathi mutual ukuphambuka izamba of
umehluko ezisebenza ezihlobene phakathi izinombolo mutual ngokumelene icala
ukuthi ngeziphambeko zathathwa kusukela izindlela weqiniso, ngoba lapho
amafomula ngenhla avumelekile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungenzeka kusengaphambili
ukuthi isilinganiso futhi value cishe u bez. izindlela okungalungile thina kuphela yena
zingalindela, kanye okufanayo m kumelwe ibe ngaphansi kuka bez. Ngakho
weqiniso, nokuthi amafomula ngenhla awasakwazi qiniseka banqoba.
8)

Sibheka ukuthi, kanti izindlela weqiniso njalo inombolo

okungenamkhawulo A esondele ukucabanga, kodwa isibalo m Deviation kuhoxiswe
kungaba ucishe enkulu ezilinganiselwe.

Khonamanjalo, kodwa singenziwa Vorigem ekuqaleni ezilandelayo iziphetho

ezimbili badonswe: 1) the W. a elikhulu ungaphakathi isicelo of the amafomula
ngenhla, umehluko ukuphambuka u bez. izibalo asho A m at esiyinikwe m ukuphetha
for elikhulu kunalokho kubonakala ngokusho amafomula ngenhla,
ngoba V, ngokulingana lokho u bekuyobhekwa njengento, mayelana A m Kunoma
yikuphi ezincane kuno bez. A yilokho amafomula engenhla isebenza.

2) Ake bez. okungalungile kusho A m njengoba bez. weqiniso A isicelo imfuneko

W. ziyalingana, kodwa ke shayela ngenhla maqondana yangaphambili, kanye u, Q,
U, Vkuboniswe amagugu lapho kunalokho bona bez. okokugcina ngokulandelana
zinqunywa. V, Q, U, V, ngakho kuyosebenza kuphela labo izimiso njengoba
umsebenzi m bez. A mazimisele, njengoba lezo eziphathelene A babezimisele ukuze
bathole amafomula lapho ongakhonza akhiphe Gebrauche.
110. [neSichibiyelo Sokuqala afakwe. Ukunquma cishe umehluko V kusho

formula enokwehla of MAC LAURIN noma Euler:]

[Lokhu formula sum ifundeka kanje 9):

, (19)
lapho b = a + nh futhi B 1 = 1/6; B 3 = 1/30 izinombolo Bernoulli].
[Ukuze the W [ u ukugoqa] ngokusho lokhu formula, kuba owaqalwa (4), kodwa
isizathu zalo formula approximation:
, (20)
noma uma amalungu oda 1: n kubhekwe, ngenxa formula isilungisiwe:
(21)
ukuba abeke okuholela shape kusekelwe.]
[Sebenzisa owokuqala (20), bese for m = 2 ; = + v; , = - v; u = 2 v:
;.

(22)

The sum of the W [u] phakathi kwemingcele + 2 n futhi - 2 n, noma sum of

the W [ u] phakathi kwemingcele 0 and 2 n kanjalo eyayinikezwa:
, (23)
Kodwa manje ngokusho (19), lapho nangobunye ne eyayinikezwa (20) esondela
amalungu oda 1: banganakwa:
, (24)
Ngenxa yalokho, omunye uthola:
, (25)
Inikeza ilungelo ifomu elula kakhudlwana uma x 2 = 2; n 2 = t2; dx = d
ukufaka endaweni. Omunye uthola ke ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa ematfuba W, ukuthi:
; noma

ekutholweni:
, (26)
9)

[Euler dissipates it in the Institutiones differentialis calculi, post Izig., Cap.V. Reprod. z. Evelele B. Schloemilch of analysis ephakeme, owesibili band, S. 226]

Ngokusho kwakhe, ukubaluleka cishe u, di kuba V, unikezwa by:

, (27)
lapho t isimo:
(27a)
eyanele. Ngokuba kuba khona-ke W. ukuthi u <2 t
ilingana . Ukuze
okuzuza t Yekhompyutha, oyibekele t = c + , c kusukela
.
ukuze kuba t etafuleni, ngokusho endaweni efanayo 936 0,476; ke ebalulekile
yahlukaniswa phakathi kwemingcele 0 and c + in integrals ezimbili phakathi
kwemingcele 0 and c futhi phakathi kwemingcele c and c + ,
:
,
Kodwa kusukela ubukhulu oda of 1:
kuba, sithola ngokunemba ezanele lapho
2]
igcinwe
njalo
ukwelulwa
ebalulekile
futhi
ulingana Inani [- (c + )2] isethwe. Ngakho,
Exp [-
sokuhlukanisa by Exp [- (c + )2]:
noma.
Ngenxa yalesi eyodwa uthola 10):
, (28)
Kusukela ekuqaleni m = 2 imisiwe, kungase kubonakale ukuthi lokhu formula
kuphela ngisho m kusebenza. Khonamanjalo, imiphumela for m = 2 - 1, umphumela
ofanayo njengoba kungase kulindeleke, kusukela kuphela ubukhulu oda of 1:

ukuze kubhekwe].
10)

[Kuyinto kule formula nalo Meyer in the Izinkulumo ematfuba theory

ekwelapheni theorem Bernoulli sika, p.107.]

[Kodwa uma ufuna eziguquguqukayo oda 1: m ku-akhawunti, kufanele agcinwe

(20) kusetshenziswa indlela approximation (21) kanye esimweni m ngisho, senzakalo
ukuthi mingabe isehlukaniso kuxaka.]
[Icala First kucatshangwa (22) emva imithetho yendawo isici (1 - 1: 8 )
sinamathela. Omunye uthola kutjho (19) ukuthatha up the derivatives lokuqala:

, (29)
lapho amalungu oda 1:
ashiywe eceleni. Lokhu kuphumela lapho n 2 = t 2,
x 2 = 2 isethwe ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa ematfuba W ukuthi:
noma,
, (30)
Ukuze okuzuza V win W = ukwamukela ke t kusukela ezothando:
(31)
ukubala futhi
(31a)
ukusetha. Ake sithi manje ngenhla t = c + ukuze, anqume c okunjalo ukuthi
ngemva division of the equation (31) (1 -1: 8 ) noma ngikuphi okufanako, ngemuva
ukubuyabuyelela by (1 + 1: 8 )
, (32)
futhi uthole kusuka:

, (33)
Lokhu ezothando uyakucabangela ukuthi usayizi encane oda l:
sokuhlukanisa by Exp [- (c + )2] ifomu elula:
noma

kuba,

(33a)

phezu, kuphumele njengoba B 1 = 1: 6 and 2 = m, njengoba value kungenzeka for

ngisho m:
(34)
kulandela.]
[Uma m kuxaka = 2 - 1, ngakho uma '= + v; , = - v - 1; u = 2 v + 1:

=
, (35)
futhi ematfuba ukuthi u (2 phakathi kwemingcele + n - 1) and - (2 n - 1) ezigqilaza,
kunqunywa:
, (36)
Ngakho, kukhona ngesisekelo (19), lapho n =

t, ematfuba:
(37)

ukuthi
noma.

(37a)

Uma omunye inquma aphinde t kusukela ezothando:

, (38)
By ukusebenza njengoba in (32) c ibalwa t = c + lishona, kanjalo kusukela

Imiphumela:
(39)
kanye ukungayinaki amalungu oda 1 :,
, (39a)
ngenxa yalokho

futhi ekugcineni:
.
kuphumele maqondana m = 2 - 1 njengoba value kungenzeka for kuxaka m
(40)
Imiphumela]
111. [Second Amendment. The ingxoxo 108 kusekelwe inkinga ukuba anqume
kusukela inqwaba amacala waphawula Ematfuba engaziwa. Kungokufanayo
uhlobene kubuyekezwe BERNOULLl'schen theorem ebuhlotsheni, ngemva
kwalokho kungenziwa esibekiwe ukuze engaziwa W. imikhawulo futhi degree of
ematfuba kungenziwa ibalwa kanye kuba ukucinga ngaphakathi ukunamathela
kuleyo mingcele okudalwa ukungazi W .. Uma omunye has okungukuthi ezimbili,
izenzakalo ahlobene A kanye B in a inqwaba m baphawula amacala, kanti umcimbi A
'imibono, lo mcimbi B , waqale imibono atholakala, unga W. for the nesenzakalo
lomcimbi A ilingana ': m, the W. for B ulingana ,: m isethi ngaphandle izehlakalo
ukuthi ukuzimisela ' futhi , ukuthatha akhawunti kuzo. Empeleni,
ungakwazi ': m and ,: m kuphela njengoba amagugu cishe okudalwa W. x and 1
- x yizwa nililobe njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi ukuphindaphindwa kokuma lomunye
ochungechungeni lwamacala, manje eliqhele kuphumele amagugu cishe eduze
zitholakala ekuqaleni.Esikhundleni kulezi zitatimende ezingacacile manje kukhona
reverse of theorem the Bernoulli sika iinjamiso ezilandelako.]
[Kukhona W .:
(41)
ukuthi engaziwa ithuba x of the nesenzakalo lomcimbi A phakathi kwemingcele:
kanye

(41a)

amanga; ematfuba okuphambene 1 - x ke kanyekanye phakathi kwemingcele

(41b)
ukucinga; kanti W. W esasiyizele umehluko u emkhatsini inani mutual amacala
ukungalingani:
(41c)
kusebenza. Esikhundleni ikakhulukazi W = , bese c = 0.476 936, futhi esikhundleni
sale value kukhona imikhawulo cishe for x; 1 - x and u].
[Ngakho kuphakama for m = 1000 iziphepho eziye waphawula ezindaweni
ezimbili ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesikhathi period, njengoba imikhawulo cishe
amagugu W., nobani kungalindeleka ezindaweni eyodwa noma ezinye okuvela
kwezulu kuba:
1) ezindaweni a 0,541 and 0,519, ngesikhathi ezinye izindawo 0,459 and 0,481
lapho lidume babonakala ezindaweni zangaphambili 530, le 470th yokugcina
2) ngesikhathi omunye ubeka 0,516 and 0,494, ngesikhathi ezinye izindawo 0,484
and 0,506 lapho izinombolo Okusizayo waphawula iziphepho 505 sabela
kungakavalwa. 495 ngokulandelana. Ngakho, imikhawulo cishe for u ecaleni
lokuqala nelesibili 60 21,29 ngokulandelana. 10 21,33.]
[La malungiselelo kuyimfuneko ngaphansi ukuthi eziningi waphawula kwaba
ngokwanele enkulu avumele kucatshangwa ukuthi umehluko waphawula u akuyona
by chance, kodwa ukuhlukahluka engaziwa W. x and 1 - x izimo, ngo kuyinto,
njengoba kuboniswe kakade, inqobo nje uma lowo amagugu cishe iningi x 1
- x and u ukhombise amagugu baphawula of ': m, ,: m and - ,. kukhona]
[Kuyinto kodwa ngaphambi Asikho isizathu esicindezelayo ukuphetha ngokuqondile
lezi namagugu amagugu cishe kunazo. Ngokuba ngaphambi kokukhetha kokuma
kwadingeka yimuphi umbono mayelana amagugu cishe iningi x and u, i W. efanayo,
futhi uma sicabangela lokho okwaphawulwa, enye yalezi imicabango ukuba
ukhishwa kunomunye kuphela ngokusebenzisa W. okukhulu, musa bathi kodwa
ngokuqiniseka uqobo , Ngakho namanje degree of W. ukunquma umbono wokuthi
amagugu waphawula kukhona cishe, uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye imicabango ukuthi
ukwethula ezinye amagugu njengoba cishe iningi, ine. Ngenxa yale njongo, isimiso
ukuthi ENCKE lisetshenziswe ingxoxo indlela okungenani tikwele 11) basesimweni
ifomu elilandelayo, ikhumbula ukuthi ngeziphambeko amagugu waphawula
designated izimiso cishe njengoba iphutha.]
["The W. ezimbili, ngaphambi okwaphawulwa imicabango kungenzeka
ngokulinganayo futhi ahlobene behave fana nje W. inkampani eziwumphumela kubo
amaphutha noma amaphutha izinhlelo".]
[Ukuze uqhathanise, umbono kuhloswe ukuthi amagugu cishe iningi x and 1
- x alinganayo kwamanye ngamunye, kanjalo ilingana okwenza umehluko cishe u

= 0th kulindeleke It has ke empeleni waphawula umehluko u W.:

, (42)
Ngenxa umbono yamuva ukuthi amagugu cishe x and 1 - x ngokulandelana. ': m =
p futhi , m = q ukukhathazeka ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze baphawula u seqiwe
uW, okungukuthi:
, (43)
It liziphatha le W ,. Ukuthi waphawula u kwenzelwe nje kwaqondana, ie
nokulingana x and 1 - x wayezembulile the W. ukuthi waphawula u the cishe
umehluko value ezimbili izinombolo 'futhi , ezimele indlela

noma

kanjani; (44)

futhi ufuna siphile, ngakho ifaka kumele babe isilinganiso esibekiwe.]

11)

[Berliner Astron. INcwadi Yonyaka f. 1834 S. 258.]

[Kwezinye izimo, amathuba amalungiselelo e 108. esekelwe Okokuqala kufanele

kuphawulwe ukuthi kukhona u iyothathwa nezimiso zayo ngokuphelele kuakhawunti, ngakho-ke uhlala emthumeni ngalo side of the amaningi amacala kufanele
wafuna. Okulandelayo, kumele bakhumbula ukuthi nge kucatshangwa umehluko
waphawula u akuyona luyingxenye ngengozi, ngokusobala uzitshela efanayo
ngokungaguquki ukubamba le value futhi ungase ucabange amagugu emikhulu
(Kanjalo ukuntuleka randomness okuhlanzekile kungenzeka kuphela), kodwa hhayi
ngaphansi kwalezi Inani beshiyeka, lapho kubonakala ukubaluleka waphawula
njengoba umkhawulo ephansi ukusebenzisa, okuyinto ngezansi randomness
okuhlanzekile kuphela ngokuhambisana noMthetho Basic.
Uma senza manje kuthuthukiswe Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umehluko waphawula u =
( '- ,) kwenzelwe nje nomaphi, ngakho lapho emva G. G. the W. W ukuthi
lokhu value is hhayi kufinyelelwa, kanye W. 1 - W ukuthi kufinyelelwe noma
Contribuu
a millorar
la traducci
lidlule.
Uma,
ngakolunye
uhlangothi sidinga ukuthi umehluko akuzange
kuzenzakalele, kodwa ngokwesimo sawo kakhulu ilingana u noma mkhulu
kunalokho u, khona-ke W. ukuthi ifinyelele noma lidlule kumele akhiwa. 1 Ngakho
okudlula W., ukubaluleka waphawula u ingumuntu yayo kakhulu esilingana noma
mkhulu kunalokho u, i W., yena wayemane ngephutha ukuba W , ukuze ematfuba
obuqand W ngokungakhulumi randomness oluhlanzekile ematfuba 1 - W Ubuso
khona randomness okuhlanzekile, futhi lesi simo okuphambene futhi for randomness

Text original

okuhlanzekile ke wagered.]

XVI. Amathuba umphako engaphansi luyingxenye

okungahleliwe asymmetry umehluko v Imiphumela kusukela
izindlela ezingafanele.
112. Ake ekutholweni lokungenzeka ratios umehluko ngephutha, okuyinto
okumele kulindeleke phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kusukela kusho
eziningi ezilinganiselwe of amagugu, uma ematfuba ngeziphambeko kusukela
maphakathi weqiniso kusukela kungalandela Inombolo esingapheliyo amagugu,
ngokusho zombili ulingana. By the bamanga, di kusukela
ezilinganiselwe m etholakala ukubaluleka kwangempela isilinganiso okungahleliwe
(ochungechungeni ehlukahlukene uya ngokushesha emva, ngokushesha emva
phesheya) kuphambuka ubukhulu, Ukwehluka amanxusa amabili e ngasinye
ochungechungeni ezahlukene; futhi ngesikhathi lihlala accounting kusukela izindlela
ongafanele ngesikhathi W. efanayo + futhi - zenziwa, uma likhona izindlela
weqiniso, kodwa amathuba okuba ratios umehluko v phakathi inani ushintsho
olufanayo. Lokhu oziqonda kancane ukuba abasebenzi 109 ukucabangela ngoba
agent okungalungile kunqunywa isimo ukuthi sum of the ngeziphambeko kufanele
Nokho, unikezwe okufanayo nhlangothi zombili, ngo-akhawunti okudalwa izindlela
weqiniso umPheloni yena m ngokuvamile njengoba akulingani embonweni. Lokhu
ukulungiswa yokufakelwa we izamba of the + futhi - ,
,
; kodwa noma
kunjalo umehluko V ngu ingucuko kusukela weqiniso ukuba ikhambi bamanga for
the umehluko u encishisiwe.
Ukuze ukuhlola izimo lapho lokhu ukuncishiswa by W. kulindeleke ukuba
umthetho othile ukusatshalaliswa weqiniso must ibekwe phezu inombolo bese
ubukhulu acabange ukuthi yalo ezixhomeke the ratios amathuba umehluko phakathi
izindlela eqiniso nawamanga, kodwa therefrom futhi lezi zilinganiso amathuba
umehluko v. Manje kwaziwa ukuthi for the Ngaphandle kokwehluka lapho
amakhophi Single of K.-G. sibonise nenhlonipho value abo kusho akuyona
ukusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile kakhulu, by the ebalulekile umthetho othile
ematfuba Iphutha ingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo uma enkulu (Chap. XVII s.) m ine
futhi imida yesimethri eseduze, futhi kanjalo lo mthetho futhi emuva kwalokhu
zithathwe njengesisekelo.
113. Ucwaningo lezi ubudlelwano kakhulu kunokwethu kangangokuthi ngaso
sonke noma ngaphambi noma shake kwami uphenyo zokukwazi eyayaziwa
ukusingatha ngokuphelele umsebenzi kwalokho. Khonamanjalo, umuntu ethola
ngaphezu ( 116) uphenyo ngami out, lapho zazikuphi kanye Q 2 Kusho ukuthini
eziqokiwe square umehluko vulingana m (1 - 2: ) ,

m = 4 phansi ngokwanele eseduze kakhulu, sididekile
ukuthi kusukela amagugu Q, lonke lokungenzeka ratios v kungenziwa etholakala

ngokuhambisana, njengoba ukulandisa weqiniso kusho ratios amathuba ukusukela

value Q = . Lokhu kubuye ukuqinisekisile ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kanye
approximation eyanele. Okungukuthi, ngoba ukubaluleka cishe v, lapho V hot [uma
interpolationsmige ukuhlinzekwa iziqhathaniso asebenzisa], noma ukulungiswa
salokhu bethola kudingekile kunokuba ukubaluleka V in ukudedelwa Q; ngoba
isilinganiso elula vkodwa lapho U hot, kuphela ukulungiswa lith ukuba likhudlwana
kune elula isilinganiso u, okuyinto thina U ngokuthi. Ekugcineni, iphaneli
ukusatshalaliswa kwe-ngabanye ibalwa vinombolo futhi ubukhulu eseduze
ngokwanele lalesi sifo.
The demgemen amalungiselelo eliyisisekelo yilezi ezilandelayo:
Q=

m = 0,36338 m; 0,36338 = ungene 0,56036 1; (1)

Q=

U=

0,60281; = ungene 0,60281 0,78018 1; (2)

=

V=

0,48097; log = 0,68212 1; (3)

0,40659; = ungene 0,40659 0,60916 1. (4)

Ukuze ekutholweni W [ v] unayo umehluko phakathi ukuthatha nemagugu

ethebuleni t ukuba
futhi
zihlanganisa, lapho ngoba Q ukubaluleka ngenhla kumele ukufaka
endaweni; ngoba W [v = 0] kodwa ikakhulukazi ukuba t = 1: Q ezihambisana .
W
[v], di lo W. ukuthi ukubaluleka owanikwa v is hhayi kufinyelelwa,

kungatholakala njengoba value, ngaleso t = (v - 1): Q futhi W

a [v], di
okuyinto v uqobo kanye ngezansi v amanga ekhona uyazisaW., njengoba, lapho
ukuba (v + 1): Q kungokwalabo.
In the formula for U isibonakaliso engenhla ukuqondiswa 1.5 kusebenza for
kuxaka, the ephansi ngoba ngisho m, futhi i nikhuluma yalesi ukuqondiswa, futhi
isizathu usuku olufanayo ulwazi Nokho, lapho, ukufuna theory noma ukuthi
kuyazisiza of U for a iqonde m luhluke sifana ezincane ezintathu amagugu U for an
oyinqaba m, ngoba injongo imibhalo ukulandela ngezansi.
Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje ukuhlola salokhu approximation amafomula
ngenhlonipho v hhayi nje ngokuqondene yayo for u esedlule isahluko amafomula
ngqo encane m to ukuqhudelana; umyalelo ukushoda fhlbarerer ukuze, njengoba
lokulungisiswa theory kanye bheke ngenhla amafomula ngaphezu kuyinto patchy,
futhi ukulungiswa for U kungase kubonakale ngisho eziyinqaba. Ngizoyeka ke, lesi

sipho efanayo ngokuzethemba kancane, uma mina bengakwazanga ukuba

esikhundleni saso kungene probation ebanzi kakhulu enokwehla le nkinga kude
ukuthi ungaqiniseka ukuthi bazibophezele okufanayo iphutha abafanelekile
lisetshenziswa kanjalo, nakuba isitatimende ngokunembe kakhudlwana izizathu
kubukezwa theory isazi sezibalo of specialist kungafiseleka kakhulu.
The probation enokwehla esekelwe njengoba odlule umsebenzi amagugu u on a
ukusetshenziswa lottery uhlu, kodwa kwaba nzima ngaphandle ukuqhathanisa
ngokuqondene amagugu Esahlukweni esandulelayo. Ngoba kwakudingekile ukuba
izinombolo wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo uhlu wabantu bonke amagugu + futhi
- ngendlela ukuhumusha ukuthi lonke uhlu kuze ebalulekile kwaphuma
ohambelana ukusatshalaliswa inombolo kanye ubungako accounting kusukela
weqiniso kusho ukuthi t - Ithebula emelelwa kuSithasiselo 183; ke ngayinye
uchungechunge ezifana ngeziphambeko okungahleliwe esiyinikwe m ukunquma
indlela engafanele sikulindele ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kusukela kulesi
izindlela ezingafanele futhi umehluko phakathi inani kokubili V ukuthatha. In
imininingwane kancane mkhulu yalo ngaphezu ( 117) lwamasheya luzokwenziwa
futhi isibonelo ukuzimisela of v for uchungechunge ngezikhathi esithathwa m
= eyayinikezwa lapho. 6
114. Ngemva kwalezi zinto ngiyobuya okokuqala nje ukulandela abanye
amatafula nesigcino idatha enokwehla lapho ngathola ngqo nomsebenzi wethu, ukuze
kamuva ezakhini therefrom amagugu main kanye namagugu ibalwe ngokwendlela
amafomula ngenhla ukujoyina. Ngakho, lapho abaningi izibalo avele a
ingxenyenamba ubazisa 0.5, ukuze olukudingayo ukuthi, uma ngengozi, njengoba
kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi, indlela engafanele nge weqiniso ukuphambuka
amagugu ncamashi wahlangana, kuphambuka kusukela izindlela ezingafanele kanye
+ 0.5 and - 0, 5 kwadingeka ukuba kwabalelwa zombili, lapho a v kwakuvela,
okuyinto isikhungo phakathi amagugu distanten by 2 v wawa esikalini, kodwa labuye
oluhlukaniswe kanye 0.5 of the amagugu angomakhelwane.

Inombolo I. z, kangaki umehluko v phakathi inani ngeziphambeko emihle

nemibi kusukela izindlela ongafanele m amagugu at n kwenzeka -maliger
ukuphinda ukuzimisela.
a) for kuxaka m

v m=5

m=7

m=9

m = 11 m = 13 n = 15 1) m = 17 m = 19

n = 2400 n = 1700 n = 1320 n = 820 n = 840 n = 800 n = 600 n = 600

1 2155,5

1388,5

966,5

552

562,5

351

327,5

3 244,5

300,5

324,5

235,5

231,5

187

197,5

5 -

11

29

32,5

41,5

57

63

7 -

4.5

10

9 -

b) i ngisho m

m=4

m=6

m=8

m = 10

m = 12

m = 14 m =16 m = 18 m = 20

n = 3000 n = 2000 n = 1500 n = 1200 n = 1000 n = 850 n = 750 n = 660 n = 600

0 1950

1040

648

494

379

314

247

179,5

176

2 1050

905

753,5

588

489

382,5

333

325,5

256,5

4 -

55

96,5

112

126

127,5

148

120

130,5

6 -

25

20

28

33

8 -

10 -

1)

[The izimiso zaleli ikholomu abangu wayonakalisiwe by kunokungqubuzana

irresolvable]
II. Ulwazi okufanayo abanye amagugu emikhulu of m.
v

m = 30

m = 50

m = 100

m = 500

n = 400 n = 240

n = 120

n = 24

94

49

19

169

84

31

90

51

13

36

32

22

14

18

10

12

14

16

24

28

34

Uchungechunge efanayo kanye m = 10, 50, 100 ayezinike imiphumela elandelayo

kusukela ikhambi weqiniso for akhawunti ye ngeziphambeko, okuyizinto
engaqhathaniswa yonkana ngqo eyedlule, kodwa kubalwa kusukela izindlela
ezingafanele, njengoba ezisohlwini 107 Imiphumela by kokubonisana Nokho elinye
chungechunge, Ngakho emikhulu n,zitholakala.

III. With the amatafula odlule etafuleni engaqhathaniswa for the umehluko u ku
accounting kusukela maphakathi weqiniso.

m = 10

m = 50

m = 100

n = 1200 n = 240

n = 120

301

23

10

467

52

17

299

44

14

102

42

13

29

28

22

10

16

16

12

17

10

14

16

10

18

20

22

28

In the amatafula amabili for the akhawunti ye-ejenti

ezingalungile inombolo z , kukangaki a v kwadingeka isibonakaliso efanayo ne
ukuphambuka of the kwamanga isikhungo weqiniso, futhi

nenombolo for, ngokuvamile kanjani kwadingeka isibonakaliso okuphambene,

ngamafuphi, bangaki a V ne engalungile A kwaba equilateral noma scalene, kanye
nenombolo z = z '+ z, izinkontileka. Ake sicabangele manje amagugu z = z
'- z, ngoba amagugu m = 6 kuya m = 30, njengoba abanye,
ukuhlukana z' futhi z, engazange yenzeke.Ngaphansi ( z) kuyinto
yisamba z ngokuvumelana nezimiso eliphelele lokubusa
ngaphansi z kuqondwe ngokucabangela isibonakaliso.

IV Ngokuphambene. Z = z - isib, phakathi inombolo z 'ka equilateral

ngezindlela ezingafanele futhi nenombolo z, amagugu scalene kangaka v sinye,
okuyinto zbahlanganyele amatafula ezandulele m = 6 kuya m = 30
a) for kuxaka m
v

m=7

m=9

m = 11 m = 13

m = 15

m = 17

m = 19

n = 1700 n = 1320 n = 820 n = 840 n = 800 n = 600 n = 600

1

+ 33,5

+0,5

- 33

- 25,5

+ 29

+1

- 20,5

+ 46.5

- 4.5

+ 9.5

+ 21.5

-7

- 10

+ 11.5

+1

- 0.5

- 8.5

+7,5

-5

- 15

+0,5

+1,5

+3

-4

-2

( 80
z)

43

56

45

19

53

(z) + 80

-3

- 24

- 12

+ 31

- 11

- 30

b) i ngisho m
v

m=6

m=8

m = 10

m = 12

m = 14 m =16 m = 18 m = 20 m =30

n = 2000 n = 1500 n = 1200 n = 1000 n = 830 n = 750 n =660 n = 600 n = 400

2

- 24

+42,5

+ 20

+8

+1,5

- 29

- 35,5 - 16.5

+5

+13

+11,5

+ 16

+8

+0,5

- 14

-8

+1,5

-4

+3

+2

+2

-1

+4

+1

+2

+1

-3

-2

10

-1

-1

( 37
z)

54

40

16

47

46,5

23

12

(z) - 11

+54

+32

+16

+6

- 39

- 40.5 - 20

+6

Kungase kubonakale kancane abatelekile ukuthi amagugu z futhi ngenxa yalokho

futhi for the ezincane, ikakhulukazi ngisho amagugu m cishe yonke
emihle. Kodwa cishe lokhu isizathu esifanayo lapho kwaba for buyinto fanekiso (
107) wagomela, okungukuthi, ukuthi uchungechunge ezincane m in the
uchungechunge nge emikhulu m with go ukuze Uchungechunge
ezahlukene amamitha akuzona ngokuphelele esizimele nomunye, kodwa hhayi
Nokho, uchungechunge kuphela owawo ukuthi V wanika, kodwa konke n -series for
a inikezwe m ziqiniswa ndawonye luyingxenye ngengozi.
115. I izibhebhe ezimbili zokuqala zithathwe ezakhini magugu alandelayo main
ogama Compilation ingasetshenziswa kwababemi amagugu theory, ngokusho
amafomula ngenhla, ngoba ukuhlolwa lezi amafomula.
m

waphawula 0,36338m Waphawula 0,48097

OBS. 0,40659
2)

1.40

1.45

0.70

0.76

0.72 0,81

1,82

1,82

1.20

1.23

0.89 0.91

2.25

2.18

1.02

1.02

0,96 1.00

2,57

2,54

1.38

1.40

1.03 1.08

3.09

2,91

1.27

1.23

1.19 1.15

3,49

3,27

1.58

1,56

1.21 1.22

10 3,63

3,63

1.38

1.40

1.27 1.29

11 4.25

4.00

1.73

1.70

1.36 1.35

12 4,19

4,36

1,52

1,56

1.38 1.41

13 4.65

4,72

1,78

1.83

1.37 1.47

14 5,33

5,09

1.69

1.70

1.46 1,52

15 ? 3)

5,45

1.95

16 6.06

5,81

1,86

1.83

1.65 1,63

17 6,17

6,18

2.05

2,07

1,64 1,68

18 7,09

6,54

2.05

1.95

1,78 1.73

19 7,22

6,90

2.21

2.18

1.80 1,77

20 7,66

7,27

2.11

2,07

1.85 1,82

30 10,06

10,90

2,27

2,57

2.14 2.23

50 17,87

18,17

3.25

3.35

2,63 2,88

1,57

100 37,87

36,34

4,87

4,77

4,64 4,07

500 178,17

181,69

10,42

10,74

9.00 9,09

2)

[njengoba kuchaziwe ku 06 l, ngakho interpolated lapha ngokuvumelana

umehluko yesibili.]
3)

[Comp. Phawula on the Tab. Ia.]

Kufanele uthole ukuhambisana isilinganiso of amagugu enokwehla ezanelisa

kakhulu ibalwa. Kodwa uma lapha nalaphaya zenzeka ngeziphambeko okukhulu,
lokhu kungaba kubukezwe ngokucophelela lezi amagugu ngeke ebhaliwe ngephutha,
kodwa kuba uhlobo lwezinto, ukuthi phakathi kwabaningi, ibalwe W., amagugu
okungahleliwe futhi kwenzeka more ngeziphambeko kusukela amagugu evamile
zenzeka. [Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo ngeziphambeko kuqhathaniswa eqinile ukuthi
ingatholakala phakathi amagugu amane okugcina imigqa, ngenxa low n yalo
bayakhululwa.]
[Ikhumbula ngaphezu amatafula mina II the Ukuqhathanisa Table III, sithola lokhu
okulandelayo, ufana nomunye amagugu main for the okukhiphayo kusukela weqiniso
futhi izindlela zamanga
Q

2.495

1.38

2.19

1.27

52,48 17,87 5,825

3.25

5,04

2,63

4,87

7,49

4,64

10

10,32 3,63

50

100 97,47 37,87 8.00

Efanayo The show ukuthi ushintsho kusuka weqiniso izindlela bamanga, eqinisweni,
ukwehla umehluko avareji begodu kungenzeka nabo, okuyinto in isivumelwano
sufficient zokunciphisa kwakuthiwa edingekayo. Okungukuthi, kuba:
m

Q: Q

U: V

V: V

10

0,352

0,554

0,577

50

0.341

0,558

0,522

100

0,389

0,608

0,619

The ubudlelwano theory Nokho, ngaphandle kokucabangela

zizivumelanise U futhi U, Q2: Q = 0,363; U: U = V: V = 0,603].

Omunye kungaba ibalula njengenhlangano Oddity ukuthi value U, okubhekisele

egameni izindlela ezingafanele, eduze okuvumelanayo ukuphambuka elula
isilinganiso kusukela imithetho accounting of the weqiniso kusho U, noma
ukuthi u ecishe ilingane [U], kodwa kuphela With enkulu kangaka m, ukulungiswa
1.5 alisaveli kakhulu acabangele. Lokhu kucace ethathela ukuqhathanisa
amafomula for kokubili amagugu:
U = 0,48097
futhi 4):

[U] = 0,48262,
njengoba kuba empirically for emikhulu m ukuqinisekisile.
[Ngenxa ukuhlanganisa ngenhla amagugu U futhi U emiphumeleni
ikakhulu [U] for m = 10; 50; 100 sabela kungakavalwa. alinganayo:
1,64; 3,44; 4,40. Ngakho in the efanayo
ukulandelana [U] - U ngokulandelana. ilingana 0,26; 0,19; - 0,47].
Futhi omunye akakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Coefficient inombolo kokubili
amagugu akuyona ngempela inzuzo kodwa ukwamukela okufanayo, kusukela
kokubili elisuselwa ngezindlela ezahlukene futhi ngemva kwalokho ziyahluka
kancane okuholela Coefficient phakade kuphela ukuletha Okusizayo
Approximativbestimmungen, kanjalo abanalo semthethweni ngokuphelele.
4)

[Comp. 120 impumelelo. Chap. Ngoba kukhona emva self-inikezwe

ukuzimisela [U] = 0,60488 U futhi kusukela ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye
ukungayinaki ukulungiswa:
U = U,
kusobala ngesisekelo kwesivumelwano [U] futhi U, ukuthi, njengoba
kuboniswe ngaleso indawo, eseduze
0,60488 alinganayo
kungenziwa isethwe.]

Mhlawumbe banwebele like ubudlelwano ukuba omunye amagugu main, futhi

idatha observation kubika ukunikeza ithuba silihlola; kodwa mina wehlulekile
ukuthatha it, ngokwengxenye ilindele ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kuphela le
ndlela more nilidle, ngokwengxenye ukuze singathwesi eminye ukunweba uphenyo
kakade okukhulu kangaka.
Ekugcineni lapha namanje kulandela Ukuqhathanisa ezinye panel ukusatshalaliswa

kwe-invoyisi kanye nesipiliyoni.

Ukuqhathanisa beobachtetenZahlen of v kanye ngokuhambisana 113 ibalwa in

the amatafula ngenhla for abanye amagugu of m.
v

m=4

m = 10

m = 20

m = 30

m = 50

OBS. uku-. OBS. uku-. OBS. uku-. OBS. uku-. OBS. uku-.
0 1950 1779 494

480

176

2 1050 1182 588

581

4 -

38

112

6 -

8 -

174

94

95

49

44,5

256,5 267

169

159,5 84

80

128

130,5 121

90

93,5 51

57,5

10

33

32

36

38.5 32

33,5

13

14

16

10 -

0.5

12 -

14 -

0.5

116. [First Amendment. Ukuzimisela ezincwadini avareji begodu

ukubaluleka cishe v.]
[Noma ikuphi izinhlelo m emihle noma eziguquguqukayo
negative 1, 2 ... m has a kusho value 0 and umehluko value v ukuba, lo
yokugcina ibonisa by kangakanani inombolo v5) of the ngenhla 0 amagugu amanga
inombolo ngezansi 0 idlula amanga amagugu. The amagugu v = v - may ke
value ngayinye uchungechunge: m - 2, m - 4 .... 4 - m, 2 - mukumela, ukuze kulo
lonke m - 1 emihle noma emibi v kukhona amagugu kanti inani
ohambelana U uyazisa m + 1. Lapha, icala kudinga, lapho i (i = 1, 2 ... m)

kanye 0 kuvumelana, akukho ukucabangela okukhethekile, kusukela kuthathwa

njengoba icala nokukhawulela lapho asebezifinyelele kakade variability njalo lezi
nemingcele, noma umcimbi ukuthi ingenhla 0 noma esimweni
lapho i lingaphansi 0 kuyinto, usuke kufanele phakathi. Ngokwesibonelo,
ngoba m = 2, ukubaluleka v njalo ulingana zero; ngoba m = 3 Nokho,
kuyintov ulingana noma +1 noma ilingane - 1.]
5) [v

and kwafakwa lapha 'futhi ,.]

[Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezihambisana ngamunye v = v - ezihlukahlukene

izinhlelo, 1, 2 ... m ukuthi kungaba azimisele kanje.]

[Kushiwo 0 kuya phakathi - and + obuhlukahlukene kusho futhi inikeza a

value emihle imele wonke amagugu 0 kuya kungathatha, futhi ekugcineni

bamele 1, 2 ... -1; 1 , 2 ... v - 1 ngayodwana, amagugu emihle 0 1, ngakho
ahlale:
1 = 0 - (1 - 1)
2 = 0 - (1 - 2) 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
-1 = 0 - (1 - -1) -2. . 1
= 0 - -1 -2. . 1 (5)
+1 = 0 + (1 - 1)
+ 2 = 0 + (1 - 2) 1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
m-1 = 0 - (1 - v-1) v-2. . 1
m = 0 - v -1 v-2. . 1 .
Ekuqaleni etholakala kanjalo yonke value izinhlelo 1 ... m, ogama amagugu
kuqala ngezansi abafanele value isilinganiso amanga, kanti v amagugu last idlule
efanayo. Empeleni, ngenxa amabanga variability setha 1, 2. . ezincane
kuno 0; +1, + 2. , . m mkhulu kunalowo 0; kanjalo futhi
okuyiwo lokuqala alinganayo 0 - futhi

isibalo vesidlule ulingana V 0 + ,

ulingana m 0].

[Ukuze ke wonke value izinhlelo 1, 2. . m ukuthola, ngoba lapho noma yiziphi

amagugu inombolo ngezansi bese asele v amanga ngaphezu abafanele value kusho
kuphela oludingekayo kuwo wonke permutations kungenzeka phakathi on the
systems (5) kuqala kanti v last pre, okuholela m !: ( v!) Isibalo izinhlelo uhola
kusukela isikhunta (5), ngamunye we kaningi efanayo value izinhlelo, 1 ,. . m with
zonke oda ezahlukene group, futhi inhlangano yabo, kaningi
ingqikithi v = v - enqunywe okuqondene value izinhlelo].

[Zikhona manje i (i = 1 ... M) ukuze kuthathwe ngokuthi sokuhamba kusukela

izindlela weqiniso for lapho GG kusebenza. Khona W. for the nesenzakalo zenani
ongayedwa ilingana ukuba :.

Kuyinto futhi W. for the nesenzakalo lesi simiso m uyazisa 1. , . m ilingana:

;
ngoba - ngokusho theorem eyaziwayo okungenzeka theory - the W. for the
ukuqondana uchungechunge, nomunye izenzakalo ezimele ilingana imikhiqizo uW
ukufika umcimbi ngamunye. Ekugcineni, kuba W. of the okuvela yiluphi
uhlelo 1. , . m, elingelakwaJuda kahle echaziwe, kaningi sokuhlala izinhlelo ezifana ilingana:

d 1. , . D m (6)
lapho ebalulekile okufanele ithathwe phezu continuum of value izinhlelo, endaweni
ogama okuvame value system ukuba bawe. Ngoba lo W. ukuthi noma yimuphi
omunye eziningi izenzakalo ahlobene kwenzeka, kuba - like the theory ematfuba
lifundisa - ilingana nenani lezinombolo izenzakalo ngamunye W.].
[Nokho, kuyinto (5) ngokwendlela zibalo:
.
uma isifinyezo (a; SS) =
(7a)

, (7b)
Ngaleso sizathu, enye uthola i nkulumo for W. ukuthi
of m ngeziphambeko 1. , . m the lokuqala ngezansi, le v last ngenhla kusho
inani 0 kukhona ebalulekile:

, (8)
.
lapho phezu 0 kusukela - kuya + , 0 kuya futhi
ngamunye and SS kusuka 0 kuya 1 ukuhlanganisa. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu,
imishini W. ukuthi ngaso sonke kusukela m ngeziphambeko ngezansi
bese v ngaphezu value isilinganiso kukhona ukuthi consequently v = v - , esenziwe:

, (9)

lapho ebalulekile phakathi kwemingcele kakhulu esifanayo banda.]

[Kusukela ukuhlanganiswa kuka 0 and kungenziwa ngokushesha run by:
;
futhi ngoba ngisho m:
;
ngoba oyinqaba m:

;
sithola for W [v] inkulumo ethi lula:
(10)
woselbst:

;
ngoba ngisho m:
;
ngoba oyinqaba m:
;
futhi lapho ukuhlanganiswa ngayinye futhi ukuba kufike umkhawulo engezansi 0
kuya mkhawulo. 1]
[The formula (10), kuqala ihlolwe amacala ezilula, ngoba m = 2 no 3, the W [0]
sabela kungakavalwa. W [1] kusukela ekuqaleni waziwa. Ngempela, kungenxa
yokuthi for m = 2 uhlale v = 0, W [0] = 1 kanye kusukela V for = m 3 ulingana noma
+1 noma ilingane - 1, futhi bobabili amagugu Kubahlaba kungenzeka, W [+ 1]
= W [- 1] = . Futhi eqinisweni, kukhona etholakala (10) for m = 2:
;
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba m = 3:

.]
[Off (10) iyoba ke ngokufeza amagugu integrations W [v] for
emikhulu m. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isamba sazo zonke W [v] for
esiyinikwe m ulingana 1, futhi lokho
W [+ v] = W [v], (11)
ngoba v e - v oludlulayo, lo kanye v emuva, okubonisa ukubaluleka the ebalulekile
akunamthelela].
[Emva kwalokho uzothola for m = 4:
;;

,
It kulandela:
W [0] = 0,64908; W [+ 2] = W [- 2] = 0,17546;
Q = 1,40368; U = 0,70184.
Ngokufanayo, imiphumela for m = 5:
W [+1] = W [-1] = 0,451075; W [+ 3]
= W [- 3] = 0,048925;
Q = 1,7828; U = 1,1957.
Ngokuba amacala amabili m = 4 futhi m = ngakho amagugu ngqo
5 Q 2 kanye U wayala, ukuqhathanisa yabo kanye amagugu ehambisana of 115
ivumela ukuhlola ukuthembeka amalungiselelo yalo.]
[Nokho, ukuze ngale ndlela ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenziwa kusukela
amanxusa weqiniso esahlukweni esedlule ngenxa ukuhluka, amafomula
for W [v] futhi ngemva kwalokho labo for Q2, U futhi V ukunqoba ukwencika la
amagugu of m explicite bamele, kufanele (m - 2) -fold ebalulekile (10) abakhona
design jikelele. Nokho, manje, kungaba inguqulo enjalo, elula kunazo of (9)
ukunqoba ukuthuthukiswa in imigqa. Kusukela efanayo Nokho, kuholela prolixity,

ngakho kuyafaneleka ukuba ukubaluleka Q 2 ukuze anqume ngqo ke - with the

yokuvuma ukuthi uhlala endaweni ephephile for the izinhloso babaxosha lapha igebe
- U and V okuzuza ngaphansi kucatshangwa ukuthi ngoba enkulu m the ratios
amathuba V kubuswa GG. Lesi simo kuyamukeleka ngoba emva (11) umthetho
ematfuba v kuyinto ziyalingana maqondana esiphezulu value v = 0, futhi eminye
kusukela okulandelayo kusukela ubudlelwane GG phakathi Q2, U futhi V,
amafomula (1) kuya ku (4) eziyimbangela, babe probation
eyanele enokwehla elifunyenwe.Nokho, kuba ke futhi ngesikhathi
ukulungisiswa theory ngoba U ziyayekwa inikezwe izilungiso.]
[Ukuzimisela eqondile Q 2 kungafezwa kanje. Qaphela ukuthi i uhlelo
ngokungadingekile ngeziphambeko 1, 2 ... m, izibalo asho
value 0 umehluko

v = v - phakathi izinombolo we

nangaphezulu 0 amanga i (i = 1, 2 .. m) kungenziwa emelelwe:

; (12)
ngoba zonke quotient ( i - 0): ilingana + 1 noma ilingane - 1, kuye
ngokuthi

i singaphezu noma ngaphansi 0 kuyinto. Ngakho, kuba:

, (13)
lapho ukuhlanganiswa kuka ngamunye i kusuka - kuya + ukunweba].
Nokho [manje,:

lapho summation phezu kwakho konke i kanye k kusukela uchungechunge

lwezinombolo kusuka 1 kuya m, ngaphandle amagugu i = k, sandisiwe. Ngakho-ke,
kusukela
.
futhi wonke m (m - 1) integrals:

ncamashi:

, (14)
lapho kwemingcele ukuhlanganiswa, njengalokhu kuboniswe ngenhla ukuthatha.]
[Ukuze manje m nokulinganisa -fold ebalulekile, omunye isethi:

1=0+1
2=0+2

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
(15)

Lokhu ukuthatha indawo ngokuzimela phakathi kwemingcele - and

+ obuhlukahlukene 1, 2 .. m nakho ngokuzimela phakathi
okufanayo; Imikhawulo obuhlukahlukene 0, 1, 2 ... m-1, futhi sithola:

.
lapho:
(16)
Ibhayisikobho etholwe ngokufeza bez ukuhlanganiswa. 0, 3, 4. . m:

(17)

Kodwa kusukela 1 2: = + 1 uma

1 and 2 kukhona kanyekanye emihle
noma emibi, futhi kusukela isilinganiso esifanayo imele value -1 uma
eziguquguqukayo ezimbili 1and 2 lowo emihle, omunye kuyinto negative, sithola
emva kugucuka simple:

(18)

noma

uma ,:

(19)
Manje:

Ngakho ekugcineni imiphumela lapho t 1 2 = 1 no t 2 2 = 2 isethiwe:

(20)

Lokhu Imiphumela kodwa ukubaluleka wayefisa Q2, njengoba emelelwe formula (1)
etholwe lapho osayizi komyalelo wokungabi 1: m banganakwa. By ukunwetshwa
emandleni 1: m etholakala okungukuthi:

; (21)
Ngakho, ngo approximation lokuqala:
, (22)
Ibhayisikobho wabe eselandela ngokushesha amafomula (3) kanye (4)
ukuze U futhi V - kodwa ngaphandle for U ukulungiswa empirically wathola - lapho
G. G. Ngokuba lezi zilinganiso amathuba v sonkana m kuthiwa].
117. [Amendment Second. Amanothi ematfuba enokwehla of probation
umphako Q, U futhi V esebenzisa uhlu lottery.]
Ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale akunakwenzeka ukuthola isimiso probation
enokwehla for, kusukela amafomula embonweni imida yesimethri okukhulu
semthethweni yoMthetho Basic of ukushintshashintsha okungahleliwe; kodwa phezu
nguyiphi intfo ufuna ukuzama probation, ungakwazi ngoba ngeziphambeko kusukela
kusho A kungoni omunye noma ezinye isimo embonweni kusukela ekuqaleni kuze
kugcwaliseke. Kodwa unga eyayenziwe into elihlangana lezi zimo, ngokusho isimiso
elandelayo.
Cabanga ubheke kuqala achaze isimiso ngesimo efundekayo
ngangokunokwenzeka, in an isitsha inombolo enkulu kakhulu, ngifuna ukusho 15
000 abamhlophe kanye kwenziwe kahle balls eziningi black, okuyiqembu lokuqala
njengoba emihle, the last amagugu engakhi engase ihlanganise; kukhona lezi
amabhola ingachazwa kodwa emihle nemibi amagugu variable, ubukhulu ngamunye
ukuphindaphinda ezifana, njengoba sifana W. of the ehambisana icala osayizi for the
GG. Njengoba inani langempela Ngokwesilinganiso, lapho amaphutha Umsuka yabo,
kuleli cala kusebenza ukubaluleka zero. Manje Dweba m amabhola ubize positive
sum 'the sum ukuthi etholakale lapho noma yimuphi emihle isiphambeko term
kanye nenani izikhathi Sihlelwe, zandile; ngokuhambisana negative sum ,. Uma
manje 'futhi , akufani wathola by ukuqondana Ngokwesilinganiso
avele( - ,): m, lapho value c hot, anda noma lehla, kuye ngokuthi '
> , noma okuphambene nalokho. The bamanga Inani kusho is ngakho basigcina
0 alinganayo. c Ngakho uma sabunjwa onjalo c kunqunywa, ukuze ungakwazi
manje ukubala kangakanani iphutha mkhulu futhi njengoba kakhulu ezincane
kuno c kukhona futhi ngemva kwalokho a ( '-,) noma v lunga thola umcimbi
futhi emva n akwenzile kwezimfanelo therefrom kokubili i isilinganiso v njengoba
kungenzeka v ukuthola ukuthi kuphela izingcingo yokugcina for an interpolation.
Manje inqubo enjalo kanye isitsha futhi abaningi kangaka abamhlophe nabansundu,
ubungako amagugu echazwe amabhola kungaba impracticable; kodwa ungakwazi
ziqhubeka enye by ngisho futhi okungekuhle izinombolo isitsha by the Lotte Rierad,
amabhola white and black. Ungase futhi ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi
izinombolo 30 000, lapho sihambisana ratios amathuba isiphambeko, zonke
izinombolo kusukela kweyoku-1 kuya kuhl. 338 ubukhulu 0.25 ukuba axazulule,

konke kusukela lapho kuze kuhl. 1015 usayizi 1, bonke esuka lapho waya 1691
ubukhulu 2, wonke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube 2366 ubukhulu 3, njll futhi
ulethe le nguqulo etafuleni, ngokushesha inikeza ulwazi njalo inombolo lottery,
wahlangabezana runaway ohlwini, lapho ubukhulu limelela.
[Ukulungiswa lelithebula wenziwa esebenzisa T kwetafula ( 183),
kanje. Okokuqala, isinqumo kumele kwenziwe, ngemva kwalokho ngezikhathi
zisekelwe legends t ukuba athuthuke amagugu. Ngenxa lula, uzokwethula
sokuphumula 0.02, ekuqaleni t = 0,01, akhethiwe. Njengoba isibalo bazitshela
izinombolo lottery njengoba amakhophi amaningi kangaka a K.-G. kumelwe
uhunyushwe, 30 000, lunikeza sokuphumula imikhawulo kukhona amagugu
kufuneka iphindaphindwe 30 000 ukuze bathole in ukungezwani kwawo
ngokulandelana, izinombolo of ukuhluka bawe ngaphakathi ngezikhathi
ngokulandelana. The umehluko ngokwabo kodwa kanjani K.-G. yethu consistently
kwenzeka ukucabanga phakathi nalesikhathi, lapho bamunye. Kwakuyoba kanjalo,
njengoba t = : , owokuqala ulingana 0.005; owesibili
okufanayo 0.02; owesithathu ilingana 0.04 ukusetha njll; Nokho, kusukela
ubukhulu kusho ukuphambuka kungenziwa ezinqumela ukusetha, ukuze
ungakwazi = 1: 0.02 = 28.2095 yokutholwa, owawuthi kuqala ulingana 0.25,
owesibili ilingana 1, eyesithathu 2, njll abatholwa kuyinto. Ukuze bagcina
lokhu imvamisa nesenzakalo, njengoba uMthetho Basic
ngokuhambisana t etafuleni izingcingo evikelekile, ngamunye izinombolo eziningi
esike kufanele oluthathwa, njengoba isibalo ngeziphambeko ezihambisanayo
kuyinto. Lesi sabelo zingabakhona ezinqumela ngempela se, kusukela ngamunye
izinombolo 30,000 of the isondo fortune okufanayo W. uye ukudonselwa. Nokho,
Ngokwemvelo, nemvelo izinombolo kuleli cala waphawula; Ngakho Kukhona
wokuqala izinombolo 338 lokuqala, owesibili izinombolo 677, njll ezilandelayo,
njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, adjoined, ukuze itafula wadala, esihlinzeka letifanele
okuyingxenye kanje:]

Usayizi

Inombolo

Usayizi Inombolo

Usayizi Inombolo

0.25

1-338

14

8923 - 9548

47

24347-24626

339 - 1015

15

9549 kuya
10.167

1016 - 1691

74

28872-28946

1692 - 2365

75

28.947 ukuba
29.018

2366 - 3038

100

29854-29865

3039 - 3708

25

15.351 ukuba
15.877

26

15878-16393

27

16.394 ukuba

16.899
28
10

6356 - 7005

11

7006 - 7650

12

7651 - 8289

45

13

8290 - 8922

46

16900-17394
143

29998

23756-24056

150

29999

24057-24346

160

30000

Empeleni, Yebo, le ngeziphambeko ukushintsha njalo lapho ubukhulu

ukuphambuka by 1 yehluka lapha kulokhu okulandelayo; lokhu sokuphumula
ukuphambuka kodwa ngokulingana elula ukuphambuka kusho okungukuthi emva
ratios hit yilezi 1: 0.02
= 28.2095 encane ngokwanele ukunikeza umphumela
ngendlela ephawulekayo oluhambisana kanye Ukubeka okuqhubekayo.
Manje Kube kimi Saxon lottery uhlu kusukela eminyakeni 10 kuya amabhidi,
ngamunye izinombolo 32000-34000, ngiyikho kodwa izinombolo ziye kwashiya
abantu abangaphezu kuka-30 000 kuya uhlu njengoba ayitholakali page. [Kulezi uhlu
10 babe esebenzisa indlela odlule, idatha enokwehla of the Amathebula ngenhla mina
II futhi ngemva kwalokho iziqinisekiso ematfuba imithetho Q, U futhi V wawina.]
[Ake sithi z. B. ukuzimisela v for m = 6. Omunye owake ke ukubiza up
eziyisithupha izinombolo ezilandelanayo yezinhlu, izinombolo ngeke icatshangelwe
kuka-30 000; Ngakho, uma izinombolo 28 904, 24 460, 32 305, 16 019, 157, 3708,
16928
zifeziwe,
eceleni 3-th ngoba idlula 30,000, lo eziyisithupha ezisele
Contribuu
a millorar langokubeka
traducci
etafuleni ngenhla ukuphambuka osayizi nokuqalisa ukuthi ukuthatha akhayo for
izinombolo ngisho, negative ngoba izinombolo kuxaka. Ngakho, kukhona izinombolo
kuboniswe ubukhulu + 74, + 47, - 26, - 0.25, + 5, + 28 imele kusho 21.3; Ngakho,
ngokuphathelene yokugcina, '= , = 3 futhi v = 0. Lokhu ukuzimisela wenziwa
izikhathi 2000, kwatholakala ngo Tab. I, b ngaphansi m = 6, n = 2000 amagugu
ohlwini.]

Text original

XVII. The elula umthetho Gaussian amabili emaceleni.

118. Uma ngisho GG ezilula, okuyinto thina 24 - 29 ziye wachaza, ngenxa
ngokuvamile at K.-G. asebezifinyelele kakade quin W. ngeziphambeko collective
bez. A hhayi ngqo K.-G. kusebenza, kodwa GG ezimbili-ikholomu ( 33) kumele
kuthathwe ngabo ukuqedela, owawuthi konke zoMthetho Basic on K.-G.
elula kungadluliseki lapho ngeziphambeko kusukela D esikhundleni A liyancipha
futhi bez ukujwayeleka ngemva GG elula zombili. A amagugu
isebenza , m, = : m bez. Uhlangothi ngalunye ngokulandelana

ikakhulukazi. by ', m', s

'= : m 'futhi ; m ,, e, = ,: m, kwafakwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, siya kakade V.
Chap. izitatimende ezenziwe mayelana GG ezilula, okuyinto asebezifinyelele kakade
lapha, namanje lowo efanayo anezele elandelayo.
Kuye wagomela ukuthi kangaka samanje, ababulawa ukusatshalaliswa panel of the
GG, ie -plate futhi -plate hhayi kuphazamise. : , zona zanikwa 27, kodwa
bez. :
183).

