Lecture 18 Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism II

- Blue Arrows follows the Glycolytic pathway

of metabolism; double lined arrows
represent the irreversible steps of glycolysis
(that requires a bypass in order for
gluconeogenesis to occur)
- Red lines Gluconeogenesis
- In the liver, Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and
insulin promotes Gluconeogenesis by
inhibiting the actions of PK (Pyruvate
kinase, L form) as well as inhibiting PFK
(Phosphofructokinase) Promotes bypasses
1, 2, allows for the reverse action to occur
HOWEVER epinephrine is designed to
promote glycolysis in the skeletal muscles
Prepares the body for a massive surge of
energy expenditure for Fight and Flight
response
- L and M form (Liver and muscle forms
respectively) functionally different
Difference between Liver and Skeletal Muscle
- In the liver there is gluconeogenesis, in the muscles
we dont have gluconeogenesis; the muscles dont have
these bypass steps

Liver

1) In
the liver,
when ATP
levels are
high, this inhibits PFK activity, ATP acts as a local control and turns down the
level of PFK when local levels (ATP) are low, i.e. negative feedback

2) Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
- 1,6 version is produced by glycolysis whereas the 2,6 version is not

- 2,6 acts as a positive stimulation of PFK activity and therefore inhibits the
actions of F-1,6-bisphosphotase
- This is how local hormonal actions come into play, Hormones effectively
override the local control of e.g. ATP
- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
- Formed form the conversion of F6P as a direct conversion of glycolytic
intermediate by a bifunctional enzyme