,short t, kuthiwa bazakha. A panel ezinjalo ngeke kuxoxwe amanothi (

Kungokufanayo lingaphansi ayisisekelo ukuzimisela Gaussian ukuthi W. noma

inombolo ngokulingana zenani olulodwa ngokushesha ibe usayizi ethile,
ilingana:
(1)
okungawo ,.
Ukuze nabo phakathi imikhawulo owanikwa ukuba, unayo le nkulumo
odlule d ukuphindaphindeka futhi ukuthatha ebalulekile phakathi kwemingcele in
umbuzo; ngokuvamile:
(2)
noma ngemuva esikhundleni h by 1:

, by

t, d by

DT:

(3)
kanye W. noma inombolo ngokulingana of phakathi t = :
esiyinikwe t kuba ngesikhathi esizayo:

= 0 and

, IDemo = [t]. (4)

Lokhu ematfuba [t] kuyoba nje ezahlukene amagugu t esashiwo etafuleni
esithasiselweni. Ukuze inani ngokuphelele phakathi kwemingcele t = 0 and
esiyinikwe t ukuba, umuntu [t] noma inani of amamitha Wandisa.
Inkulumo esemqoka for [t] ingaziwa ngeke sihlanganise ngesimo
ezilinganiselwe, kodwa cishe ujamele chungechunge ezilandelayo
okungenamkhawulo, lapho zihlangana eside kangaka kakhulu futhi kanjalo
sokubalwa kuyasiza lapho t = : Ngakho esingaphansi 1, <h, di <1,772
45 kuyinto:
(5)

Kusukela folgends bez. Njalo t ithathwe, lo infliction [kungaba t] indiva. Zonke

amandla of t akhayo, ngoba t = : , futhi kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sibe
emihle nemibi.
Manje kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uma, njengoba eziningi izicelo zethu
kunjalo, ukubaluleka , t = : iza, amancane kakhulu uma
kuqhathaniswa central iphutha , t ngokwako encane kakhulu, wonke
amalungu uchungechunge ( 5) kungenziwa dengwane uma ziqhathaniswa
lokuqala; lapho eseduze:
(6)
, (7)
Kodwa ukubaluleka kwalesi ukungayinaki amalungu ephakeme, ngokusho (5) a
trifle kunqunywa enkulu kakhulu, futhi ngakho kufanele abeke ngokunembile:
, (8)
lapho kuyinto zenani elincane kakhulu emihle. From (8) kusobala:
, (9)
ngemuva t angayinaki , (7),
.
119. Inani ngemuva ubudlelwane GG ezithile ezivamile nabanye, derivable
kusukela amagugu ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi, maqondana njengoba angaphansi
koMthetho Basic, ogama yokuqinisekisa kulapho zazikuphi lokulindela, the more m.
Imila
Iba q =
impande asho ukuphambuka square, lapho kuthathwa le izazi
zezinkanyezi njengoba kusho ukuphambuka par ubuhle, futhi w okuthiwa
ukuphambuka kungenzeka, ie ukuphambuka ukuthi, uma omunye uthatha kokubili
ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi by amagugu ngokuphelele, ngeziphambeko eziningi
emikhulu njengoba ezincane has bodwa, kanjalo ngokuyisisekelo ukubaluleka
ezimaphakathi kuphambuka, hhayi kudidaniswe amagugu ethu central ubuhle
par, ne-C ubizwa yileli akuyona ukuphambuka , Akuyinto. Manje
sekukhona ezilandelayo ubudlelwane evamile:
= 1.253 314 , kanjalo kakhulu = 5/4 ;
= 0.797 885 q, kanjalo luhluke = 4/5 q; (10)

q = 1.482 604 w; w = 0.674 489 q

= 1.182 947 w; w = 0.845 347

By esikhundleni izinkulumo okwedlule e t = :
kokushintsha ezihambisana isethi:
noma t

can ngakho ngaphandle

=, (11)

Ngemva kwalokho, kubonakala ekuqaleni qakala lapho nkulumo

for t unamathela. Kuphela akusiwona udaba nandaba ukuthi owokuqala q segcekeni
we ngeziphambeko, 2, okuhloswe ukuba kamuva noma w esebenzisa amafomula
odlule ukuthola, noma okuphambene nalokho noma w kusukela ukwehluka ezilula
iyiphi yalezi amagugu, the ukuthola omunye, kodwa ukuzimisela eqondile q kusukela
izigcawu the ngeziphambeko has a security kancane kunesono njengendlela
yokuthola ukuhluka elula, kanti eyokugcina igxile omkhulu hhayi ongabalulekile
kunaleso W ngokubala ngeziphambeko, lapho lona ngokwalo the ezakhini ngokusho
amafomula ngenhla uyazisa ukudluliselwa. Ngakho-ke, qhubeka kuze Malehre
ngokomzimba futhi yezinkanyezi bakhetha ukubaluleka t = : q, ngokuzimisela
eqondile
q kusukela izigcawu the ngeziphambeko; kodwa kufanele athole
ukuphepha efanayo isicelo of nezinye izinkulumo
for t lapho noma w ngokuhambisana amafomula ngenhla kusukela inikezwe
ngqo q uye elisuselwa, kanti nokulondeka ephansi lapho omunye noma
ngisho w ethi of t ngokuqondile elula ngeziphambeko kunqunywa, futhi akukho
esizuzwe ngamanga ukusetshenziswa inkulumo ethi t = : q
lapho q ngokusebenzisa amafomula odlule ngokuqondile ethize noma w lisuselwa.
Nakuba manje ukusetshenziswa odlule inani t = : q,
ngokuzimisela
eqondile q, inzuzo uthishanhloko zokuvikeleka phambi kwezinye izindlela ukuzimisela
of t has kusengaphambili, uzobe kodwa kukahulumeni ngokuvamile bakhetha
ukubaluleka t = :
ngokuzimisela eqondile kusukela ukukhonza, ngoba
ngaleso umthamo enkulu ukungafani ngazo sibhekene bebonke kulesi Malehre
ukuthi squaring kwakuyokwenzeka okufanayo nzima kakhulu, inzuzo ukuphepha
uma usebenzisa ngqo ezimisele q ngaphambi the ngqo ezithile kodwa kuphela
iwubala, futhi nge enkulu m phakade ulahlekelwa kakhulu incazelo yalo. Empeleni,
ngesikhathi sesiphambeko cishe ngqo ezithile q alinganayo

is ukuthi ilungelo unikezwa uyalingana futhi ye

ngqo ezithile w alinganayo

1).

1) [The

bheke lezi amaphutha kungenzeka kukhona Gauss in the Journal of

Zezinkanyezi Vol I (usebenza ;. Vol. IV, kk 116, 117) kanye Encke kule indatshana on
the segcekeni okungenani (Berlin Astron indlela INcwadi Yonyaka for 1834 S. . 293
kanye 298). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi value kwamanani for w, lapho ingatholakala
at the indawo ebalulwe Gauss, is wayonakalisiwe.]

120. Zonke izinto odlule baziwa. Nokho, kungase kungabi ngaphandle kwenzalo,
ngokwale nhloso ezimbalwa ukwengeza ngokwami kusukela imisho GG elisuselwa.
Omunye kumele qaphela okuyiwo segcekeni 2 kanye square sum
ukuphambuka () 2 badideka. Manje uma uthatha enkingeni, ngaphandle yokugcina
ngokumane squaring of kuya ngokuwina amagugu ukuze uthole ngisho
zangaphambili ekhandlayo nangokunquma tikwele ukuphambuka, ukuze ungakwazi
acabangele ukuthi () 2 = (m ) 2 no 2 MQ =2, kusukela ezothando:

kalula ezothando ezithakazelisayo:

, (12)
noma lapho nkulumo ohlangothini lwesobunxele P izingcingo,
P=

(12a)

elisuselwa, owawuthi 2 m, di kabili isibalo iphindaphindwe ukuphambuka izamba of

tikwele, ezihlukaniswe esigcawini sum ukuphambuka, ilingana izimo
wesifunda kuyinto. IDemo Ingabe formula P -formula hot.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi etholwe emva a formula odlule ngqo nzima ibalwe izamba
of tikwele kusukela lighter ukuba tikwele enqunywe semali ukuphambuka
ngokuvumelana formula:
, (13)
kuphela ukuthi ngqo ethize sum 2 nakanjani into engaphezu ephephile kunokuthi
ngemva formula yangaphambili () 2 elisuselwa.
The amaphutha ezimbili emaphakathi, elula = : m and square, basengaba

eyesithathu
(14)
Ukwengeza, engiyothembela shayela isiphambeko circle isikhungo, futhi
ngokuhambisana nkulumo engenhla is etholwe ngokuxuba. sum of tikwele kanye
sum of the ngeziphambeko noma, yini kusho ukuthi into efanayo, sokuhlukanisa
square empandeni asho iphutha square kanye Iphutha elula isilinganiso
I amnike igama ngenhla ngoba maqondana by the P elisetshenziswa-equation
wesifunda ratio simele senguquko ngomqondo ezilandelayo. Ake kuqala,
ezothando inelisekile ncamashi umehluko okhona, kanjalo, uma kwenzeka ukuthi
ngeziphambeko, yikuphi okukhulu kunalokho , , P mkhulu
kuno ; Nokho, uma, P kuyinto esingaphansi lapho ngeziphambeko ezincane
kuno kukhona ekhula. Lesi sichibiyelo iwukuba ibanga ukuphambuka abafanele
kusuka ezilinganiselwe ze. The balokhu ngidlula 2).

2)

[It kulandela ukuthi P e ithemba layo kunoma iyiphi ukuphambuka single

amagugu i,
ifinyelela esincane salo, lapho noma = .. Ngesikhathi
esifanayo kusobala ukuthi P ifinyelela esincane elingaphezu kukahhafu namagugu 2,
lapho ngamunye i = kuyinto.]

Enginakho P wathola-equation eziningana othuthukayo amaphutha emhlophe

ngokunikhumbuza indlela psychophysical yephutha isilinganiso wazibonakalisa
omuhle.
Ngemva izinkulumo esinikeziwe, ezintathu izimali amaphutha babe ubuhlobo
okulandelayo:
, (15)
futhi ungaboniswa ukuthi tibalo ukuphambuka kwakho konke lokhu kusho Iphutha
ukuze isamba semali the ngeziphambeko eCape. XVIII babe mibandela elandelayo,
lapho e njengoba njalo isibalo phansi logarithms yemvelo:
= 0,72738 bez. ;.

= 0,60653 bez Q;

= 0,45594 bez. ;
zazo zokuqala amagugu ezimbili eduze kakhulu isilinganiso 7: 6 babe.

The isilinganiso ohambelana ephansi ukuphambuka tibalo uyovele uthole

deducting izinombolo wangaphambilini 1, futhi-ke wathola ukuthi inani
ukuphambuka ephansi futhi upper, bez. Q close kakhulu njengoba 2: 3 uziphatha.
Mayelana w lokhu ingxenye efanele elingenhla ukuphambuka sum 0,79655; kodwa
value maqondana lapho isamba ukuphambuka ilingana phansi eliphezulu, kuba
1,17741 q.
The eliphezulu ukuphambuka Izibalo babe for inani ye ukuhluka mibandela
elandelayo:
. 0,42494 bez ; . 0,31731 bez Q; . 0,21009 bez ; . 0.5 bez W;
okwathi ngemva kwalokho lezi ubudlelwane for w, , , oseduze
kakhulu 5: 4: 3:. uvumelana 2
Noma kunjalo umuntu angabona njengenhlangano isilinganiso ukuphambuka oda
lesibili 2 sokuthi esebenzisa umehluko of the ngabanye kusukela

Ephakathi ichaze okufanayo, di [uma "the sum futhi inani ,

kuthiwa, ngokusho "futhi " sum kanye nenombolo
ye lapho mkhulu kunaye , lumelela enjalo ukuthi - = "-
'' = m 2]:
, (16)
eseduze with

ingqondo.
Njengoba nje ukubaluleka kungenziwa omelelwa umsebenzi ngeziphambeko by
GG, kuhlanganise ukubaluleka e. Uma okungukuthi njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla,
okuyiwo ukuphambuka ngenhla q zihlukaniswe inani ukuphambuka isamba
esilingana ukuba
ingqikithi ukuphambuka sum is inversely zihlukaniswe bez
engenhla. q kanye quotient yisikwele ulingana e.
121. Zonke izitatimende odlule mayelana GG ukubeka semthethweni zabo
ngokugcwele enkulu, ngokuqinile ukukhuluma, isibalo esingapheliyo ukuhluka
busuka lapho eziguquguqukayo efanele zihlobene, lapho nokho, njengoba
kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, asivimbeli ukuthi ngokulinganisela kakhulu ngisho at a
Inombolo ye ukungafani kwakutholakala isiqinisekiso eseduze kakhulu enokwehla
imisho odlule; futhi ngokuqondene ukwelashwa ngempumelelo a K.-G. e yimuphi
umcimbi, a hhayi inconsiderable inombolom amakhophi A ngakhoke Ukwehlukana
okufanayo nhlangothi zombili D kungokwalabo, ukuze ungakwazi nje kuphela
isiqinisekiso eseduze kakhulu imisho owedlule sikulindele lokhu [by esikhundleni
GG elula ngokusebenzisa entry kabili], kodwa futhi ubone. Khonamanjalo uthole

ngeziphambeko kusukela okuthiwa. Amagugu Yiqiniso, ie ehlanganisa i

okungenamkhawulo m eyalandela, noma okuthiwa Iphutha., Lapho, kuye ngobukhulu
besikhumba saleso ezilinganiselwe m zombili kanye m 'futhi m, ikakhulukazi,
zisekhona emva ohlangothini ngalunye, ukuhambisana nokho iziphumo; futhi usibize
okuyingxenye, okuthiwa. iphutha kungenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi kulungiswe
ekutholweni ezilinganiselwe m, kuye ngokuthi iphutha ukushintsha ukubaluleka
kwangempela ongenandaba ngephutha zibe positives noma ezingezinhle, noma
indlela ethile komunye ubukhulu m ancike3).

3)

[Lesi zizivumelanise kusho ukuphambuka amagugu babe u ku 44 ukwaziswa

45. iphutha kungenzeka-ezinengqondo for , q futhi w ingatholakala ngenhla 119
kukhonjisiwe. Futhi kokusho iyona iphutha kungenzeka, lapho ekunqumeni izibalo
asho A of m kuyinto elindelekile ukuba amagugu, futhi okufanayo w:
isethwe
lapho w, njengenjwayelo, lo kungenzeka iphutha di kuphambuka cishe amagugu
ngamunye (bheka ngenhla ngaphansi. (10)) presents.

122. [oda manje cogency of GG bipartite wafanisa ngaphambilini kuphela

njengoba umthetho nokusakazwa kwezincwadi K.-G. kanye ukuzama
ezingasetshenziswa GG elula, kukhona phakathi waphawula futhi ibalwa ngesisekelo
amatafula mina III of the VIII. Isahluko ukuqhathanisa amatafula for amagugu
ekhiqizwa. Zikhona, kulabo amabhodi ukuqhathanisa okunjalo, ngoba babe
asymmetry ezibuthakathaka kuphela futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithethelele ukulindela
ukuthi ibhidi by isicelo zamazwe umthetho inzuzo asymmetry kunamandla
kuyobonakala ngokwezinga elikhulu.]
[Kusukela izingqimba 5 incishiswe Panel I ( 64) I ukukhetha indawo E, = 368
futhi kusukela 4 izingqimba incishiswe panel III ( 65), isikhundla E, = 60 kanye
amazwi yangaphambili kuqhathaniswa weakest, the the yokugcina kumenyezelwa
asymmetry eziqine isihlobo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izingqimba. Ngoba kokubili
panel manje kokubili maqondana A, amagugu t = :
and kwalokho [t] futhi
ebhekisele kuyo Dp, amagugu T '= : e
and t, = ,:
e, kanye emva
kwalokhu [t ] [t,] kubalwa, lapho, ', , ka A noma D p kuze isikhawu
abafanele kukhawula a i (hhayi kuze a wokuzilimaza) banwebele. Kukhona ke
umehluko phakathi elandelanayo amagugu, njengoba kukhona ukukhombisa
amagugu, kwakhiwa futhi bathola [t] kanye m, lo [t '] sabela
kungakavalwa. [t,] kanye m' sabela kungakavalwa. M , landa. Ngale ndlela, lesi
ibalwe ngokwendlela elula emva GG amabili emaceleni okuholela z amagugu
ziqhathaniswa waphawula amagugu panel amatafula amabili alandelayo. Nazi
amagugu kwamanani , e futhi e,usethe ngaphandle ukulungiswa ukuze
ngokuyisisekelo ngoba okunamathiselwe yalo ubukhulu m ayibalulekile futhi

amazinga wayefisa nokunemba:

Efanisa enokwehla isibonelo of Table I (mpo nezinga skull) kanye theory emva
GG single and kabili emaceleni
E = 1 mm; i = 5; A = 408,2; D p = 409,7; =; 11.1 s '= 10.4; e, = 11.9; m = 450; m '=
210; m, = 240th
A

Enokwehlaz

Theoretical z

Umehluko

bez. D p

Bez. A

Bez. D p

bez. A

363

0.5

0.5

+0,5

+0,5

368

373

+1

+1

378

+1

+2

383

17

13

13

-4

-4

388

24

22.5

22.5

- 1.5

- 1.5

393

36

35,5

34,5

- 0.5

- 1.5

398

41

49

47

+8

+6

403

59

60

58

+1

-1

408

65

64

64

-1

-1

413

65

60

62

-5

-3

418

51

50

52

-1

+1

423

40

37

38

-3

-2

428

17

24

24

+7

+7

433

19

13

13

-6

-6

438

+3

+2

443

+1

+1

448

-1

-1

453

0.5

0.5

+0,5

+0,5

Sum

450

450

450

46

42

Efanisa enokwehla isibonelo of Table III (ukubuthela) kanye theory emva GG

single and kabili emaceleni
E = 1 inch; i = 1, A = 71,75; D p = 71,99; = 2.04 e = 1,92; e, = 2.16; m =
2047 m '= 963 , 5; m, = 1083,5.
A

Enokwehla z

theory z
bez. A

Umehluko

bez. D p

bez. A

bez. D p

60

-L

-1

61

62

0.5

+0,5

63

1.5

+1

+1,5

64

3.5

+1,5

+2

65

15.5

10

12

- 5.5

- 3.5

66

26

26

28

+2

67

54

58

59

+4

+5

68

108

110

108

+2

69

172

179

174

+7

+2

70

253

252

243

-1

- 10

71

290

304

298

+ 14

+8

72

330,5

315

318

- 15.5

- 12.5

73

296

282

291

- 14

-5

74

223,5

217

226

- 6.5

+2,5

75

142

143

145,5

+1

+3,5

76

75

81

80,5

+6

+5,5

77

38

40

37

+2

-1

78

13

17

15

+4

+2

79

3.5

+2,5

+1,5

80

-1

81

0.5

- 0.5

-1

82

0.5

- 0.5

- 0.5

83

0.5

- 0.5

- 0.5

Sum

2047

2047

2047

90

72

Njengoba ungase ubone, lo isamba semali umehluko phakathi amagugu waphawula

futhi ibalwa, ukubaluleka ngokuphelele kuyinto ezibhebheni ezimbili ezithathwe
ezincane yomthetho amabili emaceleni kunani the elula, uma umehluko ikakhulukazi
etafuleni lokuqala ngokuqhathanisa kakade engabalulekile. Kodwa yini uwela
ebalulekile, iyona fidelity okukhulu, okuyinto izuzwe umthetho amabili emaceleni
uma eqhathaniswa elula isethulo core kokubili panel, lo Endabteilungen
ngokumelene.]
[By the way, lesi sifaniso ukhombisa z amagugu yomthetho amabili emaceleni
kanye esihambelanayo z amagugu umthetho ezejwayelekile ezimweni zombili
ziyavuma ukuthi kusukela kusuka etafuleni isikhungo yokutshala a abokuqala
elikhudlwana bese ezincane, ngoba nokuncipha a abokuqala encane bese emikhulu
njengoba lawa. Isizathu salokhu itholakala panel ezimbili kokuqondisa asymmetry
ndawonye, futhi lezi zilinganiso nje kuyolungiswa uma asymmetry ozokuthola
okuphambene.]

XVIII. The sum komthetho kanye Supplementarverfahren.

123. Kuze kube manje, uMthetho Basic, kuze kufike ngiyazi, kuphela ukucacisa
inombolo isihlobo noma ngokuphelele ngeziphambeko of A iye yasetshenziswa
phakathi imikhawulo owanikwa ukuphambuka; kodwa kungenziwa ezihambisana
naso, futhi njengoba uhlobo eliphezulu zazo futhi amafomula for the isamba
ngokulingana kanye ngokuphelele we ngeziphambeko A phakathi imikhawulo
owanikwa ukuphambuka ukuthuthukisa, lapho, like amafomula bez. inqobo ahlale
GG ngaso sonke esebenzayo futhi osebenzayo ndawonye ngeziphambeko mutual,
njengoba W. izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana ngeziphambeko bez. A kuyinto; kodwa
buphinde esimweni W. quin emva GG ezizwakalayo zokuba ohlangothini ngalunye
ikakhulukazi ezimbili-ikholomu ukuqedela, uma ngeziphambeko bez. D esikhundleni
bez. A wamukela, futhi m, , , t for page ngalinye isihlobo
ikakhulukazi m ,, ,, e ,,t, and m ', , e ', t' kwafakwa.
Kodwa uthole imiphumela mayelana lalokho ngeziphambeko kangaka
kakhudlwana, njengoba awahlanganyeli ububi imiphumela maqondana nenani
ukuhluka, kuphela term ezilinganiselwe hhayi kabusha ebalulekile noma i series
okungenamkhawulo, kuthiwa emva kwalokhu labalwa ukuze bakwazi, njengoba
kunjalo expressible kunalokho ngesimo ezilinganiselwe, futhi enqamula
Supplementarverfahren ( 128), evumela ukuba kubaluleke kusebenza okungukuthi
phansi ngaphandle awengubo okulandelayo kuyaqhubeka.
124. Ukuze sum of the ngeziphambeko ukuba ukuphambuka umkhawulo ethile
kusukela amagugu densest nganxanye, bathi emihle, aze emngceleni 'ukuze anqume

lokho okufanayo ohlangothini negative, thatha wena ingqikithi ukuhluka nganeno,

di ', ukwakha therefrom elula isilinganiso ukuphambuka e'
= ': m', besikisela t = ': e', kube fancy phansi ukubusa ezilandelayo Inani
2], ke sum of the ngeziphambeko ngokuphelele kuyinto '= 0 kuya
[- t
inikezwe ilingana: '(1 - Exp [- t ]) kanye Ukwedlula of ukuba amanga
alinganayo: ' Exp [ - t ]; sum ngokulingana up 'kodwa, di ngokuphelele
odlule, zihlukaniswe inani , okusho kanye T uzobe luchazwa ngegama ezifanayo
1 - Exp [-t2], ngaphezu kwalokho, Exp [- t2].

Esikhundleni isamba ngokuphelele futhi ngokulingana kuze kube umkhawulo

ethile 'ukuba anqume nangale, can leli lungiselelo futhi inombolo ethile
ngeziphambeko lapho anjalo'hot, wenze, unikezwe enkulu m ', njengoba lizwakala
lapha , z : m 'emva ezithile esedlule ngendlela t noHezekeli njengoba in the t etafuleni ingatholakala. Ngakho z ': m unikezwa, ngakho babefuna in the t etafuleni t nokulisebenzisa endleleni odlule ukugoqa ukuhlinzekwa.
Kulokhu, value ngayinye a in a - ikholomu of the distribution panel empeleni
kwesikhawu samahora lonke i imele, lapho in a ebhaliwe z - ukusabalala amagugu,
lokho thina kweminyaka engaba ethintekayo a call, unjalo umkhawulo kuze lapho
thina isamba kufanele ukwamukela isibalo esinjalo sokwenziwa kwezinto ukuhluka,
hhayi by a the A - ikholomu ngokwayo, kodwa ngamandla engaba yayo
sokuphumula, okwenza kube ngesikhathi azungezwe isikhawu
esingaphesheya a ukujoyina, njengoba uzimisele kubhekwe.
Esikhundleni efingqa ngesilinganiso owanikwa D ukuze anqume esandleni
ngasinye, bona kungenzeka basakaza ohlangothini ngalunye kunenani kunqunywa
ohlangothini ngalunye phakathi ungabeki mingcele ncamashi ngendlela efanayo, ngo
lengqikithi emikhawulweni ezihambisana owayengumongameli ukuzimisela indlela
izamba nomunye.
125 Ukuze Exp [- t2] ukuthola, ukwengeza 2 log t ukuba 0,63778 1, lokhu search for
the inombolo amatafula logarithmic, wakubeka ngomqondo ongathandeki,
okuwukuthi, afaka lonke inani elikhulu olandelayo bese unezela leli emuva komba
negative wanezela; lokhu ebheka emuva inombolo, ngakho lokhu Exp [- t 2].
Lokhu kubalwa Nokho, has Nokho, ukuba Yiqiniso akukho nobunzima, njengoba
ungase ubone, kancane sezimiso, futhi ukuze onga esimweni ngasinye, unga ke,
ngokuba equidistant t = :
noma ukuphindwaphindwa kanye
onga ,
labo : amagugu ehambisana of

futhi ngemva kwalokho 1 - Exp [- t2] ucacise futhi uthathe amagugu equidistant close
ngokwanele, bese kuba interpolate phakathi. Gwala itheyibula abanjalo amagugu ngabe Yebo
sesiseduze ngisho nomunye ukuvumela interpolation olunembile kakhulu.

Ithebula on the izamba ukuphambuka of ukuze ,

Totalsummme umthetho,
Exp [- t2]

unit njengoba

Exp [- t2]

Exp [- t ]

0.00

1,00000

1.00

0,72738

2.00

0,27992

0.05

0,99920

1.05

0,70403

2.05

0,26245

0,10

0,99682

1.10

0,68035

2.10

0,24568

0.15

0,99286

1.15

0,65641

2.15

0,22961

0,20

0,98735

1.20

0,63232

2.20

0,21425

0.25

0,98030

1.25

0,60813

2.25

0,19960

0.30

0,97176

1.30

0,58395

2.30

0,18566

0,35

0,96176

1.35

0,55983

2.35

0,17241

0.40

0,95034

1.40

0,53586

2.40

0,15986

0.45

0,93757

1.45

0,51210

2,45

0,14798

0.50

0,92350

1.50

0,48861

2.50

0,13677

0.55

0,90820

1.55

0,46545

2.55

0,12621

0.60

0,89173

1.60

0,44270

2.60

0,11628

0.65

0,87417

1.65

0,42038

2,65

0,10696

0.70

0,85558

1.70

0,39855

2.70

0,09823

0.75

0,83606

1.75

0,37726

2.75

0,09006

0.80

0,81569

1.80

0,35654

2,80

0,08245

0.85

0,79455

1.85

0,33641

2,85

0,07536

0.90

0,77273

1.90

0,31692

2.90

0,06877

0.95

0,75031

1.95

0,29809

2,95

0,06266

Exp [- t 2]

Exp [- t 2]

Exp [- t ]

3.00

0,05700

4.00

0,00614

5.00

0,00035

3,05

0,05176

4,05

0,00540

5,05

0,00030

3.10

0,04694

4.10

0,00474

5.10

0,00025

3.15

0,04249

4.15

0,00416

5.15

0,00022

3.20

0,03841

4.20

0,00364

5.20

0,00018

3.25

0,03466

4.25

0,00318

5.25

0,00015

3.30

0,03123

4,30

0,00278

5.30

0,00013

3.35

0,02809

4,35

0,00242

5:35

0,00011

3.40

0,02523

4,40

0,00211

5.40

0,00009

3:45

0,02263

4,45

0,00183

5,45

0,00008

3.50

0,02026

4.50

0,00159

5,50

0,00007

3.55

0,01811

4,55

0,00137

5,55

0,00006

3.60

0,01616

4,60

0,00119

5,60

0,00005

3,65

0,01440

4.65

0,00103

5,65

0,00004

3,70

0,01281

4,70

0,00088

5,70

0,00003

3,75

0,01138

4,75

0,00076

5.75

0,00003

3,80

0,01009

4,80

0,00065

5,80

0,00002

3,85

0,00893

4,85

0,00056

5,85

0,00002

3; 90

0,00790

4,90

0,00048

5,90

0,00002

3.95

0,00697

4.95

0,00041

5,95

0,00001

6.00

0,00001

6.15

0,00001

6,20
0,00000
126. bheke of the sum yomthetho njengoba umsebenzi A by GG elula le.
Ngemuva GG elula zombili kanyekanye kuthathwe isibalo ngokuphelele
ukungafani phakathi kuyinto t = 0 kanye value owanikwa t = : :
; iDemo m [t]. (1)
Ukuze babe sum ehambisana, umuntfu value odlule ngaphansi uphawu ebalulekile
kanye nande ziyini:
, (2)

Kodwa t = :
Ngakho = t
,
e ebalulekile last:
, (3)
Ikhambi jikelele 2 t Exp [- t ] DT ungaphakathi ukucabangela ukuthi TDT = d
t2, integrable ngesimo ezilinganiselwe, elinganayo okungukuthi - Exp [- t2], futhi ngenxa yalokho
yonkana imingcele t = 0 and t = t ilingana (1 - Exp [- t2]), lapho
kanye m = ngayandisa, yilezi:
(1 - Exp [- t ]), (4)
njengoba okuyiwo phakathi t = 0 and esiyinikwe t.
Yiba emfushane
1- Exp [- t ] = T (5)
isethi, kunjalo
T (6)
the value edingekayo.
Manje lubonakala an series elingapheli:
, (7)
it ethola in a encane kakhulu t di :
kwanele ukugcina imigomo ezimbili
zokuqala, okuyinto encane kakhulu t luhluke yilezi:
T = t . (8)
Endabeni asymmetry omunye has of D esikhundleni A aphume ukusebenzisa
ezimbili-ikholomu GG, d, i. Thatha ukusetha 'noma , futhi t ohlangothini
ngalunye kanye by e noma e, kufanele ayasithobela, njengoba ngaphambili .
127. Ukuze ziqhathaniswa observation sitatimende, kuyiqiniso, Yebo, isamba
ukuphambuka ngokwalo ukuze kutholakale kufinyelele emkhawulweni
inikezwe. Manje kusebenza ukuzimisela enokwehla of inani ohlangothini
ngalunye (ngokusho 74):
, = m, D - A ,;
'= A' - m D; (9)
Amafomula for the nokuzimisela ukuba esiyinikwe
umkhawulo , noma 'ukushintsha ohlangothini ngalunye nje njengoba
ngaphansi m, futhi m' ayisekho nesigcino ukuphambuka izinombolo page ngalinye,
kodwa kuphela izibalo ukuphambuka kuze kutsi umkhawulo,
futhi A ,, a 'hhayi nesigcino a ohlangothini ngalunye, kodwa ukuqonda aphinde

kuze umkhawulo inikezwe kuphela lokho esiyikho kunokuba nje libhekisela

amagugu abafanele kanye uyilahla amabili nangaphezulu, maqondana nesigcino
kanye uyilahla. Uma Manje Dzibe ngokuvamile uwela ngaphansi isikhawu ethile,
kuba ingxenye m ', m ", A", A ", olungena ngaphakathi nesikhatheso, njengoba
ngaphambi ( 72 u. 73) kuboniswa, kunqunywa interpolation , kanti ingxenye esele
unikezwa yi observation ngokwayo.
We ukuchaza lokhu I ebhodini of izingebhezi 450. [For nokwehla isikhundla E, =
368 ( 64) ewela D p = 409,7 in the sokuphumula kusukela 405,5 kuya
410,5. Ngakho a 0 = 408; z 0= 65; i = 5; g 1 = 405,5; x = 4.2, futhi
etholakala D p sifinyelela phezulu kuqala umngcele sokuphumula

405,5 ", ngoba di y D p - Y, lapho Y kuba inombolo, futhi Y kubonisa sum of the
sokuphumula lwekucocisana, ngokusho amafomula (13) kanye (8) soMthetho
isahluko IX.
y = 65 = 55; Y = 55 407,6; yD
p - Y = 55 2.1 = Le-116
Elithweswa
Etholwe ngendlela efanele lesi sifaniso ithebula phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni
for aphansi ukuphambuka izamba of panel I:
Efanisa enokwehla "kanye icala ezincwadini etafuleni I
(mpo nezinga skull).
E = 1 mm; i = 5; D p = 409,7 s, = 11.9; , = 2840th
"

"
Empir.

theor.

Umehluko

": ,
Empir.

Theor.

Umehluko

0 kuya 116
4.2

111

-5

0.041

0.039

- 0,002

"9.2

511

491

- 20

0.180

0,173

- 0,007

"14.2

991

1034

+43

0,349

0,364

+ 0.015

"19.2

1592

1599

+7

0,561

0,563

+ 0.002

"24,2

2113

2079

- 34

0,744

0,732

- 0,012

"29.2

2566

2423

- 143

0,904

0,853

- 0,051

"34,2

2725

2636

- 89

0,960

0,928

- 0,032

"39.2

2798

2749

- 50

0,982

0,968

- 0,014

"44,2

2840

2806

- 34

1,000

0,988

- 0,012

It iyobonakala, ngazo ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo ndlela ukuphambuka tibalo

njengoba bayothwala the panel emelelwa sum komthetho. Kubalulekile ukucabangela
ukuthi amagugu enokwehla, abazazisayo distribution umfaniswano of a sabela
kungakavalwa. babezimisele ngaphakathi sokuphumula ngamunye, kanti lesi sibalo
theory esekelwe kucatshangwa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa ehambisana noMthetho Basic
futhi ngaphakathi ngezikhathi. ]
128. engeziwe. The Supplementarverfahren.
Uma, njengoba ngokuvamile wesintu, panel distribution nje inani, kodwa hhayi
ingqikithi a, lapho eziphonsa phezu ngezansi inani elithile, nje nje Vorzahl v and
Nachzahl n kodwa hhayi Vorsumme V futhi Nachsumme N unikezwa, can
ngempela C, kodwa futhi A noma D p eyatholakala ngqo, noma imisebenzi
ukuphambuka maqondana nalezi amagugu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikho isitatimende
ukusatshalaliswa sizokwazi. Khonamanjalo ongakwenza ukuze kanje, nakuba Kuthi
ekhandlayo, indlela lapho mina shayela Supplementarverfahren, zifika.
Anqume endaweni D p kunalokho Di, okuyinto ngokuvamile D p njengoba kancane
ehlukene ukuze esikhundleni kungaba okokuqala kube ukucabangela for v, V, N,
N ngakwesokunene, kodwa futhi inquma namanje abakabi nawo umbono ophelele
ukuphambuka izinombolo m " , m 'futhi ukuphambuka
tibalo ", ngokusho indlela eyaziwa nje ebukhali sivela ezingxenyeni
ababulawa of the panel. Nokho, liphinde inquma inani ukuphambuka
izinombolo m, = m '+ v futhi m' = m '+ n, emva
kwalokhu v: m, futhi n: m'. Lamagugu bangabanye kungabonakala ithebula
elandelako uyazisa athole ogama ukubala kamuva kwabonisa ngeke,
ngokusebenzisa itafula kodwa kumele, okungenani ezinye amagugu bayavikeleka
nasenkathazweni sibalo. Ithebula kuphela encane
amagugu v: m, futhi n: m enwetshiwe, kusukela kuba kude ezimweni kakhulu
yilabo kuphela; lapho etafuleni akukaneli, kumele ibalwe ngqo.
Emuva kwalokhu, umuntu ethola isamba egcwele the ngeziphambeko aphansi
kanye upper kusukela D i kanje:
,.

(10)

Lizobizwa 1):
,;
, (11)
1)

[Ngoba lokhu semthethweni asebezifinyelele kakade ezimbili kukholamu GG

ngokuqondene D i ukuba khona umthetho ezilinganiselwe

ze: e ': e, = m': m, umphumela has ke mayelana neqiniso, esikhundleni ngenhla,
esebenzayo ngaphandle mayelana le formula futhi umthetho kwesokudla: A = D i + e
'- e, bayakhululwa, lapho kuqhathaniswa bheke ngenhla A anikezwe inkomba
ukuphepha] elungiselelweni.

Ezinye amagugu kwamanani v: m ,, n: m 'elihambisana sum fractional

amagugu of the ngeziphambeko ohlangothini ngalunye maqondana D.

.1626

0,37726

0,1105

0,27992

0,0726

0,19960

0,0461

0,13677

0,0282

0,09006

0,0167

0,05700

0,0095

0,03466

0,0052

0,02026

0,0028

0,01138

0,0014

0,00614

0,0007

0,00319

0,0003

0,00159

0,0002

0,00076

0,0001

0,00035

The ekubalweni kwenzeka kanje: Man abakufunayo m ': m ,, noma m': m ',
yikuphi kuba negative noma Okuhle lapho [t] kuthathwe, ukubaluleka t futhi
uthathe = Exp [- t].
Lokhu ngendlela ukuzimisela luncike ukuthi omunye for side of ngeziphambeko
ngamunye D i ukwazi ukubekezelela GG elula ngenani futhi ukuphambuka
isilinganiso ikakhulukazi wathola leli khasi for isebenza statuiert short GG modified
for the ngokuphelela, futhi umiswe yibo in the ukungenelela simiso athuthukile.
[The amagugu ezintathu: 1) inani isihlobo ngeziphambeko, 2) sum eyisihlobo

ngeziphambeko, 3) isilinganiso kuphambuka uziphakamise yiyiphi D i of the number

isihlobo kanye sum zinqunywa, futhi kusukela ukuphambuka kusho , kukhona in
ithemba elinjalo phezu komunye, ukuthi ngamunye ezimbili kungenziwa ibalwa
kusukela wesithathu. Ngempela, kuba ngenxa GG for the ngeziphambeko ikhasi,
isibonelo, i positive:
;;;

(12)

lapho m 'futhi sicabange inani kanye sum of the ngeziphambeko leli

khasi, "Kodwa umehluko, kuze lapho akuphelele inombolo m" kanye akuphelele
sum '' enwetshiwe.Kungase ke, ngendlela echazwe ngenhla, ukuba m ': m' sabela
kungakavalwa. M ': m, ngokusebenzisa kwaloba t ukubaluleka ': . Sabela
kungakavalwa ": , kubalwa therefrom, uma "sabela
kungakavalwa. litholakala empirically 'sabela kungakavalwa. , zimisele
ngokusho (10).]
Ukuze sifanekise leli lungiselelo on a izibonelo ezithile, njengoba kuba ibhodi
Quetelet sika ukubuthela French 2) v = 28 620; n = 2490; m = 100 000th [Ungakwazi
manje uthole D i= 1,6273 m, ie m, = 55 951; m '= 44 049; m': m, =
0,48848; m ': m' = 0,94347; ngemva kwalokho kusukela t - etafuleni lokuqala
uma t = 0,46420 and 1 - Exp [- t2] = 0,19385;wesibili uma t = 1,34843 and 1 - Exp
[- t2] = 0,83769. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola kusukela (10) the isamba , =
3740,5; '= 2410,7 njengoba "= 725,1 futhi = 2019,4.Ekugcineni,
kubonakala ngesisekelo (11) e, =, 0,0669 e = 0,0547 '; A = 1,6140. Ngakho, kuba D A = 0,0133, kanti e, - e '= 0,0122; Bobabili amagugu ukuba alingane nomunye,
kodwa ezihambayo babo bebodwa has in emhlabathini waso ukuthi ekhishwa
ukubaluleka D i we ezilinganiselwe ze ezithile D k ehlukile kancane. Quetelet
ngokwakhe, ngubani edlula kulinganiswa ngokuqhathanisa waphawula ematfuba
amagugu kanye namagugu ezincwadini ematfuba etafuleni layo ukudweba up a
ucwaningo olwenziwe distribution panel, uthi: "la Usayizi moyenne is de 1,62 m
environ"].

2)

[Lettres sur la thorie of probabilits, k. 401. "okhalweni Conscrits Franais".]

Omunye angase acabange ukuthi ngisho nalapho i zilandelana lonke elikhona,

amagugu waphawula kodwa engavamile kube phansi encane, njengoba kunjalo ne
Leipziger futhi Anna Berger ukubuthela ngokulinganisela, omunye
Supplementarverfahren
Contribuu a millorar la traducci kuphela ingxenye ephakeme chungechunge, kodwa namanje
ohlangothini olufanayo D is, kudingeka isicelo, ukuze uthole ukuthi yini phansi
kuyinto uninvolved noma ingashintshwa ukuze namathonya the lunenkinga, sengathi

Text original

ubuhlobo evamile phakathi inombolo kanye nosayizi ngeziphambeko, kwenzakalani

kusikisela futhi kuhanjiswe kuze kube sekupheleni aphansi. Kodwa lokhu akulona
icala, kodwa ingaba kuphela kuze kube sezingeni kulindeleke kusukela
Supplementarverfahren yalokho ewusizo, njengoba ayifakiwe uma kuhlaziywa
ingxenye engezansi chungechunge, b hot, kuba nje evamile njengoba zifiki kulesi
sibalo, laphoa hot. Empeleni, sicabanga ukuthi isibalo isihlobo ngeziphambeko
kusukela ukuphambuka tekuphila kuze kube sekupheleni, di ezingxenyeni b, likhulu
kakhulu, unjalo inombolo isihlobo ngenhla, eNgxenyeni A, ukuba engavamile encane
kakhulu; lapho Supplementarverfahren kodwa Uma sicabanga ukuthi
kungokwemvelo, lapho liyaziphikisa. Ngakho, kuziwa uma ethatha isinyathelo by
Supplementarverfahren enjalo imigqa ongaphilile iziphetho
okungenangqondo. Yiqiniso, ukubaluleka etholwe ngqo kunciphisa ochungechungeni
enjalo by the Supplementarverfahren , futhi kwandisa ukubaluleka A. - Ngakho
enginakho nabantu Leipzig njengoba a kuthathwe ingxenye emva side ongemuhle D
= 69,71 ukuba 66,5 yanele, njengoba b ingxenye kusukela lapho, kuze kube
sekupheleni, lapho ungakwazi ukukhumbula (ngokusho 15) ukuthi 66 inzuzo
ngezansi ewa phansi ngokulinganisela.Elisuselwa nesigcino value , kwaba 9935,
lapho emva Supplementarverfahren elisuselwa 9097, kakhulu ilingana
amagugu '= elandelayo 9070, kusukela kubhekwe izingxenye evamile omuhle
chungechunge. The nesigcino chungechunge ngokuqondile value ezakhini
of A kwaba 69,62, lapho emva Supplementarverfahren yazuza 69,70, ngakho
amagugu dkakhulu alinganayo. Ukube manje kodwa D ngempela Ngokwesilinganiso,
njalo ngabe futhi lesemkhatsini uqondane nalo, kanjalo m '= m, kube,
kanti m, = 4257; m' = kuyinto 4145th

XIX. Imithetho asymmetry.

129. [Ezahlukweni ezimbili eyedlule the GG ayesekhulile kude kangaka ukuthi

liyatholakala njengoba ithuluzi efanelekayo ukusatshalaliswa invoyisi K.- G. kahle
ngokufanayo yesimethri ezintweni ezibalulekile kuka asymmetry ebalulekile
Deviation ukusebenzisa. Manje, okuhlangenwe nakho okubonisa ukuthi empeleni
umthetho Gaussian isiphambeko at ukushintshashintsha eliphansi amagugu single
abamelele umthetho weqiniso distribution mayelana kusho yayo, futhi asymmetry
ezibuthakathaka ngisho nalo, uma uhlala kuyangabazeka ukuthi nje ukuphazamiseka
isimethri abalulekile noma asymmetry yekwenta ikhona, umthetho amabili emaceleni
Uvumela izinzuzo imithetho elula ngokumelene ukuze ungakwazi amabili emaceleni
njengoba GG okuyiso uqobo ngokwanele ukusatshalaliswa umthetho K.-G. up with
ezibuthakathaka ukuguquguquka ngokulingana. Lo mthetho eziyisisekelo
ukusatshalaliswa for K.-G. ke esekelwe isipiliyoni kuphela futhi udinga akukho
elungile theory. Ngakho-ke uhlala kusukela iphuzu enokwehla umbono, nje namanje
umsebenzi ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni the okungekuhle ngaphambilini

ohlwini (e V. Ch.) Imithetho Special kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa quin njengoba

nemiphumela uMthetho Basic.
[Kodwa uma ngisho lokhu Law Basic okusekelwe kahle okwenzeka, ngakho
ngokuqinisekile isithakazelo nezidingo theory ngokuqondene K.-G. ukuthuthukisa,
ukuze kuvunwe GG amabili emaceleni ngendlela efanayo njengoba sewenzelwe
umthetho okulula e theory amaphutha, kwakuthiwa. Lokhu kuzokwenziwa anezele
sigaba by bethola imithetho ekhethekile.]
130. [Imithetho ekhethekile kakhulu quin ukusatshalaliswa kuwa ngamaqembu
amabili. Owokuqala uqukethe zoMthetho ukubaluleka kokuqala, owawuthi
yokugcina
1.the value densest, yileyo esiphezulu for ngalo
2.has obekakhuluma in the ezilinganiselwe ze umthetho impahla.
Iqembu lesibili ubudlelwano phakathi amagugu main, izibalo kwakusho amagugu A,
amagugu central C kanye esiseduzane amagugu D, kunqunywa kude kangaka
amabanga letindlela tekuphila kanye nesikhundla sabo isihlobo theory kanye
izici A kanye D ihlotshaniswe ukuphambuka izibalo athuthukile 1).]
1)

[Ngaphezu mithetho, imithetho ngokwedlulele 33 futhi uyabalwa

ohlwini. Nokho, kuyafana nje okuningi njengoba in imida yesimethri ukwedlula
asymmetry ukuphambuka amagugu semthethweni futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikho
imithetho ukusatshalaliswa kakhulu quin. Kusukela anikeza eningiliziwe izingxoxo
isikhathi, bayothola ukwelashwa okukhethekile esahlukweni esilandelayo.]
[For the bheke le mithetho, lo GG amabili emaceleni ukuba kuthathwe njengoba
uzothola ifomu elilandelayo njengoba umthetho ekusakazeni amakhophi of a K.- G .:

, (1)
Kusho lapha, njengenjwayelo, m kanye m, izinombolo of the nangaphezulu
sokuqala value D amanga ngeziphambeko, 'futhi , lapho izindinganiso zabo
ngokuphelele ngokusho kuhoxiswe ibanga ngeziphambeko D, h' futhi h, ekugcineni
reciprocals e
'futhi e:
lapho e' futhi e, amagugu isilinganiso
of 'futhi , kukhona. Nokho, kuhloswe ukuba okukhiphayo value D asisebenzi
kusukela ekuqaleni njengoba value densest ngisho njengoba kunqunywa umthetho
value ezilinganiselwe kusukela kokubili izakhiwo kube nobufakazi.Kunalokho,
kuba D kuthathwa njengoba isikhathi kokuba ezinqumela abakhethiweyo okukhipha
value luboniswa kuphela ngesisekelo umthetho (1) value njengoba enenkinga lezo
zakhiwo ezimbili. Nokho kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi 'futhi , asho akukho
izinombolo, kodwa kuphela ukuhumusha Jomethri ukuba ngaso sabela

kungakavalwa. , wacabanga njengoba abscissas ezihlobene yokugcina lasetjentiswe

perpendicular umthetho wokusabalalisa. Izinombolo of ukuhluka ngakolunye
uhlangothi njalo ubheke ngezikhathi futhi emelelwa surface strip, ukuze zibalo
z '= d ; z, = , d , (2)
ucacise ukushintshashintsha kangakanani (1) Ngokomthetho phakathi kwemingcele
engachazeki eduze 'futhi + 'sabela kungakavalwa. , futhi , + d , endaweni
ebiyelwe isikhawu yokugcina ngobukhulu d sabela
kungakavalwa. d , bawe. Ngakho, lo enqunywe W. W futhi W, ukuthi
ukuphambuka phakathi kwemingcele esibekiwe kungatholakala.Uyoba:

(3)
okukhulunywe ngayo.]
[By the zibalo (1) kungenasidingo ngokwanoma yisiphi value ezilinganiselwe
of 'futhi , ukubaluleka ohambelana , futhi ngaleyo ndlela futhi
ukubaluleka ohambelana z'futhi z, noma W futhi W, kunqunywa ngendlela
ocacile , Nokho, Ngokuba ukubaluleka kokuqala ngokwayo, amagugu
ukuphambuka '= 0 and , = bangabanye 0, abangenalo lolu ukucaciseleka,
ngaphandle uma lowo

h 'm' = h, m, noma

(4)

Ngokuba lokhu value:

;

(5)

ukuze inguquko okuqhubekayo phakathi Curves ezimbili, amelela zibalo (1),

eqinisweni, kwenzeka kuphela phezu ukugcwaliseka ezothando isimo (4). Kodwa
ukuthi lokhu ezothando isimo kufanele ngempela kugcwaliseke, kubonakala
ukucabangela elandelayo.]
[Kuyaqondakala ukuthi usayizi owanikwa futhi ngezikhawu isimo enikeziwe
kuphela bangabanye inombolo ethile ngeziphambeko. Lokhu umphumela ukuthi
ngisho ngezikhathi engachazeki amancane, okufanele kuthathwe njengoba umngcele
sokuphumula ezilinganiselwe, inombolo efanayo kumele inikezwe, kungase ibhekwe
ngokomongo eliphezulu noma uhlehlise zibe phansi isikhawu ukusatshalaliswa panel
njengoba umngcele. Kodwa sokuqala value 'ezahlukene kusukela , kanjalo inani
ukuhluka for the sokuphumula okukhiphayo izindinganiso ezihlobene kuncike
ekutheni yokugcina on the ingxenye kucatshangwa sifinyelela phezulu noma
ingxenye amanga ngezansi okuyisisekelo ngeziphambeko. Kusukela lokhu

akuvunyelwe, kanjalo kumelwe nakanjani '= , kube kanjalo equation isimo (4)
ziyanakekelwa.]
[Untriftig it, lapho nokubuza iqiniso lokuthi ukuze nakuba izinombolo, kodwa
hhayi ngoba ngeziphambeko W. kufinyelelwa ohlukile belungafica. Ngenxa
amathuba amalungiselelo (3) beka ukuba side of the ukungafani ikakhulukazi
ngamunye, ngaphandle kucatshangelwa phesheya noma badonswe kwalo
abathintekayo. Uma ufuna ukuzimisela Okusizayo ngokuhlanganyela kubhekwe
of W., kanjalo kufanele okufanayo Isamba m = m + m, i ngeziphambeko ubheke,
futhi kuba ukubeka ke:

, (6)
ukuze, njengoba kufanele kube, ngoba '= , = 0 ohlukile ukuzimisela lokungenzeka
ngesisekelo (4) kanje.]
[Ngakho agcinwe emthethweni ukusatshalaliswa (1) ezothando enemibandela (4)
ezizofakwa. Lona kodwa amagugu ukugcwaliseka umthetho ngobungakho okukhipha
e ': e, = m': m, (7)
wasifuna. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sibalo ukuba abhekwe njengendlalifa
ukubaluleka densest ngoba kokubili 'futhi , ngoba ukubaluleka zero we
ukuphambuka ubukhulu futhi, sifinyelela esiphezulu.]
[Ukuze sicacise lokhu umthetho ukusatshalaliswa sikhonze Curves ezimbili
ezilandelayo, eyokuqala inkambo okungenhla D amanga amagugu kanye okubonisa
ngeziphambeko kungenzeka futhi isilinganiso w = DW; e '= DE'; q = DQ; owesibili
inqubekela phambili zombili of D amanga amagugu okubonisa amagugu ezimbili
eziyinhloko A futhi C ngaphezuD kanye ngeziphambeko emibili elula
isilinganiso e '= DE'; e, = DE, wethula amehlo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le lasetjentiswe ukwethula amagugu ezilinganiselwe

ebekwe endaweni amagugu 'futhi , formula (1) by 2 h' m '= 2 h, m, amagugu
ihlukaniswe : 2 h'm' futhi ,: 2 h, m, bayakhululwa. It has eminye h
'= 1; h, = 2/3 assumed. Ngakho, seqiwe of DB e zombili Curves
ulingana 1 :; ngaphezu kwalokho:
e : e, = 2: 3; e = 0,564; e, = 0,846; D - A = 0,282;

D - C = 0,222 ;.
I unit ilingana 5.6 cm, ngokuba esilingana yesibili 3.2 cm for the ijika lokuqala.]
131. [kuphela ithatha Izinombolo m 'futhi m, i nangaphezulu sokuqala
value D sizoba ngeziphambeko bayalingana. Kulokhu enesimo the lesemkhatsini
kukhona C kanye kusho izibalo of A kanye D ihlanganisa. Ngokuba
kuba m '= m, ukuze ukubaluleka ephakathi isimo ngazo yanelisekile; kusukela
nokulingana m 'futhi m, kodwa uyaqhubeka elandela ngenxa umthetho
ezilinganiselwe ze ukuthi ubuye e' = e, futhi ngenxa yalokho m 'e' = m, e ,. Lokhu
kusho ukuthi mutual ukuphambuka imali bayalingana nomunye, lapho Okunqumayo

izibalo kusho.]
[Nokho, njengoba embonweni umthetho, m 'ka m, ezahlukene, ngakho amagugu
ezimbili eziyinhloko A and C Never D kuhlangene, futhi kungaba amabanga azo
ukusuka Dkusukela GG ezakhini kanje.]
[Ake us libhekisela elikhulu izinombolo ezimbili m 'futhi m, by m ", the
ezincane m" futhi ngazo
ohlangothini m "amagugu amanga , e, h kanye t ngokuvumelana phambilini ( 33)
wenza amalungiselelo . by uyilahla ezimbili ngenhla Khona, ukubaluleka
esimaphakathi C search njengoba value ukuthi izinhlangano kanye D belinganisa
kwesikhawu samahora (m - "m" iqukethe) ngeziphambeko, ngoba kuba:
, (8)
ukuze nangaphezulu uhlobo oluthile value ngeziphambeko kukhona okufanayo
njengoba ukubiza for the value central. Kodwa kusukela imithetho ukusatshalaliswa
kanje uma = C - Dibanga phakathi kwezindinganiso C kanye D kubonisa
kungakhathaliseki ezikhundleni zawo ezilinganiselwe:
, (9)
noma uma h '= t h" = t "is isethwe:
, (10)
Ngaleso sizathu, enye uthola in ukucabangela ukuthi h '= e
C-D==t

",

"e", (11)

lapho kuphakathi ukubala ngokuqondile (9) noma t "kusho lo t etafuleni

ngesisekelo (10) ukuze kutholakale kuka ukuthi value lapho ukuba
kafushane okuyingxenye.]
[Ibanga C - D yalokhu omningi the quotient (m '- m "): m' kuncike. Uma
yokugcina ilingana zero ke futhi ilingana zero, futhi C uwela, njengoba
kuphawuliwe, kanye kakade Dndawonye. Nokho, uma le isilinganiso ayilingani zero,
kodwa kunalokho ngokwanele amancane ukuze amandla ayo yesibili kungenziwa
indiva, ngakho ovunyelwe [t '] njengoba ubukhulu oda efanayo yilo by:
noma
Ukumela kanjalo:

(12)

(13)
noma:
(14)
ukusetha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zafinyelela C - D seqiwe
lapho (m '- m "): m" Kuthatha ukubaluleka 1, okuwukuthi, lapho m' = 0
and m '= m, njalo uma yonke ngeziphambeko ngesinye futhi ohlangothini olufanayo
yenani okukhipha . kuyinto, futhi asymmetry ngenxa yalokho kuba
ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu kuleli cala nokukhawulela kusuka (10) ezothando
okulula:
, (15)
ukuze t '= w: e
", lapho w ukubaluleka cishe we sihluke ukuthi ngaphansi 119
ulingana 0,845347 e". kufanele usethe for the ibanga C - D eyatholakala NGAKHO
ezothando:
C - D = w = 0.845347 e. "]
(16)
[Lokhu ukuhlinzekwa C - D ubuye esimweni jikelele (11) njengoba in the amacala
amabili nokukhawulela (14) kanye (16) ngokuphelele esekelwe GG amabili
emaceleni njengoba umthetho wokusabalalisa. Kuyoba ukuzimisela enokwehla yalesi
ibanga in a panel distribution enikeziwe, elula by sibalo ngqo kusuka
mayelana C no A esebenzisa ezothando (26) noma (29) of the XI. Isahluko kwenziwa,
ukunikeza kuphambuka theory ukuzimisela value ezitholakala lapha
bebonke. Kunjalo maqondana ibanga A - D phakathi izibalo amagugu kusho A kanye
namagugu okukhipha D, njengoba kusaqhuba amafomula for lezi amabanga kuphela
property A futhi D isekelwe, okuyizinto futhi enokwehla sibalo isisekelo, ngesikhathi
ukusetshenziswa GG akukho isikhathi kuphakama.]
[Omunye ubheka okungukuthi ukuthi elikhulu tibalo ezimbili
ukuphambuka 'futhi , ngenxa umthetho ngobungakho ohlangothini
olufanayo D kuyi elikhulu izibalo ezimbili ukuphambuka, okungukuthi m kuyinto
"ukufuna, owawuthi okukhulu bobabili izingqikithi kukhona ngenxa ", the
ezincane ubizwa, ukuze ungasetha:
"= a" - m "D
"= m" A. "(17)
It kulandela by ukukhupha:
"- = A "+ A" - (m '+ m') D = A - MD,
futhi etholwe sokuhlukanisa by m, ikhumbula ukuthi:

.
ezothando:
, (18)
kodwa impahla D ukuhlangabezana umthetho ezilinganiselwe ungakabi
kubhekwe. Ngenxa yalesi njongo esiyifaka (18):
"= m" e "; = m "e"
noma yini kuyafana, ngoba m "= m - m 'futhi m" = m - m ":
"= me" - m "e ''; = me "- m" e ".
Omunye ufika kangaka ezothando:
, (19)
lapho, ngokusho imithetho ngobungakho:
m"e '' - m" e "= 0
kangangokuthi ekugcineni,
A - D = e "- e" (20)
imiphumela, ubuhlobo ukuthi kakade XI. Chap. lamiswa, njengoba kuba
ukuxhashazwa property D p oyibamba in the izithakazelo ukuzimisela wawo
amagugu etafuleni inikezwe empirically.]
[Njengoba for the imithetho ngobungakho:
e "- e" = (m '- m

"),

Ngakho, ezothando (20) futhi ngesimo:

(21)
noma uma njengoba ngenhla:

isethwe ku ifomu:
A - D = 2 " e" (22)
kulethwa.]
[Ukuzimisela ibanga A - D Ngakho eqinisweni ukhona GG ngokuzimela,
kangangokuba ukusatshalaliswa ngamunye ibhodi, ezothando (20) kumele senziwe,

uma ehlukene kusukelaA njengoba asho D njengoba D p, di umthetho ezilinganiselwe

ze ngokuhambisana ibalwa bebelokhu.]
[Futhi for A - D angabonisa kwemingcele. Ingabe m "= m", khona-ke kulandela
kusuka (21) ukuthi ubuye A = D, ngokuhambisana okuphathe wenza kakade, okwathi
ngemva kwalokho C no A kanyekanye D luqondane. Nokho, uma m '= m and m' = 0,
lo asymmetry ke akupheli, njengoba kuyinto
A - D = e "(23)
ie elingana ukuphambuka elula isilinganiso, ngenkathi ngokusho (16) C - D imele
ukuphambuka kungenzeka. Esimweni eminye, ukuthi (m '- m "): m kuyinto usayizi
encane, amandla yesibili kungenzeka zinganakiwe, faka amafomula (12), (13) kanye
(14) Waqala ukusebenza, ukuze kusukela ( 21) noma (22) ezothando:
(24)
kungenziwa elisuselwa.]
132. [Ngenxa ukuzimisela ngenhla amabanga C - D and A - D kungabuye kube A
- C, abone umehluko phakathi amabanga amabili eyedlule, ngemuva umthetho ibanga
for the amagugu ezintathu main A, C no-D in ifomu elilandelayo kungaba banikwe:
1) for amagugu ngempela ngokungenasizathu m 'futhi m ", okusho ukuthi ngezinga
ongumashiqela kakhulu asymmetry, omunye uye ngokusho amafomula (11)
kanye (20) ngokulandelana. (22):
C - D = t "e"
A - D = e "- e" = 2 " e" (25)
A - C = (A - D) - (C - D) = (2 "- t")

e ";

2) for m '= 0 and m' = m, di akhona ngoba esimweni ubudlelwano asymmetry

ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu (16) kanye (23); kuba kanje:
C - D = 0.845347 e
"A - D = e" (26)
A - C = 0,154653 e ";
3) uma (m '- m "): m" usayizi encane ucabanga amandla ogama yesibili
kungenziwa dengwane, kanjalo uma asymmetry kuyinto encane kakhulu, ungabeka
ngokusho amafomula (14) kanye (24):

; (27)
4) Esimweni lapho yimuphi asymmetry elikhona, lapho
icala m '= m, okungukuthi, ekugcineni:
C-D=0
A - D = 0 (28)
A - C = 0.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba, njengoba bheke of the ukuhluka for A D and D - C kwembula ngokushesha, A no C ngesikhathi esifanayo
ngasohlangothini m "kukhona, kodwa ukuthi nje amagugu ngokuphelele lezi
amabanga zinqunywa, futhi Ngakho uhlala umbuzo evulekile noma A no C in the
emihle noma isiqondiso ongemuhle D phambukani The wangaphambili icala
lapho. m > m ,; okokugcina, uma m,> m '].
133. [Ibhayisikobho ibanga imithetho kungaba ratios ibanga futhi ikakhulu win imithetho Division. Lokhu kunikeza:
1) for the icala jikelele, lapho degree of asymmetry akukho simo ngaphansi:

(29)
;
2) esimweni asymmetry buthakathaka kakhulu:

(30)
;
3) esimweni asymmetry ngokungenamkhawulo enkulu:

(31)

,
The ngaphansi 2) kanye 3) ibike amagugu ukumela imikhawulo phakathi lapho
ziyehluka sisebenza ngenxa jikelele icala amalungiselelo. Ikakhulu, imithetho
kusebenza asymmetry ubudlelwano ezibuthakathaka nesithakazelo, kusukela
Kulokhu nge asebezifinyelele kakade ukuguquguquka lapha encane amakhophi
K.-G. kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi kungenzeka sasibhekisela
njengenqubo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ubudlelwano (30) ukuthola igama
ekhethekile futhi ngokuthi -. Laws]
[Of the quotient ezintathu emi endaweni yokuqala ngokuvamile kunakwe
futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuze kube lula by a ekhethekile. Izincwadi,
okungukuthi p okukhulunywe. It is ke ukuba kulindeleke
ukuthi p noma (C - D): (A - D) akuyona esingaphansi 0,785 and ayinkulu
kunenkosi 0,845, wofern uphazamise semfene inkambo ka amagugu
enokwehla kwethimba distribution futhi isivumelwano theory ukuthi kuyinto
efanele kuphela okubalulwe ngenhla, kuthinta.]
134. [That C no A ohlangothini olufanayo D kuthiwa, kakade
kwaphawulwa; kodwa ukuthi C phakathi A no D is, kubonakala incazelo
elandelayo.]
[Umthetho ofingqiwe (29) in jikelele:
, (32)
lapho t "of mayelana 'in the t - etafuleni lihlotshaniswa value. Omunye
ubheka manje ukuthi "kungaba kuphela ukumela amagugu emkhatsini we -0
ne kusukela
.
njengoba Ukubheka t - etafuleni egcizelela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi
t <, (33)
ngoba kuphela amagugu = 0,6209 kusukela enamadijithi amathathut ubazisa kakhulu kunaloku esihambelanayo - amagugu ukuhlala ephakeme
kuze close kwetafula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela:
<2
futhi kanjalo bonke more:
t

<2 "

kanjalo, eqinisweni:
C - D <A -. D (34)

Lo mthetho owawuthi C uhlale phakathi A no D ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho

organic.]
[Umthetho isimo ine umphumela ukuthi asymmetry Deviation bez. D ine
isibonakaliso okuphambene ukwedlula ngeziphambeko bez. A. Kusukela
okungukuthi mayelana Ckuphambuka izinombolo mutual ayalingana nomunye,
kanjalo kukhona for akubaluleke ngalutho
ngaphezu C ukungalingani m '< m, futhi ngenxa value ngayinye
ngezansi Cukungalingani m '> m ,. Ngakho, uma A ngenhla C itholakala,
<, ie '- , negative.
Kodwa ke D ngezansi C, ukuze:
m > m, ie m '- m, kuba positive.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma A ngezansi futhi D ngenhla C kuyinto. Lokhu

kushintsha komqondo of asymmetry ngenhlonipho A futhi D ubizwa ngokuthi
umthetho inverse, ngakho okuyinto emanation yoMthetho Organic.]

[Ukwengezwa. Isisekelo ezincwadini Gauss umthetho bipartite.]

135. [Okwamanje, i GG amabili emaceleni kwakubangelwa isipiliyoni
njengoba kube ngokwanele efakazisa ngokwayo ematfuba umthetho K.G. isebangeni. Ingabe nawe manje ngaphezu probation enokwehla namanje
ukulungisiswa ezincwadini lo mthetho, kanjalo kufanele imicabango
ngokuqondene K.-G. ezothuthukiswa evumela a bheke yalo
mthetho. Ukulungiswa imicabango enjalo uthola ukulungisiswa yayo lokuthi
wona aholela imithetho itholakala kanye efanayo equkethwe ihlumela. Futhi
uma nokuhlangenwe nakho kukodwa enquma ukunemba umthetho esungulwe,
kodwa kuyinto okwalandela theory ukulungisiswa kuqondisisa singene uhlobo
K.-G. bakhuthazwa.]
[Okokuqala I, emva kwalokho, kwanele ukuba kulinganiswa ngokuvumelana
ezilinganiselwe ze imithetho value D p embonweni njengoba value cishe
kunazo okuzuza the GG amabili emaceleni ngendlela efanayo in the theory ka
amaphutha the GG lula kusukela kucatshangwa ukuthi izibalo asho yilona
value kungenzeka, it is waphetha. The umbono we izibalo kusho imfundiso
yokuziphendukela amaphutha Ngakho kule kukahulumeni, umbono wokuthi
umthetho ngobungakho ukubaluleka kungenzeka kakhulu phakathi amakhophi
K.-G. Anqume, okulingana ngokugcwele ohlangothini.]

[Ukuze afakazele lokhu, ake it bazitshela ukuthi m amakhophi a K.-G.

eyodwa akhona ngazo a value ethile ezilinganiselwe ze
umthetho D p = a 0 ukhona. Zikhona-ke m,namagugu a, okungukuthi a1,
a2 ,, a 3 ....,
ngezansi D p futhi m 'uyazisa a, okungukuthi, a', a ', a' '..., ngenhla Dp, futhi
wayala the ngeziphambeko lezi amagugu D p = a 0ngokuvumelana nemithetho
ngobungakho ezothando:

noma uma ngeziphambeko ephansi by 1, 2. , . Engenhla

ngokusebenzisa ', ", ... Ingabe ngokuthi:

m' , + m' 2 + + m, 2 '+ m, 2 "+ = 0. (35)

Manje kungenzeka kube W. Deviation 1, 2

', " by ( 1), ( 2) ('), (") ludluliselwe. Khona W. for the

ukuqondana kunabo bonke m ngeziphambeko umkhiqizo m W., okungukuthi
by:
wazwakalisa.]
[Kodwa a 0 emva in umbono ecashile okufanele ukumela value kungenzeka
kakhulu, kumelwe ngokuvumelana nezimiso eyaziwayo okungenzeka theory
futhi umkhiqizo W. for the ngeziphambeko amagugu
ezithunyelwe a kusuka a 0 ukuba mkhulu kuno for the ngeziphambeko kunoma
iyiphi nezinye, of a 0 kumagugu lahluke. Ngakho-ke kumele
kube esiphezulu. Esikhundleni manje ngobufushane:

Ngakho unjalo:
(36)
ukusetha.]
[Lokhu ezothando kumele luhambisane kuya ezothando (35) Nanamuhla
akhona ngesikhathi esifanayo. Letha Ngakho (36) ngesimo:

ngakho kusobala ukuthi:

, (37)
lapho k kuyinto njalo ongumashiqela. Off:

kodwa kulandela

futhi therefrom by ukuhlanganiswa:

, (38)
Ngesikhathi esifanayo siqaphela ukuthi k kumelwe lilethe value ongemuhle
lapho () ukuze = 0 kulindeleke ukuba afinyelele esiphezulu yayo.]
[Ngakho for the ngezansi D = A 0 ngeziphambeko etholakala ukuthi manje

ngokunganaki by , kuyakushiswa okukhulunywe ngayo:

, (39)

lapho c, njalo azimisele ngokuningiliziwe nokuningi - h, =

k m'2 kuyinto. Ngokuba ngenhla D = a 0 Ngokuphambene ngeziphambeko
amanga, umahluko by 'kungenzeka amelwe, uzothola:
, (40)
lapho aphinde ekutholweni c 'lulindiwe ngenkathi - h = k m, 2 kuba]
[Ekugcineni, lo constants c 'kanye c, ukucacisa W. ukuthi of the m' phezulu
futhi m, ngeziphambeko ephansi emkhatsini we -0 ne yimuphi kuba, - ukuze
usethe ulingana 1 - njengoba kuyabonakala. Ngakho-ke kumele:

futhi:

kube. Lokhu kuholela ngoba:

.
ukuze:

, (41)
Ngakho-ke, ekugcineni:

(42)
kusukela amagugu esibekiwe ukuze h 'futhi h, isimo okulandelayo:
.] (42a)
136. [Kulesi ngokucabanga GG amabili emaceleni kungashiwo waqonda
njengoba icala ukuthi esibekiwe hypothesis ecashile umthetho ngobungakho of
umbono we izibalo ukuthini imfundiso yokuziphendukela amaphutha elula
ubufakazi ngingelutho. Ngoba ungakwazi kuqala ukusesha kuphela nakho esi
for the efanayo njengoba bekulokhu kusukela okukhulunywa ngayo 42
njengoba iqiniso eliyisisekelo nakho ukuthi K.-G. ekunqumeni a acinene value
imvume lapho kuvela ngokwanele eduze amagugu kuchazwa ngumthetho
ezilinganiselwe ze.]
[Ngakho Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi omunye umbono kungenziwa wamisa,
ngokusekelwe yezakhi elula esobala ngemvelaphi, lo K.-G. isekela. Ukuze
manje, kuphumele distribution umthetho iyunifomu; Nokho, yinzondo
nobugovu ivumela ekutholweni a value acinene, the kuhambisana eseduze
imithetho ezilinganiselwe kukhona GG amabili emaceleni njengenhlangano
approximation lowo mthetho umfaniswano umele. Omunye kanjalo efika
esiphethweni sokuthi dichotomy komthetho ukusatshalaliswa, njengoba
ukusetshenziswa GG sibangelwa, hhayi uhlobo K.-G. iyadingeka, cishe
kungenziwa egqugquzelwa isidingo kodwa ukwenza atholakale okulandelayo
ukuba ngomumo kusukela umbono Act ukhululekile, ukwanelisa izidingo of
the kukahulumeni ukusebenzisa.]
[Ukuze ukhiphe amaphuzu abalulekile esicacile ekuthuthukisweni lo mbono
kuyoba baqale bahlangabezane izimo empeleni ekhona, a K.-G. enomuzwa
amakhophi ayo kungaba ukuhlukanisa inamba encane kuphela gradations
equidistant futhi ezilinganiselwe ngobukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, like kukhona
amamaki ezinhlanu ubukhulu, futhi ubukhulu uqobo esikhundleni salokho
okufanayo:
a, a + i, a i + 2, a + 3i, 4 + a (43)
kube. Khona kungokwemvelo ukuba balinikeze umehluko ubukhulu imidlalo

amabutho ekhethekile, ngamunye okuyinto esimweni umsebenzi wabo ukuze

kwandiswe i wadala.Ngakho Kuyoba ezine amabutho K 1, K 2, K 3,
K 4 lokucabanga ngendlela yokuthi umsebenzi ngamunye nje kakhulu futhi
angeke senze. Uma none of the amabutho amane e ukusebenza, bese ikhophi
ubukhulu a; sihlasela esinye ayizinhlobo ezine, le ndlovu indawo
ubukhulu a + i; kodwa senze ezimbili, ezintathu noma ezine amabutho,
njengoba ngobukhulu a + 2 i, a + 3 i noma a + 4 i yakha. Ibhayisikobho W.
ukuthi ikhona isicelo ngempumelelo of force ngamunye, bese ukuvama
okuvela abantu usayizi inikezwe kuyoncika esiteji futhi ngaleyo ndlela
umthetho wokusabalalisa kube okulinganiselwe. Etholwe okungukuthi lapho
amabutho ngayodwana ne W. p1, p2, p3, p 4 isenzo kanye efanele W. for the
ukungabikho umphumela zabo by q 1 = 1 - k 1, q 2 = 1 - p2, q 3 = 1 - k 3, q 4 = 1
- k 4 amisiwe, nokumelwa ezilandelayo for W. usayizi ehlukahlukene izigaba:
W [a] = q 1 q 2 q q 4;
3

W [a + i] = p 1 q 2 q 3 q 4 + q 1 p 2 q 3 q 4 + q 1 q 2 p 3 q 4 + q 1 q 2 q 3 p 4;
W [a + 2 i]
=p1p2q3q4+p1q2p3q4+p1q2q3p4+q1p2p3q4+q1p q3p4+q1
q p 3 p 4;
2

W [a + 3 i] = p 1 p 2 p 3 q 4 + p 1 p 2 q 3 p 4 + p 1 q 2 p 3 p 4 + q 1 p 2 p 3 p 4;
W [a + 4 i] = p 1 p 2 p 3 p 4. (44)
It iyobonakala ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa ziyalingana amakhophi ezahlukene
usayizi izigaba kungenzeka kuphela uma z. B. p 1 + p 3 = p 2 + p 4 = 1, noma
uma ngenxa okuvela umphumela ngamunye ukuphoqa
efanayo W. ngokuqondene engekho umphumela ezinye amabutho
khona. Khona:
W [a] = p 1 p 2 q 1 q 2
W [a + i] = (p 1 p 2 + q 1 q2) (k 1 q 2 + p 2 q1)
W [a +2 i] = (p 1 p 2 + q 1 q2) (p 1 q 2 + p 2 q1) - 2 p 1 p 2 q 1 q 2
W [a + 3 i] = (p 1 p 2 + q 1 q2) (k 1 q 2 + p 2 q1)
W [a +4 i] = p 1 p 2 q 1 q 2.

Noma yimuphi omunye ukuhlinzekwa W. kuholela ukusatshalaliswa quin

amakhophi ezahlukene usayizi izigaba. Lokhu kunikeza, isibonelo, 1. p 1 =
p 2 = p 3 = p 4 = p, 2. p 1 = p 2= p 3 = , p 4 = p, lapho p futhi q = 1 - k of

ezahlukene yilezi:
1. 2
W [a] = q 4

1/8 q

W [a + i] =
4

pq 3

1/8 (3

q + p)
W [a +2 i] =

6p

q2

1/8 (3

q +3 p)
W [a +3 i] =

p3q

1/8 (q

+3 p)
W [a +4 i]

=p4

1/8 p

Omunye kanjalo ngokuphindaphindiwe ucacise ezinye quin imikhuba

ukusatshalaliswa njengoba specialisation of the scheme jikelele (44), ngenkathi
kuphela ngendlela ngenhla, distribution izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana
kungenzeka. Kodwa ngamunye wabo isekelwe ngendlela efanayo umbono
wokuthi amane ezimele nomunye amabutho abakhona, ngamunye ephethe W.
othile nomphumela yabo futhi kwenzeka umsebenzi wabo ukwandisa
ngobukhulu i wadala.]
[Kodwa manje, ngempela akukho K.-G. lapho zingahlukaniswa emihlanu
kuphela, ahlukaniswe ezilinganiselwe futhi njalo ubukhulu ngezikhathi
izigaba. Kunalokho, amakhophi anikezwa the kancane engavimba
ngokwedlulele amagugu Size ensimini, ukuze, lutho iwina futhi by an ukwanda
ubukhulu izigaba, lapho ke thatha ezinhlanu inombolo enkulu ngabe
owakhethwa. Kodwa kuhle akhiwe, ake ubukhulu uhla ukuthi amakhophi K.G. ukuhlangabezana njalo, e ngezikhathi njalo ubukhulu i linezingxenye futhi
anqume usayizi sokuphumula yokobana ngaphakathi sokuphumula ngamunye
ekusakazeni amakhophi omthetho distribution kungenziwa okuthathwa
njengokumele kube njalo njengoba ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kunjalo
uma i cabanga usayizi encane, amandla yesibili kungenzeka dengwane
ziqhathaniswa osayizi ezilinganiselwe. Khona-ke uvumelekile ukuthi
ukucabanga United zezinhlobo sokuphumula falling in the phakathi
nalesikhathi, ukuze uzobe kabusha ngale ndlela nombono wokuthi usayizi
izigaba kanye ngezikhathi njalo. Nokho, lo mbono sokuqala, manje
ukushintshwa ukuthi zezinhlobo bangabe besaba yisizwe ubukhulu ngabanye
izigaba ngokwabo, kodwa ngezikhathi ezihambisana futhi bakhonze usayizi
isigaba kuphela njengoba abamele ngezikhathi.]
[Ikhumbula lokhu ukuguqulwa kungaba manje futhi esikhundleni sayo
kufakwe i nenani elinganqunyiwe eliku enkulu izigaba ubukhulu amakhophi
wagcwalisa K.- G. ubukhulu uhla, ukuze eziguquguqukayo ezenzeka
ngokwabo by

a, a + i, a + 2 i, .... A + ni (45)
ivezwa. It has ke kudingekile kuphela ukubeka akhethiwe sibonile
ezibonelweni ezingenhla inani elilinganiselwe amabutho amane inombolo
enkulu unomphela n embonweni futhi enamathisela W. ngamunye othile
umphumela yabo ukuze bestimmendeW for usayizi esigabeni ngasinye eyodwa
njengoba ngenhla lawo mandla. futhi kanjalo ukuthola ukusatshalaliswa
ezithile amakhophi yonke ubukhulu indawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusobala
ukuthi lokhu ukusatshalaliswa kuphela ziyalingana lapho n amabutho
kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe ngababili kanye pair ngamunye ogama W.
alinganayo p i and p k kukhona, p i + p k = 1. Noma yimuphi omunye
umbandela walo W. kuholela ukusatshalaliswa quin. Kodwa uma yokugcina
angatjhutjhiswa e njalo yabo, ukuze abavumelekile ukuba ngezikhathi zonke
force oyibamba W. ngempela ngokungenasizathu kuthiwa zuerteilt.Kungase
ngalokho W. efanayo inikezwe ukusebenza kwabo ngentshisekelo zibheke
ukwelashwa nezibalo force ngamunye.]
[One is kwaholela umbono okulandelayo:
1) Kukhona inqwaba unomphela n amabutho 2)
K1, K2, K n
enomuzwa wokuthi iqhaza ngokuzimela ekukhiqizeni amakhophi K.-G uqobo.
2) Kukhona W. p for the nesenzakalo futhi W. q = 1 - k for the yokuntuleka
umphumela ngamunye motor ngabanye.
3) Noma yimaphi amandla ekhiqizwa kwenzeka umsebenzi wabo
ukwandisa i, lapho i usayizi encane kangaka ucabanga ukuthi amandla ayo yesibili
kungenzeka dengwane eqhathaniswa osayizi ezilinganiselwe.]
2)

[Igama elithi "amabutho" kuyinto nje ngoba ngobufushane bakhethwe; like it

kuhlanganise zonke izici ezikhethekile, whatever bangase babe, ukuze kuqondwe
ukuthi ithonya ehlukahlukene ubukhulu amakhophi a K.-G. bakhone kusebentisa.]
[Emva kwalokho uthola ikhophi, lapho akekho isizukulwane n ibandakanyekile
amabutho, ubukhulu a ogama W. W [a] = qn, nakuba ubukhulu kuzo zonke amabutho zenzeka a
ni + kuphakama ngoba ngalo W [A + ni ] = p n kuyinto. Iqhaza kodwa ngesikhathi
amakhophi x amabutho, ngakho ubukhulu kuyafana A + xi; futhi kusukela

izinhlelo ezahlukene, ngamunye x zingase zimiswe force, ngoba uhlelo ngalunye,

kodwa W.
p x q n-x

unikezwa, kuyinto:
. (46)
Manje isicelo enkulu n, x futhi n - x amafomula:

,
Ngenxa yalokhu, uthola:
(47)
Esikhundleni lapha PN futhi umbz njengoba integers phambili, wena ke ucabanga
ukuthi n by the denominators ezivamile izingxenyana p futhi q uyahlukaniswa, ukuze
umphakathi jikelele kuzolandela-ukuthuthukiswa ayigcini, ukuze ungakwazi
ukuthatha x and n - x kanye inzuzo PN + x and q n - x Write lapho manje x zonke
izinombolo emihle 0 kuya + nq futhi zonke izinombolo Nega-bazogula kusuka 0
kuya - NP has ngokusebenzisa uhambe; kanyekanye kuyinto a + xi by a xi + PLI
+ noma uma a + PNI iDemo by a 0 is elikhonjwe a 0 + xiesikhundleni. Omunye
uthola kanje:

(48)
Ibhayisikobho wena ukunqoba ngokucabangela ukuthi:
;

ezilandelayo isethulo ifomu:

(49)
Kungokufanayo isebenza njengoba nje x: PN and x: umbz ngaphansi kuka 1]
[Ingabe lokhu umthetho W. for the amagugu ezilinganiselwe of the
ngeziphambeko xi of a 0 ukumela, kumelwe x ubukhulu oda
of 1: i zinikezwa. Kuyinto Nokho n ubukhulu lesezingeni leliphakeme lapho
ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele PNI futhi QNI kuqhathaniswa lohlosiwe
amagugu xi zinkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kodwa eqinisweni, kusukela
ngeziphambeko okukhulu inani lamakhophi nhlangothi zombili ikhule futhi kanjalo,
ziyakhula njengoba ukwamukela infinity kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa
theory. Kwakuyoba ukugxila nubukhulu oda of 1: i 2 enikeziwe. Khona limele
quotient x 2: n khona ubukhulu ezilinganiselwe futhi isilinganiso x: n ngendlela
efanayo njengoba quotient x 3: n 2 ubukhulu. Oda INgakho kungenzeka, lapho
ubukhulu oda i nokuhleleka ephakeme e umfanekiso inani kanye azinakwa,
ukuletha umthetho ematfuba (49) e ifomu elilandelayo elula:

.
noma:
, (50)
uma xi = futhi ni 2 = k isethwe.]
[In the bheke kwalo mthetho iye kucabangeke ukuthi amakhophi K.G. phakathi a 0 xi + kungenzeka amelwe ngenani uchungechunge (45) emelwe
ngezikhathi kuhlangene umqondo.Zahlakazeka zahlala empeleni zezinhlobo kancane
ngaphakathi ngezikhathi, ukuze umsebenzi lokungenzeka njengoba umsebenzi
okuqhubekayo we ukuphambuka kuthathwa integrals yabo phakathi kwemingcele
ngezikhathi by the W [a 0 + banikezwa]. Ngakho zimise umsebenzi ematfuba
by w [A 0 + ] :

W [a 0 + ] = w d ,
noma mayelana ngezinga nobuncane i:

= W i.
Omunye endaweni yokuqala, ngakho, ngokuba izikhungo isikhawu:
; (51)
kodwa kusukela w umsebenzi okuqhubekayo of ,
ukusebenzisa.]
[Emuva kwalokhu, kungatholakala by umehluko seqiwe of w kusukela ezothando:
;
noma (e ukucabangela ukuthi ingxenye w ingabe usekhona, kwenye
ingxenye ubukhulu oda lapha i, futhi ngenxa yalokho i 2 azinakwa) kusuka:
,
Ngakho, ukubaluleka densest uwela D on:
,
Uma lokhu value ukhethwa njengoba value starting for the umthetho ematfuba, ie
kuyinto a 0 = D + i (q - p); = - i (q - p), kanjalo ekugcineni imiphumela
uma w [D + ] () :

(52)
njengoba ifomu yokugcina umthetho ukuba elisuselwa.]
[Manje kodwa ukufakazela ukuthi okukhiphayo value D ngesisekelo umthetho (52)
zazikuphi wahlangana umthetho ezilinganiselwe ze. Ngenxa yalesi njongo, kufanele:
kangangokuthi:
, (53)
Manje, uma m ngenhla D inombolo encomekayo futhi m kubonisa inani of
ukuhluka:

,
Ngakho, ngoba ngezansi D encomekayo inombolo m ,:
,
Iphinde libhekisela nangaphezulu D amanga izamba Deviation
by 'futhi , kanjalo:

,
Omunye uthola therefrom:
;.

(54)

Ngakho:
=

Uma = = 2,356 . (55)

In a approximation lokuqala, ngakho omunye can

= 1; = 2
kangangokuthi eqinisweni an approximation:
, (55a)
njengoba umthetho ezilinganiselwe ze uludinga.]
[Kusebenza kodwa umthetho ezilinganiselwe ukuze angaba ne approximation
ezifanele the GG amabili emaceleni esikhundleni ematfuba umthetho umfaniswano
(52) zenzeka.Kuyinto efanayo uma ngesimo (6), okubhekisele umehluko mutual,
embonweni, kanye nomthetho (52) ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakucabangela
ngeziphambeko yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Ngakho-ke kufanele:

, (56)
Nakhu ngenxa ibalwa ukuphambuka izibalo kanye ukuphambuka tibalo:

, (56a)
Nokho, kusukela semthethweni eseduze yomthetho ezilinganiselwe ze kudinga ukuthi
is babanjwa phansi ukubaluleka inamba 2, kanjalo lapha futhi 4/3 kumelwe
libhekwe njengelingcwele okulingana futhi
(56b)
ukusetha; futhi kungaba lokulungisiswa efanayo in the
umfanekiso h 'futhi h, esikhundleni - 2/3 kanye futhi 2/3 ezibekwa].
[The esikhundleni umthetho umfaniswano (52) ngokusebenzisa GG amabili
emaceleni ke has umphumela ukuthi indawo esitho

ilungu

kwenzeka, emihle a, negative positive uthola isibonakaliso negative.]

[Bobabili (52) kanye (56) uhlinzekela p = q iyona GG elula, okuyinto kanjalo
ngesikhathi esifanayo athuthukile njengoba icala ekhethekile nalabo imithetho
jikelele umbono kusungulwa. Uma yokugcina Kulokhu kwaguqulwa kusukela
ekuqaleni, akusikho sihluke kakhulu umbono wokuthi Hagen 3) ukwenzela
ukufinyelela eempendulweni elula G. G. uye onikezwe theory amaphutha.]
3)

[Broad okungenzeka theory, Berlin, 1837. 34. - The umbono Hagen lithi: "Lo
iphutha imiphumela yokukala yinani Aljibhra inombolo okungenamkhawulo

amaphutha aphansi ukuthi kukhona zonke ilingane, futhi ngamunye zazo futhi
mhlawumbe kube athe emihle noma emibi. ".]

[Attention ewufanele, ukuthi asymmetry lapha ubukhulu oda i emelelwa. Ngakhoke unamandla amancane lapho i unamandla amancane. In the bheke ngenhla kodwa
kwaba minangeke kube encane engachazeki, kodwa njengoba amancane ukuze
kuhlinzekwe ukuthi i 2 kungenzeka dengwane eqhathaniswa osayizi ezilinganiselwe.]
[Kodwa kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ukuze ematfuba umthetho umfaniswano
esikhundleni the densest value D kanye, omunye value ingakhethwa njengoba
okuyisisekelo. In the uhlobo ukumelwa (51) Ngokwesibonelo, kusho izibalo,
okuyinto
kuso ukubala ngeziphambeko. Omunye uthola
Contribuu awenza
millorar laesizoqala
traducci
okungukuthi maqondana a 0 the izamba Deviation mutual ulingana nomunye,
ukuze a0, eqinisweni, izibalo asho A kuyinto.]

Text original

XX. Imithetho extreme.

137. Phakathi izakhi ngokuvamile kubhekwe of a K.-G. zihlanganisa amagugu
ngokwedlulele, esihlinzeka okufanayo ukusatshalaliswa ibhodi, ie isilinganiso
ikhophi ngobukhulu futhi kulencane; Futhi it has a nesithakazelo amaningi
ukubhekana naso. Kakade ngenxa yelukuluku nje, ungaba nesithakazelo kuwo,
omkhulu giant ngobukhulu kanye into encane kulencane, ziye zenzeka lapho ezweni
elinikeziwe noma nhlobo, okuyinto ukushisa ngobukhulu noma kubanda kanjani,
anda lokushisa endaweni ukuze leniketiwe futhi Umbe, njll Kodwa inkomba
amagugu okwedlulele into Kuphenywa has okufanayo ubuye value esingokwesayensi
ulwazi, ngokunikela ngoba isici okufanayo mayelana nenani amakhophi lezi zimo
kuyagcinwa ngaphansi kwazo; Futhi, enikeziwe ngokusho baphawula ukweqisa
sobude phakathi ekhawula a amakhophi ikusasa uyofunwa, ngaphesheya ngalo
voraussetzlich bangavuki, ngalo ngeke ukucwila, ngezinye izikhathi kube
practical. Ngakho, kulindeleke amanzi eliphakeme umfula anqume ukuphakama
edamini zokuzivikela noma inani amafa ogwini lwayo, amakhaza ngobukhulu
esilindelekile uzibekele for okutshalwe izitshalo ezithile, njll
Omunye kumele singakhohlwa kuphela ukuthi ubukhulu bale ukweqisa kuncike
inani izinto okufanele zokuqapha, futhi uma z. B. ezingeni emfuleni hhayi lidlule
phakathi kweminyaka 100 ngezinga elithile, ngakho akunjalo, alindele ukuthi
akufanele kube eminyakeni 1000 once icala kusukela latitude ngalokhu okukhulu
ukuthuthukisa Extreme sinikezwa, kusukela lapho kubonakala ngokushesha
intshisekelo ukuthola umthetho inverse ubukhulu obudluleleko inani lamakhophi,
isithakazelo, Kuyini i academic ne practical ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngokushesha,
wonke ukuzimisela enokwehla of ukweqisa inani kwezinhlobo ukubaluleka, out of
ofakelwe senziwa; kodwa ingasetshenziswa kanye nemibhalo enokwehla of the
ukuhlinzekwa jikelele Extreme inombolo modified.
Okwamanje, nawe uke ukunganakwa leliphuzu ngokuphindaphindiwe, njengoba
mina ngesikhathi ezingaphezu kweyodwa endaweni ubukhulu ukuphambuka

ngokuphelele noma isihlobo phakathi ukweqisa: E

'- E, noma (E' - E,): A, ehlanganisa ezahlukene m ezahlukene K. -G. etholakale,
esetshenziselwa ekuqhathaniseni the variability ngokuphelele noma isihlobo komunci
umbuzo, thola, lapho okuthwala okuqondisisa eyiphutha kakhulu.
Lapha, le Apercu ubonakala isethwe acabange ukuthi uma unquma nje
obudluleleko inqwaba, omunye bangathembela, ukweqisa uma kungenjalo
ngokuphelele kungenzeka, kodwa labo abasondelayo nabo kakhulu ukuthola, futhi
ukungabikho ezinye Anhaltes kungaba aneliseke bathola. Kodwa lokhu nokucabanga
i umkhawulo eseduze izuzwe of ukweqisa kanye okwandayo m akanakho empirically
noma kwakuthiwa yinto ngokwabo; kodwa yangempela siwukuzibusa amaphuzu
amabili kuphela ukuthi ubukhulu ukweqisa ngezabelo ezincane kakhulu
ngobukhulu m ukhula, kodwa uma m kucatshangwa kokwenyukela infinity, njalo
ngezindlela specifiable ukuba siqhubeke sikhula.
138. [Nokho, okuvimbela ukusungulwa ubuhlobo zomthetho phakathi kobukhulu
besabelo ukweqisa kanye nenombolo ye amagugu, phakathi lapho zenzeka Extreme,
a Ngokwesibonelo amelwe of juba ENCKE ubheka indlela wayelandela obudluleleko
yimuphi semthethweni ukubaleka. ]
Ijuba, emva yakhe yokuqala, "ukusatshalaliswa ezindawo ka indatshana imihlola
sezulu efanayo 'ukhathazekile 1): kuboniswe" On the ukuhluka non-ngezikhathi in the
ukusatshalaliswa lokushisa phezu kobuso bomhlaba ", the ngeziphambeko ezimbi ngokwedlulele okushisa
nyangazonke futhi wonyaka kusho for enomborweni enikelweko kwenzeka eminyakeni observation
izindawo ezihlukahlukene, yaphawula ngokucacile: "Lezi zibalo inikezwe lapha akudingeki into
ngokungenasizathu kakhulu, kusukela a ebusika ngokungavamile severe olulodwa noma a ehlobo kushisa
kakhulu kungaba mhlawumbe kabili umehluko kwanqunywa kusukela ujenga eminyakeni eyedlule",
amazwi lapho Schmid futhi eziteshini yakhe enkulu Meteorological 2) ilandelwe.

Izaziso
Ngokufanayo Encke e indatshana yakhe phezu indlela okungenani tikwele 3) ngenxa
yokuthi into enkulu kakhulu ukuba baphumelele eyaziwa Bessel iphutha imigqa
ngokwedlulele observation ngesiphambeko sokona le mfuneko theory: "Phela, lokhu
ukuphambuka kalula wachaza iqiniso lokuthi Iphutha mkhulu ngokuvamile
association engavamile kakhulu nemiphumela engemihle embonweni, futhi ngisho
ngokuvamile umcimbi ahlobene elingalodwa ukuze kuzokwenziwa mayelana, ukuthi
akukho theory is they Ungahambisa bill. "
1)

Umlando Royal. Academy of Sciences e Berlin, kusukela ngonyaka

2) yephuzu meteorology. Leipzig 1860.
3) Berlin
1848.
sezinkanyezi. INcwadi Yonyaka for 1834. p.249 FlgD.

Ngakho, eqinisweni, kude kangaka kungoni uphenyo theory noma ulwazi

nokuzimisela nobudlelwano zomthetho lezi amagugu sho, ngakho akufanele nje

igebe ethile mayelana nalokhu ukuba esithathwe kulandela, kodwa futhi de empeleni
waba ukuqedwa izinsolo, ukuthi amagugu ngokwedlulele kukhona nhlobo izimo
zomthetho, lokucabanga isithakazelo ethile ukuqedela.
Manje kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ukweqisa noma ngeziphambeko
ezibucayi zingaholela bebulawa yizimbangela esingavamile ziyaphuma
ochungechungeni ngaphansi kwayo a K.-G. izalwe njengomuntu ekhona futhi
kuncike uphenyo; z. B. umphongolo emise skull evuvukele noma microcephalic
wanquma lapho kuba skull unempilo.Ukweqisa ezinjalo ezikhululwayo
ezingalindelekile ngempela. Kodwa kusukela imithetho iyawakha kuphela K.-G. beka
ukuthi meet esithile ngasekuqaleni (Chap. IV) zasesiteji, kanjalo kungaba pheze
kubhekwe njengophawu lokuba i emergence of ukweqisa kusukela ubudlelwano
zomthetho ukuthi lezi zimo kukhona okungavamile, okuyinto lapho kwezimo
ezivamile, kufanele ngaphandle.
139. empirically omunye ikani ushintsho of the Extreme ubukhulu m kalula
ukukholisa ngale ndlela elandelayo.
Anqume kusukela nesigcino i uhlu original esiyinikwe m, lapho izilinganiso
ahlelwe ngokulandelana okungahleliwe, zinhlangothi ezimbili E 'futhi E, futhi
izingxenye ke ngaphandle kokushintsha oda okungahleliwe izilinganiso lonke
okufanayo eziningi izingxenyana ezifanayo for. B. lapho inani m = 1000 ngabe, 10
izingxenyana of m = 100, bese anqume ukweqisa lezi zingxenyana. Uma kungenjalo
kwaqondana, lokho kodwa wonkana Isamba - m kungenzeka kuphela icala
okwehlukile, obudluleleko efanayo kakade izikhathi eziningana ngokuphelela, ngeke
uthole in the amaqembu ezombusazwe, kodwa kukhona amancane kuphela
ngokwesilinganiso E 'futhi emikhulu E, nika; futhi kuphindaphindwa ingxenyenamba
ngamunye m = 100, inqubo okuwenza aqondane, isibonelo, 10 izingxenyana
of m amasheya = 10, kanjalo Yebo, impumelelo ehambisana kuzokwenzeka. Manje
ungabona nesigcino izilinganiso esiyinikwe m, uqala kwadingeka phambi kwakhe,
njengoba nje encane a nesigcino elikhulu m cabanga futhi baphetha ngokuthi uma
omunye more amaqembu anjalo efanayo m kuzodingeka ilungelo labo E 'futhi E, ,
etholakala efanayo, futhi i-avareji ka the E 'futhi E, isiqalo nesigcino emikhulu of
bonke makhophi belizokwehla singcono e plus and lokususa.
Kungaphawulwa ukuthi E, okuyinto etholakala izingxenyana equinumerous yalo
ngokuphelela, abe usayizi eth ukuhluka kancane, futhi ngokwalo njengoba iqembu
phakathi kwabanye zingxenyana equinumerous of a ngokuphelela emikhulu
esikunikezwa nesigcino m angabhekwa, omunye ngabe namanje phakathi
the E amaqembu amakhulu ezombusazwe ukuthola umehluko, ukuze umuntu
angabona ke akufanele bathembele kuleso esiyinikwe of m ancike ezithile
kakhulu E 'futhi E, ukuthola; kodwa cishe indawo yokuqala ungakwazi
ngokuqinisekile uthi ngokuvamile esikhaleni ngenhla for incazelo amazwe
esiyinikwe m ancike E avareji ukuze Yandisa in + futhi - ukunciphisa umzimba,
ezinkudlwana m kuyinto;Okwesibili, umuntu angabona ukuphenduka yayo
esiyinikwe m daba ukungaqiniseki ngenxa izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela ukuthi
ihlangana ulihlolisise, cabanga ngalokho babuyele ngezansi.

Ake uchaze odlule ngesikhathi Studentenmatafel 4) kanye m = 2047, izakhi zazo

zinikwa 65, ngemva kwalokho A 1 of the panel primary = 71,77; D p by
ukuncishiswa ukuba i = 1 inch kodwa phakathi 4 izingqimba = 71 , 96. Nokho,
kusukela ukusetshenziswa yonke m = 2047 kungaba emangalisayo sezimiso,
ngisebenzisa amagugu 360 kuphela kanje.
4)

Ngenxa Ububi non-umfaniswano tilinganiso, okuyizinto ngaphansi-ukubuthela

elingakanani nhlobo, ngincamela oyikhethile esinye isibonelo, uma mina Urlisten
wayema by izinto nge aqinisekise randomness efanayo okuhlanzekile uchungechunge
benchmarks for amabhidi; kodwa can ukuthi ethile Akungabazeki elimazako
ubudlelwano, okuyizinto folgends ezibalulekile, encane kuphela.
Ibhayisikobho uhlu original, lapho izilinganiso zithandwa by eyalandela engozini,
owokuqala 18 ngezilinganiso zazimenyezelwa ngokulandelana kwabo okungahleliwe
futhi kuhlanganiswe ibe isiqalo nesigcino 360 kukalwa ngamunye we vintages
20. Lapha kwaba E = 77,5, E, = 64 amasentimitha elifunyenwe. Lapha Landelayo
lezi zinyathelo 360 babe in 180 zingxenyana nge m uqhekeko = 2, lapho course
ngayinye ngokushesha ngezinga elithile ukuthi E , elinye E, kwenzeka, futhi
sokuhlukanisa sum of the okuholela E 'futhi E,kanye 180 babengamadodana
isilinganiso E '73 .16 futhi medium = E, = 70,26 etholakala; eminye a division of 360
kukalwa e 120 izingxenyana wawenziwa nge m = wenza 3 ogama
ngokwesilinganiso E 'futhi E, futhi kanjalo ibalwa lokho imiphumela ngokufingqiwe
ithebula.
I. amagugu isilinganiso ukweqisa engenhla nengezansi n zingxenyana,
ngamunye kanye m izakhi.
m

E'

E,

E '- E,

E '+ E,

180

73,16

70,26

2.90

143,42

120

73,81

69,56

4.25

143,37

90

74,25

69,17

5,08

143,42

60

74,68

68,41

6,27

143,09

40

75,09

67,86

7,23

142,95

18

20

75,84

66,85

8.99

142,69

36

10

76,25

66,27

9,98

142,52

72

76,90

65,70

11,20

142,60

360
1
77,50
64,00
13,50
Leli thebula kuphakamisa kokuma elandelayo.

141,50

Njalo nje, uyabona kanye okwandayo m phakathi 'E rise, lo E, ukunciphisa

umzimba, lokho umphumela yemvelo ukuthi umehluko phakathi zinhlangothi

ezimbili E' - E, kanye okwandayo m likhula, njengoba nje ubona, ukubaqeda

kulingana kanye m ukhula z. B. kanye m = 2 ilingana 2.9, lapho m ilingana 360 =
13.5. Ukulwela kungase ekuqaleni babebonakala ukuthi sum of zinhlangothi ezimbili
kanye okwandayo m kuphela ushintsho impela; okungukuthi liqukethe, ngaphandle
semfene encane m = 4 no 72, okumele kuthathwe njengoba imbangela izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, ushintsho ukwehla okuqhubekayo E '+ E, kanye
okwandayo m. Nokho, kumelwe kuqondwe ukuthi indlela. Yiqiniso,
uma Ebekanye okwandayo m likhula, E, kunciphisa, ngokuvamile, lapho kungenzeka
ukuthi unobulungisa inzuzo, lapho E '+ E, kanye okwandayo m kufanele ahlale njalo,
icala nokuthi ngaphandle izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela ke Kulindeleke uma
ngeziphambeko imida yesimethri zombili amasheya kusukela izibalo asho. Manje, lo
ukubuthela of izilinganiso ezinjalo, kodwa njengoba behlangana okufanayo kodwa
hhayi ngempela, njengoba sifana Chile ngenxa yokusondela e '+ e, hhayi ngempela
umbandela anjalo.
Of 140. [Nakuba manje Table amagugu I ngenhla nokukhula neminye eliphezulu
Extreme aphansi yokutshala m enze ucacile engqondweni, abazi letihambisana
probation of the ( 141) iyawakha mithetho elandelayo extreme. Ngoba basuke
ezakhini uMthetho Basic, eligxila ngeziphambeko kusukela izibalo asho A noma
densest amagugu D libhekisela, ukuze amalungiselelo ngokwedlulele ekuqaleni
ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele kusukela esisekelweni hhayi ngokwedlulele
amagugu E 'futhi E, ethinta ngokuqondile. Umehluko ahlobene-kanjalo ngendlela
ukuzimisela kubonakala observation ukuthi E 'kahle ngezansi eyotholakala bese
ngesinye isikhathi uhlehlele E, kungenzeka kube ngaphezu kwaso, futhi lokho ke
ukuphambuka of ukuthi okwedlulele amagugu okukhipha akuyona kangaka seqiwe,
kodwa kunalokho ukubaluleka okungenani sokwenzeka imele ngeziphambeko. The
ezomhlaba ngenhla itafula angeke kubhekwe njengento amagugu isilinganiso of ke
ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele, ngoba njengoba enjalo kuphela maxima emagugu
umehluko kufanele kubhekelwe. Nokho, Against leli lungiselelo, tingenyusa
ukuphikisa ngendlela ukuthi Extreme E 'futhi E, njengoba enjalo, kungakhathaliseki
akhethiwe okuyisisekelo value main, ukuvusa isithakazelo futhi kusungulwe
imithetho ngqo esebenzayo; kodwa kungenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa medium
imithetho esebenzayo for the ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele, njengoba cala
limayelana acabange ukuze Legend ukusatshalaliswa umthetho ukuphambuka
amagugu. Ngakho Kukhona ekuqaleni amalungiselelo theory ngoba ngeziphambeko
ngokwedlulele empirically proven.]
[Ngenxa yale njongo, izilinganiso ohlwini original kumele nokugcina oda ekhona
esikhundleni ngeziphambeko zabo kusukela amagugu kokuqala. Lesi sakamuva
izibalo asho valueA, ukuze ngeziphambeko zenzeka esikhundleni a, futhi
mhlawumbe noma ngaphandle ukuhlukana kwazo emihle evela negative umehluko
amagugu, kuye ngokuthi lapho GG-kuphela sabela kungakavalwa
eliphezulu. ukuphambuka aphansi kusekelwe ngokuhlanganyela yedwa noma
kokubili. Ngesikhathi Imiphumela D, Nokho, kukhona
ngeziphambeko 'futhi ,esikhundleni a ukusetha futhi ngaleyo ndlela emihle we
negative , kodwa kusukela amabili emaceleni G. G., eliza manje esetshenziswa

ukuba, isimiso, ubiza zokwehlukanisa phansi engenhla ngeziphambeko futhi

sisebenza kokubili ngendlela ehlukile.]
[Kulokhu ungakwazi, unikezwa degree ezibuthakathaka asymmetry okuyinto
eyinqaba faka ngokulinganisela ukukhetha izibalo asho ngaso okuyisisekelo, futhi
ngempela kufanele ngokucabangela amancane, ingqikithi atholakale 360 amagugu
ntathu hhayi ukwehlukanisa emihle nemibi ukuphambuka amagugu kungelapheka. I
kwafakwa ngendlela efanele, 360 abaqeqeshelwa izilinganiso lapho ebambe oda zabo
by sokuphambuka kwabo A, inkimbinkimbi ayelingana 71,75 bamukela esikhundleni
ngqo ilingana 71,77. Khona yonke ngeziphambeko iqukethe ukuphambuka okukhulu
amagugu 7,75, futhi yimuphi iziqephu zalo ine ngokulinganayo kanye kuphela
ukuphambuka value ngokwedlulele lapho umsuka walo noma, nakuba ngokusho
emihle noma emibi, kodwa kwenzeka njengoba i value ngokuphelele, ngoba the
ngeziphambeko kuphela amagugu abo ngokuphelele angene ukucabangela
emva. Manje, inani 360 ngeziphambeko kahle ngaphezu inani 360 degree
ngisho n zingxenyana, ngamunye m kuyinto amagugu, baphukile futhi isikhathi
ngasinye ngokuvamile U acashunwa oqokiwe ukuphambuka ngokwedlulele, thina
athole ezilandelayo itafula, luboniswe yini kuyinto ukuphambuka of a usayizi ezithile
ngaphansi kaningi kangakanani n amafraktjhini njenge ukuphambuka
ngokwedlulele U kwenzeka; Lapha, of course, ngoba m = 1 the ngeziphambeko
ngisho ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthathwe njengoba ngeziphambeko extreme:
II. Numeri, kukangaki kuphambuka ngokwedlulele U e n zingxenyana,
ngamunye kanye m kwenzeka nasemilenzeni.
U

m=1

m=2

m=3

m = 4 m =6 m = 9 m = 18 n = 20 m = 36 m = 72 n = 5 m = 360

n = 360 n = 180 n = 120 n = 90 n = 60 n = 40

0.00

12

0.25

28

0.50

25

0.75

21

1.00

16

1.25

31

11

1.50

35

14

1.75

29

13

2.00

24

18

13

13

2.25

23

12

2.50

15

2.75

16

3.00

11

10

n = 10

n=1

3.25

12

3.50

3,75

16

14

11

4.00

4.25

10

10

10

4.50

4,75

5.00

5.25

5,50

5.75

6.00

6,25

6,50

6.75

7,00

7,25

7.50

7,75

Lolu chungechunge, amelela ukusatshalaliswa panel ngeziphambeko extreme, ungaba

ekukhuleni Extreme kanye okwandayo ngokusebenzisa ukwanda amagugu kulencane
ezilandelanayo m bona. Nokho, umqondo ngokunembe kakhudlwana yalo anikezwe
ezilandelayo ukuhlanganisa amagugu ezimaphakathi U, njengoba lapho izibalo
asho UA, lo lesemkhatsini U c and the value densest U d zihloselwe:
III. The amagugu isilinganiso of UA, U c and U d Deviation extreme kusukela m membered izingxenyana.
m
m
m
m=2 m=3 m=4
m = 18 m = 36 m = 72 m = 360
=1
=6 =9
UA 2.00 2,72

3,27

3,61 4.10 4,39

5.14

5.75

6.15

7,75

Uc 1.73 2,41

3,16

3,65 4.13 4,33

5.13

5,50

6.00

7,75

Ud 1.50 2.00

2.00

2.00 4.00 4.25

5.25

5.25

5.25

7,75

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi U c usebenzisa interpolation elula, U d kodwa

wayezimisele njengoba value ukuba lapho abaningi kakhulu U yawa; kuphela m = 6
kusho amagugu ezimbili kwathathwa, okuyinto ndawonye babe inombolo esiphezulu.
8 Ngaphandle amagugu engaqinisekile ethile densest, lezi Amanani kungaba landa
kanye okwandayo m isaziso.Kodwa ukuthatha ngisho U d ayibuyi, kodwa kugcina
kabili kuphela ezintathu ezilandelanayo m ukubaluleka kwayo.]
[Ukube phezulu uhlukane ngeziphambeko ephansi, thatha kokubili ukuba
bahlanganyele zilandelana, ngakho wayeyofika II izibhebhe ezimbili esikhundleni
etafuleni, elinye libe ',enye ,; Nokho, kusukela inani of ukuhluka ngamunye
ngabe aye ancipha aze aba cishe ingxenye, ngakho ukungaqiniseki lamalungiselelo
bekutawudzingeka bebelokhu olukhudlwana. Ukube
eminye D esikhundleni A njengoba value kokuqala, kanjalo kungaba ngokuhlukana
of uchungechunge ukuphambuka amagugu ochungechungeni 'futhi labo of, waba
Isimiso ngekani.]
141. [Ukuze lokhu amagugu emprischen ukunikeza amalungiselelo theory
eceleni, umthetho Kungenzeka W [U] baphethe ngokuthi ubonisa ngazo W.
phakathi m ukuphambuka amagugu enani extreme U kuyinto elindelekile
ukuba. Kodwa uma U ukumela value ngokwedlulele, njengoba omunye
kumele m ngeziphambeko ube ukuthi value, kanti m - 1 ezinye kuyazisiza emkhatsini
we -0 ne U sazamukela. Umthetho W [U] kanjalo siveza W. ukuthi
ka m ngeziphambeko phi lingana U kuyinto kanye nezinye phakathi kwemingcele 0
and Uinkulumo.]
[It manje, lapho amagugu ngokuphelele the ngeziphambeko by abizwa, lo W.
ukuthi ukuphambuka phakathi engachazeki eduze imikhawulo futhi + d icala,
ilingana:
, (1)
It akusho lutho ukuthi Imiphumela kusukela izibalo asho ngeziphambeko mutual
+ futhi - noma Imiphumela kusukela amagugu densest the ngeziphambeko
unilateral 'sabela kungakavalwa. , ngaphansi kumelwe ziqondwe; enikeziwe
kuphela yangaphambili icala h = 1: ,
h = 1: E
'ngokulandelana. = 1: e,
lihlelwe lapho kusho inani , E,
ngokulandelana. E, kusho ukubaluleka ngokulandelana. , imele. Okufanele
ngalokho m ukuphambuka 1, 2 .... m, isibonelo, umuntu olingana ngowokuqala Ufuthi
ngamunye okwalandela ezincane noma okungenani ilingane U kube, kukhona labo
wokuqala W.:

futhi ngayinye elandela W.:

,
The W. for ukuqondana of m ngeziphambeko, eyokuqala ilingana U, futhi ngayinye
elandelayo kunoma value emkhatsini we -0 ne U uye ke, ilingana:

Kuyinto lokhu value kunqunywa kodwa ngokulinganayo Diew uma, esikhundleni

kula lokuqala ezilandelayo efanayo. U isethwe, futhi isikhathi ngasinye m - 1 ezisele
ukubaluleka zokhahlamba emkhatsini we -0 ne U kungokukaJehova. Kuyinto ngenxa
yalokho W. ukuthi ka m ngeziphambeko ofana yimuphi U kuyinto, futhi enye
phakathi kwemingcele 0 and Uukukhuluma noma - ngamanye amazwi - the W.
ukuthi U zenani okukhulu m kwadingeka ngeziphambeko, by:
Where t = Hu, (2)
wethule. Njengoba
.
.
kanjalo unga futhi:
; (T = hu) (3)
. Isethi]
[Ifomu yokugcina ukumelwa kuyabonakala ukuthi ebalulekile
phezu W [U] ngokushesha zicaciswe. Lokhu ebalulekile, esithathwe phakathi
kwemingcele ethile, kodwa siveza W. ukuthi icala eyeqisayo ukuphambuka phakathi
kwalabo imikhawulo. Ngakho-ke le W. ukuthi ukuphambuka obedlulele ezincane
kuno U 1 = t 1: h and mkhulu kunalokho U 2 = t 2: h,ilingana:
, (4)
ukuze ikakhulukazi W. ukuthi U = t: h the sabela kungakavalwa
engenhla. umkhawulo engezansi Extreme kwaba, by:
sabela kungakavalwa.
ubizwa.]
[One manje inquma value U c = t c: h yokobana

noma, (5)

kungenzeka ngokulinganayo, ngesikhathi ukuzimisela okwedlulele m ngeziphambeko

elikhulu noma value ezincane kuno U c ukuthola. It is ngakhoke U c ukumela value
central noma value kungenzeka ezimweni eziningi ekuzimiseleni waphindwa
ukuphambuka ngokwedlulele, ukwencika yayo phezu m eveza formula (5), kanye
nokubaluleka kwako for esiyinikwe mesebenzisa t etafuleni
kungatholakala. Ibhayisikobho ukuhlanganisa ezilandelayo
ezihambisana m and t c for abanye amagugu m ukukhula lokhu value central unawe
okwandayo mkuyabonakala.]
m

tc

tc

tc

.4769

1,2628

500

2,2611

.7437

18

1,4689

1000

2,3988

.8936

36

1,6576

5000

2,6946

.9957

72

1,8319

10000 2,8134

6
1,1330
360
2,1933
[Ngaphezu amagugu central, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi value ephethe value
olulodwa, the W ngobukhulu .. It kubonakala ekuzimiseleni ngokwanele
ngokuvamile ngokuphindaphindiwe igama ngeziphambeko okwedlulele m njengoba
value densest futhi kwakuthiwa seqiwe of W [U enqunywe]. Ngakho okwanele T =
hu ezothando:
.
noma:
, (6)
futhi kufanele U d = t d: h zibizwa. Ukubala t d kusukela equation (6) for a
elethwe m Kunjengoba ukuthi of tc, esebenzisa T asenzayo etafuleni. Omunye uthola
ngakho ezilandelayo amagugu ezihlobene m and td:
m

td

td

td

0.000

1.194

500

2.203

0.620

18

1.404

1000

2.342

0,801

36

1.594

5000

2.641

0,914

72

1.770

1.060

360

2.134

10000

2.761

Efanayo The show ukuthi t d <tc, kuhlanganise U d ngezansi U c ukuthi kodwa

okwandayo m, lezi amagugu asondele nomunye.]
[Ekugcineni, kusho izibalo of the ngeziphambeko okukhulu kungaba azimisele. It
is ngokuthi UA, is etholakala (2):
(7)
noma - emva ukuhlanganiswa esinqunyiwe -:
, (8)
Ukuze m = 1, umphumela (7) U a = 1: h
di the elula ukubaluleka kusho ye
ngeziphambeko uqobo. M = 2 etholakala (8) U a =: h, ne-di iphindaphindwe =
1,4142 value kusho we ngeziphambeko uqobo. Ngokuba
emikhulu m mhlawumbe [t] owethulwe ngokuhambisana 118 ngesimo series
kanjalo futhi U
a eyenziwa ochungechungeni.Ngokwesibonelo, omunye
ifika ngale ndlela m = 3 kuya:

noma njengoba
.
ukuze:
,
Ngakho U A ilingana iphindaphindwe 1,6623 ezomhlaba Deviation ngokwabo.]
[Ngamunye amagugu ezintathu Uc, U d futhi U a kuyinto ngendlela ethile
ukwencika ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele kusukela inombolo m of the
ngeziphambeko kusukela ofakelwe phambi kwamehlo. Nokho, lapho kubalulekile
ukuqhathanisa amagugu theory kanye enokwehla, kanye ukuphepha ukuzimisela
enokwehla kanye kalula sibalo theory kanye nesidingo uyicabangele
ngokuphathelene nalokho, esihlinzeka inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke amagugu

ezintathu. Manje ukubala ukubaluleka ezincwadini kuyinto U c elula

kunalaba U d noma UA, maqondana nokunqunywa enokwehla kodwa
kuyinto U d ngemuva U c and U a nokuphepha emuva ngesikhathi U c and U a uthole
isibindi ngokuvamile alinganayo , Ngakho inzuzo the lesemkhatsini U c ukukhonza
ngenxa Ukuqhathanisa theory kanye UCWANINGO.]
[For the izilinganiso ukubuthela for amagugu empirically wokuzimisela U. C In
Table III ahlelwe, lokhu kuqhathanisa kuholela imiphumela elandelayo,
kusho of ukuhluka elula ngokusho 65 ulingana 2,045, kanjalo 1: h =
= 3,625 set kuyinto:
IV. Ukuqhathanisa amagugu ezincwadini U c kanye enokwehla,
kusukela m ezithile izingxenyana -membered.
m

Uc
theor. Empir.

Diff.

1 1.73

1.73 0

2 2.70

Uc
theor. Empir.

Diff.

9 4,58

4,33 - 0.25

2,41 - 0,29

18 5,32

5.13 - 0,19

3 3,24

3,16 - 0.08

36 6,01

5,50 - 0,51

4 3,61

3,65 +0,04

72 6,64

6.00 - 0,64

4.13 +0,03

360 7.95

7,75 - 0.20

4.11

Kuyoba, ikakhulu uma kucatshangelwa inani elincane 360 amagugu, okuhambisana

ukuzimisela enokwehla, ukuthola umdlalo we theory kanye enokwehla amagugu
Akungabazeki eyanelisayo, ukuze kwalokho umthetho omisiwe ematfuba
kuqinisekiswa isipiliyoni.]
142. [The iziphetho main kusuka ngentuthuko ngenhla lezi:
l) Uma K.-G. kanye asymmetry ephawulekayo - njengoba presupposing
njengenqubo - ezithunyelwe, futhi wawina GG amabili emaceleni, kukhona ngoba
semthethweni efanayo lapho t '= U': e
'is ukusetha, W:.
(9)
ukuthi ukubaluleka okwedlulele m 'ngenhla D ngeziphambeko amanga
uyalingana U' futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokwedlulele eliphezulu self-efanayo:
(9a)
kwaba. Ngokufanayo, kukhona W.:

(10)
ukuthi U, = t, e,
Werth Xtreme more of m, ngezansi D amanga ngeziphambeko
isakhi sofuzo noma ngokwedlulele ephansi ngisho alinganayo
(10a)
kwaba. Ingabe kungenzeka, ngo ukuphindaphinda okuqhubekayo
ngokuphindaphindiwe m 'ngenhla kanye m, ngezansi D amakhophi encomekayo
yalesi K.-G. khetha ngezikhathi, kanjalo ukubaluleka ezimaphakathi nomphumela
ngale ndlela obudluleleko engenhla nengezansi kuyinto:
; lapho
; lapho

(11)

the value densest by:

; lapho
; lapho

(12)

izibalo asho value by:

; lapho
; lapho

(13)

ingalungiswa.]
[2) Njengoba okuthuthukayo m 'futhi m, nabo okuqondene ngokusho amafomula
ngenhla uyazisa t' futhi t, sikhule, kanjalo ekuqaleni umehluko uyazisa t
'- t, and m' - m 'babe isibonakaliso efanayo; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela
ngokusho imithetho ezilinganiselwe ze futhi e '- e, isibonakaliso
efanayo m' - m, ine, kanjalo kunjalo umehluko E't '- e, t,and m - m ,. The
asymmetry we ngokwedlulele ngeziphambeko bez. D kanjalo has isiqondiso efanayo
njengoba asymmetry ye umehluko izibalo bez. D. Uma ufuna ukuba lo mthetho
phezu ngeziphambeko bez. izibalo asho A ukudluliselwa, sifika ebalulwe 33
ngaphansi 7) komthetho ukuphenduka yesibili ngenxa ukucabangela
elandelayo. Kusukela ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele zinkulu futhi ziyakuthinta
nokushintshashintsha elikhulu, ukwamukelwa kuvunyelwe, ukuthi umehluko we
ngeziphambeko uphawu yayo alishintshi lapho omunye D ngamagugu kuqhathaniswa

close A lidlula. Umehluko phakathi ukuphambuka izibalo bez. A kodwa isibonakaliso

okuphambene njengoba umehluko phakathi ukuphambuka izibalo bez. D. It has ke,
uma lokho isiphetho ilungile, umehluko phakathi ngokwedlulele ngeziphambeko
bez. A isibonakaliso okuphambene njengoba umehluko phakathi ukuphambuka
izibalo bez. A. Empeleni, ngalokhu kushintsha Act akwenzayo z. B. Tables III kanye
IV of the XXV. Isahluko for the amalungu umoba rye (ngaphandle nje kwento
eyodwa kuphela amacala ahlukene 15 phakathi) probation yakhe. Nokho, kungaba
isicelo nje njengenhlangano umthetho enokwehla osebenza uma kwenzeka
asymmetry okukhulu rule. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kungenzeka asymmetry
ongabalulekile semthethweni yayo ayisekho claim (Comp. 181.)]
[3) Ubalekela the asymmetry of K.-G., kanjalo isimiso, izindinganiso ezifanayo
kukhona benxenxa, njengoba okuyisisekelo manje nezalo ngeziphambeko
ngokwedlulele Dcoinciding A, usebenzisa amasevisi we GG elula esikhundleni
kokuba isicelo amabili emaceleni. Kulokhu, amafomula kunikezwe ngaphansi 1)
isekhona, uma nje m 'futhi m, by mand e' futhi e, by esebenzayo Okusizayo yinye
indlela kufakwa. Nokho, kusukela umthetho ukusatshalaliswa ecashile Beka inani
for ezibalulekile ngewesimethri m nhlangothi zombili A uyalandisa ndawonye,
ngakho kuyiqiniso ukuthi ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi ndawonye ukunqoba
ukuzimisela ngokwedlulele, okuholela fol lokubhonsa-ups. Esikhundlenit = U:
,
.:
(14)
ukuthi ukubaluleka okwedlulele the
ngeziphambeko bez .. A ulingana U kuyinto. Nokho, ihlala emthumeni
ukuthi U unamathele amagugu okukhiphayo in ngomqondo emihle noma
emibi. Kungaba ke nje sithi ke kuphakathi
noma

(14A)

kuyinto, ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi esimweni sangaphambili E, ngenhla A - U, e

mBhalo E 'ngezansi A + U uhlala. Ababecabanga Okufana nawo ngenhlonipho ukuba
ukwengeza ngokuhambisana amafomula (5), (6) no (8) azimisele maphakathi no
Contribuuukuphambuka
a millorar la traducci amagugu U
extreme
c, U d futhi U a ukwenza amagugu
okukhipha. Esinye, lokhu kwenza akusho Extreme ngokwayo, kodwa kuphela sabela
kungakavalwa engenhla. Umkhawulo aphansi ngoba sabela kungakavalwa
engenhla. aphansi ngokwedlulele middle.]

Text original

XXI. Ukwelashwa logarithmic collective izinto.

143. [The kuze kube kubhekwe ukwelashwa yedwa izibalo of K.-G. kusikisela
ukuthi izilinganiso babe ongaphakeme ukushintshashintsha proportionate emhlabeni
amagugu kusho.Kodwa kukhona futhi K.-G. kanjani izilinganiso gallery Umdwebo
kanye emadulini imvula nsuku zonke, ngokusho amazwi esenziwe IV. Nokho,

Isahluko omunye amagugu main kuqinisekiswa isihlobo kusho ukuphambuka uqine

kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ngibalekela isicelo of izibalo mode ukwelashwa,
ukwelashwa logarithmic bazibonisa kufinyeleleke futhi ukuvumela ukukhishwa
kweziboshwa ngokuziphatha esiphawulekayo ukusatshalaliswa umthetho
logarithmic.]
[Lokhu kuphakamisa lo msebenzi ukuthatha in ibhekwa labo kakade eSahlukweni
V. ( 35 kanye 36) Kuye kwashiwo nakakhulu ekwelapheni logarithmic. Kukhona,
izici jikelele yomthetho ukusatshalaliswa of K.-G. zenzelwe, ake libonakale
kunesidingo, ngokuyinhloko ukubonakalisa kunalokho on umehluko isihlobo kuka on
arithmetic ngeziphambeko, okwabangela ngqo esiphethweni kwatholakala ukuthi GG
esikhundleni arithmetic = A - H, the logarithms of the ngeziphambeko
isilinganiso = a: H, okungukuthi ngemvume = ngemvume a - log H ukuba
ngokuyisisekelo uzabulawa. Nalapho futhi, isicelo ukwelashwa logarithmic ikakhulu
esazisiwe by kakade setha kanye notation. Ngakho, ngo jikelele:

= log a ;; = ngemvume =
ngemvume a - log H ;;
= log , = ngemvume H log a, (1)
ukusetha futhi ikakhulukazi ukubaluleka densest of a by D, izibalo zabo
asho by G nokubaluleka kwako central by C ukubiza, kanti engenhla nengezansi
ukuphambuka izibalo kanye ngeziphambeko isilinganiso bez. D ngendlela efanayo
Ref. D by m ', m, futhi E ', E, kuyakushiswa esibekiwe ukuze:
;;

lapho = a - D; = D -. a, (2)

Ingabe uyaya kusukela amagugu logarithmic ukuba amagugu kwamanani lapho

elawo ngokuvumelana amatafula logarithms, unjalo
D = ungene T; C = ungene C; G = ungene G (3)
embonweni. It Wabe esebiza t isilinganiso ukubaluleka densest we a, izibalo of the
densest amagugu D uhlukile; C okhambelana izibalo central uyazisa
umdlalo; futhi G limele kusho Jomethri of a bakha. By khomba lezi izinqumo kanye
nentuthuko ka isahluko esibekiwe, kodwa uxhuma isibopho, yini kwatholakala khona
kuphela umbono, ukuze afeze lapha.Kufanele ke isandla esisodwa, ubufakazi
enokwehla zihlinzekwe ukuthi, eqinisweni, inzuzo ukwelashwa logarithmic for K.G. wanquma nge ukushintshashintsha oqinile ngokulingana ukuvela. Enye ingxenye
kuba ukuthi for the Ukwehlukana logarithmic of a namagugu ayo
main D, C, G ngenxa ezimbili-kukholamu G. G. imithetho Ngokuqondile
kusebenza on the isilinganiso okwahlukile of a namagugu ayo

main T, C, G ukudlulisa kanye by bheke of the theory ubudlelwane esebenzayo

phakathi T futhi D ukuze silondoloze isixhumanisi phakathi ukwelashwa logarithmic
arithmetic.]
[Nansi ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic ngokwawo njengoba
ukuguquguquka oluqinile ngokwayo bewhrendes isipiliyoni umthetho ngokwanele
sna, oludlula phezu a ukuguquguquka ongaphakeme emthethweni ezejwayelekile
izibalo. Ngakho kudinga ukuthi yisiphi ngaphezu lokhu kusukela iphuzu enokwehla
umbono, a ukulungisiswa eminye.Kodwa emva izithasiselo XIX. Isahluko mbono
ngokuthi umsuka, lo K.-G, usubekwe, kusukela lapho amabili emaceleni G. G,
wasuka eseduze ukungafani arithmetic, kubonakala kufanelekile ukuba ukushintsha
lo mbono ukuze nezalo logarithmic ngeziphambeko ukusatshalaliswa umthetho kanje
kulo ngendlela efanele. Lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngaphezu Sahluko.]
144. [Ukuze enze inzuzo possessed ukwelashwa logarithmic kuqhathaniswa
izibalo kanye ukwehlukahlukana eqinile engqondweni, ngithathe ngamunye the K.-G.
ngenhla, izilinganiso gallery Umdwebo kanye emadulini imvula nsuku zonke,
isibonelo futhi share imiphumela kokubili izinhlobo zemithi kanye nokwelashwa.]
[Kusukela izinhlu Pinakothek amadala Munich kanye ukuqoqwa imidwebo ukuba
Darmstadt, izilinganiso 253 ukuhluza izithombe, obude Ubukhulu zafakwa primary
distribution ibhodi wabonisa. Njengoba unit, lo isentimitha esekhethiwe. Isilinganiso
kulencane satholakala ilingana 13, umuntu olingana ngobukhulu ukuba 265, kusho
izibalo of A 1 ilingana 54,4 kanti lesemkhatsini C 1 ilingana 44,2 cm. Ngakho ishidi
encishisiwe etholwe lapho izilinganiso base sebehlanganisa yonke cm
10. Kungokufanayo kuholele ukwelashwa arithmetic emva zweiseitigenG. G. ukuba
iziphetho ezilandelayo:

I. ukuphakama isici imidwebo luhlobo ukwelashwa arithmetic.

m = 253; i = 10; A 1 = 54.4; E = 1 cm.
z
A
Empir.

theor.

15

13

15

25

41

38

35

54

39 1)

45

43

36

55

22

31

65

20,5

26

75

15

21

85

10

16

95

8.5

11

105

115

125

135

145

155

165

195

235

265

A 2 = 55.3
C 2 = 44.3
D i = 35,4
D p = 24,9
m '= 220
m, = 33
s '=
35,8
s, = 5.4

1)

[Lapha esiphezulu amagugu theory angawi isikhawu 20 - 30, lapho densest

value D. P Kubandakanya kodwa lokhu kuthanda kuphela ngezikhathi ngenhla
sifinyeto enjalo izimo. Empeleni, umuntu ethola kwezinye isibonelo summary:
Ngezikhathi

20-24

14.0

24-28

15.9

28-32

15.8

ukuze a ngokweqile kancane sokuphumula 24-28 kungokwalabo densest uyazisa

24,9].

Kodwa omunye sithatha indawo in the table primary, the A izindinganiso amagugu
logarithmic = log a, okuyinto manje phakathi kwemingcele = 1, 11 futhi =
2,42 ziyahlukahluka, futhi ukhethe sokuphumula ukuncipha usayizi 0.08 ukuze
etholakale lapho la etafuleni iphathwa ngokuphelele like nje etafuleni
yangaphambili a, imiphumela okulandelayo:
. II ukuphakama isici ukuhluza imidwebo ukwelashwa logarithmic.
I = 0.08; m = 253.
Z
A

empir

theor.

1.04

0.5

1.12

1.5

1.20

1.28

10

1.36

19

18

1,44

22

27

1,52

38

32

1.60

32

32

1,68

31

30

1,76

26

26

1,84

18

22

1,92

19

17

2.00

13

12

2,08

8.5

2.16

5.5

2.24

2.32

2.40

2,48
G = 1,669
C = 1,644
D i = 1,538
D p = 1,549

G = 46,7
C = 44,1
T i = 34,5
T p = 35,4
m '= 165
m, = 88
s' = 0,256
s, = 0,136

Uma siqhathanisa zombili amatafula, kanjalo inzuzo ukwelashwa logarithmic kuyinto

kakhulu izinikele izinsuku. Ngoba ethebuleni izibalo yinani lika umehluko
ngokuphelele phakathi amagugu enokwehla futhi theory ulingana 74; ethebuleni
logarithmic Nokho kuphela ilingana 37, ncamashi isigamu njengoba enkulu. Iphinde
akhale enokwehla kanye theory-Cal densest value D i kanye D p emayunithi 10.5
komunye nomunye; kanti labo nezimiso engaqhathaniswa T i and T p zingafani by 0.9
kuphela. It is futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi ezithile the quotient izibalo

ukubaluleka 0,64, the logarithmic quotient ezithile

the value 0,792 imele, ukuze labo ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwemingcele theory
ka p, 0,785 and 0,845 di, uwela, ngesikhathi lo by the edingekayo amagugu
-Gesetze = 0,785 liseduze kakhulu phakathi ukunamathela kuleyo
mingcele. Konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ehluleka, eqinisweni, ukwelashwa izibalo
lapha, ngabonisa Ngokuphambene inherent.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi naphezu
ongaphakeme m iphaneli enokwehla kuqokonyiswe ubudlelwane for the izilinganiso
uhlobo imidwebo kufanele libhekwe njengelingcwele ejwayelekile.]
[Njengoba isibonelo eziphakeme imvula yansuku zonke e Geneva ngesikhatsi 1845
- ziwile e 1892 ngo imvula January (iqhwa kuncibilike noma imvula), e amatafula
Meteorological, lo bibliothque Universelle de Genve (Archives des Sciences Phys
et Nat ..) ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Eau Dans les heures 24 tombe"
ahlelwe. Ingqikithi lina ngesikhathi kwesikhathi eziqokiwe engu-48 kufana

477; ngoba ngamunye wabo, amazinga imvula zinikwa kuze eshumini a angu. 16
Ezinsukwini Rainy zilotshwe 0.0 mm;ukuphakama ngobukhulu imvula ulingana
40,0; kusho izibalo of A 1 ilingana 4,45; the central value C 1 ilingana 2.24
mm. Kusukela primary ukusatshalaliswa panel a panel encishisiwe kanye isikhawu
kwaba i = 1 mm kukhiqizwa okuyinto wanika magugu alandelayo ngesikhathi
ukwelashwa izibalo:
III. Ukuphakama imvula January for Geneva ukwelashwa arithmetic.
M = 477; i = 1; A 1 = 4.45; E = 1mm.
z
A
EMP.

theor.

0.5

133

67

1.5

88

63

2.5

43,5

61

3.5

28

56

4.5

27

49

5.5

28

42

6.5

27.5

35

7.5

14.5

28

8.5

16

22

9.5

11.5

16

10.5

12

12

11.5

10

12.5

6.5

13.5

5.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

17.5

18.5

19.5

20,5

21.5

22.5

23.5

28,5

30,5

32,5

40,0

A 2 = 4,49
C 2 = 2.40
D i = 0.75
Dp=0
e '= A 2
e, = 0

m'= m
m, = 0

Njengoba ungase ubone, ukwenza eziphakemeyo imvula nsuku zonke a K.-G. kanye
asymmetry engachazeki enkulu by D p = 0, futhi yingakho wonke amanani
ngenhla D p amanga. It voices amagugu ezincwadini z sihambisana enokwehla
kancane ukuze ukwelashwa izibalo ezibonisa ukuthi asisebenzi uqobo. Kodwa uma
ufuna ngaphezu ukuya ukwelashwa logarithmic, kanjalo kufanele kuthathwe kuqala
kwi umbono 16 lina, lapho ezifakwe 0.0 mm, umhlangano wesigodi, ngoba kwaba
ngalezo zinsuku ukuphakama imvula ayilingani ngokuphelele 0, kodwa njengoba
encane kuphela ukuthi abazange ukufinyelela okweshumi a angu. Ngithatha mm
mayelana 0.05 esikhundleni 0.0 mm, ukuze logarithms we a phakathi imikhawulo ziyahlukahluka and 1.30 + 1.60. Kuyehla by lokhu, ongumashiqela ngokuyisisekelo
ukulungisa etafuleni ngokuyinhloko esingaba ubukhulu 0.2, futhi ukhethwa njengoba
umkhawulo engezansi sokuphumula lokuqala - 1.50, sithola imiphumela elandelayo:
IV Ukuphakama imvula January for Geneva ekwelashweni logarithmic ..
M = 477; i = 0,2.

G = 0,313 G = 2,06

C = 0,374 C = 2,37

Empir.

theor.

D i = 0.800 T i = 6,31

- 1.4

- 1.2

D p = 0,843 T p = 6,97

- 1.0

- 0.8

14

- 0.6

28

19

- 0.4

14

26

- 0.2

34

34

0.0

45

42

+0,2

66

50

e '= 0,219
s, = 0,749
m' = 108
m, = 369

Nakuba lapha ukuthi amanga ngezansi the densest

value z at - 0.4 and + 0.2 semfene eqinile ukuthi
+0,4 47
56
musa zinyamalale lapho beshintsha isimo
+0,6 53
60
ukuncishiswa, kodwa inkambo enjalo in the table
primary babeka nezaba summary yabo ngezikhathi
+0,8 67
63
logarithmic kukhona; Nokho, isivumelwano
+1,0 53
52
phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni muhle ukuthi
+1,2 27
27
umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso theory kanye
enokwehla njengoba kunoshintsho we izehlakalo
+1,4 7
8
esivela yokugcina, ukwethula ngokwabo. Ngakho
+1,6 2
2
ngabonisa logarithmic ukusatshalaliswa umthetho
futhi emadundulwini ngempela eyanelisayo imvula.]
145. [on the eyenziwa kule sifaniso osekushiwo phakathi theory kanye
nesipiliyoni efakazela nokusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic for K.-G.kanye
ukushintshashintsha eqinile ngokulingana njengoba kufanele. Manje into efanayo emva izingxoxo Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Isahluko - kuvumelana
ngokuphawulekayo ukushintshashintsha ezibuthakathaka ngokulingana of amagugu
ngamunye emhlabeni amagugu main kuya nje okungaqondile izibalo yoMthetho
Basic, kuba - like ekupheleni isahluko echaziwe. kakade ziye zagcizelela - naphakade
njengoba ukusakazwa umthetho ngokuqinile esisebenzayo K.-G. ukuzuza. Ngakho,
ematfuba enqunywe W noma W, ukuthi ukuphambuka logarithmic kusukela densest
amagugu Dphakathi engachazeki eduze imikhawulo 'futhi +
noma , futhi , + d , bawe ngamunye K.-G , ngokusebenzisa:
;
; (4)

futhi kukhona isibalo umehluko phakathi kwemingcele wamemezela ulingana:

z = W ' m'; z, = W, m ,, (5)
lapho h 'm' = h, m ,; h '= 1: e'; h, =
1: e, futhi e , e ,, m ', m, phezu D ingatholakala at okuyisisekelo].
[For the amagugu main G, C no D of the ngeziphambeko logarithmic ke
ukusebenzisa imithetho efanayo ukuthi XIX. Isahluko for the izibalo amagugu
kusho A, C no-D zathathwa.Kodwa uma senza
esikhundleni G, C no D sequentially ngokusebenzisa log G, ungena C no
ungene T, sithola ngqo amagugu for the main G, C no T esemthethweni
isilinganiso ngeziphambeko imithetho.]
[Kanjalo Kukhona etholakala iinjamiso ezilandelako:
1.the central value C ihlale phakathi Jomethri kusho G kanye densest
isilinganiso amagugu T, ngoba into efanayo ngokulandela isimo
Imithetho C, G no D kuyosebenza.
2.Zimise kusho Jomethri of the sabela kungakavalwa
ngenhla. ngezansi T amanga a izindinganiso G ', ngokulandelana. G ,, ukuze:

e '= ungene G' - log T; e, = ngemvume T - log G ,,

kanjalo lingenxa yomthetho ngobungakho:
e '- e, = ngemvume G - log T; (6)
G 'G, = G T.
3.Ingabe kunqunywa njengoba kubekiwe 131 maqondana D, lapha
maqondana D ukubaluleka t "kusukela:

lapho m sikhulu futhi m "the ezincane izinombolo ezimbili

ukuphambuka m 'futhi m, ucabanga, bese:
log C - log T = t

"e"; (7)

lapho umehluko izingodo kuphela value ngokuphelele emva engena

akhawunti. With asymmetry ezibuthakathaka kusobala:

.
noma mayelana (6):
log C - log T =

(ungene G - log T), (8)

i equation lapho iqukethe -Gesetze for the ngeziphambeko isilinganiso.]

[Ubudlelwane phakathi main izibalo amagugu kanye nalabo of the ngeziphambeko
isilinganiso ekugcineni ukukhiqiza imisho elandelayo.]
Ukuze ezomhlaba logarithmic G = ngemvume a: m kuthathwe njengoba
logarithm kungokwalabo G ukuba eziqokiwe, okuthiwa Jomethri kusho noma
isilinganiso value okuyinto uhlale a distribution emthethweni othile oqondile ngonya
mncane kunezingelosi izibalo kusho A = a: m, futhi (ngemuva ubufakazi
SCHEIBNER 2)) eseduze okulandelayo ubuhlobo A uye, okubhekisele inembe more
ezincane kanye q okuthiwa impande asho Iphutha square ukuba okhethwe Ref .. A,
di q =

kuyinto:
, (9)

Ngemva kwalokho, ungakwazi G yilo kusukela A elisuselwa.

2) [W.

SCHEIBNER, Mayelana ezomhlaba. Ngcaphuno kusuka incwadi ebhekiswe

incwadi Prof. Fechner. Imibiko ye Royal. Sachs. Gesellsch. d.
Scientific. Mathematics kanye Phys. Class. 1873. S. 562 FlgD.]
Phakathi logarithmic amagugu densest D kanye logarithm of izibalo densest
value D ubuhlobo ezilandelayo ukhona:
, (10)
Lokhu kusho e, ephansi kusho ukuphambuka logarithmic = l ,: m ,, Mod
wemfihlo Systems evamile logarithmic = 0,43429, njengoba njalo 3,14159. Lokhu
ubuhlobo kuhlobene semthethweni nje okungaqondile logarithmic of GG ngakhoke
ingasetshenziswa for the ziqinisekiso enokwehla yalesi nje okungaqondile.
[Ubufakazi. The logarithmic densest value D okukhulunywa ukuthi of
sokuphumula logarithmic of bonke ngezikhathi sinye, iningi z ihlanganisa
up. Ngakho by the esiphezulu lokungenzeka umsebenzi (4) ngesikhathi njalo d
futhi d ,, di ngenani ekhishwa ngeziphambeko 'futhi , enqunywe. The

arithmetically densest value D Ngakolunye uhlangothi wukuthi izibalo sokuphumula

phakathi kwabo bonke ngezikhathi sinye, esiphezulu - z anazo. Ngakho, umuntu
ethola le value kanye semthethweni ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic njengoba
esiphezulu ezihlobene njalo arith-metic ngezikhathi Uzomangala ukuthola umsebenzi
(4). Lumelela ngendlela efanele kuphambuka izibalo we a kusukela densest
ratios T ngokusebenzisa '= A' - T and , = T - A, ukuze d '= da' futhi d , =
da, futhi wabeka ngenxa izincazelo '= ungene A' - D = log a
'- log T; , = D - log A, = ngemvume T - log a, e (4) imisebenzi:

, (11)
Khona-ke ngolunye uthola njalo d 'futhi D , yokunquma esiphezulu of:
;
zibalo:
;
,
Nokho, manje, lo and , by kakhulu nature yabo kahle by. Ngakho-ke unikeza
kuphela wesibili zibalo ezimbili lungene:
(12)
. Is Esikhundleni lapha ukuze , ehambisana a value of D selisho:

, = D - log D;
kwalokho,

Ngaphezu

eyatholakala eqinisweni, ubuhlobo emelelwa (10). ]

146. [eyengeziwe. Uma, ngokuhambisana kanje 35 isimiso kusungulwa ukuthi
Ukubeka of the amakhophi a K.-G. empeleni sincike ubukhulu amakhophi, lapho
behlupheka izinguquko, sithola ngokuqondile ukuguqulwa lapho okufakiwe in the
XIX. Isahluko ( 136) athuthukile umbono ukuba bufakwe, ukuze enze logarithmic
nokusabalalisa umthetho zithithibele.]
[Okungukuthi, ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni umthetho logarithmic
kanye for the bheke of izibalo amathonya ezikhethekile noma ezimweni,
ngokushesha amabutho kucatshangwa ukuba izimbangela usayizi izinguquko. Isibalo

sabo ngobukhulu elinganqunyiwe, ilingana n ukwamukela futhi yonke ngendlela

efanayo ukuthi W p lingenelele yabo, uWq = 1 - k kubangelwa ukungabikho ithonya
lazo. Ukuphumelela nesenzakalo zabo manje kodwa hhayi ningi than okufakiwe
wanezela kwemvume ukukhula, kodwa esichazwa njengesono esiphambene
ukubuyabuyelela, ukuze esikhundleni a + i kanye a xi
+ kunalokho ai futhi ai x kwenzeka. Kanjalo Ingabe etholakale ngenxa lokhu
ukuguqulwa for a wesibonelo ubukhulu ai x the W. efanayo ukuthi umbono,
ngaphambilini ithuthukiswe wesibonelo ubukhulu a + xi wasondela, kangangokuthi
manje:
, (13)
Uma sicabanga = ngemvume a and i = ungene i, unjalo + x i = log (aix), futhi
sithola ukubonakaliswa for W. ukuthi logarithm ubukhulu ikhophi esilingana +
x i kuyinto:
, (14)
Emva kwalokho, ngentuthuko ekuqaleni isicelo ngendlela efanayo futhi ngezinga
elifanayo ukwabiwa umthetho logarithmic, uma yonke indawo
nje a by = ngemvume a and i by i =ngemvume i kufakwa.]

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XXII. Ukwelashwa Ibuthelelo ratios phakathi

izilinganiso. Ratios Mean.
147. Emva lokhu ngifuna ukusho okuthile umsebenzi, okuyinto udlala
kukahulumeni ngempela indima, futhi umhlangano wabo sizikhandle ukuthola
indawo lapha, kanye badinga ukwelashwa logarithmic ibekwe ngokushesha
ezincikene.
Ubukhulu Bemerktermaen hhayi nje elula into, kodwa futhi izimo zalo
kungenzeka ziphathwe bebonke, futhi kakade ngenhla (Chap. Mina III) ngishilo
nalokhu ubudlelwano phakathi izilinganiso skull of a uhlanga owanikwa, kanye
nezigaba stem, okuthiwa. Nemilenze noma internodes a gramine yini kungaba inala
ezinye izibonelo ingatholakala. Ake us at the ubuhlobo phakathi mpo isici A kanye
ehambisana enezingqimba b of the skull of a zohlobo inikezwe, okuyinto ukuba
azimisele for eqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanga, wawamisa umthetho a in the
numerator, b in the zifana, yize ratio zingafundwa njengoba okuhle noHezekeli. The
isilinganiso a: b manje kancane ehlukene phakathi amakhophi lo
mncintiswano;kodwa ngoba ngokuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlanga isici kuqhathaniswa
bangabanye esikhundleni amalungiselelo ngabanye ezineziyaluyalu imiphumela
engaguquki therefrom. Omunye kungaba ke nje i ireshiyo phakathi b futhi a funa,
lapho ngokuvamile kanye M [a: b kubizwa]. Ngokusho njengoba it has izibalo noma
Jomethri kusho iso, contact A noma G endaweniM. The into ehambisana kungenzeka
ngenhlonipho nomunye izilinganiso ehambisana okufanayo engxenyeni noma
izilinganiso zobukhulu efanayo izingxenye ezahlukene hhayi kuphela abantu, kodwa

iyiphi into ibekwe , Ngakho omunye bangase bazibuze ukuthi uziphatha

ngokwesilinganiso, ubude ngomunwe omunye, ubude ilungu ubude ilungu sendlebe
yesibili, ubude ukuze ububanzi ikhadi lebhizinisi, izinga lokushisa kusho kwenyanga
ezinye, njll, Ngokushesha, lo msebenzi ofanayo uye ngokungenamkhawulo
ifanekisela.
148. An ireshiyo manje nawo ingatholakala ngezindlela
ezihlukahlukene; ikakhulukazi okulandelayo, lapho ngamunye elihambisana
amagugu a bese b ne index efanayo izobizwa.Isiqondiso for a: b izibonelo
ukulungele kungaba Yebo isiqondiso b: a luzoqala.
1) The izibalo asho ratios A [a: b] is etholwe ngokuxuba wonke amagugu
ngamunye a: b ihlukaniswe futhi wanezela inombolo efanayo; Ngakho:
, (1)
2) Njengoba sifinyeto kusho Ngibiza lokho eyatholakala lapho isamba sazo
zonke A kanye isamba sazo zonke b noma, yini kusho ukuthi into efanayo, kusho
izibalo zabo bonke Akanye kusho izibalo zabo bonke b ihlukaniswe, ngokusho
formula:
, (2)
Esinye phikisana ukusetshenziswa kwalesi remedy, kuba kunalokho ubuhlobo
phakathi agents njengendlela yokuthola ukuthi lezi zilinganiso; kodwa yiyo into
eyodwa, kukhona nezinye in the kwamanye ngokoMthetho izindlela ukuthi
sisebenzisa lapha nhlobo, ngaphandle ngoba isimiso letsite emkhatsini amagugu
ngabanye a: b futhi impela, ahluke Emacaleni angakajayeleki kakhulu, in the eduze
omunye kusho ukuwa.
3) etafuleni percen kusho. Ukuze uthole ngalezi zithako, amagugu
ukwakha a: (a + b) futhi b: (a + b) futhi sokuhlukanisa sum of the omunye by le
ndlela elandelayo:

, (3)
4) Lesi kusho Jomethri, omelelwa formula:
, (4)
iyona kusho Jomethri umkhiqizo we ratios ngamunye a: b noma, sisebenza
ngokufanayo ke, kusho Jomethri imikhiqizo a zihlukaniswe b, futhi ngendlela
engokoqobo njengoba Yetfulwe value logarithmic ukuba ( log a
- log b): m eyatholakala.

Omunye ucela choice emkhatsini lezi zindlela imithetho ehlukahlukene, ukuze

ubukhulu elula wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke bebonke kanye ngenhlonipho
vorzubemerken ukuthi kude ngakho kuphela isici izimo K.-G. kufanele senze, lapho
ngokuqhathanisa okufanayo nezinye izinto kuvunyelwe, ngamunye amanxusa
ohlwini kunomthelela kuphela ovela nombono ohlukile ukuba isici enjalo, nokuthi
lapho isilinganiso a: b ngaso sonke, kuqhathaniswa kuphela omncane
kuyahlukahluka, enze wonke amaspecialisation ezine cishe ukubaluleka
efanayo , Ngakho isibonelo, wanika ibhizinisi amakhadi 10, edonswa Random
kusukela iphasela uma ohlangothini iDemo. A isikhathi eside b ubizwa ngokuthi
amanxusa:
arithmetically 0,5654
summarily 0,5634
percen etafuleni 0,5650
geometrically 0,5649.
Amanani extreme a: b babe 0,5333 futhi 0,6053.
Khonamanjalo, lapho ukushintshashintsha phakathi a: b zinkulu, izimali
ezehlukene amalungiselelo anganika yalokho ngokuphongoza, futhi bebonke
kubalulekile ukuba ucacise izimo kungacacisa kukhethwa indlela phambi abanye
banqume.
Mayelana nalokhu, umuntu angabona ngokuvamile bathi ukuthi izibalo kanye
amatafula percen agent limane wawungaphansi ezinye ezomhlaba ezimbili futhi
ngokuvamile, kusho Jomethri kungenzeka ukuba bafanelwe preference, kanye
summary ungase uthole isicelo ewusizo ezimweni ezithile.
Empeleni, okokuqala unesifo kusho izibalo of ratios kule nemibi ezilandelayo.
a) Ukuze umuntu ngamunye ephula a: b ukukwazi ukwengeza, umuntu kufanele
aqale ukunciphisa ngamunye ukuba ingxenyenamba zamadesimali lokho amagugu
amaningi a: bkuyinto enzima kakhulu.
b) Empeleni, akusho lutho ukuthi amagugu ngqo yilezi a: b noma reciprocals
of b: a bafuna ukusebenzisa ukudweba izimali, ukuze ireshiyo a futhi b ukuba
anqume; futhi kufanele Yebo uthole zombili izindlela Chile oluhambisana; kodwa
lokhu kunikeza le ndlela owenza hhayi, njengoba kuvela, uma ukuhlanekezela izimali
etholakala reciprocals, ukuhoxa okuthiwa kusho harmonic kuze oshintshiwe
etholakala amagugu ngqo. kokubili awahambelani, ngokushesha A [a: b] akuyona
uyalingana harmonic kusho 1: A [B: A] .. Yiba isibonelo, ukuthatha isibonelo lesilula
izimo ezimbili kuphela:
;;
unjalo:

;;;;,
10/16 kodwa kuyinto = 0,625, 6/10 = 0.600. Ebhekisela nakakhulu sihluke nomunye

amafraktjhini njenge kulesi sibonelo, ngakho umehluko phakathi izindlela ngqo futhi
harmonic kuyinto nakakhulu. Kanjalo K.-G., lapho iningi amagugu a: b akuyona
kakhulu kude value kusho ngempela liphansi kakhulu, kodwa hhayi azinakwa,
njengoba umthetho kuphi, futhi inqubo ngenxa emagama yayo imiphumela e yimuphi
umcimbi, ilahlwe esimisweni.
c) unayo ratios isilinganiso phakathi amagugu ezintathu a, b, c ukuba azimisele,
njengoba ratios ezintathu a: b, b: c, a: c kungenzeka reciprocals yabo, futhi
ongazithola ufuna, kusukela amabili lezizimo (noma ngokushesha waqala ekhulwini
lesithathu okuzuza ngqo noma okuhambisanayo). Nokho, Lokhu, kwenza le ndlela
ngeke ngesibonelo. A [a: c] abakwazi ukuthola iqiniso lokuthi A [a: b] kanye A [b: c]
landa.
Amatafula percen kusho amasheya Bonke nemibi arithmetic. Kodwa ngezinye
izikhathi sithola kokubili lowo uhlangothi.
Nokho, The summary and Jomethri kusho akhululekile zonke lezi
yokuntula. Kodwa wena wayefuna kodwa izibalo ngqo belingana ivumelane kodwa
ehlukene kusukela izindlela isimiso ngqo ukunikeza trust ekhethekile, ukuze
ubungeke ukwazi banamathele kuphela izibalo noma Jomethri kusho asho ngqo
kanye harmonic. Kodwa kusukela kukhona khulula ithi,
esikhundleni a: b of b: a bacabanga ubuhlobo ngqo, hhayi kuphela sihlale i
emagama, kodwa ekukhetseni izibalo kwakusho buphinde bube khona umbuzo ka
ukuthi nikhetha ngqo noma harmonic kufanele, ngakho emagama ngeke kususwe lolu
hlangothi. Emva ubufakazi kodwa mina Prof. SCHEIBNER 1) Sikweleta, lo Jomethri
ratios kusho ezinikezwe ekwindla at K.-G. Ngokuvamile yabamba umcimbi ukuthi
izibalo ngqo futhi ivumelane asho zingafani kancane, ngokuphawulekayo
ngokunembile kanye kusho izibalo of the ezimbili ndawonye, futhi ungazithola
ukuqinisekisile kalula ngezibonelo okuzenzela.
1)

[Comp. W. SCHEIBNER: "Cishe Isilinganiso", kubika Royal. Umphakathi Saxon

wokwazi-izinkampani. 1873. p 564. - Ngokusho amalungiselelo inikezwe kuwo,
kusho Jomethri cishe ilingana
the harmonic asho esilingana

ukuba :,
ukuba :,

lapho A, izibalo asho futhi q limele kusho iphutha square; kusukela lapho theorem
ngenhla kanje.]

 149 Ekugcineni, kanjalo cishe senze kuphela umbuzo kuba kude kangakanani
summary akukhetha noma Jomethri kusho.
Manje summary kusho Kunconywa ikakhulukazi kalula ikusasa lakhe, njengoba yona
kuphela summation of bonke A nabo bonke b kanye Division of funa a sum by the
ezinye Nokho, kubalulekile nokuvulwa kusho Jomethri, saze saphela
sonke a and b olimini logarithms. Nokho, Bobabili, babe umehluko elandelayo
oyinhloko incazelo.
Yiba summary kusho:

unikezwa, ukuze kuyacaca ukuthi uma ikhophi ezinjalo ngemva kwakhe ezimbili
engenayo izingxenye isilinganiso A 'futhi B' enkulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa
nezinye yayiyoba yindlela isilinganiso appreciably nje namanje
isilinganiso a ': b' kuyoxhomeka, ngaleso sikhathi a "+ A"
'+ ngokumelene a' futhi b '+ b' '+ ngokumelene b unyamalale, nokuthi
jikelele zezinhlobo ezinkulu ngokuhambisana ubungako bawo futhi lizuze ithonya
okwengeziwe kwengoma. Manje lokhu ngempela ukuze, uma omunye ndlovu
emikhulu isisindo inamathela ukuzimisela agent njengoba ezincane, okungase kube
kuhle kakhulu icala, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi yimuphi umcimbi, Akukho
okudlula in the summary kusho lokho leliqiniso lithwala, cishe isilinganiso isici the
K.-G. inikezwe ukubona, kunanoma iyiphi enye ubuhlobo central, okuyinto
alikhulumi entrain it nje esisanda kuchazwa into ngomqondo ohlukile.
Ngokuphambene, kungase Yebo futhi kube enhlosweni kokuba zezinhlobo ezinkulu
kanye nezincane neqhaza obulinganayo ukuzimisela ezimaphakathi, z. B.
ukubaluleka hhayi ngaphezulu ukuba ubuhlobo phakathi isici enezingqimba futhi
mpo amakhanda kunangendlela kanye ezincane, futhi lokhu ngokuqinisekile kaningi
okwenzeka ngenhloso sifana kusho Jomethri.
The izibalo namatafula percen kusho inzuzo aphumayo ukuthi uma izimo
ezintathu a: b, b: c, a: c sizimisele ezimbili phakathi, maphakathi wesithathu
ngokushesha kusobala uhlukanisa summary kusho Jomethri by emva ezimbili has:
, (5)
Ngokuphambene, owayazi summary izindlela ezilandelayo inzuzo phezu
Jomethri. Ake sithi wena. Has in a izinto multi-ilungu, ezifana cereal straws
ezinikezwe hlobo, ikakhulukazi, ireshiyo ubude bayo kuze Ubude ukudla kunqunywa
ngayinye ilungu summarily, kubalulekile kuphela abanye anezela lezi zimo amalungu
amabili ukuvumela kokuba ireshiyo inhlanganisela yalezi zici ezimbili kuya ubude,
okuyinto akunjalo izindlela Jomethri, wazibonakalisa kanjani kalula; lokho kafushane
ungaboniswa kanje: the isilinganiso kusho umphako izingxenye kanye wonke elenga
enengqondo emva summary ukuhamba bebonke ngokuthi emva Jomethri ngisho
nomunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, icala elandelayo kubhekwa. Ake in a K.-G. zenzeka phakathi

kwezinye izinto, ngoba lapho omunye noma enye amagugu
ezimbili a noma b zero; ezifana z. B. angashiya ezinye izingxenye esiqinile
ngokuphelele ekutholweni ireshiyo phakathi izisindo izingxenye kanzima futhi
ithambe izilwane ezahlukene. Kulokhu, kusho Jomethri kuyinto yaphela indaba yalo,
ngoba, kuye ngenani zero kule numerator noma zifana kwenzeka, i-ejenti zero noma
akupheli. Khona ungakwazi kodwa ukubamba kuphela isishwankathelo kusho uma
ungafuni ukubeka phambili isimiso ukuthi amacala anjalo bengayi lolo,
lapho a and b kukhona, Unite yonke indawo gcina amagugu ezilinganiselwe
ngaphansi izindlela ezifanayo.
150. Njengoba ngabe yikuphi samanje subject daba by the summary kanye
isilinganiso weJiyomethri yezingxenye a and b, kunqunywa ngezindlela ezehlukene
lapho ningene ukuzimisela kwakhe, khona-ke, ngokuvamile, bangabanye konke of
ukuzimisela yayo ukuthi bobabili agents sizimisele, okungadingi ukuvimbela,
ngokuhambisana nezimo kodwa kunalokho kusuka lapho ukwenza ukusetshenziswa
ezahlukene 2). Nokho, it has ukuzimisela ezimbili ngaphandle umnikelo jikelele izici
esiyinikwe K.- G., ogama izingxenye a and bkukhona, kodwa inzuzo ukuthi
nemibandela bobabili ejenti ndawonye akuzona shu ekhethekile amalungiselelo isici,
okungukuthi okulandelayo:
1) Uma isilinganiso a ku b ezimele ubukhulu ngokuphelele a and b for wonke
amakhophi ziyafana, ngakho zezinhlobo enkulu zizinkulu encane, ingqikithi marische
kusho ilingana Jomethri.
2) Uma umuntu ephethe b njalo kanyekanye okwandayo noma kuyancipha, kodwa
hhayi ngokuvamile ezimweni ezifanayo, ngakho kungase kube ukuthi
isilinganiso a: b kanye okwandayo ubungako a and b ukwanda, noma ukuthi
kunciphisa; yangaphambili kunjalo lapho kusho Jomethri of a: b lincane ukwedlula
summary, lona wamuva, uma kuba emikhulu.
3) Uma ukushintshashintsha isihlobo amagugu a ku izibalo zabo asho A elingana
ukushintshashintsha proportionate in the amagugu b ukuba arithmetic wabo asho B,
ngakho kusho Jomethri ilingana summary. Njengoba elithile ukushintshashintsha
isihlobo kusebenza lapha bez. A ukuphambuka elula noma quadratic
kusho A zihlukaniswe A, okungukuthi : Anoma q : A, ake sithi
kafushane P; ngokusho : B noma Q : B, short Q, maqondana B.
4) Kuye ukushintshashintsha isihlobo of the amagugu kuqondwe incazelo odlule,
ukuze more A noma B okungukuthi, kusho Jomethri kuncane noma mkhulu
ukwedlula summary.
5) Ngokuba inhlanganisela 1) no 2) 3) kanye 4) Lokhu kuhlola kulandelwa
nakakhulu, ukuthi, kuye ukushintshashintsha isihlobo ukuba A ilingana B, mkhulu
noma ngaphansi, ukubaluleka a: b izimele amagugu ngokuphelele
the a and b kuyinto ubukhulu njalo noma elandayo a and b ukunyuselwa noma
kuyancipha [inqobo ukuthi ngaso sonke ukubaluleka a:b ukuziphatha okunjalo njalo
futhi nje phakathi Konstanz, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kanye nokuncipha

okuqhubekayo, a nezimvume isinqumo].

2)

Cishe nje elungiselela ezimbili noma ngaphezulu K.-G. emva nemibandela

izimali zabo A and G okungaqhathaniswa, unga Yebo in inani zabo C no D,
qhathanisa ngiwunike lezi imiphumela SmT-union hhayi ngokuvamile
ngobungakho; kodwa ngiya on izingxoxo jikelele lapha phezu esingashiwongo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwaba at amadoda izingebhezi 237 German, ireshiyo (yaseHori:
Vertik ..) Of ngezinga mpo cranium kuze kube sezingeni evundlile summarily
1,2830; geometrically 1,2827; Central 1,2837.
Ngemva kwalokho, ie kuyabonakala ngezimo Jomethri mali summary, ngaphandle
isitatimende esingeziwe ukwenza, ngokushesha sifika eziphethweni ezithile,
kungakhathaliseki okwandayo ubukhulu bento futhi ngalokhu yayo
izingxenye a and b, isilinganiso a: b nomaphi (noma okungenani ngokuyinhloko)
likhula noma lehla futhi ngabe omunye uphiko a, bkuyehluka e ratios okukhulu
ukuba izibalo zabo asho.
Ukulandela ubufakazi rates ngenhla. Ukuthinta lokuqala, kanjalo babe
isishwankathelo and Jomethri kusho:
futhi
juxtaposes. Manje Cauchy ufakazela e Cours yakhe d'ukuhlaziya p. 15 futhi 447,
ukuthi

ngokuvamile phakathi a ': b', a ': b ", ... uwela. Manje, uma a ': b', a ': b ", ... konke
alingane a: b, khona-ke izingibe Lesisemkhatsini ukuba par a: b, kanti akukho
ngaphansi kusho Jomethri for the icala ukulingana phakathi a': b , a ": b", ... on a: b
encishisiwe. Ukuvumelana kodwa njengoba ukulingana phakathi
amagugu a: b uyayeka, futhi, ngokuvamile, ukulingana phakathi izimali ezimbili
phezu, futhi kungase kube manje ukuthi a: b kanye ushintsho ubukhulu
ngokuphelele a and b okuyingxenye ukwanda, ngokwengxenye lehla, ngoba lapho
icala alungise lutho General. Kodwa ake sithi a and b uthathe nomaphi nomunye
ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwanda noma ukwehla ngaphandle ukuthi kwenzeke yonke
indawo izimo ezifanayo, ngakho kukhona for the set 2) a ubufakazi jikelele ukuthi
mina umkweleta nginguye Prof. SCHEIBNER, kodwa sezimiso hhayi siyinhloko,
ngalokho ngikhetha lapha ubheke enokwehla probation ukubusa nganoma iyiphi
izibonelo okuzenzela. Futhi Yebo, ukubusa kuzosebenza icala, ngisho nalapho
kuphela a futhi b in the iningi amacala nomunye ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwanda
noma ukwehla. The sesithathu nesesine isigwebo Ukuthinta, ngakho kuwumphumela
SCHEIBNER of 3) banikezwe ubuhlobo phakathi izibalo kanye izindlela Jomethri of
amagugu elula. Emva kwalokho une emva kokuhlela

of P futhi Q njengoba q : A and Q : B:

;
; (6)
kusukela lapho imisho 3) kanye 4) ulandela. Manje, kakade amafomula ethintekayo
zazikuphi kuphela, kodwa isiqondiso imiphumela ngeke washintsha imigomo encane
ivinjelwe.Isethi 5) kulandela kusukela egameni elandulela.
3)

["Mayelana ezomhlaba" LC]

151. In the engenhla ( 148) izindlela yokunquma of G [a: b] is the application of

logarithms nje ukuba lula invoice; kodwa izidingo isicelo sabo sijule.
Umphumela okungukuthi umbuzo ukuthi, njengoba ngamunye
izilinganiso a and b, ratios yabo a: b uvumelane ukusatshalaliswa imithetho
yethu; isifundo lapho ke Nokho, ukwehla ngamunye a: b kungenziwa engayekanga,
kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa izimpendulo kude kwabonakala kangaka ukuthi omunye
wabo ongazilindela lutho kusukela processing izibalo;kanti umbono kwaba ukuthi,
emva sibuka ukubaluleka densest lwamakholi (a: b) the ngeziphambeko log
ngamunye (a: b) efanayo unezele distribution imithetho yethu, eyaphumela ofanele
kakhulu nokutadisha K.-G. uye wakuthola ukuqinisekisile.
[Ukuze sicacise lokhu isibonelo, ngikhetha isilinganiso kwenkululeko
enezingqimba for mpo ngezinga (olunembile vertex bend) 500 European amadoda
skull, okuyinto olunikezwa Prof. WELCKER atholakale kimi. Kusukela ngezinga
evundlile kuyinto consistently mkhulu ukwedlula mpo - the selilonke kulencane
evundlile (for a baseRussia Little) kuyinto 465 mm; vertex bend ngobukhulu (for a
skull kusukela nendawo Halle) kuyinto 448 mm - ngakho ratios kukhona zonke
izingxenyana ezingafanele futhi logarithms zabo ezinhle. I ratios esincane ilingana
1.211, esiphezulu ilingana 1,403. Ngakho-ke amagugu logarithmic ziyahlukahluka
phakathi 0,083 and 0,147 emikhawulweni; bona babe isilinganiso G 1 = 0.1073, ukuze
Jomethri kusho G 1 ilingana ratios 1,280. Uma sikhetha isikhawu logarithmic i
= 0,003 kanye umkhawulo engezansi sokuphumula lokuqala ukubaluleka 0,0825,
sithola lesi sifaniso etafuleni okulandelayo phakathi enokwehla kanye kudingwa
ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic amagugu theory:

Isilinganiso selilonke evundlile a ngezinga mpo (vertex bend) b 500 European

amadoda skull.

= log a - log b; i = 0,003; m = 500; G 1 = 0.1073; G 1 = 1.280.

z

Empir.

theor.

0.084

0.087

0.090

12

10

0.093

17

19

0,096

29

32

0.099

47

46

0.102

64

58,5

0.105

64

65

0,108

67

64

0.111

61

58

0,114

45

47

0.117

36

36

0.120

28

24,5

0.123

11

15

0,126

0.129

4.5

0.132

0.135

0.5

0.138

0.141

0.144

0.147

Sum

500

500

G 2 = 0.1073 G 2 = 1.280
C = 0,1070 C = 1,279
D i = 0,1068 T i = 1,279
D p = 0,1060 T p = 1,276
e '= 0,0079

e, = 0,0066
m '= 272,5
m, = 227,5
h '= 7142
h, = 85,48.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi D i akusho amele derivable ngokuqondile lelingenhla,
empirically value densest (kunalokho alinganayo 0,1075), kodwa isilinganiso
ezintathu ibalwa kusukela kungenzeka zokunciphisa izingqimba amagugu ezintathu:
0,1075; 0,1085; 0,1043. Lokhu ukuhlinzekwa wakhethwa ngoba lapha isikhundla
ukuncishiswa nethonya elikhulu nomaphi indawo D i okungukuthi,
phakathi G 2 futhi C ukufanisa cishe ngokuphelele imiphumela kusukela primary
etafuleni amagugu. The asymmetry ibuthakathaka; njengoba futhi

close to = 0,785 uyavuma. Izincwadi phakathi enokwehla futhi theory z amagugu

kodwa sanelise, akungabazeki.]

XXIII. Ukweyama ratios

152. Omunye bangase bazibuze ukuthi le okushisa isilinganiso iminyaka
ezilandelanayo ziyehluka ukuqondana imithetho emsulwa noma ukukhombisa
ithemba ethile ngokulandelana kwabo nomunye; umbuzo badluliselwe Ezimweni
eziningi ezifanayo. Manje ratios ukuncika zingafani, kanti uphenyo kungaba
ngendlela efanele ukwenza ezahlukene kuso. Omunye wemibuzo elula nokutadisha
izindlela kodwa lihlobene eduze kuphawula okulandelayo.
Ngithatha uhlu besondele izinombolo ilotho. Isibonelo ezinjalo, iqala:
26 826 _
21 460 +
31 094 _
22 120 _
16 226 (+)
I ubheke, njengoba beistehend, isiphi ukwehla kusukela eyodwa inombolo
okulandelayo - yimuphi ukwanda kanye + futhi uthole kanjalo ngaphandle inombolo
yokuqala ezilandelayo uchungechunge: - + - - futhi yalo ngaphandle asebenzise
kuqubuka izinguquko ezimbili yisibonakaliso ukulandelana ezifanayo
izinhlamvu; noma uma I ukufinyelela emuva kokubili izinombolo njengophawu: - + -

- + futhi izinguquko ezine kulokhu futhi ukulandelana; ngokuvamile, uma mina inani
izinombolo m kanye nenombolo ye izinguquko nemiphumelaenjalo call, uma
kuqala z = m - 2, lona wamuva icala z =. m Igama ngaphambili indlela A, lo
yokugcina indlela b.
Kwangathi I manje indlela a noma b zisebenza, ngakho ngicabanga enkulu m inani
izinguquko uphawu bayalingana eseduze kabili inani strings ukuthi mina W. omunye
W. of elinye2: Kungathatha 1 1) . Lokhu umthetho ngengozi.
1)

[In theory uthola lokhu isilinganiso kusukela amazwi amagugu

ezintathu a, b, c, okuyizinto mahhala Successionsabhngigkeit, kanye ematfuba
efanayo ngamunye successions eziyisithupha:
a, b, c, c, b, a, b, a, c, c, a, b, a, c, b,

b, c, a
kungenzeka, ukuze kuthi, uma z. B. a <b <c, lo successions ezimbili zokuqala
ngamunye intambo, ezine last phakade ukunikeza ushintsho isibonakaliso, futhi
ngenxa yalokho W. intambo ilingane 1/3ubunjalo W. chenwechsels
ilingana 2/3 isethwe.]

Kodwa uma ukwencika kweenomboro ezilandelanako kwezinhlobo kuthi bangena

Kontinuo by isikhawu ethile futhi ngabe uphonsa futhi, kanjalo inani strings ngabe
ukwandisa phezu isilinganiso odlule ngaphesheya. Yebo, uma ukuncika njalo
wahamba eya ohlangothini olulodwa, ngakho-ke by Indlela A strings elikhulu,
ngokusho indlela bm - uthole 2 iziqephu, 2 ushintsho.
Ake unamathele indlela a ukuma futhi ushayele inamba kushintshana w ukuthi
nemiphumela f, khona-ke ukuzibusa ngokugcwele by f =1/3 for ukwencika
ngokugcwele f = z and ukwencika lokunye amagugu f ephawula phakathi kwalezi ,
futhi ibizwa elithile ukuncika esinqunyiwe for inikezwe f futhi z ingatholakala izimo
lapho okweqa f ngaphezu lizinga ukuzibusa ngokugcwele for the insalela ingqikithi
ukuncika ngokuphelele ukuzimela full, di uma senza lokhu ngesilinganiso kanye
nokulutheka khetha .:
Dep.

=. (1)

Khonamanjalo, f ngenxa ezilinganiselwe m engaqinisekile futhi lokhu

nokungaqiniseki kuyinto ithemba. Abahileleke. Ukuhlinzekwa lokhu ukungaqiniseki
kumele ifakwe ukubaluleka nokulutheka. Njengoba Iphutha kungenzeka.
[Kwenza lokhu ukuzimisela by kokubala imikhawulo kungenzeka, okubangelwa
kubuyekezwe okuthiwa. Theorem Bernoulli analo W.-intambo ngenxa amagugu

baphawula of f futhiz isivuno. Uma, okungukuthi, uW ongaziwa okuvela a string

ulingana x, lo W. a ayashintsha ulingana 1 x, kunjalo isigwebo ekhonjiwe ematfuba
theory 2) Ngokusho W.:
(2)
ukuthi ukubaluleka x phakathi kwemingcele:
kanye

(2a)

Liege. Kusukela for W = ukubaluleka c = 94 kuyinto 0,476, ngakho imikhawulo

cishe kukhona of x ilingana:
, (3)
Ngakho kukhona imikhawulo cishe sokuncika alinganayo .:
, (4)
Ngakho, kuba 1 1 ukubheja ukuthi degree ngenhla kuchazwe sokuncika akuyona
lincane ephansi futhi akazidluli engenhla kwemingcele ezimbili esibekiwe.]
2)

[Comp. Izinkulumo Meyer mayelana okungenzeka theory Kap.VII.]

[Kungokufanayo futhi ziba nenani negative, ngaleyo ndlela ubonise a ithemba,

esibonakala by oyisakhi - baziwa ukushintsha uhlamvu - ngokuma esimweni
ngokwedlulele. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi inombolo f izintambo ngezansi
ukubaluleka 1/3 for kuyancipha futhi intando esimweni nokukhawulela 0.]
153. [Ukusetshenziswa elithile umsebenzi (4) ukuba sihlole ukulandelana
kuncike Meteorological idatha nyangazonke futhi nsuku zonke kuholela imiphumela
elandelayo.]
[Dove umele komunye azibhala yakhe 3) eziningana izindawo, the "ngeziphambeko
zesikhathi izinyanga ngamunye kusukela ngonyaka multi-amagugu avareji yalo"
ndawonye.Ukuze Berlin lokhu Compilation ihlanganisa inkathi 1719-1849 kanye
nokwehluleka kweminyaka inyanga ngayinye nje 3 kuya 7. Lokhu kuholela
ezithathwe ndawonye indlela for bonke izinyanga a successions 1421 abalingiswa,
okungukuthi 913 futhi 508 izinhlamvu kushintshana strings. The W. x ke intambo ine
imikhawulo cishe:
noma 0,3575 0,0086;

kusiphi isizwe
Dep. = 0,036 0,013
uthola.]

3)

[Umbiko abasebenzi 1848 futhi 1849 eminyakeni iziteshi of the Meteorological

sikhungo ababecabanga. Berlin, 1851. S. XX FlgD.]

[In the Book Netherlands Year of meteorology 4) umuntu ethola amatafula nsuku
zonke thermometer futhi barometer ngeziphambeko kusukela ebhukwini evamile
yansuku zonke ezitholakala kusukela eminyakeni observation, inyanga ngayinye
yonyaka. Izindawo observation kukhona iziteshi ezahlukene Meteorological kuleli
lizwe; izikhathi observation kukhona amahora ethile ngosuku, ngalo amagugu
kokubili isimo evamile kanye umehluko ubheke. Ngenxa yalokho, ukudlondlobala
osemthethweni noma ukuwa izinga lokushisa futhi barometer kusekelwa ngaphakathi
bill ngenyanga, ukuze ukwencika ukulandelana ayiphazamiseki. I wakhetha amagugu
yanikezwa Utrecht ngo January ngesikhathi esiyiminyaka-10 kusukela 1884 kuya
1893, emini 2 clock. Indlela efanayo ayithelanga by a successions 298
abalingiswa. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona 129 strings and 169 izinhlamvu
izinguquko, ngoba barometer ngeziphambeko 153 strings and izinhlamvu 145
ukushintsha for the ngeziphambeko thermometer. NGAKHO-KE kungatholakala for
the imikhawulo zangaphambili cishe of W. a string ulingana:
0,433 0,019
and:
. Abh = 0,149 0,029;
ngoba yokugcina, ngakolunye uhlangothi njengoba imikhawulo cishe W. a string:
0,513 0,020 and:
Dep. = 0,270 0,029.
Ngakho, babe izinga lokushisa nsuku zonke futhi barometer ngeziphambeko a
esiqondile ukulandelana ithemba, kanti senyanga lokushisa ngeziphambeko efanayo njengoba kuphawulwe 20 -. Ivele esiwujuqu kancane]
4)

[Meteorological Jaarboek, uitgegeven umnyango het Kon. Nederlandsch

Meteorological Institute. "Thermoen barometer afwijkingen".]

[Ukuphakama imvula nsuku zonke, kodwa, kukhona - ngokusho amazwi in 21 mahhala ukulandelana ukuncika ebalulekile. Empeleni, umphumela kule

xxi. Isahluko wakhethwa njengosuku isibonelo inherent eziphakemeyo ukwelashwa

imvula January for Geneva kusukela 1845-1892 phakathi 475 successions
abalingiswa 165 izitimela abalingiswa efanayo.Lapha, wonke amagugu 477 kuthiwa
zahlanganisa ukulandelana kwabo temporal ngokusho inombolo, futhi successions
amagugu efanayo yanjalo kwandisa kunciphe beige babalwa.Ngakho kungatholakala:
Dep. = 0,022 0,022.
Ibhayisikobho value akahlukile kakhulu degree emalini ohlwini original ukubuthela
izilinganiso ogama ukulandelana ithemba izalwe kusukela ekuqaleni ayibalulekile,
njengoba singekho isizathu, njengoba ukubuthela izilinganiso Aushebungsgeschftes
a ukuncika eziphawulekayo ukuze of degree kufanele bakwazi kuphakama. Ngokuba
uchungechunge 360 umfundi ukubuthela ngezinga ukuthi isahl. Wakhonza on
probation XX kwemithetho ngokwedlulele, okungukuthi okwabangela 125 strings
kanye nezinhlamvu 233 izinguquko, lapho
Dep. = 0,023 0,025
kuyinto. Kuzo zombili izimo, kwemingcele ngesilinganiso ukuncika zihlanganisa
ukubaluleka 0 icala ekahle, ngizimele ngokuphelele.]
154. [Enye indlela ukutadisha ukwencika ukulandelana lwadluliselwa ku 20
ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-ngaxoxa. It kusekelwe observation ukuthi inkululeko
egcwele futhi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa izingozi ongenakulinganisela inani
Izigcawu ezimbili ngenhla noma ezimbili ezinezikhoxe ngaphansi value
isikhungo C akhiwe amagugu ntathu linganisa inombolo izinguquko phakathi
ezimbili ngamunye nangaphezulu C amagugu amanga. Okungukuthi, amagugu
ngenhla C ngokusebenzisa +, amagugu ngezansi C kuboniswa -, ngakho value
positive W. eyodwa enkulu njengoba W. a negative; Ngakho ngisho nazo ukuzibusa
ngokugcwele, ngamunye we successions ezine kungenzeka: + +, - -; + -; - +
Equiprobable. Nokho, ezimbili zokuqala anikeze ngamunye intambo, ezimbili
zokugcina phakade ushintsho uphawu, ukuze kukhona kokubili string kanye
ayashintsha, lo W. . Uma umuntu ethola for uchungechunge kanjalo ziphathwe of
amagugu f strings and w izinguquko lwezandla emhlanganweni inombolo
ngokwanele enkulu z = f + w successions abalingiswa, ukuze angaphezu
komkhawulo cishe for the W. ezingaziwa x intambo kusukela Ukubuyiselwa theorem
Bernoulli sika ilingana:

kungatholakala. Lapha value f: z lapho ethatha indawo ngokwengxenye ukulandelana

ukuncika ukuthi izenze eyaziwa ngokuthi yinhlanganisela iziqephu ziqhathaniswa
ushintsho, phakathi amagugu , okubhekisele ukuzibusa ngokugcwele, kanye
namagugu 1, lo for f = z umnyuziki ukuncika kubonisa olulindile. Ngakho Omunye
kungaba uvule ubudlelwano insalela ka ukwencika esinqunyiwe on ukuzibusa
ngokugcwele, ie of the ibalwa x win phezu ukuba izinsalela ingqikithi ukuncika
ngokuphelele ukuzimela full, di 1 phezu , elithile nokuncika kanye

Abh.

=, (5)

noma uma for x imikhawulo cishe kuthathwe,

Dep.
=

(6)

setha. Ngisho lokhu degree of ukuncika reserves for amagugu negative ukubaluleka
yayo ngaleso sikhathi ibonisa preponderance uW isibonakaliso Exchange of W.
intambo.]
[Njengoba isibonelo uzikale ukuncika ukukhonza a ngokwengxenye
uchungechunge ngenyanga ngeziphambeko for Berlin, enye ingxenye
yochungechunge ukubuthela izilinganiso ogama ukulandelana nemizana Kuye ibalwe
formula (4), ukuze ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungenzeka ukuqhathanisa phakathi
izindlela ezimbili of ukuzimisela.]
[Ngokuphathelene ukushintshashintsha ngenyanga ekuqaleni value isikhungo
inyanga ngayinye C ukuze kutholakale. Okufanayo lehla ngezansi izinyanga
ezimbalwa, ngoba iningi izinyanga ngaphezu abafanele agent ngonyaka
multi-. Kungase, kodwa - isicelo sale ndlela kakhulu lula - ngempela isilinganiso
uqobo iyokwamukeleka njengoba isikhungo value, ukuze emihle nemibi
ukuphambuka namagugu + amagugu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo - kufanele
sisebenzise amagugu mayelana indlela yethu. Ngokuba eziyi-12 yi, kuthathwe
ndawonye, njengoba kunqunywa amagugu central 768 strings nezinhlamvu 665
ukushintsha; e ngokuqondile ezomhlaba Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhona 769 strings
and 664 izinhlamvu izinguquko, kuphumele mahluko ezibalula ngesilinganiso
sokuncika nabo. Ibhayisikobho amalungiselelo zangaphambili umphumela
imikhawulo njengoba kungenzeka on the W. a amagugu string:
0,536 0,009;
kusukela amagugu yokugcina:
0,537 0,009;
futhi esimweni ngaphambili:
Dep. = 0,072 0,018
e mBhalo:
Dep. = 0,073 0,018.
Ngakho, lapha ngesilinganiso sokuncika (6) kuholela amagugu emikhulu njengoba
ngesilinganiso sokuncika (4).]
[Emaphakathi value C 360 abaqeqeshelwa izilinganiso kungatholakala ilingana
71,75. Ngemva kwalokho, bazifake phakathi 359 successions abalingiswa 165 kanye
194 uhlamvu strings ukushintsha. Ngakho-ke imikhawulo engaba for W. umyalelo
yilezi:

0,460 0,018
futhi:
Abh = -. 0,081 0,035.
Ngakho etholwe kuleli cala, a value kuqhathaniswa ezincane kuno by formula
(4); Nokho, okufanayo kuphambuka ngokwezinga elikhulu kusukela amagugu ekahle
0th]
155. [Isilinganiso sokuncika (6) Ungakwazi futhi ukuthi anayiphi enye amabili
izilinganiso a K.-G. multidimensional noma izilinganiso ezahlukene, kodwa
ngesikhathi K.-G. ahlobene kwenziwe zithithibele. Ngenxa yalesi njongo esikubiza
ngokuthi ukukhula ngamunye izilinganiso ezimbili iqhathaniswa +, neminye
ngokusebenzisa - ukuze iqoqo mnamabhuzu amagugu ezihlobene ngokubona m - 1
uhlamvu ngababili ++, - -, + -, - + libhekene. Phakathi yokugcina, izintambo
njengoba baningi ushintsho isibonakaliso inkululeko egcwele izilinganiso ezimbili
nomunye futhi ngaphandle supervention zenzakalo ongenakulinganisela, kusukela
cishe W. ukuba ngamunye izinhlobo ezine uhlamvu ngababili okufanayo. Ngakho-ke,
lapho ngaphansi ezifana ababecabanga f imiphumela and w izinguquko zenzeka,
ibalwa W. intambo ngokusho formula (3) kanye ukucacisa ngesilinganiso sokuncika
ngokusho formula (6).]
Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi ubukhulu selilonke enezingqimba kanye mpo
vertex bend 500 amadoda European skull, okwakubonisa ukwelapha ratios phakathi
izilinganiso njengesibonelo esahlukweni esedlule, okuncikileyo ukuthi kungaba
kunqunywa indlela esibekiwe kanje. The Skulls 500 mass kukhona ohlwini original
ngamaqembu 34 6-30 skull efingqiwe (zokuqala ezimbili ziphethe 20 no-15
Breisgauer Schwaben; ezimbili last 6 namaSerbia 22 Great baseRussia); eqenjini
ngalinye, kodwa ngezinga ngokwandisa ovundlile ngezinga ziqiniswa. Ngakushaya
manje iqembu ngalinye inani strings and ayashintsha lapho kungase kuphakame
phakathi amagugu kuqhathaniswa ezimbili, amacala lapho wangena kumile in the
ushintsho of the eziguquguqukayo ezimbili, isigamu iziqephu kanye nencenye Eqa
kwanezelwa okuzama. Ngemva kwalokho, akhiwe 273 strings nezinhlamvu 193
exchange sakuthola 466 namabhuzu abalingiswa, ukuze:
Dep.
wabuyela.]
[Isibonelo sesibili ngibutha the Professor WELCKER in indaba 5): "umthamo futhi
abathathu ububanzi ezinkulu Nogebhezi lwawo" izilinganiso bethintene
elingaphakathi I

nobude L, ububanzi B kanye ukuphakama H 101 izingebhezi

zamakhanda ezizweni ezihlukahlukene ethile ukwencika WELCKER-rule
"Schdelmodulus" L + B + H futhi umkhiqizo L B H ukubala Interiors
ohambelana. Uma ngamunye, wayala ngokwandisa Interiors amaqembu Skull ogama
inombolo 13, lapha aphathwe kanye maqondana amaqembu izilinganiso
enezingqimba noma mpo esibekiwe, njengoba yalokho kokubili L + B +

H futhi mina kanye L. B. H and I 59,5 strings kuqhathaniswa abalingiswa 26,5

ukushintsha phakathi 86 ngababili abalingiswa. Ngakho-ke kokubili ukwencika sum
njengoba umkhiqizo ububanzi ezintathu ezinkulu isikhala elingaphakathi:
Dep. =

1.3490

= 0.384

0,067
ukusetha. Kungaba kanye Prof. WELCKER akubonisa the indatshana okukhulunywa,
kokubili amagugu L + B + H kunalabo L B H-avareji amagugu ingaphakathi
ngesimo tabular, silivumele, ngenxa ukubaluleka kulinganiswa sum noma umkhiqizo
ububanzi ezinkulu ezintathu ukucacisa cishe ingaphakathi esifanele skull.]
5)

[Archives of Anthropology, Volume XVI, Issue 1 u. 2. S. 72 FlgD.]

[An okubi kakhulu yale ukuzimisela ukuncika kufinyelelwa lapho ubukhulu

ukukhula noma ukwehla izilinganiso kuqhathaniswa kubhekwa. Lokhu kungenziwa
nangokunquma isisindo strings waphawula futhi ayashintsha ngale ndlela
elandelayo. Badlulisela ngababili umlingisi isisindo 1, uma ngamunye ukwanda
ubukhulu by the unit noma lehla, bese usetha isisindo umlingisi ngamunye KE
umbhangqwana elilingana umkhiqizo nenani ezimbili kuya lapho ngamunye kulaba
ababili izilinganiso ukunyuselwa noma kuyancipha. Ngale ndlela, esikhundleni the
last esibekiwe ukuncika ukuzimisela phakathi sum kanye nemikhiqizo ye ububanzi
ezinkulu ezintathu kanye Interiors of the skull for L + B + H and I:
Dep. = 0,8436 0,0012
ngoba L B H and I:
Dep. = 0,8387 0,0008
by icala kuqala for f futhi w amagugu 45641 and 3871; kwesibili, uma amagugu
99886 futhi 8763 zenzeka. Njengoba kulindelekile, degree of kwencika kuJehova
kuye babe kakhulu emikhulu, ngaphandle umehluko eziphawulekayo phakathi ratios
ukuncika of L + B + H futhi mina nokuthi
of L B H futhi mina ephawuleka. Ngakho-ke, uma - njengoba izinguqulo
WELCKER'schen ukukhombisa - umkhiqizo diameters ezintathu ngezinga elithile
more sensitive wezangaphakathi inikeza njengoba isibalo sabo, kufanele kuphawulwe
ukuthi indlela yethu, okungenani inani elincane 101 izingebhezi, akukho
kuhlukaniswa esinjalo siyisivikelo kuvunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela lezi
Ahhngigkeitsbestimmung is hhayi ehlaselwe ubukhulu ngokuphelele Ubukhulu
kuqhathaniswa, kodwa kuphela zisekelwe enanini lasebekhulile nokuncipha, kungase
futhi kube kungekho bufakazi kwamanani - njengoba kubuye indatshana
WELCKER'sche lifundisa - association tabular of amagugu elingaphakathi
kunembile okuningi okuyiwo we ububanzi ezintathu ezinkulu, lapho index okuthiwa
ububanzi of the skull, di ukuthola isilinganiso phakathi ububanzi nobude bayo,
kucatshangelwa futhi, ngendlela efanele, ugebhezi of dolichocephaler, mesocephaler
futhi ifomu brachycephaler zidingidwa ngokwehlukana. Kuze kube yimanje,

ubuhlobo phakathi sum of the diameters ezintathu eyodwa esandleni, kanti

ngaphakathi kwadingeka ukuba ngaphansi Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhumbula index
ububanzi ukwelashwa collective.]

XXIV. Mayelana umongo kwendawo kanye yesikhashana,

ukwehluka usayizi bavume ukubuthwa.

156. Izitshalo awulethe kuye ubunjalo izikhonzi hhayi kuphela ingeniso

ehlukene, non kodwa akhule eminyakeni ezahlukene ukusondeza kuze ephakeme
ezehlukene, kuye ikakhulu lokushisa kanye nomswakama imibandela ye vintages
ehlukahlukene. Kulokhu, amapheshana lezi zilinganiso emikhulu ezweni beze
ndawonye, kwenza futhi nethonya layo ukukhula nezitshalo mayelana zonke
izingxenye zindlela wagomela; kodwa luyehluka izifunda ngezifunda, ukuze
ushintshe lezi zimo ngoba.
It nezimangaliso ukuthi ubukhulu ayezelwe abantu efanayo vintages aphethwe into
ezanele, ngabe kushintsha ubunjalo vintages in a umongo ethile la mapheshana
contiguous komhlaba, mhlawumbe ushintsho of the plant ngisho umongo. Well can
ngempela neze ibe nethonya ezifanele ngqo lokushisa kanye nomswakama izimo
ukukhula kwabantu Ngokuzidla njengoba izitshalo; Futhi abantu musa zikhule
njengamaqanda izitshalo ngonyaka ngamunye kusukela imbewu indlela entsha,
kodwa bona uvale khona ngonyaka ofanayo, kangangokuthi omunye kuzodingeka
ukuba sinake kuphela izimo icala ngonyaka; kodwa kungaba ongazicabanga ukuthi
ukuvundisa ngonyaka ngesikhathi isizukulwane wengane noma ngesikhathi
ekhulelwe, noma ingane ngisho ngesikhathi yokukhula, ikakhulukazi owokuqala,
kwathinta izimo umsoco abazali, ngisho nethonya izindlela nokukhula ingane
uzwakalise, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngempela ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nabantu base
beshintsha uxhumano. It zincike izimo zabantu yokudla in a ezweni kusukela hhayi
kuphela ukuvundisa iminyaka; ngisho impi futhi isimo sokuthula, isimo embonini
futhi ukuhweba babe nethonya phezu kwalo, hhayi izimo umsoco nje
kubhekwe; futhi konke okuthinta impilo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo namandla
abazali ngesikhathi isizukulwane ingane futhi ekukhulelweni mayelana ezweni
elithile e uxhumano, mhlawumbe ngisho ubhubhane ngisho namathonya cosmic. In
short, wena akanamahloni ukuthola kungenzeka kubangela ukuthi ubukhulu
isilinganiso alawo azalelwa kulo nyaka abantu efanayo olude emkhathini kanye
uxhumano izitshalo, mhlawumbe noma ngaphandle kulezi zinguquko. Umbuzo
kuphela, ngaphezu kwakho konke, uma Eqinisweni ukuxhumana phezu elula elikhulu
noma elincane komhlaba kungenziwa wabonisa; futhi uphenyo kulandela ukhombisa
ukuthi kunjalo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukuhlaziywa esilandelayo sizoyiphendula
umbuzo ukuthi amathonya uthatha isinyathelo Ukubeka, ubuye maqondana temporal
eyimvelo kwembula ukuthi aphethwe ngendlela engavamile, ngaphakathi okushiwo
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela, beshintsha nokuwa ubukhulu ngezilinganiso
phakathi kweminyaka phakade vintages eziningana sithambekele omunye komunye,

avuke, futhi aphinde more bawe. Ukuze vintages amabili Saxon umfundi ukubuthela
lutho uzobe ukutholwa uhlobo Nokho, nemiphumela izinqumo ngabo bonke vintages
bavume ukubuthwa waseBelgium.
Ngaphandle imibuzo emibili eyedlule ngiye bahlola umbuzo babekwazi ukuthola
ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi uthishanhloko ukuncipha kwentengo yezilimo, ezibe
yindawo emhlabeni Gehurtszeit ukubuthela, futhi ubukhulu isilinganiso imikhiqizo
eyatholakala kulokhu sikhathi ukubuthela, futhi ngangenza lolu cwaningo e
hygienistischer umagazini "Health" RECLAM sika (1876) ibike 1); ngoba kuye
kwaholela imiphumela kakhulu negative, ngakho Angikho folgends emuva.
1)

[isifundo umongo kwendawo kanye yesikhashana in ukwehluka womuntuusayizi; IV Isigaba:. Mayelana umbuzo kanjani ubukhulu ukunyakaza ukubuthela
ezihambisana ukuhamba izithelo amanani emhlabeni ngesikhathi
sokuzalwa. "Health", I.Jahrgang, S, 54 FlgD.]
Ukuze ngifunde nezindaba okufanele kubhekwane lapha kodwa yokuhlanganisa
noma kunjalo more of the best ukubuthela ngezinga izimo; Omunye angase athi,
zenziwa kanje;kukhona futhi indaba kuphela, ekude kangaka enjalo uphenyo
ngesikhathi umyalo wakhe. Uma izilinganiso kuthathwe ngamunye ngonyaka
ukubuthela iGanges zalabo emuva futhi ngonyaka ofanayo, 20, 19 noma iminyaka
engu-18, kuye ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka amazwe, bazalwa. Okwesibili, izilinganiso
ukubuthela badlulela wonke amazwe cultured kanye isikhathi eside, amisiwe yibo
bonke amazwe, izingxenye zezwe, izifunda, imizi, kanjalo banikezwe ithuba
lokuhlola umthelela nemiphumela ebanzi futhi ucophelele ngezinga elikhudlwana,
elithe. Okwesithathu, inani kukalwa ngabanye, ngisho kuphela esifundeni
elinganiselayo, the more kwaveza ukunxeshezelwa ethile for an esifundazweni sonke
noma lonke izwe, njalo ngonyaka kwenzekani enkulu kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela
bemerktermaen ukube ngokuqinisekile sengathi yinto engath sina kakhulu ukuthi In
the ngabanye eyahumusha kakhulu okungukuthi.
Mina, lonke uphenyo ubelokhu imibuzo odlule kuphela ngesisekelo impahla
elinganiselwe kakhulu, engangiyidlala in the Saxon and zaseBelgium izinyathelo,
olwenziwe maqondana ngezinga elingakanani kwaba isizathu ukuthi angithandi
vorfand Enye ukwaziswa okuwusizo, ngokwengxenye ukuthi lokhu uphenyo abake
kwenziwa nje by-examination. Ngenxa Saxony Ngizoba cishe ungathola ngisho
Urlisten ukukhonza kwezinye izindawo futhi vintages kamuva kamuva; kodwa
kakade kwenaba of the material esetshenziswa ngaphambilini waba kwesikhathikanye gedulderschpfend. Kodwa uphenyo more jikelele singene nezindaba
okuxoxwe lapha kungaba njalo nje izikhungo izibalo, lapho ukukhokhela ezanele
mechanical ukubala amabutho kukhona at umyalo wakhe nge materials ebanzi, lapho
ithathwe eqinisweni by uphenyo bafune ongavamile. Kukho konke lokhu kungenzeka
uphenyo ezilandelayo, kuze kufike kufanele kwenziwe ukugcina nesithakazelo kabili,
once babiza futhi saxoxa, lapho onjalo uphenyo ukugijima ngaso sonke, okwesibili,
ngo imiphumela nokho ephawulekayo, okuyizinto kanjalo limited izikhala izindlela

futhi kwezinkathi eyatholakala, equkethe isimemo sokuba abanye ukunikeza uphenyo

umphumela eminye.
With lezi zinzuzo, ezinganikwa anikele ngezilinganiso ukubuthela njengesisekelo
uphenyo yalolu hlobo kuphi, kuphela ukuba wadabuka, njengoba sekubonisiwe
kakade wathinta ngaphambi, ukuthi imisebenzi yezibalo, lapho kuzodingeka
ukucinga idatha mayelana ezifanele nganoma iyiphi ngokujwayelekile ifomu
ethulwa. Kwaminyaka yonke A ingxenye musa bazithola, ngezinye izikhathi ngeke
athunjelwe ngezinga elanele noma wamabomu, lunye, nokucija, futhi idatha
amashadi, kuze kufike ngiyazi enjalo, akukho ndawo amise ukuze labo babengase
badonswe ngokunemba kusukela draw zabo kusukela Urlisten kodwa kudinga
kwakuwumsebenzi okhandlayo, futhi ukuthengwa Urlisten ngokwayo ngeke kuphi
for amabhidi.
157. Ngemva kwalokho, isiqu jikelele indlela uphenyo.
Ake shayela lihlale lishintsha ubukhulu unyaka owodwa ngaphansi indlela
ngakolunye ukuhamba ubukhulu kanye ikhuluma ekuhambisaneni ukuhamba
eziguquguqukayo ezimbili, z. B. avareji yonyaka ukubuthela Ubukhulu ezingxenyeni
ezimbili ezincikene zezwe, uma iminyakazo mutual babe isiqondiso efanayo in
kwehla noma ukwanda, ngaphandle kokucela ngayo kuzodingeka ngomqondo
nezibalo ekuhambisaneni izwi ukuthi ushintsho kokubili eziguquguqukayo
kuqhathaniswa wayebuye ilingane noma iya wakhona nomunye;ngokwanele, uma
kungahambisani kuphela isiqondiso. A icala ukuqhathanisa ehamba | icala the
Nichtparallelismus noma, njengoba sithi, kanye Antiparallelismus | ; inani | |
ngaphansi inikezwe inombolo z of amacala iqhathaniswa
ezihamba p ukuthi q. Uma kungekho ukwencika kokubili nenani aphethwe
nomunye noma imbangela zijwayelekile, ngakho kungaba ukuphishekela by
inombolo enkulu iminyaka ngakhoke amacala motion | | nge
, , ,
. Ingabe wonke
amacala baphume parallel, kanjalo omunye ababeza kuJesu befuna ukuzokuzwa
ukuthi imbangela noma ukwakheka izimbangela eziningana, uthatha isinyathelo
ukuhamba ubukhulu ezimbili, bonke ojamele kolunye uhlangothi bulingana
kancane. Uma nje preponderance okuphawulekayo | | on the ,

,

. Uma ekugcineni ,
,
, ,
.
Ngaphandle ukuqhathanisa Antiparallelismus izinhloso esibekiwe, ubukhulu
ukunyakaza indiva, kodwa ungase manje futhi ucabangele lokhu ubungako
ukucabangela by the W. okuncikileyo noma ithonya ovamile kakhulu buyaqina lapho

kuba okungcono nokuhamba eqinile kukhona, lapho okukhona noma imibukiso

ngaphandle noma ogxile (lulu bahlukene) Antiparallelismus; Nokho umuntu kufanele
athwale iminyakazo buthaka ithonya izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela akhawunti,
ngakho-ke ezimweni lapho inombolo enkulu vintages elikhona (njengoba in Tab.
III, bheka 160) kunilungele emva kuphela iminyakazo yokuphefumula
ukulandelana iye vintages ohlwini ukubona ukuthi hhayi isilinganiso | | and
,
, , ,
,

, .
Lapha uyazibuza isisindo kuyini icala | | noma ,

.Ngokungangabazeki imikhiqizo ngoba uma omunye
ukunyakaza ezimbili ukuthi bangene icala zero, isisindo icala, nothayi phakathi | |
and , ,

.
Lokho kusho, kuba isahlulelo ngisho liphephe kakhulu ngenani nje | and
| . Thathani
imikhiqizo ukuhamba eziguquguqukayo ehambisana kokubili |
| 'ikakhulukazi, shayela sum of the lokuqala P, owesibili Q, nezahlulelo
manje, kunokuba emva izimo noma umehluko ngokulingana of p ukuba q, ngemuva
kusukela P kuya Q . Uma ithonya ovamile kwamukeleke, akumelwe nje kube
phakade a preponderance eziphawulekayo ngokulingana of omunye amagugu
ezimbili P, Q zenzeke phezu kwabanye, kodwa futhi umehluko
isihlobo p ukuba q ufinyelelwe, short (P - Q) : (P + Q) e value ngokuphelele ayinkulu
kunenkosi (p - q): (p + q kube), kusukela ngo isimo yokugcina isisindo enkulu
amacala eqinile kungakazukufika esivuna ithonya acabangele. Ngakho noma kunjalo
ewusizo, kokubili p futhi q njengoba P futhi Qukuba azimisele ukuze, uma
ligcizelelwa ukuziphatha ngowokuqala badonswe isiphetho hhayi ngokuziphatha th
ezimbili ukugcina ithonya ovamile for ngabazeka ,
Kuvikeleka wesifunda esilokhu sikhula uhlangothi, kanye nenombolo ye amacala
ezinyakazayo z, ngakolunye uhlangothi ubukhulu umehluko isihlobo
,
Ukuze incane kakhulu ngoba noma izinsalela ngisho ongaphakeme kakhulu
esihlotsheni azisoze ukudonsa akukho Chile Kuyaphawuleka; kuye kokubili eside
lenyuke, futhi ngezabelo sikhula kwandisa yesibili lokuqala, asondeze W. i ithonya
ngokuqiniseka, futhi ngabe Akungabazeki ukuvimbela lutho ukwenza olunembile
ematfuba amalungiselelo e kulokhu, engingazazi Nokho, bangene lapha Ufuna 2).

2)

[Comp. lokhu 155. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela ukuze ahumushe

ekuhambisaneni njengoba string, lo Antiparallelismus njengoba ushintsho
isibonakaliso ukuze athole uxhumano ngqo imithetho yangakini.]
158. Le ukuhamba mass kulindeleke ngasinye amagugu main of A, C, D usukela,
ukunqunywa elula anikeze practical kodwa ukuqubuka; futhi nalokhu, C kube more
at inzuzo, njengoba kusenjalo atholakala Rekrutenmatafeln lapho ngemuva
isiphambeko ezejwayelekile kangaka Vorzahl futhi Nachzahl hhayi Vorsumme futhi
Nachsumme washo. Kodwa Ingabe ubuka ukwakhiwa kwethimba distribution onga
kulo, le nqubo elandelayo Kunconywa. Thina ukubala inani kukalwa kusukela lapho
amancane, futhi labo makhulu kuka ezingeni elithile unomphela noma Maintervall
encane, shayela inombolo wokuqala k, omunye g futhi izahlulelo manje emva
ekuhambisaneni noma Antiparallelismus isilinganiso g: knoma g: m. Izinyathelo
Belgian I sebemukele sokuphumula 1618 kuya 1643 mm for lapho ke g inani
izilinganiso kusho ngalo mkhulu eliphezulu, futhi k inani lalabo lapho zincane
kunohlamvu umkhawulo engezansi le sokuphumula; futhi uphenyo kulandela
uyofundisa ukuthi lapha ukwahlulelwa nalezo zahlulelo by C cishe weqiniso,
njengoba mina ngesikhathi eBelgian ngokulinganisela g: k and g: m elithe
ngokwengxenye kanye C.'ve isicelo Nokho, kusukela kimi ngokugcwele Saxon
ngokulinganisela primary panel bema umyalo wakhe, kusukela lapho izibalo
ezinembile asho A 1 babengase badonswe, ngakho mina lokhu Wanamathela lokhu.
Kusukela amagugu A1, A2, C, g: k, g: m not ukushintsha ncamashi ezilinganiselwe
ukuze Nokho at amancane ngabe m and ukunyakaza noma ebuthaka ukuba omunye
walaba amagugu zenzeka umehluko kuncike pursuance okuqhathanisa
izinguquko; kodwa ngoba emikhulu m and movement luqine, ezingasetshenziswa
kuphela njalo yalokho wokugaklazeka, ekuhambisaneni, lapho okunjalo kubalulekile,
ngeke ukhathazwa. Lokhu kungaba ngenxa A 1 (primary), A 2 (kuyehla)
kanye C (kungancipha) by a comparison mayelana nalokhu imiqulu amabili
ukubuthela umfundi panel isaziso.
Mayelana ubuhlobo kwezendawo Ukwehlukana usayizi bavume ukubuthwa.
159. Ngo ngokwayo, lutho engavamile manje ukuthi isilinganiso faka osayizi
ziyehluka endaweni efanayo; ngoba ngubani ongakwenza inani izimo okungahleliwe,
okuyiqembu ubukhulu kanye nokukhula ngamanye kuncike, silindele umehluko
iwashi phakathi ukudweba ncamashi amagugu esifanayo ngonyaka like the
abanye. Nokho, kungaba kubonakale abatelekile ukuthi ukuhlukahluka ubukhulu
isilinganiso ukubuthela phakathi kweminyaka zinkulu ngokwanele kanye
nabasebenzi nesilinganiso ukubuthela esiphathiswe ukuba wazizwa ngisho
ngaphandle izindlela ukusikwa. Ngakho bathi angiphume ehhovisi lesifunda Leipzig,
lapho mina bethathwe uhlu for the Leipziger ukubuthela ukuthi sikhuluma vintages
okuhle nokubi kule ndaba, futhi isikhulu ephakeme Austrian, asebeneminyaka
eminingi enikeziwe babe izilinganiso ukubuthela, washo njengoba omunye kuye
bami, ezenziwe mayelana nalokhu amezwabo wathi, ngalokhu ngisho

akunakungatshazwa ukuthi ubukhulu ukubuthela lalishintsha emva vintages. Mina

ngokwami ngangihlushw eqinisweni waphawula lapho mina behufs jikelele
uphenyo izibalo zami asho kusukela vintages 17 of the Leipzig Dimensions umuzi
wathuthela ukuthi owokugcina owazalwa ngo-1862, esiphezulu, lo penultimate ngo1861 wanika okungenani yonke vintages 17, futhi umehluko 1.17 amasentimitha
yayibonakala ngobukhulu bayo ongaziwa ukuze ngase ngifuna ukuba afike eduze
phansi. Kulaba, zonke uphenyo kulandela uthath ophumela.
Okungukuthi, ekuqaleni kusolakala ukuthi umehluko omkhulu kusekelwe yokukala
iphutha njalo kolunye uhlangothi eminyakeni emibili eqale. Khona akazange alindele
kuye abhekwe walinganisa e ukubuthela kwenye kuka e Leipzig uthole ngendlela
efanele. Ngakho I ukuthola izinto Urlisten izilinganiso for the last ezintathu vintages
emhlabeni Amtshauptmannschaft Borna, yona yaliyisa ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi
bavale izindlela A, hhayi kuphela ngenxa vintages ezahlukene, kodwa futhi
iminyango ehlukahlukene Amtshauptmannschaft Borna, futhi kwaba khona Chile
isimanga, ukuthi ngaphandle maphakathi Dimensions 1860 futhi 1861 eduze
ngokufanayo kuzo zonke, the ingakuvumeli ukucabangela nokuqhwandela ka 1862
kwaba kakhulu emikhulu kodwa ukuze kwenzeka kulo lonke Amtshauptmannschaft
ushintsho parallel ubukhulu isilinganiso ukubuthela in the inkambo yalabo
iminyaka. Lokhu kufakazelwa ithebula, okufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi afakiwe
ngaphansi ehhovisi nkulumo inkantolo ngokuvamile Dorfschaften futhi amabala
amancane. Of abalingiswa | | and
, ,
.
I. ezomhlaba A for engu-20-Saxon ukubuthela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene
Amtshauptmannschaft Borna ngo-1860, 1861 1862nd
(Wonke m = 4736; E = 1 inch = 23.6 mm Sachs ..)
A

1860

1861

1862

1860

1861

1862

1) Leipzig ......

69,17

69,06

70,23

616

560

603

2) District enkantolo Leipzig

mina II ......

68,85

68,74

69,85

363

326

418

3) City and Court Official

Borna ......

69,39

69,34

70,01

161

169

185

4) Inkantolo District Rtha ..... 69,20

69,12

70,11

79

48

61

69,10

69,79

157

199

186

5) City and Ihhovisi enkantolo

69,45

futhi Pegau
Zwenkau .........
6) City and Ihhovisi enkantolo
68,74
Taucha

68,93

69,94

109

90

91

71,05

71,89

96

111

108

futhi Markranstdt .....

7) Abafundi ........

71,47

Inani Amtshauptmannschaft
69,26 69,17 70,15 1581 1503 1652
The ngezansi A ka Amtshauptmannschaft inani akuzona agents of A izifunda
ngamunye, kodwa kusukela wonke m ( 79 Comp.) Bonke uxhumano, hhayi ubunye,
kodwa summarily enqunywe.
Omunye angabona kule etafuleni ukuthi ngisho ukunyakaza okuyingcosana
kangaka ovelele phakathi 1860 kanye 1861 kuzo zonke izingxenye insimu ka
Amtshauptmannschaft Borna, ngaphandle No. 6, uya parallel by the. A kusuka 1861
yonke indawo futhi esingaphansi ukuthi of 1860; kodwa labo okungekho kungenzeka
uma encane m amangale of akukho. 6. Kunalokho, ngiyavuma, kuphi, nami hhayi
enkulu m ukuthola futhi umehluko omncane phakathi kweminyaka emibili
ngokusebenzisa ekhona kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye ekuhambisaneni insimu
emangala ngoba umuntu kuye ngaphansi kwezimo ezinje
ongenakulinganisela. Ingabe neither kulindeleke izehlakalo ngokumelene yonke
indawo, kodwa uthola.
The Leipziger, abafundi kungukuthi abalwa ngazo bemerktermaen, futhi abafundi
uthole kulelithebula bakha ngenhla a ukunakwa okukhethekile, njengoba
yangaphambili, lona wamuva Yebo efika ingxenye enkulu ezingxenyeni
ezihlukahlukene kakhulu Saxony. Ngakho, uma umehluko enkulu waphawula
phakathi 1862 kanye eminyakeni emibili eyedlule alikwazanga bafuna in a iphutha
yokukala, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba njalo into more jikelele.
Ukuze usethe i uphenyo ngalokhu ingxenye Saxony, owayeneminyaka kwehluke
ngangokunokwenzeka kusukela ngaphambilini Kuphenywa, I ukuthola izinto
Rekrutenmalisten efanayo iminyaka emithathu lapho kuhlolwa sangaphambilini
Amtshauptmannschaft Annaberg. Empeleni, izimo of Anna Berger
Amtshauptmannschaft zazo Borna sihluke kakhulu.Lokhu amanga at the northern,
labo ekupheleni eseningizimu Saxony, iqukethe izwe ayisicaba idolobha elikhulu
futhi kokudla kahle, labo oluze bekhwela izintaba nazo emadolobhaneni amancane
kanye nemiphakathi dolobhana, kanye labantu abampofu. Imiphumela kuboniswe
ithebula.
II. Kusho A of Ubukhulu in the Amtshauptmannschaft Annaberg ngo-1860, 1861
1862.
(Wonke m = 3067; E = 1 ngamasentimitha.)

A
1860

1861

m
1862

1860 1861 1862

Amadolobha ...........

68,85 69,04 69,25 369

359

454

Dorfschaften ........

68,99 68,87 69,04 638

565

682

Amtshauptmannschaft Total. ,
68,94 68,94 69,12 1007 924 1136
Lapho eqhathanisa indawo yokuqala ubukhulu ukunyakaza lonke A.-H. Annaberg
nge inani for the A.-H. Borna emva imiphumela isiphelo sesimiso Amathebula mina
II, sithola 1) ukuthi ngo-1860 futhi 1861 i ingxenyenamba ongemuhle ongabalulekile,
lapha emhlabeni 1861 futhi ngo-1862 okukhulu okuningi, di ukuze Annaberg hhayi
noma nje mayelana decimals sesithathu + 0.18, eliqhele ukuhlukanisa, 2) ukuthi
lezinhlangano nalezo Borna A.-H. ngempela hamba parallel; Ngakho ithonya evamile
ibonisa uqobo kuzo zombili lezi zici.Kuphela ithonya A.-H. Annaberg kakhulu
kancane noma ngaphezulu zedlula amathonya ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele
kunokuba A.-H. Borna, lapho izenzo - 0,09 and + 0.98 babe.Kodwa + 0.18 namanje
kabili njengoba enkulu njengoba calculable kusukela idatha cishe umehluko 0,09
3). Ngisho phakathi imizi nemiphakathi edolobhaneni A.-H. Annaberg waluthola
ekuhambisaneni ngo-1861 futhi ngo-1862, futhi kuphela eminyakeni 1860 futhi 1861,
akazange alindele ukuba ngokuqinisekile, yena ulahlekile lapha.
3)

Kungokufanayo sitholwe kokubili 1861 ngokuqondene 1862, iphutha

kungenzeka in the ukuzimisela provi-A kubalwa kusukela okuyiwo tikwele yabo
belungafica impande square.
Mayelana nalokhu, kube manje kungenzeka kusukela, namanje idatha
elinganiselwe kakhulu odlule phakade bafinyelele esiphethweni, kungaba ukuthi kule
minyaka umbuzo ngempela uye enwetshiwe isiqondiso efanayo ngobukhulu
ukunyakaza lonke Saxony nethonya jikelele kakhulu, kodwa ngo-counterimiphumela wasekhaya A.-H. Annaberg kuphela yehlise amazinga kakhulu likwazi
ukuba ezihilelekile. Futhi ukuthi ngisho the A.-H. Annaberg ezinye ngokoMthetho
ubukhulu yentuthuko zenzeke kuka in the A.-H. Borna, kusukela lokuthi ubukhulu
izindlela baqiniseka kancane ngalezo, lapho baye bazithola kule kuphakama ngqo.
160. Ngemva kombuzo ukuqhathanisa eyaphishekelwa kuphela iziqephu
iminyaka emithathu kule minyaka, kwaba indisputably isithakazelo uyiphishekele
eziningi eside iminyaka, kanye isimangalo kwakumelwe azibonakalise ukuthi
impindamqondo okungcono ngesikhathi ukunyakaza emikhulu ukucinga. Kulokhu,
yangipha of Saxon kukalwa ukuqhathanisa the kuphela Leipzig Dimensions
kunedolobha elingenayo ukujula ukunikeza abafundi ubukhulu 1846 - 1862 bema

umyalo wakhe; futhi ngisivumela ithebula, umphumela sifaniso. Ngemva inani

eligcwele it for the unyaka wokuqala A 1 ethile, kuphela ukunyakaza konyaka
ngamunye folgends eshiwo ngamunye esandulele. Lapha khumbula ukuthi
ukunyakaza beistehende ngonyaka njalo wesibili ezimbili, phakathi lapho ukuhamba
lwenzeka. Ngakho uma isibonelo, 1849 isibalo -. 0,12 ume, ngakho lokhu kusho
ukuthi A 1 of 1849 lalilincane by 0,12 amasentimitha, ukwedlula esandulele 1848.

III. Usayizi nokuhamba A 1 Leipzig emzini elingakanani futhi abafundi

ngezinga 1846-1862 kuhl.
Unyaka Leipzig
1846

69,19

Abafundi
72,07

1847

+ 0.10

- 0,37

1848

+ 0.28

+ 0.40

||

1849

- 0,12

- 0,79

||

1850

+ 0.37

+ 0.70

||

1851

- 0.18

+ 0.55

1852

- 0.11

- 1.02

||

1853

+ 0.52

+ 0.24

||

1854

- 0.04

+ 0.27

1855

- 0,28

+ 0.05

1856

+ 0.15

- 0,06

1857

- 0,28

- 0,41

||

1858

+ 0.44

+ 0.24

||

1859

- 0.89

- 0,96

||

1860

+ 0.04

+ 0.56

||

1861

- 0.11

- 0.42

||

1862

+ 1.17

+ 0.84

||

;.
Omunye ubona manje okokuqala kunakho konke, bebonke, ukuthi amacala parallel
zinkulu amacala anti-parallel kakhulu; futhi itafula usayizi ngenxa ezingeni, ngakho
uya ukuze emva ngokulinganisela Leipziger zokuqala ukunyakaza eziyisithupha,
ngaphandle kokukhetha, ngokusho abafundi abayishumi wokuqala kuphela
ngaphandle 1851 parallel komunye nomunye, ushintsha kuphela ukuthi | |

and ,
P ukuba Q kanje. Futhi nokho abatelekile ukuthi ukunyakaza eziqine
phakathi abafundi by 1851-52 ulingana - 1.02 kuphela impela, nakuba kusukela
ohlangothini olufanayo esilingana - ilingane 0.11 at the group Leipzig. Ebukezwe
Careful I eziye zenza ngokwami ukuthi lokhu akuxhomekile iphutha ukucabanga
ngingenasiphambeko, ngenhlanhla, akufanele indiva, ukuthi kuqhathaniswa
ongaphakeme m ngonyaka iGanges ukuzimisela ukuphepha buthaka kubafundi.
Kunokuba aphishekele njengoba in etafuleni odlule, le nhlangano unyaka owodwa
ngamunye elilandelayo, abakwazi futhi ilandelwe ovela kuqala ukuba kube phakade
kamuva futhi kulula kakhulu ukuba okuzuza imiphumela kusukela etafuleni
njengalena odlule, ngokufaka nokuhamba iminyaka umbuzo algebraically, wanezela
ie mayelana nesibonakaliso; omunye uthola ukunyakaza:
Unyaka

Leipzig

Abafundi

1846-48

+ 0.38

+ 0.03

1848-50

+0,25

- 0,09
njll

ayisithupha p, ababili q. Kodwa sinamathela yokuqala, ngakho ukukhuluma

leliphansi panel ukuma.
Leli thebula namanje ithuba ukuphenya ukuthi yini nokuthi izimo ukuhamba
mkhulu ngisho ohlangothini Leipzig noma abafundi, ngoba lapho kubalulekile
kuphela ukuthatha isamba ukuhamba esandleni ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki
isibonakaliso, lapho ngoba Leipzig 5 , 08, abafundi kuyinto 7,88; Ngakho insalela
elibonakalayo on the ingxenye abafundi; lapho indisputably incike ukuthi yonke a
labantu okuhlukile of bonke lifaka futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namathonya
kakhulu ezibhubhisayo subject ukwedlula amakilasi acebile.
Uma omunye unezela Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunyakaza in + futhi - for
ohlangothini ngalunye ikakhulukazi, kubonakala, kuba kangakanani ezihlukile
ubungako + futhi kuyo yonke page lonke - zaba lokho Leipzig umuzi izilinganiso +
3,07 and - 2 , 01 ngakho-ke ukukhula okukhulu wonkana, kanti abafundi +3,85 and anikeze 4,03, cishe yekulinganisa phakathi ukwanda nokuncipha.
Kuyinto kwephuzu abavumelana ngalo ukuba alindele ukuthi eminyakeni ukuthi
isilinganiso isamba elikhudlwana A, futhi riesigere Imiphumela njengoba ukweqisa
eliphezulu ukunikeza E 'zenzeke ngaso sonke A and E' uhambe sebehlala
parallel. Ubuye e ukuhlangana ndawonye ukweqisa ezintathu elingenhla for
amagilebhisi ngamunye (wokumboza kangcono for izehlakalo) for Leipzig njengoba
abafundi ukuqinisekisile lokhu ikakhulukazi; lapho ukunyakaza 16 17 vintages p =
10.5 4); q = 5.5; P = 18,03; Q = 1.23; lapha 19 ukunyakaza phakathi 20 vintages p =
11; q = 8; P = 21,33; Q = 6,84. Manje kufanele silindele ukuthi eminyakeni nge
emikhulu A futhi ephansi ngokwedlulele E, sasikhula, okungukuthi okhula
okwandayo isilinganiso ngezinga ngisho ukubuthela kwencani, futhi lokhu, emva

ukuhlangana ndawonye izilinganiso ezintathu okungenani ngonyaka ngamunye,

phakathi abafundi kanjalo bathola: p = 14; q = 5; P = 19,73; Q = 10.99. Ekuxakayo
kodwa wanikeza Leipziger nje Chile okuphambene: p = 4.5; q = 11.5; P = 3.23; Q =
22,62, ukuze ukubuthela encane kunazo zonke lonke kunokuba wenyukela
lakhulisiwe kanye okwandayo izilinganiso phakathi , Lokhu ovelele enjalo
nokuzimisela Chile enkulu kimi kubonakala eziyinqaba, futhi ngiyazi ekuqaleni
ukuba kungabikho ncazelo ngoba.
4)

Lesi 0.5 livela lokuthi ukunyakaza zero ubukhulu kwenzeka phakathi vintages
ezimbili, bese lapho 0.5 kokubili p kuka ukuba q kuyinto ukushaya.
Omunye kungaba godu, njengoba ngenhla, ukuhamba the A for Leipzig futhi
abafundi wafaniswa ngaphandle mayelana nesibonakaliso sokuba ukuhamba,
ukwenza lokhu kuqhathanisa ngokoMthetho ukweqisa. The comparability kanye
ngenxa qembu Leipzig ngithi kanye nabafundi njengoba ngenhla kuphela efanayo
engu-17 amagiya 1846-1862 ukucabangela, esebenza Leipzig, futhi ukudonsa ngoba
zokulinganiswa kangcono izingozi hhayi kuphela ukuhamba ukweqisa angaphandle,
kodwa izimali ezivela ezintathu amagugu ngokwedlulele licubungufe. Lokhu
kunikeza ukuhlanganisa okulandelayo:
IV. Ukunyakaza Total ngeminyaka 17 izifundo.

Leipzig

Ukuze d.
Izimali d.
Ngokuphelela

Ukuze d.
Izimali 3
Minim.

Ukuze d.
Izimali 3
Maxim.

5,08

27,17

14,67

Abafundi
7,88
15,17
16,00
Ngakho kuzozonke izindlela izibalo kukhona A ngokuphelela kancane mobile kuka
labo ezakhini nje njengendlela amagugu extreme ezintathu Extreme, okuyinto
akumangalisi, futhi ngabe nje kukhulunywe ngayo obudluleleko angaphandle,
ngakho ukuhamba kuzodingeka nakakhulu efakazisiwe for ,
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Nokho, umuntu angabona aphinde ukuqaphela umehluko
omkhulu phakathi Leipzig nabafundi minima, lapho maxima cishe umdlalo senzeka
phakathi ezimbili.Umfundi iyona zomphakathi minima cishe ilingane maxima
eqenjini Leipzig cishe kabili njengoba enkulu. Zonke kodwa engaguquki kakhulu
ekuqaleni 5) kucatshangwa ndawonye luthole ukuthi amagugu kulencane eqenjini
Leipzig, babe engavamile.
5)

[Comp. 15 futhi 128.]

Ingabe wayebukele lapho 161. Isiseduze ekuhambisaneni oqavile, lapho

ikufakazele ukuthi ngesikhathi odlule phakathi Leipzig group nabafundi, hhayi
kangaka onjalo afakazele izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezwe, kulokuthi exubile
kakhulu futhi on a ngezinga ayethanda ingxenye ethile labantu Saxon njengoba
bemerktermaen Leipziger a izingxenye ezinkulu, kubabangele abafundi neze ezweni

lonke. Uma manje Chile ngaphambilini etholakala ngokuba izifunda ezahlukene

Saxony sibhekisela kuphela isikhala sincane kakhulu futhi isikhathi esilinganiselwe
kakhulu, kwadingeka ukunconywa ebanzi kube ezifiselekayo by zombili lezi
zici; lokho manje ukunikeza ngesilinganiso zaseBelgium a Anhalt wayefisa darboten
okubangwa isikhathi eside ngendlela elimetjhako, hhayi kuphela ngoba lonke izwe,
kodwa nezalo izifundazwe ngazinye (iminyango) in the "Imibhalo Statistiques" of
Belgium futhi ngaphambili. Uveze Obala 6) ngesimo tabular ahlelwe. Kodwa
njengoba izikhonzi nge ukunyakaza ezibuthakathaka A noma C kungaba kuzwe lonke
phakade cha lindela preponderance ezithile ukuqhathanisa ngayinye izingxenye
zezwe, ukuze nginezihluthulelo ukuqhathanisa kuphela ukunyakaza luqine,
ungakwazi lapho ukuthola labo lonke yeBelgium, waqasha futhi kuze Ukunyakaza
phakathi neminyaka eyalandela and kwezinkathi abakhethiweyo:
1) 1852 no 1858;
2) ezimbili izinkathi lweminyaka emihlanu 1851-55; 1856-60;
3) sub-izinkathi ezimbili zokuqala zalezi izinkathi eneminyaka emihlanu, 1851-53
futhi 1854-55 di.
Yini Division 1) ukhathazekile, kanjalo ngaphandle in 1852 and 1858, kodwa
kuvimbela bemerktermaen lutho ukubheka ubukhulu ukunyakaza phakathi ezimbili
kude nomunye vintages; kodwa labo vintages zikhethelwe ngoba okungenani
lokuqala esiphezulu, the last C and g: k iqukethe ukulandelana eside of vintages,
kanjalo ekuhambisaneni ubukhulu ukunyakaza phakathi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene
zezwe, uma onjalo obabukhona, kwaba ingozi okungenani ukuba zedlula by
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela kanye kufihlwe. - The Abtl. 2) Ukuthinta, kanjalo lezi
zinsuku zihlukaniswa kamuva ukuthi C, futhi g: k okuhluke yalo. - The Abtl. 3)
iyinhlangano lunye of the Abtl kuqala. 2).
6)

[adalule de la isimo du United Kingdom. Bruxelles 1852.]

To 1) umane nje g: K 2) lesi C and g: k kuya 3) lesi C and g: m

enqunywe. Ukuzimisela kwalezi amagugu akuyona sisebunyeni kwenzeka ngo 2) no
3) summarily for engenayo njalo eminyakeni kwenkathi emva summary of the
okuyinhloko efanayo Maintervallen ezihambisana, (njengendlela zoMthetho
zeminyaka ngabanye); kunjalo of the final C zonke okuqinisekile, okuyinto
Lamathebuli lalandzelako (VI kanye VII) e aphansi cross-ikholomu (United
Kingdom) kuyinto, maqondana izifundazwe ngazinye kunokuba iminyaka.
Inani ngokuphelele we C noma g: k kuphela kuboniswa ngenxa lokuqala
eminyakeni noma izinkathi ziqhathaniswa; ngoba motion yesibili emuva, ukuze,
isibonelo, ngo lokuqala Lamathebuli lalandzelako 1,776 | - 0,182 lumelela :. 1,776 |
1,594.
Ekuhambisaneni noma Antiparallelismus phakathi kwezifundazwe ezehlukene
manje lwenzeka, kuye isibonakaliso ukunyakaza in the efanayo mpo ikholomu
umdlalo noma cha, lapho ubona ukuthi phakathi ukunyakaza 27 ezisohlwini
amatafula amathathu alandelayo for the izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye Belgium,
a single (ilanga ethebuleni 3rd) kuyinto ekuhambisaneni lincibilika, (nakuba

ngingayitholi ngesiphambeko esiphathelene lokhu okungekho lapho ebukezwe

invoyisi) ngemva kwalokho nethonya ngokuhlanganyela on the ukunyakaza lonke
Belgium ngokungangabazeki.
Ubukhulu ukunyakaza parallel ezifundazweni ezahlukene uhlukile kakhulu futhi
lapha nalaphaya encane kangaka kube lula ukubona ukuthi uma saba motion phakathi
kweminyaka noma esikhathini ufuna ukulandela lapho kuba low for lonke Belgium,
kwanele antiparallel amacala ngabe kwenzeka izifundazwe, Yiqiniso, ukuze ngisho
uma kukhona. yibo bonke iminyaka ngamunye zilandelana, njengoba kwenziwa
maqondana Leipziger nabafundi ofisa ukuba baphishekele, nje njalo kube
preponderance amacala parallel kufanele kulindeleke
Noma kunjalo, kwakungeke kube ngaphandle kwenzalo, ngempela ukwenza lokhu
kuqhathanisa ngendlela for the ezifundazweni Belgium, lapho mhlawumbe ungase
ukunikeza abanye umehluko sici for the efanayo; futhi Imibhalo Statistiques kunikela
nezinto ezibonakalayo ezanele; Nokho, anginakulidlula ngokwakho lokhu,
ngokuyisisekelo elula kakhulu ukuze afeze, kodwa futhi ibe ukwandiswa omkhulu
oholela uphenyo.
Omunye kungaba, ngenhlanhla, ukukholisa in the Lamathebuli lalandzelako ukuthi
nokuhlolwa ukunyakaza ngokusho g: k noma g: m kuholela imiphumela efanayo,
njengoba ngokusho C; Ngakho kungenzeka kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi uphenyo
ngenhla kancane nzima provi-sweni C kusho by esikhundleni sokuphumula amagugu
odlule.
V. Usayizi ukunyakaza in the ezifundazweni ezahlukene Belgium kusukela 1852
kuya. 1858
G: k
1852 1858

m
1852

1858

Anvers .....

1.776 - 0,182 3249 3796

Brabant .....

1.832 - 0,558 5490 6208

Flandr. OCC. ,, , 1.209 - 0.179 5144 5782

Flandr. Noma.... 1.083 - 0,074 6525 7307
Hainaut .....

1.471 - 0,330 6133 7377

Lige .....

1600 - 0,437 3634 4566

Limbourg ....

2.119 - 0,513 1608 1803

Luxembourg. ,,

2.293 - 0,819 1544 1782

Namur .....

2.915 - 0,832 2257 2666

United Kingdom 1,539 - 0,310 35584 41287

....
VI. Size movement in the ezifundazweni ezahlukene Belgium in the izinkathi
ezimbili ezilandelayo:
1. Era: iminyaka emihlanu 1851 kuya 1833; 2. Era: iminyaka emihlanu 18561860.
C

1.Epoc
2. Era
he

g: k

1. Era

2. Era

1.Epoc
2. Era
he

Mm
Anvers ....

1645,8 - 3.6

1.584

- 0,097

17368

18382

Brabant ....

1650,4 - 9.4

1.767

- 0,389

29301

30444

Flandr. OCC. , ,

1634,7 - 0.2

1.124

- 0,005

28169

28471

Flandr. Noma. , ,, 1633,2 - 1.1

1.075

- 0,027

34648

35483

Hainaut ....

1638,1 - 1.8

1.289

- 0,081

33063

36204

Lige .....

1647,6 - 6.9

1,602

- 0,259

19842

22206

Limbourg. , ,

1656,7 - 6.3

2.021

- 0,378

8696

8837

Luxembourg. ,

1658,6 - 9.4

2.167

- 0.460

8279

8823

Namur .....

1662,3 - 5.3

2.344

- 0,264

12102

12921

United
Kingdom ....

1643,1 - 3.7

1.443

- 0,140

191468 201771

. VII usayizi movement in the ezifundazweni ngazinye Belgium in the izinkathi

ezimbili ezilandelayo:
Era 1.: iminyaka emithathu 1851-1853; 2. Era: iminyaka emibili kusukela 1854
kuya 1855.
C

g: m

1851-53 185455

1851-53 1854-55 1851-53 185455

mm
Anvers ....

1650,6 - 10.8

0.538

- 0,062

9992

7376

Brabant ....

1651,3 - 2.1

0.540

- 0.013

17268

12033

Flandr. OCC. , , ,

1635,8 - 2.9

0.454

- 0.013

16511

11658

Flandr. Noma. , ,, 1634,9 - 4.0

0.450

- 0.022

20419

14229

Hainaut ....

1639,4 - 3.1

0,472

- 0,020

19088

13975

Lige. , , , ,

1646,0 + 3.6

0,513

+ 0.021

11277

8565

Limbourg. , ,

1658,3 - 3.8

0,586

- 0.021

5062

3634

Luxembourg. ,

1658,9 - 0.7

0,582

- 0,006

4880

3399

Namur .....

1664,2 - 4.5

0,608

- 0,012

7117

4988

United
1644,4 - 3.0
0,505 - 0.017 111611
79857
Kingdom ....
Kungaba cishe ezifiselekayo, kucatsanisa nokuba bakwazi ukwandisa phezu
eBelgium kwalokho, cishe France; kuhlanganise nami kodwa imibhalo eyanele
fehlen.Die "Comptes rendus sur le recrutement de l'arme" anikeze kodwa ngenxa
France kwaminyaka yonke for inombolo enkulu iminyaka, ngo iphepha by
Bischoff 7) kuthiwa yakhiqizwa, kodwa sisakubona okulandelayo bayakhona for
izinjongo zethu yalutho: Ezingxenyeni eziningi yochungechunge vintages okusho
kancane ukuze uzimisele ebukhali ukuthi izikhathi eziningi akuzona ukuthi sihluke
ezimbili kuya kwezine vintages zilandelana, futhi phakathi jumping umuntu
uchungechunge nezimiso ukuthi ukwengamela accounting enjalo kuphela cishe.
7)

[Mayelana iwusizo eshicilelwe emazweni amaningana aseYurophu imiphumela

ibhizinisi ukuqasha ukuhlola intuthuko nempilo kwemiphakathi yabo Munich 1867
(umshicileli of the Academy).]

Mayelana umbuzo uxhumano yesikhashana of the Ukwehlukana usayizi bavume

ukubuthwa.
162. Njengoba ukuqonda lo mbuzo, 156 ethile. Ake sihlole nabo kuqala
maqondana ngezinga Saxon ukuthi lokhu esinayo, di Leipzig futhi abafundi at. The
summary jikelele Asokuqala 69,61, ngakho emidlalweni ubunye. We manje nibize
manje ukutadisha ngokulandelana engu-17 kusukela 1846 kuya izinguquko kanye +

noma - kuncike yabo A liphakeme noma ngaphansana lokhu kusho, sithola

uchungechunge okulandelayo isibonakaliso:
- - - - + - + + + + - + - - - +.
Umfundi iyona summary A amabili vintages 71,76; lapho ubunye futhi
uyavuma. Futhi ukulandelana abalingiswa kwalokho:
+ - + + - + - + - + + + + - + - - - +.
Manje oluze ngokuzenzisa njengoba izinguquko eziningi sibonakaliso sasiyobonisa
by okungenzeka theory nje kulindeleke njengoba yalokho, njengoba ungakwazi
ukukholisa wena uma yenza uhlu original ukubuthela Ubukhulu, lapho mass is
elandelwa nomaphi, futhi izilinganiso ngabanye kanye emva Uchungechunge + noma
- lisho, ngokusho ukuthi mkhulu noma esingaphansi the A 1 kukhona
uhlu 8). Ubukhulu Leipziger kodwa inani strings 9, exchange 7, lapho abafundi
strings 7 ngazo lokhu kuba ushintsho 13 Ngakho ukuphetha akukho ubuhlobo
yesikhashana, ngoba uma kukhona enjalo, ngakho strings ngabe yanquma yibona.
8)

[Strictly ukukhuluma, ngabe central value C kuncike ukuhlinzekwa ngenhla. It

soft lapha kodwa A futhi C musa ihluke ezibonakalayo nomunye.]
Against (VIII s. Ngezansi Tab.) Ophakamayo izinyathelo waseBelgium uxhumano
kakhulu yesiteleka. The ubunye phakathi C nke izifundo engu-33 kusukela ku-1843
kuya ku 1875 esibandakanya kuyinto 1645,8 mm. Against yonke lokuqala 22
vintages e lokususa, 11 last in plus; futhi bukhipha one 33 vintages e ukwahlukana
ezimbili, 16 1843-1858 kuhl. with AVG. C = 1641,3 futhi 17 1859 kuya 1875 kanye
AVG. C = 1650,0, etholakala maqondana imigqa isihlobo Characters:
+ + + + - - - - + + - + - - -;
- - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + +.
Nakakhulu, uveza in the izinyathelo waseBelgium hhayi nje ukuthambekela
iminyaka eziningana zilandelana usebenzisa bese ukuba siphikelele aphinde
ngaphansi imithombo jikelele, kodwa futhi ukuthambekela avuke kancane
ngokusebenzisa eminingana bese ukuncipha futhi. Ngempela, sithola ukunyakaza
kule ndaba 1843 kuya 1875 yilezi ezilandelayo nesibonakaliso okulandelayo:
+ + - - - + + + + - - + - - - + - + + + + + - + - + - + + +.
The strings (lelandzelanako abalingiswa ezifanayo) lapha 17, izinguquko uphawu 14.
kuphela Ngemva zenzakalo nqunu kodwa ngabe lapha ubhalisele kabili ushintsho
kulindeleke njengoba imiphumela. (Ngakho kukhona eqinisweni, njengoba mina
eziye zenza ngokwami, uma omunye inquma isibonakaliso ngendlela ehambisana
nokuhamba ngezikhathi ngokulandelana ukubuthela sezingeni Urlisten, noma izinhlu
izinombolo lottery besondele, lapho izinombolo nilandele engozini, ilungiselelo
elinjalo wenza nokuhamba izinombolo ezilandelayo ngasinye.)
Ngo Saxony, nokuhamba Izilinganiso ukubuthela ukukhombisa ngeminyaka engu-

20 izifundo, kungaba A1, A 2 noma C kulandele, 5 iziqephu on 13 exchange; Ngakho

ngisho noshintsho more nje kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ezidingekayo ukuze
ngezikhathi.
Kusukela abakhona Saxony at the Maabteilungen ezincane kakhulu, njengoba
sonke Belgium, lutho engaqhathaniswa okuye kwaboniswa a umongo ngokwezibalo
kwe ukushintshashintsha, unjalo cishe ukufakazela lokhu, ukuthi lokho ubuhlobo
ngaso sonke okusekelwe izimbangela jikelele kakhulu, amathonya wendawo
mayelana buyisela imizila izwe emikhulu, angaluboni kalula; futhi akukho nje
umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo ukuqhubeka ukuphishekela le kwamanye amazwe,
kodwa futhi ukuba sihlole indlela njalo unomthelela periodicity ahlobene ekukhuleni
womuntu.
163. I manje ukunikeza amagugu central C for the vintages 33 kusukela 1843
kuya 1875, lapho zihlobene ngami kusukela amatafula original; kanye nemagugu
lahlobene g: k, lapho g inani izilinganiso, lapho 1618-1643 idlule sokuphumula
yobukhulu, k inani labo abangakholelwa ukuwufinyelela kusho. Ngo la
malungiselelo, ingqikithi-kwaba m yonke iminyaka izifundo 33 (inconnue
ngaphandle Usayizi) 1304764; kusho m ie 39538; the 35584 okungenani ngo
1852; esiphezulu 41851 in 1860th
. VIII amagugu central C nokungamagugu g: k unyaka-19 ukubuthela e Belgium
kusukela 1843 kuya 1875 9).

Vintage

g: k

Vintage

mm

g: k

mm

1843

1642,1

1.412

1860

1639,5

1.316

1844

1642,3

1,414

1861

1642,0

1.432

1845

1644,6

1.515

1862

1642,6

1.474

1846

1642,3

1.428

1863

1643,1

1.495

1847

1640,8

1.357

1864

1645,1

1.577

1848

1635,1

1.159

1865

1647,6

1.694

1849

1639,6

1.308

1866

1646,2

1.583

1850

1641,0

1.340

1867

1648,7

1.692

1851

1644,1

1.468

1868

1653,8

2.022

1852

1644,7

1,539

1869

1651,27

1.892

1853

1644,3

1.504

1870

1651,33

1.876

1854

1641,2

1.361

1871

1656,6

1.930

1855

1641,5

1.370

1872

1654,2

1.923

1856

1640,3

1.321

1873

1659,2

2.233

1857

1640,2

1,336

1874

1664,4

2.549

1858

1637,4

1.229

1875

1664,5

2.570

1859

1639,8

1.320

9)

Leli thebula uhluke imithetho yokuqala vintages eziyisithupha, okuyinto

okubangelwa ukuncishiswa ukubuthela 18 ubudala kuya kwengu-19 ubudala, ezinye
starting, engiwanike kumagazini RECLAM, ngoba ukuncishiswa C in the lelingenhla
kanye g: k kwenziwa esebenzisa ukusikwa sisebunyeni, kuyilapho bona kwenzeka
ephephabhukwini for the zangaphambili emva summary, ngoba kuphela yokugcina
esebenzisa ukusikwa ubunye lokho comparability ukwenza ezinye entry. Empeleni,
uma agent ethu zangaphambili kufanele sikhiphe ezwakala.

Omunye angabona ukuthi ngaphandle vintages ngo-1857 futhi 1870, ukwedlulela

amagugu g: k nezindinganiso C yonke indawo iya parallel sengqondo kwehla
nokwanda.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuphela amagugu vintages kunqunywa 1849
ngokusho kukalwa ngqo iminyaka engu-19 abaqeqeshelwa, amagugu zokuqala
eziyisithupha, ahlukaniswe line of vintages kodwa iminyaka by ukuncishiswa
kukalwa 18, kuye unyaka ukubuthela ekuqaleni unexcavated; ukuze z. B. C = 1642,1,
okuboniswe kulelithebula njengoba isebenza engu-19 abaqeqeshelwa of 1843,
kusukela C = elisuselwa 1632,5, lapho kusuka izilinganiso oneminyaka engu-18
ukubuthela in 1842 uyatholakala ngqo kwaba 10). Ngenxa yale njongo ezilandelayo
ncazelo.
10)

Ilungelo for dag C amagugu wathola ukubuthela ngonyaka 18 ubudala kukhona

emva uchungechunge: 1632,5; 1632,7; 1635,0; 1632,6; 1631,2; 1625,5.
Kuze 1847 kuhl. The ukubuthela base bemerktermaen kukalwa umnyuziki engu18, futhi babe Yebo ezincane kuno sengathi walinganisa konyaka eneminyaka engu19. Ukuze kuncishiswe lolu, I izindlela yekuchaza eziyisithupha C, futhi g:. K The
vintages engu-18 abaqeqeshelwa ezimiselwe 1842-1847 kuhlanganise zangaphambili
futhi 1631,6, lona wamuva wathola 1.033; ngakolunye uhlangothi wayefuna
zoMthetho esihambelanayo sabo vintages 13 eminyakeni 19 abaqeqeshelwa 18491861 futhi wathola isihlobo 1641,2 futhi 1.373, owawuthi C ukubuthela oneminyaka
engu-18 ubudala 1641,2: 1631.6 = 1.0059, le g: k with 1,373: 1.033 = 1.329 Kuye
ziziningi, ukuze ngenxa yokuthi babekade kulinganiswa konyaka.
Lokho I izinhlelo engu-13 kuphela iziqhathaniso kanye namanye amaqembu
ayisithupha ukubuthela Kuthethe iminyaka engu-18 edlule 19 abaqeqeshelwa Behelfs

ukuzimisela factor zokunciphisa, kanti 27 basemathubeni umyalo wakhe, okokuqala

kwadingeka yokuthi kimi ngesikhathi yokwenza lokhu ukuncishiswa babe vintages
hayi amabhidi; I am kodwa uhlala endaweni ngoba ngokwako ngeke kube usizo
ukusebenzisa vintages akude zokunciphisa.
Uma ukuncipha inani eziyisithupha eziphezulu C kwenzeke lonke 27 ezisele,
ngakho ngenxa Mitzuziehung isikhathi ezikude kakhulu ezintweni
ezinkulu C Akuphikwa kuya komkhulu ukuncishiswa factor 1646,8: 1631.6 = 1.0093
kube,
futhi
jikelele
izindlela yekuchaza yonke amagugu 33 C 1646,8 1645,8
Contribuu
a millorar
la traducci
esikhundleni kube.

Text original

XXV. Uhlaka kanye asymmetry of rye

(Secale cereale).
164. Ngokuphathelene amagama ngiphawula kusengaphambili ukuthi mina
Fruchthre, di'll ukuqonda ingxenye eyayibaluleke ye utshani eliqukethe
okusanhlamvu ngaphansi panicle, ngaphansi lokuqala, ilungu wesibili, wesithathu
futhi kanjalo amalungu noma okuthiwa. Internodes, ukuze phansi esuka phezulu,
phansi yonke ubude Halm: sum of panicle nasemilenzeni kuze impande ngaphandle
lokhu.
Kwaba nxazonke 24 July, ngokushesha ukubiza 1863 kusukela atshalwe rye
ensimini ekunakekeleni Leutzscher e Leipzig kanye L., isithungu lisishulwe ukuvuna
ovuthiwe ubangelwa kanye impande. Iningi lawo, 217 e inombolo, kwadingeka
amalungu 6, 138 amalungu 5 kuphela, 10 Ngakolunye amalungu isandla 7 no-6
ukubukeka ngokungenzeleli esingesihle amalungu 4 kuphela. On the 217
eziyisithupha-membered nanhlanu membered 138 straws ukunakekelwa, okungcono
yangaphambili, uphenyo kulandela main siphathelene njengoba kuze ratios
asymmetry kanye nokusabalalisa ezingalingani.
Nokho, kwakubonakala isithakazelo, ukuthi izindlebe okuvela kwezinye izindawo
(azungeze Leipzig) mayelana nezimo uhlaka efana ukuziphatha ukunakekelwa
Leutzscher, kuhlanganise nenombolo ezincane kwadingeka lidonse straws kusukela
uphenyo bekungeke ngisiwe out ngedwa. Kwakukhona kanjalo ngesikhathi esifanayo
izinyanda ezincane umoba kusukela zindawo ezilandelayo ukuba Leipzig ezithathiwe
okuqukethwe izindwani elandelayo. In Stnz (St.) July 16: 22 izingcezu, 20
ayisithupha-membered, amahlanu-membered 2;on Tubchenwege (TBCH.) JULY 20:
24 izingcezu, 4 eziyisithupha-membered, 20 emihlanu membered; at Schnefeld
(Sch.) JULAYI 15: 22 izingcezu, 18 ayisithupha-membered, 4 amahlanumembered. The azenze wathinta by an kakade ekuvunweni field nengxenye ezidlule.
Kuzo zonke umoba the panicle kanye namalungu ngamanye ikakhulukazi kala
isikhungo engeyokuqala, (ie kanye iinthombe panicle, kodwa ngaphandle impande)
ukuze uthole Ubude ukudla nje ngokungeza up the ubude ngokwehlukana
kulinganiswa, ngoba kunzima in practice, lonke ukukala Halm mayelana, akufani nje
ngenxa ubude ngokuvamile eside, kodwa futhi ngoba bavame amalungu ucondze
obtuse nomunye. Yiziphi ukuzimisela utshani kuqhathaniswa kancane kancane
olunembile kunalabo iminyango yalo, ngoba amaphutha nezilinganiso ngabanye

ngempela isinxephezelo kwalokho ingxenye, kodwa futhi wengeza ezinye. Ngisho

ilungu aphansi is not ngokunembile ukukala ngokuvamile, kanye nezinhlinzeko
ngenhlonipho nalokho ungelona elincane okuningi kunabanye amalungu, ngoba
ngokuvamile zikhubazekile, ukuze babengase ababulawa ukukala mayelana
zokuphola kuphela opholile lokulinganisa; futhi mina ngabe washiya ngisho
imithetho mayelana impela esandleni, uma kungenjalo Ngakolunye uhlangothi igebe
lizwakale Kanjalo wadalwa umongo isamba ukulayisha amalungiselelo, futhi hhayi
yokuzenzisa nezinhlinzeko umzuzile okuhle ngempela ilinde umongo inani
bebonke. Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba ungabaza ukuthi awunayo okuningi lokulindela
element sezigqila impande kunokuba ngesikhathi straws by khombisa kakade
kwehliswe kusukela node rootlets layo elingenhla; Nokho, inqobo kusukela kulesi
node phansi ngisho elula, siqala internode efanele kudlulela impande branched,
bekulokhu okufanayo phakade njengokusoka ilungu eziphansi straw. The panicle
ovuthiwe kalula iDemo ngenxa yokwehluleka wohlamvu ephansi, futhi owokuqala
term yakhe ezayo ngeke kulinganiswa ngokuhambisana eside kakhulu; kodwa ubude
panicle kwaba namanje ngifuna kancane kangcono zezandla ngomunwe, kunokuhlala
ngeso lenyama emisebenzi liyabonakala, lapho ehlukanisa zikuthola ethemini,
anqume. The awns of the panicle kungukuthi kulinganiswa.
Ingabe esetshenziswa ukukala ngamasentimitha ncamashi kuhlukana 1) zombili
izinyathelo njengoba nombala ngangokunokwenzeka onezinkinga tape
ngesilinganiso. Kwangu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namanje nesigamu
Mulimeter base kulinganiselwa it. Ungathanda kwangu ngisho ucacise Mabande,
ngaphandle lokuthi kangaka iphindzaphindvwa njalo Ukubuka ebukhali ugxeke
kakhulu emehlweni, ziye zaletha azisizi abalulekile ngoba ungakwazi namanje
kumelwe lilinganiswe ngokunembile ngokwanele Ten izingxenye ngamasentimitha,
ngaphandle ngaphambi balinganisela nonuniform has ukukuqapha lokho izilinganiso
zobukhulu ukubuthela ugebhezi kukalwa (s. isahl. VII) ziye enikeziwe
izibonelo.Zonke iminyango straws kodwa babe emva lonke isixha kwaba siwela
amaqembu, kulinganiswa futhi, hhayi kangaka kodwa ukuze athole inzuzo encane
nokunemba phakathi kokubili kukalwa kuka ukuba iphutha ezimaholoholo in
akhulelwe ukuqopha ngokusebenzisa isheke mutual ezimbili ezivela nomunye
Amarekhodi ezimele ukuhlonza kanye ngcono; Oversight, okuyinto kukalwa eziningi
kangaka eyisicefe kanye nokuqoshwa kufanele kugwenywe nzima ngokuphelele kuka
ungase ucabange. Of izilinganiso ezimbili zobude obulinganako sasiyobe sesibizwa
ukuthatha izindlela; I got it for elilula ayethanda ukuvumela isamba kokubili kukalwa
undividiert by 2, futhi yonke imininingwane elandelayo ephathelene kule ndawo,
lapho umane liphinde kwenzeka ukuthi folgends njengoba unit kwesigamu mass
esikhundleni wonke isentimitha kwenzeka.
1)

Ngokuvamile commercial opholile ekulinganiseni ahlukaniswe

enganembile.
165. [Ngale ndlela, panel primary inikele for the panicle kanye namalungu

ngabanye wotshani lapho Table IV e Chap. VII (for the ilungu phezulu straws 217
eziyisithupha-membered) kukhona isibonelo. Ngokuba efanayo, amatafula
ezilandelayo bese ekuqaleni elisuselwa.]
Kusukela unit E for rye yonke indawo cm, kanjalo ngiyeke folgends a
ukulandisa ekhethekile efanayo.

I. value of A 1 for panicle kanye namalungu elibekwe kuye inani ezahlukene

links futhi indawo ezahlukene, ubude isamba ukudla ilingana eyodwa
ayisithupha
7 gliedr.

6 gliedr.

5 gliedr.

L. (10)

L. (217) St (20)

Sch. (18) L.
(138)

TBCH.
(20)

Panicle .....

5.8

5.9

7.1

5.7

6.5

5.0

Ilungu 1. ....

27.5

31.4

31,6

33,7

35,4

34,6

Ilungu 2. ....

23.6

26.1

25,3 laya 28,7

28,5

28,8

Ilungu 3. ....

15.6

16.3

15.7

15.6

16.0

16.9

Ilungu 4. ....

12.3

11.8

12.0

10.0

10.2

10.5

Ilungu 5. ....

9.3

6.7

6.8

5.1

3.4

4.2

Ilungu 6. ....

5.2

1.8

1.5

1.2

Ilungu 7. ....

0.7

Amagugu
Absolute
ka A 1for the
wonke

318,9

275,2

344,7

286,9

261,1

222,1

Halm .....

. II amagugu : A 1.
7 gliedr.

6 gliedr.

5 gliedr.

L. (10)

L. (217) St (20)

Sch. (18) L.
(138)

TBCH.
(20)

Panicle .....

0.285

0,212

0,234

0,183

0,217

0,184

Ilungu 1. ....

0.119

0.115

0,116

0.105

0,108

0.101

Ilungu 2. ....

0,106

0.117

0,114

0,106

0,126

0.101

Ilungu 3. ....

0.111

0.119

0.168 2)

0.099

0.128

0.144

Ilungu 4. ....

0.128

0.141

0,094

0.135

0,201

0.177

Ilungu 5. ....

0.157

0,253

0.179

0.312

0,407

0.490

Ilungu 6. ....

0,164

0,487

0,542

0,576

Ilungu 7. ....

0.241

Halm Full. ,

0.083

0.099

0.076

0.093

0.104

0.089

2)

0.168, nakuba kungase kutholakale libalwe zibukezwe njengoba elungile,

kodwa kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ongaphilile, ngoba yonke indawo
omunye : A isici sesithathu okuyinto ezincane kuno owesine.

III. Elements of 217 straws eziyisithupha-membered ukunakekelwa Leutzscher

emva panel primary.
Panicle

1. EQ. 2. EQ. 3. EQ. 4. EQ. 5. EQ. 6. EQ. Ohlangeni

A1

16.2

86,5

71,8

44,9

32,5

18.4

4.9

275,2

G1

15.8

85,5

71,0

44,2

31,9

17,4

4.0

272,8

E,

7.5

42,9

38,9

19.1

15.0

6.0

0.6

147,9

E'

27,9

112,2

99,8

61,9

48,0

34,0

19,0

352,6

-5

+ 25

+ 10

+10

-3

- 15

- 33

+ 13

U
'- U,

+3,0

- 17,9 - 4.9

- 8.8

- 2.0

+3,2

+ 9.8

- 49,9

IV. Elements 138 straws amahlanu-membered ukunakekelwa Leutzscher emva

panel primary.
Panicle 1. EQ. 2. EQ. 3. G1. 4. EQ. 5.Gl. Ohlangeni
A1

16.9

92,4

74,4

41,8

26,7

8.9

261,1

G1

16.3

91,5

73,4

41,2

25,8

7.6

258,8

E,

7.0

53,5

34.1

19.5

6.3

1.6

158,7

E'

33,4

119,4 96,4

62,4

41,8

22.0

330,9

-2

U '- U, + 6.6

+ 14

+8

+8

- 11.9 - 18.3 - 1.7

+4

- 14

+ 10

- 5.3

+5,8

- 32,6

166. Imiphumela kusukela nesithakazelo jikelele kakhulu, okungase sisuselwa

amatafula ngenhla kimi kubonakala sengathi kube ezimbili ezilandelayo.
1) Ukuthi kukhona izimo ezithile zomthetho uhlaka ngesikhathi rye ngendlela
yokuthi bangakwazi afake isicelo rye njengoba alandisa kungaba isenzakalo
indisputably ukuba sihlole hhayi kuphela izinhlobo ezahlukene yokusanhlamvu
naphakade notshani emva izithakazelo isici zabo ngokuqhathanisa, kodwa futhi
ithonya ukutadisha yizimo zangaphandle, ezifana umhlabathi futhi sezulu wonyaka it.
2) Lokho kunikeza ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda eziningi khona asymmetry
eziphawulekayo kanye pad for luhlolo imithetho yabo.
Asiye kuqala ukuba nesithakazelo yangaphambili uphenyo.
Omunye angayithola nombuzo wokuthi ngabe ukuhluka ebonisa ngamunye rye
umoba mayelana ubude bayo kanye nemibandela yayo uhlaka, kodwa
ezihlukahlukene okungahleliwe imbewu noma ubunjalo zenhlabathi, ngayinye
okuyinto rearranges single zincike, cishe kusukela kokubili izimbangela, ngaphandle
ukuthi kude kangaka angazinqumela empirically mayelana. Noma kunjalo, izimo
jikelele elandelayo aphethwe.
1) Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubude isilinganiso A 1 emhlabeni umoba ngeke ifane
ngokusho izindawo kusukela 344,7 ukuba 222,1, nge lapho bheka ulwazi Table I,
kodwa ratios izakhi (ngokusho izibalo zabo kusho), ngoba ubude kukhona
ngokuzimela yalo futhi kuphela kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele inani lamalungu
ukuba variable, iDemo zingase uthathwa njengoba njalo futhi kanjalo isici rye for
enomborweni enikelweko amalungu. Ithebula I inikeza amaphepha, inqobo kuwo,
wonke amalungu, kanye panicle on the isilinganiso notshani (ulingana 100)
ziyancipha. Kusukela ngaphandle Leutzsch kanye m = 217 kanye 138, omunye
izingosi kuphela m = 10; Yiba 18 no-20, bengingeke bakholwa ukuthi lapho yilo
encane m enemibandela ukungaqiniseki sokuhambisana isihlobo isixhumanisi ubude
for isibalo esinikezwe of links kuzodingeka kude ukuya kangaka, njengoba
kunjalo. Kuphela Schnefeld (with m = 18) ukukhombisa umehluko emikhulu
kusukela kwamanye amasayithi for the straws eziyisithupha-membered; kodwa
ngakolunye uhlangothi ubona for sechsgliedr. Halme ukuqondana ngokumangalisayo
amalungu ubudlelwano phakathi L. (217) kanye St (20) e budze lobehlukene kakhulu
275,2 futhi 344,7 Total; futhi akukho kancane ephawulekayo fnfgliedr. Halme
phakathi L. (138) kanye TBCH. (20) e ezahlukene ubude 261,1 kanye 222,1. Yebo
ngisho Sch. fnfgliedr. kanye m = 4 uyavuma eziyinqaba kangaka ndawonye, futhi
TBCH kuphela. sechsgliedr. kanye m = 4 futhi L. viergliedr. kanye m = 6 show
okwahlukile eziphawulekayo; Kodwa yokuqhathanisa kancane ukuze m kungenzeka
kube efanele ngakhoke ezingekho etafuleni odlule. Phela, kwaba cishe ezifanele
ukudweba amalungu ngokulingana isamba imigomo ukuba di straws ngaphandle

panicle kuka panicle ngisho nangokwengeziwe, njengoba osekwenziwe lapha

ukucabangela.
2) Efanisa izinsika for the seven-, ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka and
fnfgliedr. Straws of Tab. I, sithola uwonke ukuthi nabo yokwehla isibalo links
ukwanda, imigomo emithathu yokuqala ubude proportionate, the last kodwa
wehlise. Noma short: uma inani lamalungu lehla, bese ukunweba nemilenze
eliphezulu ukunciphisa ephansi ngokulingana ubude.Ngokuba panicle akukho
umthetho oqondile kulesi sici kubonwa.
3) Ukuthatha ngokwesibonelo umbuzo ngokuthi ngabe isimo ezabekwa ZEISING
futhi ngokuphindaphindiwe wasamukela ukuqinisa aqinisekise in the izimo uhlaka
rye ukuthi in nature isilinganiso okungenangqondo esigabeni golden, di luhluke
ncamashi 100: 162, wadlala indima enhle njengoba is awukwazi qinisa lokhu Table I,
njengoba isilinganiso links ezilandelanayo omunye komunye kuba phakade variable
ngempela. Njengoba kancane ubonakala khona ukuthambekela ratios elula
enengqondo.
4) Iphutha elula isilinganiso noma elula isilinganiso ukwehlukahlukana = : m.
Bez A ithatha e amagugu ngokuphelele kusukela phezulu kuya esitho phansi kulokho
I abanazo akukho etafuleni. Kodwa kusukela ukubaluleka A lehla kulesi siqondiso,
wazibuza kanjalo kanjani kuba ne ngokulingana amagugu : A = : m A, noma
ukwehlukahlukana isihlobo kule baziphathe maqondana, yini ukuhlola ngokusho
Table II .. Lapha ikhombisa ephawulekayo ukuthi : A amalungu phezulu amabili
kuya kwamathathu neither ngenani athomu ngalawo malungu (noma wokuqala,
ilungu wesibili kanye nokunye), noma ohlotsheni izindwani (uma eziyisikhombisa
ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka emihlanu-membered) noma, ekugcineni, emva izingosi
degree esiningi kuyehluka, kuphela ukuthi njalo appreciable at the umoba sevenkanye eziyisithupha-membered on the ezintathu 3) kwelula, ngesikhathi-membered
amahlanu amalungu amabili phezulu kuphela. Ngokusho Nokho, lapho omunye yehla
ukwehlisa ngezitho, bukhula hhayi kuphela : A ngokuvamile kanye ukujula
amalungu uma ukulingana indawo kanye nenombolo ye links, kodwa futhi kushintsha
nokulingana Inombolo athomu lezi zikhathi ezimbili. The : A umvini yonke indawo
enkulu, ngokwesilinganiso cishe kabili njengoba enkulu njengoba lowo of ethemini
Nokho, : A lonke culm ezincane kokwanoma imuphi umnyango eyodwa; lokho
okushoyo kuqondakale kalula.
3)

Inani 0,168 ekulesi wesithathu Stnz kuyinto, ngaphandle ukuthembela

accounting amaphutha, liyabonakala engavamile ngoba kuyinto encane 0,094 kanje
nesesine.
Kusukela amagugu : A. The Tab II kuyinto uncorrected, ngakho ngo ukubanjwa
ukulungiswa
ngabe, namagugu inikezwe for the magugu alandelayo
empeleni namanje ( s 44.) M mibandela elandelayo v kube ukwandisa:
m

10; 20; 138; 217

1,054; 1,026; 1,004; 1,002.

Kodwa lubonakala kalula ukuthi lokhu zizoshintsha lutho iziphetho besondele.

167. Emva kwalokho ngifika izingxenye uphenyo, okuyinto has asymmetry ratios
nenhlonipho; kuhlanganise nje etholakala ezindaweni Leutzsch idatha kanye 217
sechsgliedr.futhi 138 fnfgliedr. Umoba a eyanele m grant. Futhi, ngisho m = 217
ngokuqinisekile ngeke big ngokwanele ngethonya. izehlakalo ongalinganiseli kuze
kube wayefisa degree sicindezeleke 4), kodwa ngeke ibonise ukuthi lapho ukuncishiswa
edingekayo kanye nokwelashwa ebukhali, imiphumela isitatimende amarekhodi asymmetry collective
ezitholakala nomdlalo omuhle kakhulu; kodwa

ngaphandle ukuncishiswa kube phezu

amagugu u = '- , futhi U - U, (okusho U = e' - A; U, = A - E,) e Table III futhi
IV ubufakazi bokuthi eziphawulekayo asymmetry elikhona lapha.
4)

[Empeleni, lo kungenzeka value V umehluko u = '- , bez. A 1 sesimweni

yesimethri ezintweni ezibalulekile ngokusho 98 ngenxa formula V = 0,6745

ulingana 10]
. Uma lokho ngewesimethri kubalulekile Deviation bez A endaweni azithathe,
umehluko belungafica u phakathi izinombolo ezimbili ukuphambuka ', , futhi
umehluko U' - U,hhayi phakathi ngeziphambeko ezimbili ngokwedlulele Table III
futhi IV nakuba .. kukhonjisiwe, kodwa lapho U '= E - A and U, E - = A, kuncike
kulo kulula ukuthola, kuphela ongenakulinganisela futhi izehlakalo, switch phakathi
nemilenze ye izindwani ngobukhulu asayine ngezikhathi. Kodwa silandela
umehluko u phansi kwababusi amalungu, kanjalo sibona elihle value Ethemini yalo
ngokuqhubekayo wehlise ngobukhulu, futhi esinye sezitho zomzimba ezithile ukuze
(for sechsgliedr straws kusukela wesine - .. For fnfgliedr kuphela esitho yesihlanu
ngokwayo) vula negative. Ingabe senza njengoba nje umehluko U '- U ,, sithola
esihambelanayo nesibonakaliso okuhlukile, ngaphandle ngisho nalapho
sechsgliedr. Umoba imvilophu iqala kuze esitho yesihlanu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo,
lamathebula asinika ithuba umusho jikelele ( 33; 142) ukufakazela
ukuthi U - U, isibonakaliso okuphambene '- , has lokho kuphela encane
kakhulu u and U' - U, ushwele sobala singase sihlupheke by izehlakalo
ongenakulinganisela, lapho uzothola isibonelo at the kwesizukulwane sesine
sechsgliedr. Halme wathola. Ngokuba panicle eyisithupha njengoba fnfgliedr
in. Umoba kanye negative, U - U, positive; emihle lonke ohlangeni value
zangaphambili, ongemuhle yokugcina.
Kwakuyoba manje ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuphenya ukuthi le enqunywe
uphinyiswa ukwedlulela elingokomthetho U and U '- U, lapho lapha nje indawo
eyodwa (Leutzsch) kanye sezulu unyaka ngamunye (1863) for ngokwanele
ezinkulu m akhiwe ikufakazele, enanela kwezinye izindawo nezinye izimo zezulu
wonyaka, njengoba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ezinye izindawo nemibandela sezulu
baphathe ezinye izimo nalokhu ngesikhathi ukukhula neziqu. Manje Ngithole ngisho
idatha for kwamanye amasayithi (St., TBCH, Sch ..) Ngaphambi, kodwa munye

kuphela m 18-20, okuyinto okuncane kakhulu ulindele imiphumela ezithile: kodwa

kumele okungenani ukukhulisa ukucabangela, futhi St. TBCH., kokubilim = 20,
maqondana iGanges yayo u lahlola, kuyilapho kulondolozwa imiphumela ezilotshwe
ithebula elandelako.

V. A 1 kanye u for the izindawo TBCH. futhi St., kokubili m = 20th

A1

TBCH. 5
gl.

St. 6 gl.

TBCH.

St.

Panicle. , ,

11.2

24,5

-6

-2

1. EQ. , ,

76,8

108,9

-2

2. EQ. , ,

63,9

87,2

+2

3. EQ. , ,

37,6

54,1

-2

-2

4. EQ. , ,

23.3

41.4

-6

+2

5. Gl ... ,

9.3

23.4

-2

6. EQ. , ,

5.2

-4

Halm. , ,

222,1

344,7

-6

+2

Ngemva kwalokho, Nokho, omunye angase Nokho, usola cishe ngokuqinisekile,

ukuthi indawo ithonya elibonakalayo on the inkambo u Kusho kanye ratios
asymmetry of rye ngenxa TBCH. wonke u babe negative noma zero, ukuhambisa
unomphela ngoba St. e ubukhulu kanye asayine 5).
5)

[Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lapha ukubaluleka cishe u zisesimweni

ebalulekile imida yesimethri bez. A 1 kusukela formula V = 0.67
(s. 98) is
ulingana 3 imiphumela, lapho ezintathu kuphela kwezine evela ngenhla nantathu
uyayazisa cishe value V idlula. Ngakho-ke iwukuba i overgrowth luyingxenye
asymmetry nomaphi Empeleni, lapho neze lokuvimbela ukuthi for TBCH. futhi St.
nge emikhulu m bangase babe imithetho efanayo zenzeka njengoba waphawula for
L ..]
168. Ukuze wonke imiphumela odlule, kuphela panel primary ayengaphansi
kwama, kodwa akukho zulngliche yokunquma ukubaluleka densest, ukubala
ukusatshalaliswa engaphansi yiluphi uphenyo ukuze D imibandela yezimvume
ezihlobene. Ngakho thina manje siye ngaphesheya panel encishisiwe, okuyinto

khathesi kuphela Leutzscher impahla okungukuthi eziyisithupha-membered

kanye m uzoba nomkhawulo enanini = 217th
Kufanele kubhekelwe kuphela izitho amahlanu eliphezulu [Kodwa ngisho kulokhu
kwaziswa. Ngoba bona athobele probation ukusatshalaliswa quin imithetho futhi
ukuvumela control ezanele zokulungisa of the protuberant in Table III iGanges
asymmetry. It kukhonjiswa, nje begwema umoba zabo futhi esitho phansi, njengoba
kushiwo ngenhla ( 164) izizathu, imiphumela kuzodingeka kuphela value
ezingabazisayo. Ngiyavuma ngendlela efanele folgends the z amagugu amalungu
okuqala amahlanu for yehlise i = 4 E ngendlela ezinqumela abakhethiweyo
zokunciphisa ungqimba uhlanganise amagugu, amagugu kubalwa njengoba
bayothwala the GG amabili emaceleni, waphawula ngokushesha phezu. In uxhumano
ngqo kulo, kukhona izakhi eziye ibekwe ukubala kusekelwe, aqoshiwe:

VI. Panel Ukwehla of 217 Halme eziyisithupha-membered (L.).

i = 4 E; m = 217th
1. isixhumanisi 2. isixhumanisi 3. isixhumanisi 4. isixhumanisi
5. ilungu
z
A

OBS. uku-. A OBS. uku-. A OBS. uku-. A OBS. uku-. A OBS. Mayelana

44 1

38 1

18 1

15 3

1.5

3 0

48 1

42 1

22 1

0.5

19 5

7 11.5 10

52 1

46 1.5

26 2.5

23 12.5 17

11 29

28

56 2

50 6.5

30 4.5

27 38

15 48

50

60 4

54 6.5

8.5

34 16.5 15

31 55,5 53,5 19 63,5 56

64 6

58 15.5 13

38 20,5 29

35 57,5 54

68 8

62 17.5 18.5 42 43,5 42,5 39 31.5 34

27 15.5 21

72 9

13

66 25,5 24

46 58,5 49

43 11

12

31 8

76 21.5 17

70 29.5 29

50 39

41

47 3

35 3.5

80 15.5 22

74 30,5 32

54 19

22

84 24

78 32

32

58 7

88 33,5 28

82 25,5 25

62 4

92 27.5 28

86 16

15

96 23.5 24

90 6.5

100 18.5 18

94 0.5

25

36

23 38

41

104 13.5 11
108 4
112 3.5

98 1.5

6
3
VII. Elements of 217 Halme eziyisithupha-membered (L. for panel
kungancipha.

1 ilungu

2.
Ilungu

3.
Ilungu

4.
ilungu

5.
ilungu

A2

86,52

71,69

44,83

32,39

18,38

C2

87,85

72,52

45,30

32,60

18,26

Dp

90,58

76,73

46,23

33,46

17,96

Di

88,45

76,75

45,74

33,29

18,51

- 45

- 65

- 27

- 24

+10

e,

11,82

10,98 6,28

5,33

4,60

e'

7,76

5.94

4.26

5,02

4,88

p
0.67
0,84
0,66
0.80
0,71
Ukuhlobana theory kanye UCWANINGO kuyinto isivumelwano kwanele ukuthi
onganelisa ningi kanjalo than amalungiselelo eziyimbangela m = 217
incane. Ikakhulu, omunye kungaba uphawule ukuthi kwethemu yesibili sifana
okufunwa theory kahle, okungekho lolwehlukanisa Yiqiniso, kuyinto enye amalungu
okuphambene kodwa kuphela ufune izehlakalo ezihambisana isinyathelo
zokunciphisa kanye nokunciphisa indawo okwamanje ezikhethiwe. It wazibonakalisa
kanjalo GG amabili emaceleni ukuze azenze rye.]
[Lokhu kubuye phambi ukubeka asymmetry eziphawulekayo ukwamukeleka
ngaphandle kokungatshazwa. Kodwa iziphetho mayelana nokulahlekelwa futhi
kubuyekezwe asymmetry yokwehla nemilenze okubangelwa inkambo njalo u
- control ukhuthazwe Tables III futhi IV amagugu, sikhonjiswa
nazo A 1 eziphathelene uqobo kanye netafula III Ref
elihambisana. D p kusebenza u qhathanisa lelingenhla. Lokhu kuqhathanisa libonisa
ukuthi lapha has ilungu yesibili esikhundleni ukubaluleka lokuqala esiphezulu, futhi
kuvela emuva asymmetry kuphela esitho yesihlanu esikhundleni owesine, futhi
kuleyo ngaso sonke ukwehluka phakathi kwamalungu ngokulandelana basakaza
ehlukile futhi banamandla ngaphezu khona. Uma ubuza manje, yini amagugu
kufanele ithathwa njengoba ehlonishwayo, kangangokuthi kuyodingeka ukuba
sicabangele ukuthi, nakuba ngaso sonke isikhathi u amagugu bez. A munye, kanye
nemibandela (D - C): (C - A) okhulayo, elikhulu U- value Ref. D zesibonakaliso
okuphambene elihambisana ukuthi kodwa lapha kukhethwa isinyathelo zokunciphisa
kanye nesikhundla nokunciphisa, isikhundla amagugu D, C no A, okungukuthi

of D ngezinga kunesono C no A abathintekayo, ngokuqondene etafuleni

ukuqhathanisa izakhi izinyathelo ehlukahlukene ukuncishiswa futhi izingqimba
nokunciphisa in the VIII. Isahluko kuyabonakala. Ngale ndlela, lesi
ekushintshashintsheni libukhali achaze uziqhathaniswa indlela ezinokuthula
of u. Nokho, isahlulelo sokugcina lezi zilinganiso asymmetry kunalokho
ukuba u njengoba u ukuqala. Ngokuba yokugcina sicondzisa kuphela eseduze ukuze
anqume ukuthi futhi ngezinga elingakanani bez in imida yesimethri
iziphumo. A kulindeleke u izindinganiso lidlule by the waphawula; Nokho e
umbandela ebalulekile asymmetry D p ukuze kubhekwe njengoba value kungenzeka
kakhulu, futhi kukhona ngendlela efanele, i Ematfuba p futhi q = 1 - k esikhulu
sokuphambuka engenhla nengezansi in the izimo waphawula kusho
ukuphambuka e 'futhi e, embonweni, kuyilapho ukwamukelwa elihambisana ngoba
ngeziphambeko bez. A akuvunyelwe. Kukhona KE ngokuvumelana imiyalelo
eyongeziwe Cape. XIV ( 101), imikhawulo cishe u alinganayo:
ukusetha futhi ngesisekelo inani p: q = e ': s, ukubala, owawuthi ecaleni samanje
ngayinye amalungu amahlanu waphetha ukubaluleka 10 njengoba mkhawulo kanye
aphansi cishe kuchaziwe ethebuleni cishe u - Kulindeleke amagugu, ezithela. Nokho,
kusobala nje kuphela ukuthi ilungu ngalinye, kubhekwe asymmetry ebalulekile
kungokwalabo, kodwa futhi ukuthi ukushintshashintsha phakathi imigomo
elandelanayo ngaphandle kwalabo kufanele waqaphela phakathi kwesizukulwane
sesithathu nesesine njengoba kubalulekile. Nokho, kusukela kuleli cala ngo
nobuncane of m-wasungula futhi kukhethwa ekunciphiseni ukungaqiniseki positional
ekutholweni D p ingathathwa zibe akhawunti, kuyothiwa weluleka phezu amagugu
ngokuphelele we waphawula futhi ukuba ungabeki isisindo okungadingekile
kanye nje ngivamise ukuba Ukuze agcizelele ukwamukelwa asymmetry lapho ehlela
e inani lamalungu futhi siqede asymmetry ezingalweni nasemilenzeni aphansi.]
169. [Ekugcineni, namanje kuphakamisa umbuzo ukuthi izimo amalungu
ukwelashwa collective Rogge kufanelekile. Lesi sithakazelo kukhona izibhebhe
ezimbili ezilandelayo, iyiphi ngoba ratios ilungu lokuqala nelesibili kanye nowesibili
nowesithathu ilungu Isaphulelo amatafula iziqhathaniso phakathi ukuqapha kanye
accounting, kanye wonke Obuhlukile amagugu izakhi ngokuhambisana kokunye
ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic ulethe. The kwencani elandelanayo futhi
ngobukhulu amagugu ezintathu ye ratios amalungu lokuqala nelesibili kukhona 0,64,
0.98 futhi 1.00 ngakolunye uhlangothi; 1.50, 1,97 futhi 2.11 ngakolunye. The
amagugu elihambisana for the ratios kwethemu lesibili nelesithathu 1.12, 1.15 futhi
1.16 ngakolunye uhlangothi; 2.22, 2,42 futhi 2,63 ngakolunye. The kanye a sokuthi
logarithms ukukhuluma kanjalo esimweni sangaphambili phakathi kwemingcele 0,19 and + 0.32; e mBhalo phakathi kwemingcele 0.05 and 0.42. Lokhu kuholela
encishisiwe i = 0.02 ukuba amagugu okulandelayo:

VIII. Ratios amalungu amathathu phezulu Halme 217 eziyisithupha-membered

(L.) kanye namalungu ayo.
i = 0.02; m = 217th
1. Ilungu :. 2 Link
Z
A
OBS.

uku-.

- 0,19

- 0.03

- 0.01

1.5

+0,01

11.5

+0,03

15

21

+0,05

35

34

+0,07

47

43

+0,09

47

41

+0,11

30

31

+0,13

16

19

e '= 0,034

+0,15

10

p = 0.75

+0,17

+0,19

+0,29

+0,33

G = 0,080
C = 0,079
D p = 0,076
D i = 0,080
u = + 13
e, = 0,030

G = 1,202
C = 1.199
T p = 1,191
T i = 1.202

2. Ilungu :. 3 Link
A

OBS.

uku-.

0.05

0,07

0,09

0.11

0.13

14

13

0.15

17.5

19

0.17

23.5

24

0,19

26

28

0.21

37

29

0,23

26

36

e '= 0,048

0.25

17

22

p = 0: 0

0,27

14

16

0,29

11

0,31

0.33

0,35

0,37

0,39

0,41

G = 0,206
C = 0,206
D p = 0,206
D i = 0.210
u=0
e, = 0,048

G = 1,607
C = 1.607
T p = 1,607
T i = 1.622

Kuqakathekile degree eliphansi asymmetry ukuthi ngisho ngokuphelele engekho for

the isilinganiso ilungu wesibili nowesithathu, futhi kuphela kuchubekela
zamadesimali wesine Hauptwer-te G, C no D p okwakuyokwenzeka
izibalo. Ukucutshungulwa the zamadesimali wesine ngabe Nokho, phezu
ukusatshalaliswa ezincwadini z at sokuphumula ngamunye kushintshe lutho ngoba
kuphela encane enjalo kwakuyoba nethonya. Amanani G zinjengoba uzimisele

kusukela amatafula primary for isilinganiso kwethemu lokuqala nelesibili ulingana

0.081 kanye isilinganiso kwethemu yesibili neyesithathu ulingana 0,205. The
extreme A for amalungu lokuqala nelesibili nazo ngenxa indlela engenayo njengoba
yanquma ngendlela engavamile imele.]

XXVI. The izilinganiso imidwebo gallery.

170. [In the xxi. Isahluko bekulokhu K.-G. ezathathwa izilinganiso imidwebo
eholweni futhi inikezwe njengoba isibonelo ngenxa sifaniso phakathi izibalo kanye
mode logarithmic ukwelashwa. Izinga Urlisten wakhonza njengephayona hergaben
labo zincwadi ohlwini, njengoba i ukwesekwa ngokushesha ngesikhathi kumiswa
distribution amabhodi encishisiwe, okuningi mhlawumbe ngenxa logarithmic
njengoba zokunciphisa izibalo. - Nazi imiphumela ngokujulile uphenyo, okuyinto
maqondana izilinganiso gallery imidwebo ehlukahlukene ngokombono asymmetry
lilonke zingxenye Isithasiselo for "kwesikole sobuhle bayo"; sekukhomba eyenziwa,
sidluliselwe kanye nokusabalalisa amabhodi arithmetically kungancipha khona
ngisho ohlwini kutshalwa ingxenye a logarithmic ukwelashwa isisekelo. Lesi
sakamuva singabangela ke kanyekanye ibe ubufakazi bokuthi amatafula
arithmetically encishisiwe zingakhiqiza a base eyanele ukuze ukwelashwa
logarithmic ngisho ngaphandle kwehla ukuba Urlisten noma ukusatshalaliswa
primary amabhodi, uma - njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni samanje - engxenyeni
yokugcina izilinganiso ezinkudlwana of a Umngcele osuka kufingqwe njengalokhu
ukulinganisela ngezinga yayo kungaba azimisele kuphela amagugu ngokwedlulele
esibekiwe.]
[I Manje butha emthonjeni eziqokiwe 1), okokuqala, ulwazi ngesimo luhlolo ( 171) futhi
uqhubeke (Isigaba 172 kanye 173) amapulangwe ukusatshalaliswa futhi amatafula izakhi kanye nalokho
ukuzihlanganisa izingxoxo semikhawulweni ke ( 174) ukuba ukukhombisa impumelelo ukwelashwa
logarithmic izibonelo ezine. Ekugcineni,

I ukwabelana ( 175), yena, kusukela pre-school

yobuhle imininingwane ubudlelwane phakathi ukuphakama nobubanzi nokuphakama
endaweni igalari nemifanekiso]
1)

[kwesikole sobuhle bayo; 1876. Ingxenye Yesibili, k 275 FlgD.]

171. Njengoba izithombe amakilasi yenkolo, basezinganekwaneni, ukuhluza,

landscape and namanje izithombe ukuphila ababonakali ngezikhundla:
a) images Indlu, izithombe ds ngokuqukethwe zenkolo alttestamentlich- and
yobuKristu. Ngenxa yalesi njongo izingoma hhayi kuphela yabalwa kanye nezibalo
eziningana, kodwa ngisho namakhanda ngabanye futhi izibalo, njengoba noKristu
izinhloko, nezithombe zosanta, imifanekiso, fakazi izindaba, ngisho namathafa kanye
staffage engcwele, ukuze lesi sigaba empeleni a hodgepodge kabi
echaziwe; kungakho kakhulu unregelmigeVerteilung ngobukhulu futhi nenombolo
kwenzeka.

b) aphathelene nezinganekwane, izithombe ds ne wokuqukethwe kusukela Greek

and onkulunkulu bamaRoma namaqhawe emhlabeni, lihlanganisa ngokuhambisana,
ngalokho kabi kwasakazwa.
c) ukuhluza imidwebo, ngomqondo evamile, ngaphandle impi nokuzingela
izigcawu.
d) namathafa, kanye iinthombe navies, kodwa ngaphandle port Nemizi.
e) Noma kunjalo Life, izithombe ds kanye nezinto ezingaphili (ahluke icala
abashiywe ngaphandle Architecture), njengoba imilando ehlanganiswe ezifana
comestibles Amadivayisi, futhi imbali nezithelo izicucu, ngaphandle kwalabo
okuhlanganisa izibalo womuntu, kanye ukufakwa kodwa lezo zilwane zenzeka
secondary.
Awathandi ukutadisha izithombe wokuziphilisa zomlando, izithombe lathumela,
ekumeni, ngaso sonke kungukuthi wahlanganisa izithombe odlule
amakilasi. Nomaphi okungafanele eqoshiwe futhi wallpaper izithombe, diptychs futhi
triptychs namabhodi enjalo, eyayibonakala equkethwe izethulo ezehlukene e
eklanywe nomunye iminyango.
Yiqiniso, kungase kuphakame izikhathi eziningana ukungabaza ngokuthi ngabe
isithombe isithombe ukuhluza kufanele kwesokunxele ngaphansi c) lithathwa noma
njengoba wokuziphilisa picture historical eceleni noma isithombe njengoba landscape
ngaphansi d) kufanele zithathwe noma kwesobunxele nezinkomo nje isiqeshana
eceleni njll; ngisho mhlawumbe wazala amacala ezingabazisayo kungaba ngononina
kancane ehlukene. Indes kuza ke hhayi okuningi, ngoba ukungaqiniseki kuphazamisa
abambalwa izithombe kuphela, ukuze izimo ngeke esibonakala kakhulu kulokhu. A
ebukhali kakhulu ngokuhlukana simiso angeke sibe nalo; Ngaya e-izinhlu emva
Apercu enombono eyinhloko izithombe.
Multiple kukhona amacala amabili noma ngisho eziningi ekuqukethe ahlelwe by
izithombe ahlobene ifomethi efanayo ilandelana ezinhlwini zamakhulu. Ngakho woza
in the game wesithathu yabakwa Louvre: ecole franaise p. 342 et seq. Of No. 525547 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi ezivamile: "Les principaux izici de la vie de St.
Bruno," 22 izithombe of Le Sueur edlule, lapho, ngaphandle No. 533, zonke
okufanayo izilinganiso h = 193; b = kuba 130 cm.
Kwakukhona umbuzo ukuthi ezimweni ezinjalo, wonke amakhophi njengoba
olulodwa once kuphela noma izikhathi eziningi njengoba kwenzeka, kumele kufakwe
kanye offset in the panel ukusatshalaliswa.
Bekungeke kube kulo, kodwa kuyini cishe abanasithakazelo ukuze kutholakale
langempela amagugu isilinganiso izithombe equkethwe Galleries owanikwa hlobo
loluniketiwe kanye langempela ukusatshalaliswa ratios, ukuze Yebo kungase kuphela
indlela yokugcina, ayahlonishwa; kodwa kusukela ngabe kulindeleke ukuthi
izilinganiso zobukhulu efanayo recurred ngokwesilinganiso in the izimo ezifanayo
nakwezinye zemibukiso, omunye bangazuza umnikelo omkhulu ukuzimisela jikelele
kusho ngale ndlela futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathola kakhulu kwashintsha jikelele
wokusabalalisa ratios. Ngakho izithombe ezilandelayo Zah-Len zenkolo ezitholakala

okulandelayo ubukhulu ngezikhathi ukuphakama:

Ngezikhathi z
cm cm
179,5 ukuba 91
189,5
189,5 ukuba 89
199,5
199,5 ukuba 93
209,5
lapho izinombolo umdlalo eduze, njengoba kulindeleke ngezikhathi
contiguous. Kodwa kuleli cala wonke SUEUR'sche izithombe 22 193 cm
ukuphakama zibaliwe kabili, kulindelwe bafuna izikhathi 22, ukuze ungase uthathe
izinombolo ezilandelanayo 91; 89; 93 wathola: 91; 109; 93; lapho ngabe wenza
ukusatshalaliswa kuyinto okungajwayelekile kakhulu.Ngakho, kwezinye
izimo. Kodwa kusukela sebuningini izithombe ezihlobene izilinganiso zobukhulu
efanayo, phela, lisikisela ukuthi likhetha ezinamandla lezi izilinganiso futhi ngenxa
yalokho kuthatha Ukukhuluphala ukuqedela, ngakho nganquma, short futhi nxazonke
zonke izimo lapho kwakukhona ezihlobene ezimbili noma imifanekiso izilinganiso
zobukhulu efanayo , kabili, kepha akukho ngaphezu kabili, ukubalwa kuleli thebula
ukusatshalaliswa.
Ngakho, lapho folgends inani of ethunywe Ukuhlolwa izithombe ethile ukuba
10558, ngakho leli nani kuze kube manje akuyona obukhulu, kuthiwa yonke indawo
nje kuthathwe njengoba ngemuva ukubona yangaphambili inqwaba izithombe
ezihlobene izilinganiso zobukhulu efanayo, ezimbili kuphela icala, kodwa
ngakolunye uhlangothi, namathafa, ngo Imiphi imikhosi yenkolo yami-thologische
isifihlwa kwenzeka, kokubili namathafa njengoba imidwebo yenkolo noma
izinganekwane, ngakho zithathwa kabili. Nokho, njengoba kuyinto ithonya kokubili
izici wenza hhayi kakhulu futhi kusukela kolunye uhlangothi, ngenhla figure uhlala
eduze ngokwanele olunembile.
Kukhona gallery images kuphela, okungukuthi amabili nambili zemibukiso
zomphakathi 2) kulinganiswa noma kunalokho kukhonjisiwe izinhlu Gallery
elingakanani, konke lehla saba metric ngesilinganiso ukuhamba ubukhulu image in
Lichten ifremu, futhi esetshenziswa ngenxa comparability.
2)

Used izinhlu.

Amsterdam. Beschriving the ops Schilderijen Rijks Museum te Amsterdam. 1858

Antwerp. Catalogue du Muse d'Anvers, ngaphandle ngonyaka.
Berlin. A) List of Umdwebo iqoqo Royal. Museum zu Berlin 1834th

b) Uhla Umdwebo ukuqoqwa inxusa Wagener. 1861

Braunschweig. UPape, Thumela. D. Gemldesamml. d. Heart. Museum of Brunswick
1849th
Brussels. Fetis, Catalogue descript. et histor. du Mus. roy. de Belgique 1804th
Darmstadt. MLLER, Incazelo d. Gemldesamml. e d. Groherz. Mus. ukuze
Darmstadt.
Dijon. Isaziso objets d'art lidalula au Mus. de Dijon 1860th
Dresden. Hbner, Thumela. Of the Royal. Ukudweba Gallery Dresden 1856th
Florence. CHIAVACCHI, Guida della R. senyongo. del Palazzo Pitti 1864th
Frankfurt. PASSAVANT, Thumela. D. Public. kitchenette -equipped. Works of art. d.
Stdel Art Institute 1844th
Leipzig, a) ukubambezeleka. D. Art d. Stadt. Mus. Leipzig 1862nd
b) ukubambezeleka. d. Lhr'schen Umdwebo iqoqo at Leipzig 1859th
London. The National Gallery, izithombe zayo njll ngaphandle ngonyaka.
Madrid. Pedro da Madrazo Catalogo de los del Quadros Mus Okuynqo. de Pintura y
Escultura 1843rd
Milan. Guida per la regia Pinacotheca di Brera.
Munich. A) ukubambezeleka. D. Gem. In d. Royal. Pinakothek e Munich 1860th
b) ukubambezeleka. d. Gem. d. New Royal. Pinakothek e Munich. 1861
Paris. VILLOT, Isaziso tabl. Exp. Dans les gal. du Mus. imp. du Louvre 1859th
Petersburg. Esikalini Umdwebo. e-Imperial. Hermitage Petersburg 1864th
Venice. Catalogo gli Esposti oggetti d'arte al Publico nella L. Roy. NeAkadi. di Belli
Arti in V. 1864th
Vienna. V. Mechel ukubambezeleka. D. Gem. The 1781st KK iqoqo photo

Njengoba iyunithi mass esetshenziswa folgends ke njalo the isentimitha.

172. Ngo amakilasi kuboniswe ngenhla, uphenyo uye enwetshiwe; kodwa
kuphela ukuba ukudlana nje sisuselwa izizathu esashiwo zenkolo kanye
basezinganekwaneni. In ekilasini ngalinye, kodwa minyango emibili kukhona
umahluko; Okungukuthi, izithombe lapho ukuphakama h kunangendlela ububanzi b,
futhi enjalo, okuyiqembu reverse kuyiqiniso; zokuqala zinamashumi h> b, lona
wamuva kanye b> h ekhethwe. Kube phakathi minyango emibili izithombe square
okuvamile kakhulu yanjalo, njengoba aziletha, kwasakazwa
ngokulinganayo3). Kodwa futhi zithathelwe amalungiselelo aggregation kuzo zombili
iminyango, okuyinto h kanye b yalo kuvamile.
3)

Lokhu ngokuqinisekile ilungile, njengoba bobabili lowo omunye umnyango

ezibangelwa ngokuphelele ngenxa izithombe ohlwini isikwele kodwa manje omunye,

manje esinye isici ukuba kukhona okukhulu kubhekwa ezinye, kuphela lokho
nesilinganiso encane kakhulu umehluko kungukuthi kunakwe.
Emva kwalokhu manje kusho isib. H; h> b ukuphakama izilinganiso izithombe
obude mkhulu ububanzi eminye b; h> b ububanzi izilinganiso izithombe, njll ogama
ukuphakama mkhulu ububanzi, ekugcineni h; ikamu. noma b; ikamu. Ubukhulu
Height noma izilinganiso ububanzi isithombe iminyango united h> b futhi b> h.
The primary ukusatshalaliswa panel of kwenziwe ucwaningo amakilasi
neminyango ogama i = 1 cm ngokwemvelo ifa ngezinga elikhulu futhi enenkinga
semfene ezinzima. The Isampula elandelayo kumele kwanele ukuba anikeze
umqondo ukubukeka okufanayo:
I. isampula kusukela primary ukusatshalaliswa panel.
(Uhlobo: h; h> b).
A

29 13 41 17
30 15 42 14
31 13 43 14
32 20 44 12
33 21 45 15
34 9

46 10

35 17 47 17
36 13 48 10
37 22 49 12
38 26 50 4
39 8
40 9

51 12
njll

Ukuze anciphise kokubili ukwanda semfene, kubalulekile ukuba uqhubekele

okufanayo futhi board esincishisiwe i = ukubeka 10 cm ngesisekelo.
Nazi panel kungancipha kangaka kokubili ukwahlukana ukuhluza kanye landscape
and for h> b namanje Lifes. Isamba m amakhophi ekilasini ngalinye kanye division
unikezwa ngezansi. Izibalo Abaningi ethebuleni ungalibona unamathele eyodwa
zamadesimali endaweni 0.5. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinombolo elehla embundwini
nesikhawu ngisho nangemva uqhekeko indlela isib, uhhafu lowo libhekene
ngezikhathi abahlukanisile Kuye ashiwo omunye uhhafu, okuyinto izinombolo kuxaka
athwala kwesigamu unit. Ukuze baqonde Mazah-Len the h noma b for the

kuhlangene h> b futhi b> h babe, ngakho udinga ukwengeza kuphela okuyinhloko
kokubili iminyango.

. II izibalo kungancipha ukusatshalaliswa panel for ukuhluza, landscape and

namanje ukuphila.
I = 10; E = 1 cm.
A

Uhlobo
h> b
h

Scenery
b> h

h> b
b

Ukuphila
Still

b> h

h> b

6.5

1.5

15

30,5

88

23

8.5

66

18

25

133

190,5 90,5 38.5 17.5 23

35

161

167,5 109

45

127,5 100,5 114,5 80,5 32,5 40

257,5 189

50,5 45

55

75,5

62,5

79.5 75,5 22

33

219

168

27

65

70

58,5

65,5 86

41,5 21

165

202

31.5 45

75

47

31.5

40.5 34,5 25

13.5 139

135,5 29

32

85

39,5

18

28

63,5 8.5

20

79

139,5 38

22

95

20,5

21

33

36,5 20,5 14

93

125,5 23.5 17.5

105 12.5

17

26,5 13.5 8.5

69

78

17.5 12

115 11.5

10

25,5 29

10

45

63

14.5 2.5

125 12.5

2.5

24

24

6.5

36,5

58,5

16

6.5

135 12.5

1.5

11

12

7.5

28,5

71,5

5.5

145 7.5

15

19

7.5

10

19.5

39

155 11

2.5

9.5

9.5

29

33,5

Rest 3

2.5

20

82,5 36

200,5 90

78,5 26,5 53,5 278,5 166

11.5 62,5

10.5 16.5
24,5 44

215,5 17

51

m = 775 775 702 702 282 282 1794 1794 308 308
Omunye ubona ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kulo okuningi yalandela soguquko
efanayo. Nomaphi kukhona unit enkulu, lapho isilinganiso esiphezulu, lapho
amagugu kwamanani wehlise ngokushesha by zombili, futhi yilokho unit ezinkulu
ikhanda etafuleni, oqala Ubukhulu kulencane, eduze kakhulu ukwedlula ephansi,
okuyinto ne kunabo amagugu Kuvalwa, lapho kungaba kakhulu obonakalayo more
ngisho izinombolo kuwo wonke izilinganiso kuyinto cm phezu 160 kunjalo ngabe

zibekwe ngokufingqiwe (isalela). Lokhu kunikeza ibhodi isibonelo ikakhulukazi

ezithakazelisayo K.-G. kuyinto distribution quin kakhulu. It kuzobonwa ukuthi
ukwedlulela amagugu kusukela ngezikhathi main nhlangothi zombili ubelokhu njalo
kakhulu omunye basondela. Lapha nalaphaya, Yebo, kanjalo ikakhulukazi
ukuhluza b; b> h Landscape h; h> b and b, b> h semfene futhi enamandla zenzeke
endaweni yakini nokuthi entula ndawo izinombolo ezincane ezingxenyeni eziphansi
impela panel; kodwa kungaba lokucabanga ukuthi lezi nginyamalale ngokuphelele
noma nokho inciphe kakhulu uma inombolo olukhudlwana amakhophi ngabe
kwenziwa umyalo wakhe, njengoba nabo isinxephezelo kakhulu e ngezikhathi
sikhula kufinyeta degree.
Bonisa soguquko efanayo kakhulu njengoba ukuhluza, landscape and namanje
ukuphila izithombe, zenkolo futhi basezinganekwaneni, kuphela lokho kuphikiswana
abanye ngendlela enkulu kakhulu ahlale kulezi amakilasi ngenxa summary ezimbi
kubandakanya izithombe afakwa, kuyaqhubeka, okuyinto neze
lakhulisiwe m kulindeleke ukuba offset, kanjalo lezi amakilasi ayifanele ukuhlola
umthetho ukusatshalaliswa futhi kwakungafanele kude kangaka azenza ngami
njengoba ezinye. Futhi for kunjalo Life b> h semfene kuqhathaniswa luqine ngihlal,
kunokuba kwenaba okuphelele bekuzoba ezuzisayo.
173. Ukuhlolisisa olinganise kanye asymmetry of the Painting Igalari is
eyatholakala Nokho, ulwazi kuphela okulandelayo amalungu abo ukuba ukubala
kwabo, original ukusatshalaliswa panel ayesetshenziswa njengesisekelo.
III. Elements ukuhluza, landscape, namanje ukuphila, zenkolo futhi
basezinganekwaneni emva Ubuchwepheshe Bokuxhumana Kwangasese.
E = 1 cm.

h> b
b> h
Uhlobo
ikamu.

h> b

Scenery

b> h
ikamu.

G1

C1

: A1

A1

775

54,4

46,7 44,6 24,4 0.45

- 197

775

43,6

37,4 35,8 19,6 0.45

- 191

702

63,8

53,8 51,4 30,3 0,47

- 182

702

86,8

72,0 67,8 42,7 0.49

- 196

1477 58,9

50,0 47,8 27,4 0,47

- 379

1477 64,0

51,0 49,4 34,7 0,54

- 437

282

88,1

73,3 70,1 44,1 0.50

- 60

282

69,1

58,7 54,6 25,3 0,37

laya

- 75

1794 64,7

54,5 53,3 30,3 0,47

- 426

1794

90,3

75,2 74,4 43,6 0,48

- 436

2076

67,9

56,7 55,7 27,4 0.40

- 520

2076

87,4

72,8 71,2 34,7 0.40

- 522

308

80,6

72,6 73,0 29,0 0,36

- 42

308

62,2

57,7 58,9 21,9 0,35

- 34

204

71,0

60,1 55,7

- 54

204

95,2

83,5 76,6

- 60

ikamu. h

512

76,8

67,3 67,3

512

76,4

66,8 65,0

3730 135,4

3730 107,0

76,0 44,5 0.42 -1274

1804 111,6

96,1 56,6 0,51

- 316

1804 156,1

131,5 80,6 0,52

- 388

350

141,7

133,3 66,1 0,47

- 30

350

103,8

95,0 55,8 0,54

- 42

609

116,9

104,9 60,0 0,51

- 89

609

158,0

146,1 74,2 0,47

- 57

h> b
Ukuphila Still

b> h

h> b
Indlu

b> h
h> b

Aphathelene
nezinganekwane

b> h

109,5 75,5 0.56

- 804

In the indawo yokuqala kungaba elisuselwa amagugu m emalungiselelweni odlule

itafula imvamisa isihlobo nesenzakalo a izithombe inikezwe ekilasini futhi
Abteilungin Galleries elisuselwa, okuyinto Yebo kukhunjulwe ukuthi nemibandela
yalesi imvamisa ezihlukahlukayo + ngokomusa zemibukiso ngabanye
kakhulu; amanani Special mayelana nalokhu kungadla kuphela isikhala kakhulu
ngokulingana isithakazelo sabo. Ake ukuba umphumela jikelele nemipheme amabili
nambili, mlandeleni (without ahlukanisa phakathi kweminyangoh>
b futhi b> h) ngokufaka amagugu angumfelandawonye namakilasi amahlanu athatha
wafunda e mayelana nobuningi izithombe njengoba: Indlu, namathafa, ukuhluza,
aphathelene nezinganekwane, Still Life. The isilinganiso namathafa ukuba ukuhluza
ikakhulukazi (2076: 1477) athe idlula isilinganiso 4 :. 3
By imidwebo ukuhluza yilabo obude mkhulu ububanzi (h> b) athe miningi labo
whose banzi mkhulu ukuphakama (b> h), kanti namathafa ukuthi b> h izikhathi
ezingaphezu kuka eziyisithupha ngangezinkanyezi ukwedlula h> b. Abanye
nesithakazelo Kungashiwo kufanele ukuthi ngemifanekiso zenkolo lapho h> b cishe
kabili kukhona ngangezinkanyezi b> h,akungabazeki ukuthi, ngoba isibhakabhaka
ngokuvamile esitholakala encwadini ephakeme for ukubonisa ngenkathi in the
izithombe basezinganekwaneni, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ububanzi okungcono
kuyinto, by the b> h cishe kabili (609 liya ku-350) ukwedlula h> b.
Ubukhulu isilinganiso ivela amagugu A 1 noma G1, ukushintshashintsha isilinganiso

kuyabonakala. Ukuqhathanisa kanye A 1 ekubukeleni

ikakhulukazi ukuthi ubukhulu isilinganiso ukuguquguquka isilinganiso ukhula,
kusukela rel. A 1 kusebenza

kangangokuthi ukuthi ngokulingana ukwehlukahlukana : A 1 akanawo umehluko

enamandla kakhulu by ekilasini kanye division.
Ukuze inake ngaphezu ukuguquguquka isilinganiso futhi ukuguquguquka
ngokwedlulele, mina namanje ukunikeza kulelithebula lelingentasi the
Extreme E 'futhi E, kanti umehlukoU' - U, = (E '- A1) - (A 1, - E,) . The wabuye wathi
amagugu E 'futhi E "kukhona obudluleleko E' futhi E, ngaphambi
ngokushesha esandulele nokulandela amagugu yohlu distribution.

IV. The amagugu okwedlulele kanye ukushintshashintsha ngokwedlulele

ukuhluza, landscape, namanje ukuphila, zenkolo futhi basezinganekwaneni.
E = 1 cm.

h> b
Uhlobo ....

b> h
h> b

Landscape. ,

b> h
h> b

Still Life. ,

b> h
h> b

Indlu. ,

b> h
h> b

Aphathelene

b> h

E'

E"

E"

E,

U - U,

223

215

13

12

+ 126

212

162

10

+ 134

273

240

12

11

+ 156

401

351

16

16

+ 243

300

269

16

14

+ 138

244

240

16

11

+ 117

340

340

+ 218

464

464

10

10

+ 293

241

238

22

22

+ 102

228

190

16

16

+ 120

221

204

17

16

+ 95

343

317

20

19

+ 172

1000

610

13

10

+ 739

769

568

+ 562

666

595

11

11

+ 454

1277

1000

17

17

+ 982

411

411

21

21

+ 149

325

324

16

14

+131

290

222

14

14

+ 70

510

485

20

17

+ 211

nezinganekwane.
Ngakho kwaba sib ukuphakama kunabo. H, enza uhlobo-ukwakha h> b eyenzekile,
223 cm, the next cm ngobukhulu 215; kulencane 12 cm, the next kulencane 13
cm; njll ngobukhulu ukuphakama ngokuphelele futhi ububanzi eyenzekile imagery
zenkolo. Ukuqhathaniswa amagugu E 'futhi E "on uhlangothi, E, futhi E' ngakolunye
uhlangothi kubonisa ukuthi bebonke amagugu wokugcina ingxenye enkulu yabantu
distribution primary panel ukukhombisa semfene kunangendlela amagugu kanye
starting kulencane; kuphela namathafa kanye basezinganekwaneni akubonakali
sikwamukele lokhu, kodwa ngabe futhi kula makilasi ezimbili, ukwengeza le eminye
amagugu esingaphesheya kungaba nomehluko esibekiwe phakathi nesikhathi
sokuphela engenhla nengezansi etafuleni ame out.
Ukuze ukuhlola asymmetry ukukhonza kakhulu sizikhandle the u amagugu Table
III. Ngokusho kwabo, bez asymmetry. Ingabe A yonke indawo emhlabeni ingalungile
futhi aphumele kakhulu. Futhi, umuntu angabona uphawule ngesisekelo lezo zimiso,
ukuthi h ne ehambisana b emidlalweni in the asymmetry umehluko kancane,
okubonisa etafuleni phakathi, kubhekwe njengento okungahleliwe. Kuphela at the
benkolo umehluko kulokhu Kuthi emikhulu; kodwa semfene ezinkulu kuleli kilasi
musa ukuvumela ukuba athole zomthetho ephephile yalo.
Amanani U '- U, Table IV ukuqinisekisa ubukhona asymmetry kubalulekile futhi
afakazele futhi umthetho reverse of the asymmetry of u =
- , futhi U - U, consistently kusukela lapha kokubili imigqa value babe izimpawu
okuphambene.
Ngaphandle, kakade lets ebanzi ezihambayo ngaphandle amagugu A futhi C e
Table III, kanye indawo C ngezansi A ukuthola ubukhona asymmetry okunamandla
nesiqondiso negative. Ukuqhathanisa G kanye C elikufundisayo ukuthi asymmetry
bez. G ezincane kakhulu futhi ngenxa kunjalo Life h> b ngisho kusukela kolunye
uhlangothi njengoba bez. Akuyinto. Lokhu ehlangene ukuthi G ngempela ezincane
kuno A, futhi, kusukela C lincane kunalokho A, singaphezu noma ngaphansi C,
kodwa noma kunjalo amagugu yokugcina eduze kuka A.
174. [Ukuze afakazele manje ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic ukuba
izilinganiso imidwebo eholweni arithmetically yehlise ngezikhathi yohlu kumele
ukusebenza logarithmic II kungancipha. Ngenxa yalesi njongo iwukuba esebenzisa
ulwazi oluqukethwe Table IV on the amagugu okwedlulele endaweni inani
ngaphakathi lapho mass waphawula ukuhambisa, futhi ikakhulukazi endaweni
isikhawu, amamethrikhi ngokuthi "radical" ukusabalala ngalo ukuba delineate bese
nokusatshalaliswa ukubala izibalo encishisiwe okuyinhloko on the ngezikhathi
logarithmic interpolationsmig.]
[Izibonelo ngikhetha: Uhlobo h; h> b futhi h; lwamakhekheba ezinyosi, eminye
landscape. H; b> h futhi namanje Lifes b; h> b ngakho uthole ithebula elandelako

ukuqhathanisa phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni, lapho sokuphumula logarithmic

ulingana 0, 08 kanye umkhawulo engezansi 0.76 = ngemvume 5.8
kwavunyelwana. Ekuxhumaneni ngqo kukhona izakhi of the amatafula amane
isampula ohlwini.]

Log V. kungancipha ukusatshalaliswa panel for ukuhluza, landscape and

namanje ukuphila.
I = 0.08.
A

Uhlobo
h; h> b

h; ikamu.

Scenery

Ukuphila
Still

h; b> h

b; h> b

EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor.

0.80

0.5

0.88

0,96

1.04

11

13

1.12

14

10.5

17

14

0.5

1.20

14

16

24

19

27

1.28

20

28

34

47,5

35

49

1.36

56

49

94

82

84

81

1,44

68

73

114 123

104

119

14

1,52

98

94

164

161

170

159

27

23

1.60 107 103

190

183

198 192,5

33

34

1,68

99

99

191

184

217

210

41

43

1,76

79

88

159 170

216

210

52

49

1,84

76

72

145 145,5 196 192,5

50

48

1,92

61

55

110 115,5 147

163

37

39

2.00

30

38

75

85

148

128

27

25

2,08

26

24

78

58

89

93

10

13

2.16

27

14

56

37

68

62

2.24

11

22

18

38.5

2.32

12

14

22

0.5

2.40

13

12

2,48

2,56

11

10

2,64
m = 775

775 1477 1477 1794 1794

308

308

VI. Elements ukuhluza, landscape and namanje ukuphila emva panel

logarithmically kungancipha.
Uhlobo

Scenery

Ukuphila
Still

h; b> h

h; ikamu.

h; b> h

b; h> b

1,067

1.697

1.738

1.758

1.653

1.083

1.731

1.768

Dp

1.605

1.634

1.712

1.796

Di

1,602

1.642

1.716

1.788

46,5 cm

49,8 cm

54,7 cm

57,3 cm

C
Tp

45,0 cm

48,2 cm

53,8 cm

58,6 cm

40,3 cm

43,1 cm

51.5 cm

62,5 cm

Ti

40,0 cm

43,9 cm

52,0 cm

61,4 cm

+125

+ 231

+ 112

- 36

e,

0.160

0.170

0,201

0,176

e'

0,222

0,233

0.227

0.138

p
0,774
0,778
0,731
0,737
[Ukuhlobana amagugu waphawula futhi ibalwa kukhombisa ukuthi K.-G.
ezine ngokulingana ngenani m in the amakhophi eziyimbangela kwetfulwe nombala
afakazele ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic. Insonderheit eyodwa kungaba
uphawule ukuthi mass ahlangene izinga ukuhluza ufane kanye neminye iminyango
okufunwa theory; : njalo etafuleni isampula Cape. XXI izilinganiso for h> b futhi b>
h babengahlanganisiwe abahlukanisile. Omunye ubheka, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi
kukhona kanye nenombolo encane m = 253 esanele probation theory osekwenziwe,
kubonakala lesifanele more ukuba baqaphe in the kwetinhlavu amakilasi kanye
neminyango umdwebo, njengoba inombolo enkulu kakhulu izinhlobo i ukuqedwa
ezaziphambene nomthetho ezenziwa, okuyinto zibangelwa ukuntuleka nokucija
ngezigaba ukuba kulindeleke. - Mayelana izakhi kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi
amagugu acinene empirically futhi kwakuthiwa ezithile Di, futhi D p Nokho ziyahluka
kancane, ukuthi izimo p ngokungaguquki ngezansi umkhawulo theory amanga. .
The asymmetry Life bez ukuphi kunjalo D. Negative, kanjalo

bez G - noma, njengoba bez kuphawuliwe ngenhla,. G - positive].

175 Ekugcineni, kukhona ulwazi olulandelayo on Mabestimmungen for the
isilinganiso ukuphakama nobubanzi nokuphakama endaweni ebusweni Igalari images
of interest.
In Chap. XXII kwashiwo ukuthi ekutholweni izimo isilinganiso kakhulu kuphela
summary noma Jomethri kusho ikhathazekile. Manje, sinamathela kuThebula III
divisorisch unwinnable Jomethri kusho. H: b noma b: h, by ukugwema real
izingxenyana h: b for h> b and b: h ngoba b> h bakhetha, sithola ezilandelayo
itafula:

VII. Izindlela Jomethri

Uhlobo ....

kanye

le ratios ukuphakama nobubanzi.

h: b

b: h

b: h

h> b

b> h

ikamu.

1.25

1.34

1.02

Landscape. 1.25

1.38

1.28

Still Life. ,

1.39

0.99

1.26

La malungiselelo zazihlanganisa, ngicabanga, Chile kakhulu ukuthi isilinganiso

elikhulu ukuba isici ezincane ahlukahlukene izithombe amakilasi okufanayo
(ehlukene kakhulu kusukela isilinganiso segolide) has value - ngoba umehluko
kulelithebula kubhekwe njengento okungahleliwe - a ehlukene kodwa
kuye h> b noma. b> h In h> b uziphethe ukuphakama ububanzi bube luhluke nje
like 5: 4, okungawo b> h ububanzi ukuphakama mayelana nendlela 4 :. 3
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu angabona ukuthi amanye, lapho amabili
eminyangweni h> b futhi b> h for the ukuphakama nobubanzi Nokho, uhluke enjalo
olinganise elikhulu, isilinganiso kokubili eminyangweni kuhlangene ukuhluza kanye
namanje ukuphila cishe par (the Izindinganiso 1) izinkudla. Nokho, ungase ucabange,
lokhu h kusukela b kuya ratios ongomncane at h> b kuka b> h yehluka, lona wamuva
kuzodingeka ukuba anikeze lihambisana juqu emva side yakhe; kodwa inzuzo cishe
ngu ukuthi bobabili lwembhalo njengoba kunjalo Life h> b ukungena ngamanani
amakhulu endaweni inhlanganisela kuka ukuthi b> h. Nokho, Ngokuba namathafa,
lapho b> h zinkulu kakhulu e inombolo engathathi endaweni, enano ,
Ngo ukuhluza Enginakho kusho Jomethri
of h: b for h> b and b h: ngokuba b> h sishushiswa at indlela ekhethekile. The njalo
kulesi simo livela zonke nakakhulu uma ikakhulukazi sebehlolwa images of

zemibukiso ehlukahlukene, ngokwenza kanjalo cishe amagugu efanayo futhi uthola

ukuthi ukuphambuka kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha okungahleliwe uma nje
zonke eholweni noma sifinyeto zemibukiso ethula inani elanele yezithombe ezinjalo
ukuvumela ukungaqiniseki ukuzimisela hhayi ekamelweni kakhulu. Lokhu kungase
kutholakale by ithebula lapho zezinhlobo ithathwe zemibukiso ezinjalo, wethule a
nenani elincane kuphela elihlanganyela izithombe ukuhluza, isikhungo drawing
ndawonye.

VIII izindlela Jomethri of. H: b and b: h e ukuhluza zabalingiswa zemibukiso

ehlukahlukene.
h> b

b> h

Dresden .........

151

1.28

119

1.33

Munich a) kanye
b); Frankfurt ............

126

1.25

103

1.33

Petersburg ........

122

1.24

87

1.34

Berlin a) kanye b) ......

74

1.22

60

1.36

Paris ..........

62

1.23

82

1.36

Braunschweig and
Darmstadt .........

57

1.24

58

1.32

Amsterdam kanye
Antwerp .............

48

1.24

24

1.33

Vienna, Madrid, London. , , ,

48

1.30

97

1.37

Leipzig a) kanye b) ......

48

1.29

34

1.32

Brussels, Dijon, Venice, Milan,

Florence .........

39

1.23

38

1.35

775

702

Ngisho kanye amagugu ngokuphelele kobubanzi b livela emva ukuhlolwa ukuhluza

ifanekisela ubuhlobo phakathi h no b hhayi kakhulu ukushintsha. Ngicabanga ukuthi
kuyinto kusho Jomethri ezilandelayo izinombolo ezilandelayo m amakhophi
okulandelayo yosayizi:
IX. Izindlela Jomethri of h: b and b: h ahlukahlukene ubukhulu b (for
ukuhluza).

Ngezikhawu b

h> b

b> h

0 kuya 29.5

274

1.27

42

1.32

29.5 kuya 49,5

271

1.23

158

1.29

49,5 kuya 69,5

123

1.23

164

1.32

69,5 kuya 89,5

54

1.23

98

1.36

89,5 kuya 109,5

28

1.28

63

1.37

Ukuphumula. .....

25

1.23

177

1.39

Ngokuba izindlela Jomethri yezindawo surface HB magugu alandelayo etholakala e

QCM.
X. izindlela Jomethri of HB.
E = 1 cm.
h> b

b> h

ikamu.

Uhlobo. , ,

1747

3874

2550

Landscape.,

4303

4098

4128

Still Life. ,,

4189

5018

4496

The izibalo kusho HB enginalo nje ukuhluza ngenxa nobunzima obukhulu

nangokuzimisela kwakhe h> b inquma futhi 3289 QCM bathola lokho, njengoba
ungase ubone, sihluke kakhulu isikhungo Jomethri.
. Phakathi inani 10.558 izithombe, zazo kuxoxwa ngazo Table II, le ezintathu
imidwebo emithathu ngobukhulu by Paolo Veronese, bonke neyemikhosi kukhona
emkhathini surface ezimele, lapho uKristu wayekhona, okungukuthi:
Idili at Levi (Luc V.)
Wedding eKhana

H = 595 cm b = 1277 cm (Venice; # 547.)

h = 666 cm

B = 990 cm (Paris, -

103)
Idili at abaFarisi

h = 515 cm

b = 1000 cm (Venice - 513).

Izithombe ezintathu kulencane kukhona namathafa amathathu ethusi, amabili

nokusolakala ukuthi uPawulu Brill alinganayo: h = 7.4 cm, b = 9.1 cm (.. Older
Pinakothek e Munich, 2. Dept. 244 a u c) kanti omunye January BREUGHEL: h =

7.4 cm, b = 9.9 cm (Milan # 443) .; ngemva kwalokho indawo ephindwe kusukela
67,34 ukuba 759.815 ngamasentimitha square zihluka noma ngobukhulu izikhathi
ifayela 11283 kungathatha esibukweni kulencane.
Izithombe Square wafika ngaphansi 10558 babethuthele ukutadisha izithombe 84
kuphela di 1 ngaphambi 126th

XXVII. Izinto Collective kusukela emkhakheni meteorology.

176. [Ukuphakama nsuku zonke imvula Geneva. - Ukuhlolwa Geneva izimo
liyana kakade Plantamour e yakhe "Nouvelles tudes sur le climat de Genve" in the
"de la pluie" inikezwe 1). Wathi ithembele phakathi nonyaka 1826-1875.Da on the
engamatshumi amahlanu kokuma imvula eziphakemeyo futhi lina, kodwa wenza
izibalo kwakhe uyakulahlekelwa amagugu nyangazonke kuphela nobuningi nenani
imvula isekelwe, futhi umgomo waso ukusatshalaliswa Kuvunyelwe imvula unyaka,
kanye uhlamvu izinyanga ngabanye amafomu ngonyaka mayelana ukoma kwabo
noma umswakama, uphenyo kulandela ngeke lwenziwe ngesisekelo ukuthi
Plantamour sika. Ngoba nakhu ubufakazi the asymmetry futhi probation of the
ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic for the eziphakemeyo imvula, ngoba lapho
eneminyaka engu-50 idatha njalo ngenyanga esanele kakhulu swan
ekushintshashintsheni phakathi kwezindinganiso ngabanye anisoze. Kunalokho,
kufanele wabuyela emadundulwini imvula nsuku zonke.]
1)

[Kushicilelwe e: Mmoires de la Socit de Imizimba et d'Histoire Naturelle de

Genve. Tome XXIV; II. Partie. Genve 1875-76. P 397-658.]
[The efundwayo ingatholakala the Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles
bibliothque Universelle de Geneve phakathi njalo ngenyanga banikezwe amathebula
Meteorological. Kukhona okuthile nsuku zonke lina, ukuphakama imvula
ngamamilimitha, kuze kwetshumi a angu, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: "Eau Dans
les 24 heures tombe", aqoshiwe. In the uhlobo kwezulu, imvula noma iqhwa
ngalokho icabangele 2). Nokho, ngakhetha hhayi by Plantamour esilaphekayo th
isikhathi, kodwa isibalo eminyakeni engu-48 1845-1892. Ukuze onyakeni 1846 ovela
apparatus entsha wasetshenziselwa, futhi kwathi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzimisela
ngokuphelele ukuphakama imvula, ngokushesha emva engasayi imvula, esikhundleni
izikhathi njengoba kuze kube kuphela usuku ngezinye izikhathi lokugcina kusihlwa,
ngo umkhuba. 3)]
2)

[Plantamour uthi aa 0. (p 627): Les Chutes de neige sont en gnral Tres-peu

abondantes e Genve, et la neige ne recouvre ordinairement le sol que elengayo un
petit nombre de jours, rarement plus de Quinze jours. ]
3)

[Kulokhu kwenza Plantamour aa 0. (S. 627) la magama alandelayo: A partir de

l'anne 1846 on s'est servi un nouvel appareil d'dont l'entonnoir avait un diamtre
beaucoup plus okukhulu, 37 centimtres, le vase de jauge is une prouvette gradue
de la capacit d'un ilitha, ukwahlukana luleke 100, ce qui luhambisane une

umshushuluzo d'Eau de millimtres, chaque Division correspondant ainsi un

dixime de millimtre 10; de plus, phezu avait le soin de recueillir et de l'Eau mesurer
immdiatement aprs que la pluie avait Cesse.]

[The ukubukeka primary distribution panel kuyabonakala kusukela isampula

ezilandelayo, okukhombisa ngenyanga ka January kuya ekuqaleni, ingxenye
ephakathi nendawo kanye ekupheleni amagugu waphawula:

I. isampula kusukela primary ukusatshalaliswa panel imvula

eziphakemeyo January.
M = 477; i = 0.1 mm.
A

mm

mm

mm

mm

0.0

16

5.0

6.1

6 19,6 1

0.1

5.1

6.2

2 19,7 1

0.2

18

5.2

6.3

5 19.8 1

0.3

19

5.3

6.4

5 21.4 1

0.4

5.4

6.5

1 21,6 1

0.5

10

5.5

6.6

1 21,8 1

0.6

11

5.6

6.7

2 23.6 2

0.7

18

5.7

6.8

1 28,4 1

0.8

5.8

6.9

1 30,4 1

0.9

10

5.9

7.0

2 32,7 1

1.0 10 6.0
1 7.1 4 40,0 1
Empeleni, ukukhombisa njalo ngenyanga ngezikhathi in the 0 - 1 mm ekuqongeleleni
eziqine, kodwa kakade by 2 mm ukusuka umuntu ethola ukwehla ngokushesha
ukuziphatha Endabteilungen okungajwayelekile kakhulu zihlakazeke emva
omanqikanqika isikhathi eside kuxege a ifomu. Nokho, ubukhulu yokugcina
siyahluka inyanga ngayinye ngokwezinga elikhulu, ngokuphambene ucedzela for
February kanye 31.3 mm, ngoba October 97.6 mm kuphela, kanti yabo ekuqaleni
ukuthi ngenyanga mayelana 12 mm, ukuze lokhu iyonikwa 18 mm. Ukuze ngenyanga
ka January kukhona imikhawulo yalesi sigaba sokugcina of 12 mm kanye 40 mm.]
(Lolu lwazi jikelele kungaba kakade ukubona khona asymmetry esinamandla
kakhulu bonke izinyanga zonyaka kwenzeka okufanayo kanyekanye inqubekela
amagugu main phakathi nonyaka kulelithebula lelilandzelako izakhi ngokucacileko

full naphambili .:
II. Elements imvula eziphakemeyo inyanga ngayinye yonyaka emva
primary ukusatshalaliswa panel.
E = 1 mm
Jan. Febr. March Ephreli Kwangathi June

July Aug. Sept. October nov. December

477

437

532

621

637

596

521

531

497

617

572

505

A1

4,45

4,17

4,60

4,94

6.12

6,58

6,95

7,93

8,46

8,49

6,09

4,97

C1

2.5

2.1

2.6

3.0

3.6

3.3

3.8

4.1

4.6

4.9

3.3

3.0

3,82

3,79

4,03

4.14

5.24

5,93

6,11

7.10

7,57

7,49

5,23

4.11

:A 0,86 0.91

0.88

0,84

0,86

0.90

0.88

0.90

0.89

0.88

0,86

0.83

51,0

38,3

80,7

82,5

60,6

61,1

82,6

97,6

56,7

40,0

U' +31,1 +23,0 +41,8 +28,4

U,

+68,5

+69,3 +46,7 +45,2 +65,7 +80,6 +44,5

+30,1

-131 -167

-164

-197

-195

-196 -177 -189 -177

-209

-168

-141

u:
m

0,27

0,31

0,32

0,31

0.33

0,34

0,29

0,28

E'

40,0

31,3

0.38

0,34

0,36

0,36

The amagugu ukweqisa aphansi E, abafakiwe lapha, njengoba kunjalo konke

ulingana 0.0 mm. Bathi bethola njengoba ngenhla isampula imibukiso edition
eziningana.]
[The ezihamba ngaphandle amagugu A no C by 2 kuya 4 mm Ngakolunye
uhlangothi, umehluko U '- U, = (E' - A) - (A - E,) Ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi
ikakhulukazi umehluko u= '- , zifakazela consistently phambi ebalulekile
asymmetry bez. A 1 for yonke izinyanga zonyaka. Kuyisimo esifanayo
isibonakaliso u ngokusho iyimbi yonke indawo futhi akabonisi okukhulu
ngobukhulu; ngoba amagugu isihlobo u bez. m, di u: m, cishe njalo, futhi umehluko
yabo kancane isiyakhashelwa akukho soguquko osemthethweni, kangangokuthi
kufanele ithathwe ngokuthi okungahleliwe].
[Ngaphezu kwalokho ofanelwe ukwedlulela m, A no ukuba kuphawulwe
lelingenhla. Kusukela m amagugu, kusobala ukuthi imvamisa imvula ine izinkathi
amabili phakathi nonyaka, wenze minima yabo izinyanga February kanye July, futhi
maxima yabo izinyanga May nango-October, ngesikhathi phakathi kuyoba ukwanda
njalo noma awe. September kuphela ephula njalo; Nokho, lesi sifo kumelwe libhekwe
njengelingcwele ngephutha, ngoba wenzela Amathebula Plantamour
sika 4) zisuswe m 1826-1875 amagugu abalahlekile weminyaka ke lokho lwenyanga

ka January ezenzeka eziphazamisayo. Lokhu kuvela ukuhlanganisa elandelayo

ngokuqhathanisa of m kuyabonakala amagugu for the izinkathi 1826-1875 kanye
1845-1892, kulandzelana amagugu kusukela kwesokunxele kuya oda kwesokudla
izinyanga kusukela ngoJanuwari sifana December:
18361875

505 413 496 525 589 532 471 503 521 576 539 454

1845- 477 437 532 621 637 596 521 531 497 617 572 505
1892
Ngokungafani m okubonisa A eyodwa isikhathi kuphela, okuyisona ngaphandle
kokuthikanyezwa, futhi has okungenani yayo ngoFebhuwari, isiqongo sayo ngoOkthoba. Hamba Ukuze zifana amagugu ,
. A ogama esincane futhi uwela ngoFebhuwari, ngesikhathi ngenyanga ekuqaleni,
ngo September, ekufinyeleleni esiphezulu yayo. The amagugu
enkulu ukuthi A beze ngisho ngokungaguquki close kakhulu, ake amandla
ekushintshashintsheni ezenzeka ngenkathi ephakathi emadulini imvula, bona. The
isihlobo kusho ukuguquguquka yindlela amagugu : A ukhombise cishe njalo,
ilingana 0.9].
4)

A. A OS 628th

[Emva kwalokho likhula inani isilinganiso imvula ngesikhathi ngonyaka kusukela

February kuya October, ukuba bawe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke kwaze
February. An picture olunembile ukusatshalaliswa imvula ngenyanga ngamunye
kodwa musa uthole ngale ndlela. Ngoba lokhu futhi imvamisa imvula ibe
ukucabangela. Ingabe oluhlukaniswe ngendlela efanele isamba imvula ukuthi
kwenzeka ngenyanga ngesikhathi esiyiminyaka-48, hhayi ngabanye, endaweni
ngempela babethathe lina, kodwa zonke izinsuku nhlobo, etholakala ngokuba nenani
imvula, kanye nobuningi imvula, phakathi nonyaka othile periodicity kabili, njengoba
kwabonisa Plantamour. Omunye uthola okungukuthi inyanga ngayinye yonyaka
owalandela imvula ngokwesilinganiso usuku ngalunye lwenyanga, aphinde isicelo
kwesikhathi 1845-1892 amagugu, amagugu ethu okutholwe Plantamour for 18261875 iqhathaniswa lesi sifaniso, futhi uchungechunge amagugu kwesokunxele kuya
kwesokudla inani izinyanga January sifana December:
1826- 1,57 1.29 1,52 1,89 2.55 2.53 2.29 2,59 3.14 3,26 2,47 1.65
1875
1845- 1.42 1.34 1,64 2.13 2,62 2,72 2,43 2,83 2,92 3,52 2,42 1,68
1892
Empeleni, lapha ukulahla minima ezimbili elihambisana izinyanga February and
July; esiphezulu lokuqala uyahluka May and June kanti eyesibili esiphezulu ezimbili

uma October kungokwalabo 5).]

5)

[Mayelana lokhu periodicity ekabili uthi Plantamour ekhonjwe ngenhla (p 640):

"Cette anne en Deux Division de l'nezinkathi humides et zonyaka sches, l'une de
celles-ci tombant sur l'Ete, sola trs- nettement l'ithonya du climat mditerranen; en
effet, le caractre du climat mditerranen is la Scheresse de l'Ete, tandis que Dans
les autres izifunda de l'Europe Continentale, l'Ete n'est pas une saison sche "].
[Ukuze afakazele ukusatshalaliswa umthetho logarithmic ukuba emadundulwini
imvula, I akhethiwe ezinyangeni ezine January, April, July no-Okthoba, evumela a
nokuqondisisa ephelele singene izimo ezenzeka. The logarithmic ukusatshalaliswa
panel ziyancipha njengoba kuyinto arithmetically kwanciphisa panel primary ibekwe
ngqo esekelwe. Kodwa uma ufuna amagugu 0.0 mm, lapho ukubaluleka logarithmic
in the kwathatha ngezikhathi logarithmic - kuyohambisana, musa zinyamalale
kusukela ibalazwe, ukhetha uhlelo phezu umqondo amagugu aqoshiwe nalabo lina
ithathwe. Kusukela le mali imvula ukuphakama ngokusobala okuhloswe ukuba
abonise endaweni ngempela kuthathwe Nokho, kwezulu azinakwa esingaphansi kuka
0.1 mm ukuphakama, kubonakala kuyafaneleka ukuba abeke esikhundleni 0.0
kunalokho 0.05mm. Ukuze kuncishiswe lolu randomness isezingeni esifanayo log
isikhathi = 0.05 - 1.3 Abangani ekhethwe njengedifolthi umngcele isikhawu lokuqala
nelesibili logarithmic, ukuze kulo lonke nesigamu labo amagugu okwenzeka
sokuphumula lokuqala kanti enye ingxenye in the ijazi ezilandelanayo
olandelayo. Ubukhulu ngezikhathi logarithmic futhi imisiwe ilingana 0.2. Ngakho
ehla enyuka a amagugu phakathi kwemingcele 0 ne-100 mm, lo
logarithmic a uyazisa Ngokuphambene phakathi kwemingcele -1,5 futhi +2,1,
njengoba kungabonwa kusukela ukusatshalaliswa panel ezilandelayo. In the table
logarithmic ngesikhathi esifanayo amagugu theory njengoba bayothwala umthetho,
washo. Ngokushesha HLOBANISA izakhi kunohlu:
III. Izibalo encishisiwe panel imvula eziphakemeyo Geneva ezinyangeni
January, April, July, October 1845-1892.
Ngezikhathi

January

Ephreli

July

October

0 - 1,

133

164,5

112,5

125

1-2

88

81

78,5

72,5

2-3

43,5

65

31

60

3-4

28

49,5

48

31

4-5

27

51

28

24,5

5-6

28

20,5

28,5

39

mm

6-7

27.5

37.5

23

26

7-8

14.5

25

23.5

19.5

8-9

16

22

15.5

26,5

9 - 10

11.5

15.5

11.5

14

10 - 11

12

16

13

21

11 - 12

10

15

14

12.5

12 - 13

6.5

10

14.5

13 - 14

5.5

8.5

10.5

14 - 15

3.5

11.5

15 - 16

5.5

13

16 - 17

3.5

3.5

8.5

17 - 18

3.5

5.5

18 - 19

4.5

19-20

6.5

20-25

17

22

25 - 30

12

17.5

30 - 40

2.5

17

40 - 50

0.5

50-70

70-100

m=

477

621

521

617

IV. Panel Logarithmic ukuncipha imvula eziphakemeyo Geneva ngesikhathi

izinyanga January, April, July, October 1845-1892.
I = 0.2

January

Ephreli

July

October

EMP. theor. EMP. Theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor.

-

- 1.4

10

- 1.2

10

- 1.0

17

12

17

- 0.8

14

10.5

13

11

10.5 11

- 0.6

28

19

30,5

21

20

16

23.5 17

- 0.4

14

26

18.5

31

11.5

23

22.5 24

- 0.2

34

34

33,5

42,5

28,5

31

22.5 32

45

42

62

55,5

50

39

47

+0,2

66

50

53,5

68

52

49

52,5 51

+0,4

47

56

72,5

78

38

57

65,5 61

+0,6

53

60

95

85

72

63

52

69

+0,8

67

63

80

85

68

66

80

74

+1,0

53

52

74

67

64

64 6)

82

77

+1,2

27

27

36

38

45

47

72

69

+1,4

14

15

31

26

42

44

+1,6

10

11

17

20

6.5

1.5

521

521

+1,8
+2,0
m=

6)

477

477

621

621

42

617

617

[Lapha, uma theory densest sokuphumula 0.9-1.1, lapho densest value D p, kancane

amagugu ukuwa kuhlanganisa njengoba omunye odlule, ngakho lokhu akuyona ngenxa ukwengamela,
kodwa sifinyeto amagugu theory in ngezikhathi predetermined. Uma

bobabili ngezikhathi e
subintervals ezine ezilinganayo ngokwehlukana ngobukhulu 0.05, sithola
esikhundleni 66 no 64, kunalokho:
| 16.2; 16.3; 16,6; 16,6 | and | 16.7; 16.4; 15.6; 14.9 |,
ukuze manje esiphezulu 16.7 eqinisweni nge D p uwela subinterval ezithandwa
kusukela 0.9 kuya 0.95.]

V. Elements imvula eziphakemeyo emva logarithmically kungancipha panel.

January
G

0,313

Ephreli
0,387

July
0,484

October
0,563

0,374

0,479

0,588

0,675

Dp

0,843

0.762

0,901

1.046

Di

0.800

0.620

0,679

0,933

2,06 mm

2,44 mm

3.05mm

3,66 mm

C
Tp

2,37 mm

3,02 mm

3,87 mm

4,73 mm

6,97 mm

5,78 mm

7,97 mm

11.1mm

Ti

6,31 mm

4,17 mm

4,77 mm

8,58 mm

- 261

- 255

- 218

- 293

e,

0,749

0.645

0,707

0.750

e'

0,219

0.270

0.290

0.267

p
0,885
0,755
0,751
0,772
Ngokuhambisana semfene okunamandla amagugu enokwehla nakho sobala phakathi
enokwehla futhi theory amagugu ngezinye izikhathi umehluko omkhulu, kodwa
ukududuza on esihlanganisa corporate ngezikhathi ezincikene. Kungokufanayo
kumele Ngakho kuthathwe siphazanyiswe ongabalulekile, ukuze amagugu theory
ukumela ukulungiswa of izehlakalo, banamathele amagugu
enokwehla. Kuyaphawuleka maqondana izakhi G ngezansi C no kanjalo, maqondana
Table II, C phakathi G no A itholakala. Lokhu futhi kwenza kube kubonisa
ukushintshashintsha enkulu kakhulu imvula eziphakemeyo. Lokhu nakho
ngoba u uyazisa bez. D p kanye u amagugu bez. A 1 ophambene. Inani eyisihlobo
asymmetry bez. Dp, di u: m, esikhundleni salokho, oluphakeme njalo futhi ezomhlaba
ulingana 0,46].
177. [The ngeziphambeko barometer kusukela ebhukwini evamile Utrecht. - The
asymmetry Deviation barometer waziwa. Quetelet uthi nalokhu 7): "On a reconnu, depuis
longtemps, que l'du abaissement Mercure au-dessous de la moyenne is en gnral plus grand que indodana
ukuphakamisa au-dessus de ce Terme" Kuyinto asymmetry emva kwalokhu positive
bez .. A

ngokungaguquki noma okungenani ukuba kulindeleke iningi amacala. Ukuze

ukuhlola lokhu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukufakazela GG amabili emaceleni kuze
ngeziphambeko Barometer, ngibutha the Book Netherlands Year of
meteorology 8) eMnyangweni "Thermo en barometer arwijkingen" ukuguqulwa
kuboniswe amagugu kusuka nyangazonke evamile bakwazi ukuyohlolwa "Utrecht"
futhi ukubukela "2 kwesikhathi clock ntambama", ngesikhathi esiyiminyaka eyishumi
kusukela 1884 kuya 1893. Nokho, ngiyavuma lezi amagugu for bonke izinyanga,
kodwa January, April, July no-August. share I Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela
ukusatshalaliswa amabhodi encishisiwe, kanye ibalwa kusukela kubo izakhi Kwanele
ukubeka indlela izibalo ukwelashwa isekelwe ;. ngenxa uhla nokushintshashintsha
amagugu umehluko akuyona omkhulu kangaka ukuthi umzamo ukwelashwa
logarithmic kungaba ezuzisayo. Ngakho-ke futhi amagugu enokwehla elihambisana

nalesahluko theory ukuqhathanisa amagugu kusukela izibalo bipartite

ukusatshalaliswa imithetho zihlobene. Kukhethwa encishisiwe i = 3 mm esikhundleni
primary i = 0.1 mm kwabangelwa ukwehlukahlukana ngokwedlulele
ngoJanuwari. The umfaniswano for presentability kwale kweminyaka baqhubeka for
nezinye izinyanga ezintathu.Nokho kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Dutch. Beech
ngonyaka January 31 (kanye March 1) is yabalwa kanye February, kuphumele figure
inani for January kuchazwe 300 esikhundleni 310 observation amagugu.]

7)

[Lettres sur la thorie of probabilits, p 168. - Kuze kube yimanje, kuyathakazelisa

ukuqhathanisa Quetelet wadlulisela ukwaziswa amanothi kubekwe amazwi epistolary
of Bravais ngezindlela ezahlukene imithetho kungenzeka ematfuba, ngoba zibonisa
ukuthi ngisho Bravais njengoba Quetelet ngisho kungenzeka distribution umthetho
quin nakuba einsah kodwa lapha ezomhlaba irrtmli-cherweise zuerteilte indima
ukubaluleka densest futhi kanjalo ukukhulelwa komthetho azilingani
ezingabanjwanga simiso. Isidumbu ezifanele incwadi ifundeka BRAVAIS'schen (aa
OS 413): "On sait que les plus Grands carts wena Baromtre Vers le Haut de la
colonne, ne sont que la moiti Gre ou les 2/3 of carts wena Baromtre Vers] e bas;
de sorte que l'on aura une courbe de possibilit de la forme dont les Deux moitis ne
seront pas symmtriques; .... seulement l'ordonne moyenne doit toujours partager le
ingxenye inani en Deux Aires gales "].
8)

[Meteorological Jaarboek uitgegeven umnyango het Kon. Nederlandsch

Meteorological Institute.]

[Imiphumela etholwe kuboniswe izibhebhe ezimbili ngezansi:

VI. Panel Ukwehla of barometer ngeziphambeko kusukela isimo evamile

Utrecht, Clock emini 2, ezinyangeni January, April, July no-Okthoba 1884 1893.
E = 1 mm; i. = 3

January

Ephreli
EMP.

theor.

July

October

EMP.

theor.

EMP. theor. EMP. theor.

- 33

0.5

- 30

0.5

- 27

0.5

- 24

- 21

0.5

- 18

- 15

5.5

11

12

- 12

16

13.5

16.5

14

12.5

23

20,5

-9

11.5

19

22

28

20,5

21

22

30

-6

25,5

24

42

43,5

32

39

42

38

-3

31

30

59

54

63,5

58,5

42,5

41

31

34,5

50

53

70

69

34,5

40

+3

39,5

38

48,5

43

57

60,5

32

35

+6

44,5

39

26

29

44,5

34

30

29

+9

31

34

19

16

12

26

21

+ 12

22

24

7.3

27

14

+ 15

17

13

+ 18

5.5

+ 21

+ 23

0.5

m=

300

300
300
300
310
310 310
VII. Elements Barometer ngeziphambeko.
E = 1 mm.

310

January

Ephreli

July

October

Isimo Normal

760,16

759,64

760,62

759,01

A2

+ 1.01

- 1.22

- 0.76

- 0,93

C2

+ 2.34

- 1.35

- 0.45

- 1.28

Dp

+ 6.06

- 1,82

+ 0.71

- 2.60

Di

+ 5.31

- 2,54

- 0.45

- 4,32

9)

7,72

5.15

4,05

7.15

e,

9,86

4,86

4,93

6,31

E'

4,81

5,47

3,46

7,98

u
u

+ 32

-5

+15

-7

- 103

+ 18

- 54

+ 36

p
0,737
0,783
0,789
0.790
Lapha manje phambi asymmetry elibonakalayo kanye semthethweni GG zamazwe

Ngakolunye uhlangothi phezu sokuhambisana amagugu enokwehla kanye theory

kanye Ngakolunye uhlangothi indawo amagugu main of A, C, Dp, D i isilinganiso
uyazisa p, kanye amagugu u futhi u. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kusobala ukuthi
ukulandelana kuye ogama khona XXIII.Chap. kwaboniswa ngamanani ikakhulukazi
ngenxa ngeziphambeko barometer ngoJanuwari, ayithi sasingeke, lo probation
kwemithetho distribution vele. Khonamanjalo bafundisa amagugu u and u bayavuma
ukuthi asymmetry phakathi nonyaka neze njalo. Kunalokho, wembula soguquko
osemthethweni phakathi nonyaka, ngemva kwalokho asymmetry eqinile ebusika futhi
enamandla kancane ehlobo iphazanyiswe a Sokubhala noma okuphambene-ezihamba
entwasahlobo and ekwindla. Kufanele kuphawulwe nokho, ukuthi izinyanga ezine
ngeke kungaba okwanele ukuba athole isithombe esiphelele unyaka wonke
ngokuqinisekile. Phela, esiphethweni oyovunyelwa, ukuthi asymmetry phakathi
nezinyanga zasebusika iyona kakhulu futhi phakathi nonyaka ikhombisa
ukuthambekela okungenani kuze ekushintshashintsheni kukhonjisiwe. - The amagugu
kusho anikeze ubufakazi eyanelisayo yomlando zomthetho, ukuthi ngeziphambeko
kusukela ukwazi evamile - njengoba ngempela kakade ukubukeka ukusatshalaliswa
amabhodi - ebusika, ehlobo kukhona ngokwesilinganiso umpofu kakhulu. The
ukwedlulela into evamile ngokwayo, okuye okukhiqizwa njengendlela yokuthola
iminyaka eminingi kokuma, kukhombisa ukuhlanganisa okulandelayo:
Inyanga January February

March

Ephreli Kwangathi

Isimo
Normal

760,16

760,61

759,64

Inyanga

July

760,62

760,09

June
760,78

August September October November December

Isimo
760,62
760,42
760,71
759,01
759,30
760,34
Normal
Ngakho iza January isimo evamile the kwaminyaka yonke 760.19 close
kakhulu; ngo-Ephreli no-Okthoba kuba kancane, ngo July umehluko owawukhona
kunenani avareji yonyaka.]
9)

[The namagugu babe, kungakhathaliseki A 2 umphumela sobala ukuphambuka

kancane isilinganiso oneminyaka eyishumi ka bakwazi evamile kubalwa njengoba
amagugu isilinganiso ngeziphambeko kusukela ebhukwini evamile.]

178. [thermometer ngeziphambeko kusukela ebhukwini evamile Utrecht. - In

ngendlela efanayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngoba ukuhluka barometer, manje aphenya
asymmetry for the Ukwehlukana thermometer kusukela semthethweni civil kanye
evamile GG zamazwe kula ukwelashwa arithmetic. Ukuze kulo nyaka waphinde
Beech of meteorology yiwona Dutch. Iphuzwa ngoba Utrecht waphawula phakathi
neminyaka 1884-1893, ngo iwashi ntambama 2, ezinyangeni of January, April, July
no-Okthoba amagugu ukuphambuka elisuka kakhulu-term. Izindinganiso zinikwa

degrees kanye nakuba esikalini 100-iphuzu, phansi kwetshumi ngezinga. Nokho,

babhekisela ekupheleni kwenyanga musa like the ngeziphambeko Barometer
isilinganiso for inyanga yonke, kodwa ukuze kubhekelelwe jika sisemanzini
lokushisa kusho amagugu evamile eyishumi yokuqala, okwesibili nokwesithathu
kwenyanga abafanele. The nokuwa okokugcina ngesikhathi nyaka ubonisa ukuthi
kwakunamaqembu ukuhlanganisa okulandelayo:
Inyanga
Isimo
Normal

January February March Ephreli Kwangathi June

Eyishumi
1st

+ 2 , 78 3 , 97

6 , 56 9 , 88 15 , 15

18,
97

2. "

+ 2 , 73 4 , 95

7 , 43 12 , 46 16 , 15

19 ,
86

3.

+ 3 , 30 5 , 94

8 , 45 14, 26 17, 25

20 ,
37

Inyanga

July

Isimo
Normal

August Septbr. Oktbr. Novbr. Dezbr.

Eyishumi 1st + 2o , 21 , 28 19 , 05 15 , 52 8 , 65 4 , 71
86
2. "

+ 21 , 20 , 94 18, 07 13, 22 6 , 82 3 , 82
30

3.

+ 21 , 20 , 32 17, 13 10, 94 5 , 72 3 , 23
50

Ngokusho lokhu, ngokuvumelana ezingeni isilinganiso evamile January, April, July

nango-October uchungechunge: 2 , 94; 12 , 20; 21 , 22 13, 23.]
[Uma omunye inquma manje ubukhulu sokuphumula kuyehla ulingana 1 , sithola
imiphumela elandelayo:

Ithebula VIII Ukwehla Deviation kusukela thermometer evamile olukwazi

Utrecht, ngo iwashi ntambama 2, ngesikhathi izinyanga January, April. . July,
October 1884-1893
E = 1 C; i =. 1
A

January

Ephreli

July

October

EMP. Theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor.

- 12

- 11

1.5

- 10 2.5

2.5

-9
-8
-7

4.5

2.5

0.5

3.5

1.5

11.5

9.5

7.5

11

21.5

15

13

12.5

11

22

21

21

20

21

10

-6

13.5

-5

18

15

25

-4

20,5

19

15.5

26

31.5

29

26,5

32

-3

26

22.5

37.5

28

38

34

45,5

40

-2

22.5 26

28

28

48

36

41,5

41

-1

23.5 28

32

26

38

34

33

38

24,5 25

31

42

34

27

27

27

19.5 27

22

24,5

21

16.5 10.5

17

9.5

15

0 31

30

+ 1 25,5 30
+ 2 32,5

+ 5 14

17.5 22

27.5 15

+ 3 22.5 23
+ 4 15

18

17.5
12

12
16.5
10

14.5

14

11.5 12.5

10

11

8.5

10

+ 6 8.5

7.5

12.5

8.5

3.5

+7

4.5

5.5

1.5

+ 8 1.5

6.5

+9

4.5

1.5

+ 10

0.5

+ 11

0.5

+ 12

+ 13

+ 14

0.5

300

300

310

310

310

310

m=

300

300

IX. Elements Thermometer ngeziphambeko.

E = 1 Celsius.

AVG. Isimo Normal

January

Ephreli

July

October

+ 2.94

+ 13.20

+21,22

+13,23

A2

- 0.58

- 0.50

- 0.89

- 1.11

C2

- 0,32

- 1.28

- 1.50

- 1.38

Dp

+ 0.61

- 3.11

- 2,37

- 2.49

Di

+ 0.08

- 2,80

- 2.00

- 2,67

10)

3.17

3,71

3,08

2,59

e,

3,76

2,09

2.01

1,68

e'

2,57

4,70

3,49

3,06

u
u
p

+ 19

- 50

- 46

- 18

- 57

+115

+ 84

+ 91

0,782

0,701

0,588

0,804

Again, isivumelwano phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni kwanelisa, nakuba,

nokwehla isinyathelo kuqhathaniswa ezincane ngokusho, ngokusobala hhayi
njengoba okuhle njengoba barometer for ngeziphambeko. The asymmetry positive
kuphela January bez. A; ngoba ezinye izinyanga ezintathu alivumi. Labo okungekho
manje kubhekwe okungahleliwe ngoba waphawula u- value Mayelana Lokhu
encane. Nokho, kusukela nezalo December, I mayelana nalokhu ekuqhathaniseni
heranzog, isiqondiso efanayo asymmetry, esikhundleni salokho, kanye namagugu
ezibuthakathaka ngokufanayo, njengoba for January lwembula njengoba omunye
bangase bacabange kahle ukuthi asymmetry ngesikhathi ingxenye enkulu yonyaka
iyimbi Bez. A, phakathi nobusika ngakolunye uhlangothi le nulls eta nge
ukuthambekela Pheqa into emihle. Ekugcineni, kokusho ukuthi isilinganiso
ukuguquguquka ngenyanga ziphenywe (futhi cishe wonke unyaka) oluphakeme
njalo.]
10)

[The lapha libhekisela, njengoba in the ngeziphambeko Barometer

esimweni evamile.]
179. [Ukwehlukana nsuku zonke lokushisa for Utrecht. - Nakuba ngeziphambeko
thermometer (ntambama 2 clock) ubheke isikhathi esiqondile of the day ukunikeza
ukuhluka nsuku zonke in the umehluko phakathi benombolo kanye esincane okushisa
nsuku zonke. Ukwelashwa zabo collective emva arithmetic isimiso has ngenxa
amazwana 21 isithakazelo kabili. Ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe mahhala ukulandelana
ukuncika, okwenza i unimpeded probation ukusatshalaliswa imithetho. Baphinde
esetshenziswa Quetelet njengoba base for the ingxoxo asymmetry; Ngakho-ke,
kwenza lesi sifaniso phakathi yokwelapha lezi K.-G. ngemuva GG amabili emaceleni
kanye izincazelo Quetelet ngo the "Lettres sur la thorie of probabilits" ukuqonda
ngokushesha zibe kude kangakanani theory Quetelet sika akuphelele noma
olunganembile,]

[Okokuqala, ngihlanganyela amatafula amabili ngezansi imiphumela

eyatholakala. The ndlovu sathathwa njengoba barometer futhi izinga lokushisa
ngeziphambeko Dutch beech ngonyaka esikhathini 1884-1893 kanye nokuqaphelisisa
Utrecht, elinganiselwe ukuze izinyanga January, April, July no-Okthoba. Omunye
ungathola khona eMnyangweni "driemaaldaagsche Waarnemingen" ngaphansi
kwesihloko esithi "Temperatuur". Njengoba sokuphumula esincishisiwe
(njengasezinsukwini ehambisana, inikezwe Quetelet Brussels ukusatshalaliswa panel)
1 Celsius wakhethwa:

X. ibhodi Ukwehla of Ukwehlukana nsuku zonke lokushisa for Utrecht

ngesikhathi izinyanga January, April, July, October 1884-1893.
E = 1 C; i = 1.

January

Ephreli

July

October

EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. Theor. EMP. theor.

0.5

3.5

1.5

22.5

22

0.5

2.5 49

48

5.5

2.5

21

18.5

3.5 62

59

18.5

16

8.5

32,5 41

4.5 51

53

33,5

25

18.5

24

65,5 58

5.5 48

43

29.5

34

47,5

43

6.5

29.5

31 38

40 55

54

48 48

7.5

16.5

19

40

52

37.5 35

8.5

7.5

11 37

36 43

44

25,5 23

9.5

4.5

31

30 29

33

8.5 13

10.5

17

23

11.5

12.5

11

11

13.5

10

38.5

24,5

56,5

21.5

13.5

4.5

4.5

1.5

3.5

310

310

17 15

1.5

15.5

16.5

300

300

310

310

300

57

22.5

14.5

m = 300

54

XI. Imisuka Ukwehlukana nsuku zonke lokushisa.

E = 1 Celsius.
January Ephreli

July

October

A2

4,53

7,69

7,64

5.75

C2

4.26

7,55

7,40

5.56

Dp

3,24

6,87

6,59

4,73

Di

3,54

7,25

7.10

4,74

e,

0.97

1.95

1.28

1.15

e'
u

2.26

2,77

2,33

2.17

- 28

- 11

- 27

- 21

+ 120

+ 52

+ 90

+ 95

0,791

0,829

0,771

0,814

Ngokusekelwe kulezi imiphumela, kungaba bengabaza ukuthi semthethweni GG

zamazwe ngeke. The umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso enokwehla futhi theory
lapha ezomhlaba ngaphansana lunikeza ukuqhathanisa amatafula barometer kanye
thermometer ngeziphambeko. Ngokufanayo, amagugu main kanye namagugu
isilinganiso ukwanelisa p the izimfuno theory, ngesikhathi esifanayo okuyingxenye
asymmetry by the ukuzinza isiqondiso salo, enye ingxenye ikakhulukazi
yabo u bodokotela amagugu eziphawulekayo zalesi January starch njengoba
kubalulekile uqobo. Ngaleso sikhathi ukwehluka nsuku zonke kulo lonke imiphumela
evumayo khulula njengoba barometer futhi izinga lokushisa ngeziphambeko, kokubili
zazo ehlaselwe belandelana ukwencika, ukungabi ukulandelana ukuncika ubonakala
eqinisweni ukuba kwenyuswe ukuthuthukiswa imithetho ngengozi.]
[Ukuze ekubhebhezeleni lokhu, izingxoxo Quetelet mayelana asymmetry 11),
qhathanisa okulandelayo uzokwaziswa mayelana indlela uphenyo lwakhe. Quetelet isikisela ukuthi
uma imida yesimethri ezibalulekile W. ngeziphambeko emihle nemibi kusukela
izibalo asho sinye, futhi exhumene it ukuphetha ngokuthi asymmetry in the
ukungalingani of W. ngoba ngeziphambeko mutual kusukela kusho isekelwe. He
esibonisa efanele ratios lokungenzeka okwenzeka lapha yi isitsha eliqukethe
kunqunywa ehlukene, kodwa noma kunjalo kumele kukhethwe izimo isibalo
engachazeki elikhulu amabhola black and white. Ikakhulu, kuba sifinyeto tabular of
the W., Yikuphi qukethe ekusondeleni 16 amabhola for the ukubukeka amabhola of a
uhlobo, lapho 50; 55; 60; .... 90; 95 amabhola ngohlobo olulodwa kwenzeke phakathi
ngamunye balls 100. Lezi izibhebhe W. theory yena manje ufanisa amatafula W.

enokwehla ukuthi umphumela encishisiwe ukusatshalaliswa panel ukwehluka nsuku

zonke okushisa (for Brussels) by the z sokuphumula ngamunye by the
ezihambisana m uhlukene. Ngakho uthola ngenyanga ka January, yena ubeka amazwi
akhe isizathu, ukuthi inkambo enokwehla W. kakhulu inqubekela labo theory
izindlela W., ngoba lapho izinombolo of amabhola white and black isilinganiso 80
ngumnikazi 20, futhi yaphawula ukuthi umfanekiso kungaba nakakhulu uma
isilinganiso 80: 20 kuya ku 81: Besizokujanyiselelwa 19 Ibhayisikobho waphetha
mayelana ngaphambilini olunikezwa kuye asho okulandelayo L2): "1) il existe une
ukushintshashintsha diurne de lokushisa de Quatre e cinq degrs, ou plus de exactement 4 , 7; elle is la
moyenne de toutes Donne par les ababecabanga; 2) cette ukushintshashintsha subit
l'ithonya de kubangela inegales; 3) les kubangela qui tendent Faire tomber la
ukushintshashintsha diurne indodana esincane, ont plus de amathuba en leur faveur
que celles qui tendent l'lever indodana esiphezulu, et les amathuba sont Dans le
yokwakha de 81 19 ou plus simplement de 4 1; 4) amabanga les de la moyenne
aux Deux valeurs Limites sont ce Meme rgles par ubudlelwano de 4 1 "].
11)

[Lettres sur la thorie the prob. Lettre XXV: Des kubangela inegales
accidentelles Quand les amathuba sont; Lettre XXVI: Loi de sortie de Deux
vnements, dont les amathuba sont ingales. Kuze kube yimanje, amatafula (s.
Chap. XXV.).]
12)

A. a. OS 181st

[Kuyoba kuyabonakala ukuthi Quetelet ithiyori sika ngokomthetho nakancane

ukuthi izibalo asho value nalo uthathwa njengoba cishe ngesikhathi asymmetry value
linqoba. Kodwa uma namanje lokhu kahle ubonakala uthole ngokusebenzisa
okwenzeka support, njengoba kuba eminye Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi
ukuqhathanisa phakathi theory kanye UCWANINGO on the ukubukeka panel,
kuphela ie, isikhundla amagugu ngokwedlulele maqondana ukubaluleka asho
inkambo therebetween amanga izindinganiso ezisekelwe.Ngenxa yalokho, ine lonke
uphenyo, elingajulile kuphela futhi ine umlingisi akuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi
kumele kugcizelelwe ukuthi indlela ukukhulelwa Quetelet for GG zamazwe kuholela
once ukubaluleka densest njengoba kuchaziwe kuye umthetho ezilinganiselwe ithatha
indawo ye kusho izibalo. The Ngaphezu XIX. Isahluko ( 136) eveza le ubuhlobo
engqondweni.]

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XXVIII. The asymmetry imigqa iphutha.

180. [Akungabazeki ukuthi imigqa Iphutha K.-G. bamele lokho ukwelashwa

okufanayo njengoba K.-G. avumele Esahlukweni esandulele. Nokho, kuyangabazeka

ukuthi kuba isandla enikela ngo isimiso, ngakolunye uhlangothi in the isipiliyoni,
ukukhombisa kunenzuzo ngokwale nhloso ukuletha izindlela asymmetry collective
lisetshenziswa, noma hhayi imfuneko imida yesimethri ebalulekile kunalokho
ukubeka isisekelo theory kanye enokwehla. Uma lo mbuzo uye wangasho e 8,
kufanele uthole impendulo yabo lapha.Ukuhlukaniswa ngokombono ezincwadini
enokwehla akuyona eyize. Ngoba semthethweni isimiso imithetho asymmetry
Nakuba isicelo esifanayo njalo futhi izinzuzo enokwehla ngeke baphathe nawe, uma
nje ukwelashwa ngokwanele ebukhali ukhiphe ekhona phakathi izibalo asho futhi
esiseduzane uyazisa umehluko. Nokho, kuba ongazicabanga ukuthi GG amabili
emaceleni, ngisho noma asidingeki theory, kodwa Zibonakalise in the isipiliyoni
ngokwayo, maqondana njengoba - cf. 95 -. The empirically
ezahlukene m 'futhi m,. Bez Duyakucabangela, kanti emva GG elula esikhundleni
futhi empirically ezahlukene 'futhi , bez. A Okusizayo m ukuba bazokhululwa.]
[Ukuze ukuhambisana intshisekelo side kakhulu ezincwadini umbuzo owabuzwa,
lo asymmetry of imigqa Iphutha ukuphenya kungani uhlelo efanayo, izimo ezifanayo
uchungechunge ecashile amagugu waphawula kangcono. Noma yimuphi izinzuzo nje
enokwehla ovelele zibuye kwembulwe lapho kokubili nezwe lase kanye GG elula is
elithe evivinywa panel ukusatshalaliswa emigqeni iphutha; Lapha kuyoba imigqa
enkulu m akukhetha ngoba kungalindeleka ukuthi ezifana ashiye ifomu ejwayelekile
of isiphambeko amatafula ukuza kungenzeka msulwa kunabo nentuthuko.]
[Ukuze onjengendodana ezinye izinhloso banelise Sizohlola kulesi sahluko
uchungechunge yezinkanyezi observation amaphutha of the Observatory Observator
at eStrasbourg, Mr kimi uDkt Puck, kanye ulwazi olulandelayo umsuka laba
kukhonjisiwe.]
Lala [ababecabanga eziyimbangela on REPSOLD'schen tindilinga onqamula of the
Observatory, ngubani kwaqashwa eminyakeni 1884-1886 by a owayebukele
olulodwa.Observation okunjalo ngokwengxenye sithole isikhathi lapho inkanyezi
waphawula by the onqamula iya, ezinye ngokwengxenye anqume ibanga zenith,
ebanjwa endimeni. Ke, kumelwe sakhiwa amafayela ezimbili ezahlukene. Umthetho
wokuqala uwukuthi ngoba isikhathi zokuthutha is kagesi aqoshiwe, kwelinye press of
inkinobho in the jenigen-zikhathi lapho inkanyezi udlula intambo mpo
instrument. Angasebenza, kusukela kukhona amabili nantathu lezi yarns mpo
abakhona, aphindaphindwe izikhathi eziningi, lapho isikhathi ngasinye isikhathi
ezihambisana is fixed. Owesibili isenzo isetshenziswa ukulungiswa okunembile
instrument, once inkanyezi phakathi imicu 23 osondela. Mayelana ukukhishwa kwalo
ilandelwe. isaziso. Ukusungulwa kwe-instrument kwaba omunye phambukani
ezejwayelekile by ukulungisa esihle zenith kude hhayi (evamile njengoba) esebenzisa
a run key, kodwa kwaba ayengumlamuleli drive chain, owaqala omunye esisogwini
izingalo clamping of inkinobho ithuluzi ngoba ingalo clamping in esiqinile
ngokuhlanganyela zomculo kwaba, njalo kwaba close to the eyepiece. Bobabili
izenzo zingaba kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuthikanyezwa, mutual lapho ithuluzi has
ukuthi isikhundla lapho ukuphela itholakala ohlangothini lwasempumalanga. Bese,

okungukuthi ebambe esandleni sakhe sokunene inkinobho bese uthole kwesokunxele

kuya wenze kahle owayebukele. Nokho, ithuluzi has isimo okuphambene, njengoba
ukungqubuzana phakathi amafayela ezimbili kwenzeka kude kangaka njengoba
sengqondo usishukumisela in zenith kude for nokufaka isihluthulelo, kungaba
kuqaliswe kuphela ngemva kokubulawa ukuze babhalise isikhathi zokuthutha for the
intambo phakathi. Ngenxa yalokho, okungena amandla ahlukene ezahlukene
izingqapheli kokulibala, ukuze ukuqapha ntambo amancane naphakathi
ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa esihle zenith kude kuphazamisekile. The izingqimba
ezimbili instrument zihlukaniswa amagama "Terminal Ost" futhi "Terminal West". Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kule mpi bekungeke kwenzeke uma obukele
kufanele bakwazi ukubhalisa kanye lowo namanye isandla ephephile
ngokulinganayo, futhi eminye ukuthi izimo okukhulunywa ukuba nje kuyolungiswa
lapho izingqapheli washiya ngabe ejwayele nerejista kubanjwe ngakwesokunene.
[Kulezi kugcinwa ukuzimisela wesikhashana isikhathi eziphathelene ingxenye
kwakusetshenziswa ukubala ibanga wathi yarns mpo, ie isikhathi lapho sidinga
inkanyezi enkabazwe anqamule nesikhawu phakathi imicu emibili. Kwayo zibhalwe
sequentially ngokusebenzisa izinombolo 1 kuya 23 Babezimisele the amabanga
phakathi ngentambo kusho 12 kanye yarns 2, 5, 6, 10, 14, 18, 19, 22; injengomoya
intambo amabanga 2 - 12; 5-12 njll okukhulunywe. The impahla elibukelayo
laphinda zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane, ngakolunye uhlangothi - ngokusho
okushiwo ngenhla - isikhundla ithuluzi ukuphela empumalanga isimo Terminal West
mayelana nesikhathi esifanayo kwenziwe ukucacisa zenith ibanga uhlukile, futhi
Ngakolunye uhlangothi ngaphezu Tagbeobachtungen ekhona iningi Night
ngekucaphelisisa izifanekiso futhi, lapho izimo zokukhanya ezahlukene
banqoba. Nokho, kungashiwo kakhulu iqedwe ngokugwema intambo central 12,
lapho iza kuphela nokwehluleka by the ukulungisa esihle zenith kude ngicabangela,
umehluko phakathi izingqimba ezimbili Terminal East kanye Terminal West; futhi
ngempela wanika uchungechunge efanayo kokuma, amabanga intambo 2 izingqimba
ezimbili ngazwi linye. Nokho, ayebonakala emancane nje nesithakazelo alondoloze
labo umehluko, ukuze bagcine nethonya kungenzeka zalo imiphumela ukuhlaziywa
ezilandelayo can. Ukuze ukuhlola amaphutha elikhulu observation kumelwe
kukhunjulwe futhi ukuthi ngekucaphelisisa, ngoba base okuhloswe yokunquma
amabanga intambo, akhethwe kusukela luhlanganise iminyaka eminingana impahla
ukuze ubudlelwano ehlukahlukene ezihilelekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma omunye
babefisa ukuba anqume isiphambeko isilinganiso of observation, close kangaka
ngesikhathi kwakuyoba lokuvota kwenye ababecabanga indawo.]
181. [The impahla esinikeziwe IZIMO amaqembu amane designated
njengoba kanje ::

) ; Night ababecabanga
) Terminal East; Tagbeobachtungen

) ; Night ababecabanga
) ; Tagbeobachtungen.

Iqembu ngalinye iqukethe, ngokuhambisana intambo amabanga ayisishiyagalombili,

njengoba abaningi uchungechunge amagugu waphawula, ukuma okulandelayo,
iqembu kuyabonakala) isampula asuswe. The yokukala isetshenziswa lapha
ngezansi kulo okwesibili = 1 s
I. isampula ochungechungeni ababecabanga ) ; Night
ababecabanga.
E=1s
Isikhathi
Star
observation
1884 June
24
July 1
1885
January 14

2 - 12 5-12 6-12 10-12 14-12 18- 12 19-12 22-12

Ophiuchi 37,28 31,10 22,28 13,87 14,60 22,80 31,70 37,96

Librae

37,34 31,14 22,39 14,07 14,61 22,87 31,70 37,92

Orionis

37,65 31,31 22,51 14,11 14,48 22,65 31,60 37,98

1886 March Bootis

35

37,55 31,17 22,35 14,03 14,68 22,77 31,80 38,02

Kulezi uchungechunge kokuma, izakhi okulandelayo for the ngentambo amabanga

eziyisishiyagalombili zingenza:
II. Imisuka ngentambo amabanga.
E = 1 s.

) Terminal East; Night ababecabanga.

Thread ibanga 2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12

14-12

18-12

19-12

22-12

115

115

114

114

115

114

115

112

37,428 31,190 22,333 14,036 14,591 22,894 31,711 37,989

0.099

0,094

0.084

0.099

0,098

0.099

0,094

0.082

E'

38,09

31,48

22,66

14,38

14,96

23,19

32,00

38,28

E,

31,14

30,91

22,07

13,78

14,30

22,64

31,42

37,73

-3

+2

-2

- 13

-4

-5

-6

+5

U '- U,

+ 0.37 + 0.01 + 0.06 + 0.09 + 0.08 + 0.04 0.00

+ 0.03

) Terminal East; Tagbeobachtungen.

Thread
ibanga

2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12 14-12 18-12 19-12 22-12

41

41

40

40

37,405 31,146 22,314 13,994 14,633 22.938 31,759 38,028

0,062

0,077

0.084

0.074

0.080

0.074

0.072

0.069

E'

37,57

31,38

22,54

14,17

14,81

23,21

31,93

38,22

E,

37,16

30,96

22,03

13,78

14,41

22,73

31,56

37,78

-4

-3

+5

+1

+2

+2

+2

U '- U,

-0,08

+0,05

- 0,06

- 0.04 +0,05 +0,06 - 0.03 - 0,06

40

40

41

40

) ; Night ababecabanga.

Thread
ibanga

2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12

14-12

18-12

19-12

22-12

124

124

124

124

124

123

123

123

37,453 31,229 22,374 14.050 14,593 22,864 31,713 37,976

0.090

0.089

0.085

0.089

0.089

0.083

0.105

0,094

E'

37,92

31,53

22,61

14,33

14,91

23,16

31,99

38,28

E,

37,13

30,92

22,10

13,75

14,30

22,62

31,41

37,67

-8

+8

+2

-2

+2

-4

+6

U '- U,

+ 0.14 - 0.01

- 0.04

- 0.02

+ 0.02 + 0.05 - 0.03

0.00

) ; Tagbeobachtungen.

Thread
ibanga

2 - 12

5-12

6-12

10-12 14-12 18-12 19-12 22-12

50

50

49

50

37,463 31,234 22,406 14,061 14,528 22,836 31,717 37,944

0.087

0.092

0.084

0.092

50
0.091

49
0,079

50
0.104

49
0,098

E'

37,76

31,45

22,62

14,30

14,82

23,06

32,13

38,28

E,

37,25

31,04

22,19

13,75

14,30

22,63

31,42

37,70

-5

-1

+2

+10

+2

+2

+1

-1

U '- U,

+ 0.08

+ 0.02

0.00

- 0,07 + 0.06 + 0.02 + 0,12 + 0.09

Lapha, le A imele oyifunayo ngentambo amabanga ngokulwa njengoba kusho izibalo

of the m observation amagugu futhi akhombise amagugu kungenzeka, uma GG elula
kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele kusebenza. La magugu ziyehluka for the
amaqembu ahlukene nomunye, lapho ekuqaleni ngenxa nature ezilinganiselwe
of m, kuphela ukuba kulindeleke angaphansi ukuhlinzekwa, kodwa futhi umehluko
okhona phakathi izingqimba Terminal eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga
kungenxa. Ngoba iqembu futhi zokuqala amabanga amane kukhona konke
okukhulu, ezine last iningi amacala ngaphansi kuka amabanga ehambisana
amaqembu and ,

. The imibukiso ohambelana lesi sifaniso namagugu ngenhla nguDkt
KOBOLD 1)kusukela ngenye okwaphawulwa kanye okukhulu nokwethenjelwa
amagugu atholakala, lapho kukhonjiswa okunezinhlobonhlobo ezilandelayo:
Thread ibanga 2 - 12 5-12
A

6-12

10-12 14-12 18-12 19-12 22-12

37 s,

31 s,

22 s,

14 s,

14 s,

22 s,

31 s,

38 s,

443

195

355

030

591

893

735

006

The Kwadlula ezomhlaba umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso

waphawula kanye A kuya iphutha elula isilinganiso. Esifanayo show ngaphakathi
eqenjini ngalinye nokushintshashintsha ezincane kuphela, owawuthi
eziyisishiyagalombili amaphutha imigqa of iqembu ngalinye ukwakha uhlelo
efanayo, njengoba kucatshangwa ngesisekelo imvelaphi yabo. The width
ukuguquguquka yesiphambeko kuvela umehluko we ukweqisa yasenhla nemithombo
yasenzansi E 'futhi E, kuyabonakala; kuba kuphela ibanga ngentambo 2 - 12 of the
group 0 s, 95; ingakanani le ibaluleke kakhulu by nenani eliphezulu ukuphambuka
ngokwedlulele U '= 0 s, 66 ngokwemibandela, okuyinto kakhulu idlula avareji nenani
kulindeleke futhi kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ongaphilile.]
1)

[Comp. Annals of Imperial. University Observatory eStrasbourg; . I. BD 1896. S.

XXII: The amabanga ngentambo kanye namagugu engela screw].
[Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke nesithakazelo amagugu u and mayelana nalokhu
labo of U '- U, ngoba ukuvumela ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi ngabe asymmetry
imigqa Iphutha kufanele kubhekwe njengento okuphawulekayo noma

engabalulekile. Manje, kukhona u amagugu ngokungaguquki amancane kakhulu futhi

babe ngenxa ngokushesha angahlelekile positive, isibonakaliso ngezinye izikhathi
negative. Kungokufanayo umehluko U '- U, ukusho ukuthi kuphela
iqembu akashintshi phakathi isibonakaliso ukuba kanye kuphela lapho value 0
lapha s the, 37 rise a ukuphakama omkhulu, inhlonipho ngokusho okushiwo ngenhla
letihambisana elingenhla ukuphambuka ngokwedlulele angeke angene
ukucabangela. It kulandela ngokuzimisela esiphethweni sokuthi akukho asymmetry
abalulekile ukhona. Ingabe isiqinisekiso yalapha sithola kuleyo 18 phakathi amacala
32 kuphela izibonakaliso u andU '- U, kuyaphikisana, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo
umthetho reverse of the asymmetry phakathi umehluko ukuphambuka izibalo kanye
nalabo of the ngeziphambeko ngokwedlulele bez.A uqobo hhayi kungase kutholakale,
kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo predominating ebalulekile asymmetry Sesibonile ukuthi
isicelo.]
182. [Kuyinto IZIMO asikho isizathu ukuletha imigqa isiphambeko izimiso
asymmetry esiwenza application. Nokho, Ukuze babonise ukuthi isivumelwano
phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni usebenzisa GG amabili emaceleni akukho
izinzuzo phezu kwemithetho ezilula mayelana kuxhumene, nginikela amatafula
kulandela ngokuqhathanisa zembethe ukuthi amagugu enokwehla kokubili emva
elula GG bez. A kanye bez ngokusho GG emaceleni. D ibalwa amagugu theory
usizwa. Amanani enokwehla eyatholakala kusukela amaqembu amane amaqoqo
eziyisishiyagalombili kokuma ngendlela yokobana ekuqaleni amagugu waphawula
uchungechunge kokuma by umehluko sayo ehambisana ngalinye A di ngokuqaphela
amaphutha kwafakwa bese wahlanganisa eziyisishiyagalombili amaphutha imigqa
of iqembu ngalinye ibe umugqa owodwa ababeyikho. Amaqembu
amane , , , kanjalo kwakhiwa elihambisana imigqa emine Iphutha njengoba
imigqa , , , izobizwa. The Ukuhlanganiswa yochungechunge original kwaba
ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi ukukhathazeka njengoba ngenxa izincwadi phakathi
esihambelanayo amaphutha kusho njengoba wazibonakalisa efanayo.]
[Ukuze ukuncishiswa ukuba i = 0 s, 05 imiphumela elandelayo etholakala
ngalendlela:

III. Ukwehla ukusatshalaliswa panel of imigqa Iphutha , , , .

E = 1 s; i = 0.05.

Series

Series
theor.

EMP. Bez. A bez. Dp

- 0,35 -

2.5

theor.
EMP. bez. A bez. Dp

- 0.30 1

0.5

0.5

- 0.30 6

6.5

5.5

- 0.25 2

- 0.25 21

17

16

- 0.20 9

- 0.20 38

37

37

- 0.15 21

20,5

20,5

- 0.15 59

69

71

- 0,10 29

40

40.5

- 0,10 108

107

111

- 0.05 70

60

60

- 0.05 154

139

143

0.00

67,5

67,5

0.00

151

152

151,5

+ 0.05 59

58

57,5

+ 0.05 152

140

136

+ 0.10 39

38

38

+ 0.10 100

108

104

+ 0.15 17

19

19

+ 0.15 55

70

68

+ 0,20 6

+ 0,20 36

38.5

38.5

+0,25

+0,25

17.5

18.5

+ 0.30 -

0.5

0.5

+ 0.30 12

m=

323

323

+ 0.35 3

+ 0.40 -

+ 0.65 1

m=

914

914

18

914

67

3
323

Series

Series

theor.
EMP. Bez. A bez. Dp

theor.
EMP. bez. A Bez. Dp

- 0.40 -

0.5

0.5

- 0,35

- 0,35 -

- 0.30

- 0.30 10

- 0.25

7.5

- 0.25 19

17

18

- 0.20

15

16

16

- 0.20 42

39

39

- 0.15

29

30

31

- 0.15 69

74

72,5

- 0,10

55

47

47,5

- 0,10 101

117

114

- 0.05

61

61

61,5

- 0.05 159

154,5

151

0.00

64

66

66,5

0.00

169

169

+ 0.05 71

61

60

154,5

158

+ 0.10 44

47

46

174

+ 0.05 163

+ 0.10 120

117

121

+ 0.15 22

30

30

+ 0.15 73

74

75,5

+ 0,20 17

16

16

+ 0,20 37

39

38.5

+0,25

7.5

7.5

+0,25 14

17

16

+ 0.30 5

+ 0.30 7

+ 0.35 1

+ 0.35 0

1.5

+ 0.40 1

+ 0.40 0

0.5

0.5

m=

397

397

+ 0.45 1

m=

989

989

989

397

IV. Elements imigqa iphutha , , , ngoba amabhodi esincishisiwe.

E = 1 s.

323

989

914

397

+ 0.0009 - 0,0025 0,0000

- 0,0015 - 0,0030 + 0.0022 - 0,0012

- 0,0004

D p - 0,0111 - 0,0050 + 0.0094 - 0,0048

D i - 0,0281 - 0,0284 + 0.0038 + 0.0353

.0949

.0753

0,0923

.0946

e,

0,0888

0,0741

.0969

0,0924

e ' 0,1008

0,0766

0,0875

.0968

u
u

-9

-8

+15

-3

+ 58

+5

- 50

+9

0.80

0.80

0,77

0,82

In the efanayo yonke indawo sikhombisa Kuhlangana ebanzi kangaka phakathi

amagugu ezincwadini the ziyalingana kanye nokusabalalisa umthetho azilingani
ukuthi kubonakala ayibalulekile ubani phakathi kwalaba ababili ofuna idatha ukuba
kusetshenziswe.]
[Kodwa-ke inani malula kuyoba esivuna emthethweni olinganiselayo ukuqubuka,

lapho namanje iwela isisindo ukuthi akudingeki ukuba abale izakhi kubangelwa panel
encishisiwe, kodwa primary ethile isilinganiso isiphambeko noma (square) kusho
Iphutha q e Ungasebenzisa indlela engenayo. In the khathesi, omunye uthola
kusukela primary ukusatshalaliswa panel the yochungechunge ,
, , isihlobo 0 s, 0937; 0 s, 0738; 0 s, 0906; 0 s, 0911, kuphumele ithebula elandelako
ukuqhathanisa phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni:

V. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi theory kanye nesipiliyoni for GG lula

EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor. EMP. theor.

0.00 151 154 67
69
174 169 64
69
0.05 306 282 129 119 322 309 132 125
0,10 208 216 68
78
221 234 99
94,5
0.15 114 138 38
38
142 148 51
59
0,20 74
74
15
14
79
78
32
30,5
0.25 39
33
5
4
33
34
9
13
0.30 18
12
1
1
17
12
8
5
0,35 3
4
0
4
1
1
0.40 1
0
1
1
0.45 1
0.65 1
m = 914 914 323 323 989 989 397 397
Lapha isikhawu oqokwe 0.00 kuzodingeka ukuba kabili kanye imingcele 0,025
ukuba ngqo ufana nezinye ngezikhathi, ukuze Yebo njalo theory seqiwe ewela null]

[By manje theory kanye sithola amabili emaceleni G. G. Nakuba kusebenza

njengoba kusobala, kodwa unikeza akukho inzuzo phezu GG elula, uzovunyelwa
ukuba bakubheka njengendlela isici nemifantu ukuthi asymmetry yayo nje ezincane,
eyasungulwa
ngo
izehlakalo ongenakulinganisela. Omunye angase Kusukela, uma
Contribuu a millorar
la traducci
kungaba ukulahlekelwa for a umbandela kokuhlaziywa imigqa iphutha, cishe
usebenzisa asymmetry njengoba enjalo futhi ukusungula isimiso ukuthi imigqa
Iphutha kukhona ukuba enqabe izici asymmetry ezibalulekile.]

Text original

Isijobelelo.
The t etafuleni.
183 [The t - etafuleni unikeza amagugu G. G., di the ebalulekile

e athembele the izimpikiswano t = :.

Kusukela enamadijithi amane-amagugu
ebalulekile jikelele-wami ukwanelisa izidingo kukahulumeni, kanjalo sokuqala
enamadijithi amane-ishadi ukulwa ezifundweni Wundt sika zefilosofi, ngo
IX. Volume, kk 147-150, washicilela, njengoba t- baletha Table I lapha
esiqala. Nokho, ukuze kusadingeka for ezimweni ezikhethekile enye indawo
etholakalayo, iphaneli enamadijithi emihlanu njengoba t- Table liyaziswa II ngo
isandiso ezifanele.]
[Bobabili amathebula elise ngendlela efanayo ishadi-figure eziyisikhombisa S. 545549 ezitholakala izinkulumo Meyer on okungenzeka theory ukuba acabange. Kodwa
lapho, njengenjwayelo, amagugu ingxabano t kuze yesibili zamadesimali kwendawo
ahlelwe, umehluko yesibili interpolation kufanele kuboniswane, njengoba
umthetho. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, kwaba kwephaneli enamadijithi amane-e
ngezikhathi t = 0 T = 1.51, kwephaneli ezinhlanu sibalo ngezikhathi t = 0 ukuba t =
2.01, niphikisana waqhubeka kwaze owesithathu endaweni zamadesimali, ukuze
wonke eyanele by interpolation elula. Ngenxa yalesi njongo kwaba ngo ngezikhathi
call-th esebenzisa formula:

ngenxa eziyi eziyisikhombisa-table amagugu, usebenzisa umehluko wesibili

INTERPO-abazokusho. Umehluko lesithathu hhayi kunakwe.]
[Kusungulwa amatafula logarithms ukuthi abalingisa. Particu-Dere babe star,
ngubani ukuthola ngamunye imigqa eqondile Table II ukubaluleka ukuthi line
endaweni pre-ephrintiwe lokuqala wezinombolo iyakwenezelwa by. 1]
The t- Table I.
t

0.00 0,0000 0011 0023 0034 0045 0056 0068 0079 0090 0102
01 0,0113 0124 0135 0147 0158 0169 0181 0192 0203 0214
02 0,0226 0237 0248 0259 0271 0282 0293 0305 0316 0327
03 0,0338 0350 0361 0372 0384 0395 0406 0417 0429 0440
04 0,0451 0462 0474 0485 0496 0507 0519 0530 0541 0552
05 0,0564 0575 0386 0597 0609 0620 0631 0642 0654 0665
06 0,0676 0687 0699 0710 0721 0732 0744 0755 0766 0777
07 0,0789 0800 0811 0822 0833 0845 0856 0867 0878 0890
08 0,0901 0912 0923 0934 0946 0957 0968 0979 0990 1002
09 0,1013 1024 1035 1046 1058 1069 1080 1091 1102 1113
0,10 0,1125 1136 1147 1158 1169 1180 1192 1203 1214 1225

11 .1236

1247 1259 1270 1281 1292 1303 1314 1325 1336

12 .1348

1359 1370 1381 1392 1403 1414 1425 1436 1448

13 0,1459. 1470 1481 1492 1503 1514 1525 1536 1547 1558
14 .1569

1581 1592 1603 Ku- 1625 1636 1647 1658 1669

1614

15 .1680

1691 1702 1713 1724 1735 1746 1757 1768 1779

16 .1790

1801 1812 1823 1834 1845 1856 1867 1878 1889

17 .1900

1911 1922 1933 1944 1955 1966 1977 1988 1998

18 0,2009 2020 2031 2042 2053 2064 2075 2086 2097 2108
19 .2118

2129 2140 2151 2162 2173 2184 2194 2205 2216

0,20 .2227

2238 2249 2260 2270 2281 2292 2303 2314 2324

21 .2335

2346 2357 2368 2378 2389 2400 2411 2421 2432

22 .2443

2454 2464 2475 2486 2497 2507 2518 2529 2540

23 .2550

2561 2572 2582 2593 2604 2614 2625 2636 2646

24 0,2657 2668 2678 2689 2700 2710 2721 2731 2742 2753
25 .2763

2774 2784 2795 2806 2816 2827 2837 2848 2858

26 .2869

2880 2890 2901 2911 2922 2932 2943 2953 2964

27 .2974

2985 2995 3006 3016 3027 3037 3047 3058 3068

28 .3079

3089 3100 3110 3120 3131 3141 3152 3162 3172

29 .3183

3193 3204 3214 3224 3235 3245 3255 3266 3276

0.30 .3286

3297 3307 3317 3327 3338 3348 3358 3369 3379

31 .3389

3399 3410 3420 3430 3440 3450 3461 3471 3481

32 .3491

3501 3512 3522 3532 3542 3552 3562 3573 3583

33 .3593

3603 3613 3623 3633 3643 3653 3663 3674 3684

34 .3694

3704 3714 3724 3734 3744 3754 3764 3774 3784

35 .3794

3804 3814 3824 3834 3844 3854 3864 3873 3883

36 .3893

3903 3913 3923 3933 3943 3953 3963 3972 3982

37 .3992

4002 4012 4022 4031 4041 4051 4061 4071 4080

38 .4090

4100 4110 4119 4129 4139 4149 4158 4168 4178

39 .4187

4197 4207 4216 4226 4236 4245 4255 4265 4274

0.40 .4284

4294 4303 4313 4322 4332 4341 4351 4361 4370

41 .4380

4389 4399 4408 4418 4427 4437 4446 4456 4465

42 .4475

4484 4494 4503 4512 4522 4531 4541 4550 4559

43 .4569

4578 4588 4597 4606 4616 4625 4634 4644 4653

44 .4662

4672 4681 4690 4699 4709 4718 4727 4736 4746

45 .4755

4764 4773 4782 4792 4801 4810 4819 4828 4837

46 .4847

4856 4865 4874 4883 4892 4901 4910 4919 4928

47 .4937

4946 4956 4965 4974 4983 4992 5001 5010 5019

48 .5027

5036 5045 5054 5063 5072 5081 5090 5099 5108

49 .5117

5126 5134 5143 5152 5161 5170 5179 5187 5196

0.50 .5205

5214 5223 5231 5240 5249 5258 5266 5275 5284

6
7
8
The T-Table I.

0.50 .5205

5214 5223 5231 5240 5249 5258 5266 5275 5284

51 .5292

5301 5310 5318 5327 5336 5344 5353 5362 5370

52 .5379

5388 5396 5405 5413 5422 5430 5439 5448 5456

53 .5465

5473 5482 5490 5499 5507 5516 5524 5533 5541

54 .5549

5558 5566 5575 5583 5591 5600 5608 5617 5625

55 .5633

5642 5650 5658 5667 5675 5683 5691 5700 5708

56 .5716

5724 5733 5741 5749 5757 5765 5774 5782 5790

57 .5798

5806 5814 5823 5831 5839 5847 5855 5863 5871

58 .5879

5887 5895 5903 5911 5919 5927 5935 5943 5951

59 0,5959 5967 5975 5983 5991 5999 6007 6015 6023 6031
0.60 .6039

6046 6054 6062 6070 6078 6086 6093 6101 6109

61 .6117

6125 6132 6140 6148 6156 6163 6171 6179 6186

62 .6194

6202 6209 6217 6225 6232 6240 6248 6255 6263

63 .6270

6278 6286 6293 6301 6308 6316 6323 6331 6338

64 .6346

6353 6361 6368 6376 6383 6391 6398 6405 6413

65 .6420

6428 6435 6442 6450 6457 6464 6472 6479 6486

66 .6494

6501 6508 6516 6523 6530 6537 6545 6552 6559

67 .6566

6573 6581 6588 6595 6602 6609 6616 6624 6631

68 .6638

6645 6652 6659 6666 6673 6680 6687 6694 6701

69 .6708

6715 6722 6729 6736 6743 6750 6757 6764 6771

0.70 .6778

6785 6792 6799 6806 6812 6819 6826 6833 6840

71 0,6847 6853 6860 6867 6874 6881 6887 6894 6901 6908
72 .6914

6921 6928 6934 6941 6948 6954 6961 6968 6974

73 .6981

6988 6994 7001 7007 7014 7021 7027 7034 7040

74 .7047

7053 7060 7066 7073 7079 7086 7092 7099 7105

75 0,7112 7118 7124 7131 7137 7144 7150 7156 7163 7169
76 .7175

7182 7188 7194 7201 7207 7213 7219 7226 7232

77 .7238

7244 7251 7257 7263 7269 7275 7282 7288 7294

78 .7300

7306 7512 7318 7325 7331 7337 7343 7349 7355

79 .7361

7367 7373 7379 7385 7391 7397 7403 7409 7415

0.80 .7421

7427 7433 7439 7445 7451 7457 7462 7468 7474

81 .7480

7486 7492 7498 7503 7509 7515 7521 7527 7532

82 .7538

7544 7550 7555 7561 7567 7572 7578 7584 7590

83 .7595

7601 7607 7612 7618 7623 7629 7635 7640 7646

84 .7651

7657 7663 7668 7674 7679 7685 7690 7696 7701

85 .7707

7712 7718 7723 7729 7734 7739 7745 7750 7756

86 .7761

7766 7772 7777 7782 7788 7793 7798 7804 7809

87 .7814

7820 7825 7830 7835 7841 7846 7851 7856 7862

88 .7867

7872 7877 7882 7888 7893 7898 7903 7908 7913

89 .7918

7924 7929 7934 7939 7944 7949 7954 7959 7964

0.90 .7969

7974 7979 7984 7989 7994 7999 8004 8009 8014

91 .8019

8024 8029 8034 8038 8043 8048 8053 8058 8063

92 .8068

8073 8077 8082 8087 8092 8097 8101 8106 8111

93 .8116

8120 8125 8130 8135 8139 8144 8149 8153 8158

94 .8163

8167 8172 8177 8181 8186 8191 8195 8200 8204

95 .8209

8213 8218 8223 8227 8232 8236 8241 8245 8250

96 .8254

8259 8263 8268 8272 8277 8281 8285 8290 8294

97 .8299

8303 8307 8312 8316 8321 8325 8329 8334 8338

98 .8342

8347 8351 8355 8360 8364 8368 8372 8377 8381

99 .8385

8389 8394 8398 8402 8406 8410 8415 8419 8423

1.00 .8427

8431 8435 8439 8444 8448 8452 8456 8460 8464

The T-Table I.
t

1.00 .8427 8431 8435 8439

8444 8448 8452 8456 8460 8464

01 .8468 8472 8476 8480

8484 8488 8492 8496 8500 8504

02 .8508 8512 8516 8520

8524 8528 8532 8536 8540 8544

03 .8548 8552 8556 8560

8563 8567 8571 8575 8579 8583

04 .8586 8590 8594 8598

8602 8606 8609 8613 8617 8621

05 .8624 8628 8632 8636

8639 8643 8647 8650 8654 8658

06 .8661 8665 8669 8672

.8676 8680 8683 8687 8691 8694

07 .8698 8701 8705 8708

8712 8716 8719 8723 8726 8730

08 .8733 8737 8740 8744

8747 8751 8754 8758 8761 8765

09 .8768 8771 8775 8778

8782 8785 8789 8792 8795 8799

1.10 .8802 8805 8809 8812

8815 8819 8822 8825 8829 8832

11 .8835 8839 8842 8845

8848 8852 8855 8858 8861 8865

12 .8868 8871 8874 8878

8881 8884 8887 8890 8893 8897

13 .8900 8903 8906 8909

8912 8915 8918 8922 8925 8928

14 .8931 8934 8937 8940

8943 8946 8949 8952 8955 8958

15 .8961 8964 8967 8970

8973 8976 8979 8982 8985 8988

16 .8991 8994 8997 9000

9003 9006 9008 9011 9014 9017

17 0,9020 9023 9026 9029

9031 9034 9037 9040 9043 9046

okuyinamba

18 .9048 9051 9054 9057

9060 9062 9065 9068 9071 9073

19 .9076 9079 9082 9084

9087 9090 9092 9095 9098 9100

1.20 .9103 9106 9108 9111

9114 9116 9119 9122 9124 9127

21 .9130 9132 9135 9137

9140 9143 9145 9148 9150 9153

22 .9155 9158 9160 9163

9165 9168 9171 9173 9176 9178

23 .9181 9183 9185 9188

9190 9193 9195 9198 9200 9203

24 0,9205 9207 9210 9212

9215 9217 9219 9222 9224 9227

25 .9229 9231 9234 9236

9238 9241 9243 9245 9248 9250

26 0,9252 9255 9257 9259

9262 9264 9266 9268 9271 9273

27 .9275 9277 9280 9282

9284 9286 9289 9291 9293 9295

28 .9297 9300 9302 9304

9306 9308 9310 9313 9315 9317

29 .9319 9321 9323 9325

9327 9330 9332 9334 9336 9338

1.30 .9340 9342 9344 9346

9348 9350 9352 9355 9357 9359

31 .9361 9363 9365 9367

9369 9371 9373 9375 9377 9379

32 .9381 9383 9385 9387

9389 9390 9392 9394 9396 9398

33 .9400 9402 9404 9406

9408 9410 9412 9413 9415 9417

34 .9419 9421 9423 9425

9427 9428 9430 9432 9434 9436

35 .9438 9439 9441 9443

9445 9447 9448 9450 9452 9454

36 .9456 9457 9459 9461

9463 9464 9466 9468 9470 9471

37 .9473 9475 9477 9478

9480 9482 9483 9485 9487 9488

38 .9490 9492 9494 9495

9497 9499 9500 9502 9503 9505

39 .9507 9508 9510 9512

9513 9515 9516 9518 9520 9521

1.40 .9523 9524 9526 9528

9529 9531 9532 9534 9535 9537

41 .9539 9540 9542 9543

9545 9546 9548 9549 9551 9552

42 .9554 9555 9557 9558

9560 9561 9563 9564 9566 9567

43 .9569 9570 9571 9573

9574 9576 9577 9579 9580 9582

44 .9583 9584 9586 9587

9589 9590 9591 9593 9594 9596

45 .9597 9598 9600 9601

9602 9604 9605 9607 9608 9609

46 .9611 9612 9613 9615

9616 9617 9618 9620 9621 9622

47 .9624 9625 9626 9628

9629 9630 9631 9633 9634 9635

48 .9637 9638 9639 9640

9642 9643 9644 9645 9647 9648

49 .9649 9650 9651 9653

9654 9655 9656 9657 9659 9660

1.50 .9661 9662 9663 9665

9666 9667 9668 9669 9670 9672

The T-Table I.
t

1.5

.9661 9673 9684 9695 9706 9716 9726 9736 9745 9755

1.6

.9763 9772 9780 9788 9796 9804 9811 9818 9825 9832

1.7

.9838 9844 9850 9856 9861 9867 9872 9877 9882 9886

1.8

.9891 9895 9899 9903 9907 9911 9915 9918 9922 9925

1.9

.9928 9931 9934 9937 9939 9942 9944 9947 9949 9951

2.0

.9953 9955 9957 9959 9961 9963 9964 9966 9967 9969

2.1

.9970 9972 9973 9974 9975 9976 9977 9979 9980 9980

2.2

.9981 9982 9983 9984 9985 9985 9986 9987 9987 9988

2.3 0,9989 9989 9990 9990 9991 9991 9992 9992 9992 9993
2.4 0,9993 9993 9994 9994 9994 9995 9995 9995 9995 9996
2.5 0,9996 9996 9996 9997 9997 9997 9997 9997 9997 9998
2.6 0,9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9999
2.7 0,9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 999? 9999 9999 9999
2.8 0,9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 9999 0000 0000 0000

The t-Table II.

t

0.00 0,00000 0113

0226

0339

0451

0564

0677

0790

0903

1016

01

1128 1241

1354

1467

1580

1692

1805

1918

2031

2144

02

2256 2369

2482

2595

2708

2820

2933

3046

3159

3271

03

3384 3497

3610

3722

3835

3948

4060

4173

4286

4398

04

4511 4624

4736

4849

4962

5074

5187

5299

5412

5525

05

0.0 5750
5637

5862

5975

6087

6200

6312

6425

6537

6650

06

6762 6875

6987

7099

7212

7324

7436

7549

7661

7773

07

7886 7998

8110

8223

8335

8447

8559

8671

8784

8896

08

0.0 9120
9008

9232

9344

9456

9568

9680

9792

9904 * 0016

09

0.1 0240
0128

0352

0464

0576

0687

0799

0911

1023

1135

0,10

0.1 1358
1246

1470

1581

1693

1805

1916

2028

2139

2251

11

2362 2474

2585

2697

2808

2919

3031

3142

3253

3365

12

3476 3587

3698

3809

3921

4032

4143

4254

4365

4476

13

4587 4698

4809

4919

5030

5141

5252

5363

5473

5584

14

5695 5805

5916

6027

6137

6248

6358

6468

6579

6689

15

0.1 6910
6800

7020

7130

7241

7351

7461

7571

7681

7791

16

7901 8011

8121

8231

8341

8451

8560

8670

8780

8890

17

0.1 9109
8999

9218

9328

9437

9547

9656

9766

9875

9984

18

0.2 0203
0094

0312

0421

0530

0639

0748

0857

0966

1075

19

1184 1293

1402

1510

1619

1728

1836

1945

2053

2162

0,20

0.2 2379
2270

2487

2595

2704

2812

2920

3028

3136

3244

21

3352 3460

3568

3676

3784

3891

3999

4107

4214

4322

22

4430 4537

4645

4752

4859

4967

5074

5181

5288

5395

23

5502 5609

5716

5823

5930

6037

6144

6250

6357

6463

24

6570 6676

6783

6889

6996

7102

7208

7314

7421

7527

25

0.2 7739
7633

7845

7950

8056

8162

8268

8373

8479

8584

26

8690 8795

8901

9006

9111

9217

9322

9427

9532

9637

27

0.2 9847
9742

9952 * 0056 * 0161 * 0266 * 0370 * 0475 * 0579 * 0684

28

0.3 0892
0788

0997

1101

1205

1309

1413

1517

1621

1725

29

1828 1932

2036

2139

2243

2346

2450

2553

2656

2760

0.30

0.3 2966
2863

3069

3172

3275

3378

3480

3583

3686

3788

31

3891 3993

4096

4198

4300

4403

4505

4607

4709

4811

32

4913 5014

5116

5218

5319

5421

5523

5624

5725

5827

33

5928 6029

6130

6231

6332

6433

6534

6635

6735

6836

34

6936 7037

7137

7238

7338

7438

7538

7638

7738

7838

35

0.3 8038
7938

8138

8237

8337

8436

8536

8635

8735

8834

36

8933 9032

9131

9230

9329

9428

9526

9625

9724

9822

37

0.3 * 0019 * 0117 * 0215 * 0314 * 0412 * 0510 * 0608 * 0705 * 0803
9921

38

0.4 0999
0901

1096

1194

1291

1388

1486

1583

1680

1777

39

1874 1971

2068

2164

2261

2357

2454

2550

2647

2743

0.40

0.4 2935
2839

3031

3127

3223

3319

3415

3510

3606

3701

41

3797 3892

3988

4083

4178

4273

4368

4463

4557

4652

42

4747 4841

4936

5030

5124

5219

5313

5407

5501

5595

43

5689 5782

5876

5970

6063

6157

6250

6343

6436

6529

44

6623 6715

6808

6901

6994

7086

7179

7271

7364

7456

45

0.4 7640
7548

7732

7824

7916

8008

8100

8191

8283

8374

46

8466 8557

8648

8739

8830

8921

9012

9103

9193

9284

47

0.4 9465
9375

9555

9646

9736

9826

9916 * 0006 * 0096 * 0185

48

0.5 0365
0275

0454

0543

0633

0722

0811

0900

0989

1078

49

1167 1256

1344

1433

1521

1610

1698

1786

1874

1962

0.50

0.5 2138
2050

2226

2313

2401

2488

2576

2663

2750

2837

The t-Table II.

t

0.5 2138 2226 2313

2050

2401

2488

2576

2663

2750

2837

51 2924 3011 3098 3185

3272

3358

3445

3531

3617

3704

52 3790 3876 3962 4048

4134

4219

4305

4390

4476

4561

53 4646 4732 4817 4902

4987

5071

5156

5241

5325

5410

54 5494 5578 5662 5746

5830

5914

5998

6082

.6165

6249

55

0.5 6416 6499 6582

6332

6665

6748

6831

6914

6996

7079

56 7162 7244 7326 7409

7491

7573

7655

7737

7818

7900

57 7982 8063 8144 8226

8307

8388

8469

8550

8631

8712

58 8792 8873 8953 9034

9114

9194

9274

9354

9434

9514

59

0.5 9673 9753 9832

9594

9912

9991 * 0070

0.60

0.6 0464 0543 0621

0386

0700

0778

0856

0934

1012

1090

61 1168 1246 1323 1401

1478

1556

1633

1710

1787

1864

0.50

* 0149

* 0228 * 0307

62 1941 2018 2095 2171

2248

2324

2400

2477

2553

2629

63 2705 2780 2856 2932

3007

3083

3158

3233

3309

3384

64 3459 3533 3608 3683

3757

3832

3906

3981

4055

4129

65

0.6 4277 4351 4424

4203

4498

4571

4645

4718

4791

4865

66 4938 5011 5083 5156

5229

5301

5374

5446

5519

5591

67 5663 5735 5807 5878

5950

6022

6093

6165

6236

6307

68 6378 6449 6520 6591

6662

6732

6803

6873

6944

7014

69 7084 7154 7224 7294

7364

7433

7503

7572

7642

7711

0.6 7849 7918 7987

7780

8056

8125

8193

8262

8330

8398

71 8467 8535 8603 8671

8738

8806

8874

8941

9009

9076

72 9143 9210 9277 9344

9411

9478

9545

9611

9678

9744

0.70

73

0.6 9877 9943 * 0009 * 0075 * 0140 * 0206

9810

74

0.7 0533 0598 0663

0468

0728

0793

0858

0922

0987

1051

75

0.7 1180 1244 1308

1116

1372

1436

1500

1563

1627

1690

76 1754 1817 1880 1943

2006

2069

2132

2195

2257

2320

77 2382 2444 2507 2569

2631

2693

2755

2816

2878

2940

78 3001 3062 3124 3185

3246

3307

3368

3429

3489

3550

79 3610 3671 3731 3791

3851

3911

3971

4031

4091

4151

0.7 4270 4329 4388

4210

4447

4506

4565

4624

4683

4742

81 4800 4859 4917 4976

5034

5092

5150

5208

5266

5323

82 5381 5439 5496 5553

5611

5668

5725

5782

5839

5896

83 5952 6009 6066 6122

6178

6234

6291

6347

6403

6459

84 6514 6570 6626 6681

6736

6792

6847

6902

6957

7012

85

0.7 7122 7176 7231

7067

7285

7340

7394

7448

7502

7556

86 7610 7664 7718 7771

7825

7878

7932

7985

8038

8091

87 8144 8197 8250 8302

8355

8408

8460

8512

8565

8617

88 8669 8721 8773 8824

8876

8928

8979

9031
9082
okuyinamba

9133

0.80

* 0272

* 0337 * 0402

89 9184 9235 9286 9337

9388

9439

9489

9540

9590

9641

0.90

0.7 9741 9791 9841

9691

9891

9941

9990

* 0040

91

0.8 0238 0287 0336

0188

0385

0434

0482

0531

0580

0628

92 0677 0725 0773 0822

0870

0918

0966

1013

1061

1109

93 1156 1204 1251 1298

1346

1393

1440

1487

1534

1580

94 1627 1674 1720 1767

1813

1859

1905

1951

1997

2043

93

0.8 2135 2180 2226

2089

2271

2317

2362

2407

2452

2497

96 2542 2587 2632 2677

2721

2766

28 10

2855

2899

2943

97 2987 3031 3075 3119

3162

3206

3250

3293

3337

3380

98 3423 3466 3509 3552

3595

3638

3681

3723

3766

3808

99 3851 3893 3935 3977

4020

4061

4103

4145

4187

4229

4435

4477

4518

4559

4600

4640

1.00

0.8 4312 4353 4394

4270

4
5
6
The t-Table II.
4

1.00 0.8 4312 4353 4394

4270

4435

4477

4518

4559

4600

4640

01 4681 4722 4762 4803

4843

4883

4924

4964

5004

5044

02 5084 5124 5163 5203

5243

5282

5322

5361

5400

5439

03 5478 5517 5556 5595

5634

5673

5711

5750

5788

5827

04 5865 5903 5941 5979

6017

6055

6093

6131

6169

6206

05

0.8 6281 6318 6356

6244

6393

6430

6467

6504

6541

6578

06 6614 6651 6688 6724

6760

6797

6833

6869

6905

6941

07 6977 7013 7049 7085

7120

7156

7191

7227

7262

7297

08 7333 7368 7403 7438

7473

7507

7542

7577

7611

7646

09 7680 7715 7749 7783

7817

7851

7885

7919

7953

7987

0.8 8054 8088 8121

8021

8155

8188

8221

8254

8287

8320

11 8353 8386 8419 8452

8484

8517

8549

8582

8614

8647

1.10

* 0090 * 0139

12 8679 8711 8743 8775

8807

8839

8871

8902

8934

8966

13 8997 9029 9060 9091

9122

9154

9185

9216

9247

9277

14 9308 9339 9370 9400

9431

9461

9492

9522

9552

9582

15

0.8 9642 9672 9702

9612

9732

9762

9792

9821

9851

9880

16

0.8 9939 9968 9997 * 0027 * 0056 * 0085 * 0114 * 0142 * 0171
9910

17

0.9 0229 0257 0286

0200

0314

0343

0371

0399

0428

0456

18 0484 0512 0540 0568

0595

0623

0651

0678

0706

0733

19 0761 0788 0815 0843

0870

0897

0924

0951

0978

1005

0.9 1058 1085 1111

1031

1138

1164

1191

1217

1243

1269

21 1296 1322 1348 1374

1399

1425

1451

1477

1502

1528

22 1553 1579 1604 1630

1655

1680

1705

1730

1755

1780

23 1805 1830 1855 1879

1904

1929

1953

1978

2002

2026

24 2051 2075 2099 2123

2147

2171

2195

2219

2243

2266

25

0.9 2314 2337 2361

2290

2384

2408

2431

2454

2477

2500

26 2524 2547 2570 2593

2615

2638

2661

2684

2706

2729

27 2751 2774 2796 2819

2841

2863

2885

2907

2929

2951

38 2973 2995 3017 3039

3061

3082

3104

3126

3147

3168

29 3190 3211 3232 3254

3275

3296

3317

3338

3359

3380

0.9 3422 3442 3463

3401

3484

3504

3525

3545

3566

3586

31 3606 3627 3647 3667

3687

3707

3727

3747

3767

3787

32 3807 3826 3846 3866

3885

3905

3924

3944

3963

3982

33 4002

. 4040 4059
4021

4078

4097

4116

4135

4154

4173

34 4191 4210 4229 4247

4266

4284

4303

4321

4340

4358

35

0.9 4394 4413 4431

4376

4449

4467

4485

4503

4521

4538

36 4556 4574 4592 4609

4627

4644

4662

4679

4697

4714

37 4731 4748 4766 4783

4800

4817

4834

4851

4868

4885

38 4902 4918 4935 4952

4968

4985

5002

5018

5035

5051

1.20

1.30

39 5067 5084 5100 5116

5132

5148

5165

5181

5197

5213

0.9 5244 5260 5276

5229

5292

5307

5323

5339

5354

5370

41 5385 5401 5416 5431

5447

5462

5477

5492

5507

5323

42 5538 5553 5568 5582

5597

5612

5627

5642

5656

5671

43 5686 5700 5715 5729

5744

5758

5773

5787

5801

5815

44 5830 5844 5858 5872

5886

5900

5914

5928

5942

5956

45

0.9 5983 5997 6011

5970

6024

6038

6051

6065

6078

6092

46 6105 6119 6132 6145

6159

6172

6185

6198

6211

6224

47 6237 6250 6263 6276

6289

6302

6315

6327

6340

6353

48 6365 6378 6391 6403

6416

6428

6440

6453

6465

6478

49 6490 6502 6514 6526

6539

6551

6563

6575

6587

6599

6658

6670

6681

6693

6705

6716

1.40

1.50
t

0.9 6622 6634 6646

6611
0

4
5
The t-Table II.
3

1.50

0.9 6622 6634 6646 6658 6670 6681 6693 6705

6611

6716

51

6728 6739 6751 6762 6774 6785 6796 6808 6819

6830

52

6841 6853 6864 6875 6886 6897 6908 6919 6930

6941

53

6952 6962 6973 6984 6995 7006 7016 7027 7037

7048

54

7059 7069 7080 7090 7100 7111 7121 7131 7142

7152

55 0,97162 7172 7183 7193 7203 7213 7223 7233 7243

7253

56

7263 7273 7283 7292 7302 7312 7322 7331 7341

7351

57

7360 7370 7379 7389 7398 7408 7417 7427 7436

7445

58

7455 7464 7473 7482 7492 7501 7510 7519 7528

7537

59

7546 7555 7564 7573 7582 7591 7600 7609 7617

7626

1.60

0.9 7644 7652 7661 7670 7678 7687 7695 7704

7635

7712

61

7721 7729 7738 7746 7754 7763 7771 7779 7787

7796

62

7804 7812 7820 7828 7836 7844 7852 7860 7868

7876

63

7884 7892 7900 7908 7916 7924 7931 7939 7947

7955

64

7962 7970 7977 7985 7993 8000 8008 8015 8023

8030

65

0.9 8045 8052 8060 8067 8074 8082 8089 8096

8038

8103

66

8110 8118 8125 8132 8139 8146 8153 8160 8167

8174

67

8181 8188 8195 8202 8209 8215 8222 8229 8236

8243

68

8249 8256 8263 8269 8276 8283 8289 8296 8302

8309

69

8315 8322 8328 8335 8341 8347 8354 8360 8366

8373

1.70

0.9 8385 8392 8398 8404 8410 8416 8422 8429

8379

8435

71

8441 8447 8453 8459 8465 8471 8477 8483 8489

8494

73

8500 8506 8512 8518 8524 8529 8535 8541 8546

8552

73

8558 8563 8569 8575 8580 8586 8591 8597 8602

8608

74

8613 8619 8624 8630 8635 8641 8646 8651 8657

8662

75

0.9 8672 8678 8683 8688 8693 8699 8704 8709

8667

8714

76

8719 8724 8729 8734 8739 8744 8749 8754 8759

8764

77

8769 8774 8779 8784 8789 8793 8798 8803 8808

8813

78

8817 8822 8827 8832 8836 8841 8846 8850 8855

8859

79

8864 8869 8873 8878 8882 8887 8891 8896 8900

8905

1.80

0.9 8913 8918 8922 8927 8931 8935 8940 8944

8909

8948

81

8952 8957 8961 8965 8969 8974 8978 8982 8986

8990

82

8994 8998 9002 9007 9011 9015 9019 9023 9027

9031
okuyinamba

83

9035 9039 9043 9046 9050 9054 9058 9062 9066

9070

84

9074 9077 9081 9085 9089 9093 9096 9100 9104

9107

85 0,99111 9115 9118 9122 9126 9129 9133 9137 9140

9144

86

9147 9151 9154 9158 9161 9165 9168 9172 9175

9179

87

9183 9185 9189 9192 9196 9199 9202 9206 9209

9212

88

9216 9219 9222 9225 9229 9232 9235 9238 9242

9245

89

9248 9251 9254 9257 9261 9264 9267 9270 9273

9276

1.90

0.9 9282 9285 9288 9291 9294 9297 9300 9303

9279

9306

91

9309 9312 9315 9318 9321 9324 9326 9329 9332

9335

92

9338 9341 9343 9346 9349 9352 9355 9357 9360

9363

93

9366 9368 9371 9374 9376 9379 9382 9384 9387

9390

94

9392 9395 9397 9400 9403 9405 9408 9410 9413

9415

95

0.9 9420 9423 9425 9428 9430 9433 9435 9438

9418

9440

96

9443 9445 9447 9450 9452 9455 9457 9459 9462

9464

97

9466 9469 9471 9473 9476 9478 9480 9482 9485

9487

98

9489 9491 9494 9496 9498 9500 9502 9505 9507

9509

99

9511 9513 9515 9518 9520 9522 9524 9526 9528

9530

2.00 0,99532 9534 9536 9538 9540 9542 9544 9546 9548

9550

4
5
6
The t-Table II.

2.0 0,99532 9552 9572

9591

9609

9626

9642

9658

9673

9688

2.1

9702 9715 9728

9741

9753

9764

9775

9785

9795

9805

2.2

9814 9822 9831

9839

9846

9854

9861

9867

9874

9880

2.3

9886 9891 9897

9902

9906

9911

9915

9920

9924

9928

2.4

9931 9935 9938

9941

9944

9947

9950

9952

9955

9957

2.5

0.9 9961 9963

9959

9965

9967

9969

9971

9972

9974

9975

2.6

9976 9978 9979

9980

9981

9982

9983

9984

9985

9986

2.7

9987 9987 9988

9989

9989

9990

9991

9991

9992

9992

2.8

9992 9993 9993

9994

9994

9994

9995

9995

9995

9996

2.9

9996 9996 9996

9997

9997

9997

9997

9997

9997

9998

3.0

0.9 9998 9998

9998

9998

9998

9998

9998

9999

9999

9999

3.1

9999 9999 9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

9999

3.2

0.9 9999 9999 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000 * 0000
9999