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Transponder (aviation)
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Transponder
Air traffic control units use the term "squawk" when they are assigning an aircraft a transponder
code, e.g., "Squawk 7421". Squawk or squawking thus can be said to mean "select transponder
code" or "I have selected transponder code xxxx".[6]
Contents
Interaction
1 History
2 Secondary Surveillance Radar
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3 Transponder modes
About Wikipedia
4 Operation
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5 Ident
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6 Transponder codes
6.1 Code Assignments
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7 See also
History
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The aviation transponder was originally developed during World War II by the British and American military as an "Identification friend or
foe" (IFF) system to differentiate friendly from enemy aircraft on radar. The concept became a core of NORAD technology in the defence of North
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This concept was adapted in the 1950s by civil air traffic control using secondary surveillance radar (beacon radar) systems to provide traffic
services for general aviation and commercial aviation.
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Transponder modes
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Operation
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A pilot may be requested to squawk a given code by the air traffic controller via the radio, using a phrase such as "Cessna 123AB, squawk
0363". The pilot then selects the 0363 code on their transponder and the track on the radar screen of the air traffic controller will become
correctly associated with their identity.[6][7]
Because primary radar generally gives bearing and range position information, but lacks altitude information, mode C and mode S transponders
also report pressure altitude. Some lower-end altimeters do not normally have a built in encoder and so a modified Gray code, called a Gillham
code, is used to pass altitude information to the transponder. Around busy airspace there is often a regulatory requirement that all aircraft be
equipped with an altitude-reporting mode C or mode S transponders. In the United States, this is known as a Mode C veil. Mode S transponders
are compatible with transmitting the mode C signal, and have the capability to report in 25 foot increments. Without the pressure altitude
reporting, the air traffic controller has no display of accurate altitude information, and must rely on the altitude reported by the pilot via radio.[6][7]
Similarly, the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) installed on large aircraft needs the altitude information supplied by transponder
signals.
Ident
[edit]
All mode A, C, and S transponders include an "IDENT" button, which activates a special thirteenth bit on the mode A reply known as IDENT,
short for "identify"". When radar equipment receives the IDENT bit, it results in the aircraft's blip "blossoming" on the radar scope. This is often
used by the controller to locate the aircraft amongst others by requesting the ident function from the pilot, e.g., "Cessna 123AB, squawk 0363
and ident".[6][7]
Ident can also be used in case of a reported or suspected radio failure to determine if the failure is only one way and whether the pilot can still
transmit or receive, but not both, e.g., "Cessna 123AB, if you read, squawk ident".[7]
Page 1 / 6
Transponder codes
[edit]
Transponder codes are four digit numbers transmitted by the transponder in an aircraft in response to a secondary surveillance radar
interrogation signal to assist air traffic controllers in traffic separation. A discrete transponder code (often called a squawk code) is assigned by
air traffic controllers to uniquely identify an aircraft. This allows easy identification of aircraft on radar.[6][7]
Squawk codes are four-digit octal numbers; the dials on a transponder read from zero to seven, inclusive. Thus the lowest possible squawk is
0000 and the highest is 7777. Four octal digits can represent up to 4096 different codes, which is why such transponders are often called "4096
code transponders." Care must be taken not to squawk any emergency code during a code change. For example, when changing from 1200 to
6501 (an assigned ATC squawk), one might turn the second wheel to a 5 (thus 1500), and then rotate the first wheel backwards in the sequence
1-0-7-6 to get to 6. This would momentarily have the transponder squawking a hijack code (7500), which might lead to more attention than one
desires. Pilots are instructed not to place the transponder in "standby mode" while changing the codes, as it causes the loss of target
information on the ATC radar screen, but instead to carefully change codes to avoid inadvertently selecting an emergency code. Additionally,
modern digital transponders are operated by buttons to avoid this problem.[6][7]
The use of the word "squawk" comes from the system's origin in the World War II Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system, which was codenamed "Parrot".[9][10]
Code Assignments
[edit]
Beacon Code
Allocated Use
Shallnotbeused is a non-discrete mode A code (Europe)[11]
Mode C or other SSR failure (UK)[12]
0000
0021
0022
VFR squawk code for airspace 5000 feet and below from 15 March 2007 replaced by the international 7000
code for VFR traffic (Germany)[15]
VFRsquawkcodeforairspace(above5000feet) from 15 March 2007 replaced by the international 7000 code
for VFR traffic (Germany)[15]
0033
0041-0057
Assigned for VFR traffic under Flight Information Services (BXL FIC) (Belgium)
0100
0100-0400
0100-0700
Flights operating at aerodromes (in lieu of codes 1200, 2000 or 3000 when assigned by ATC or noted in the
Enroute Supplement Australia) (Australia)[16]
Allocated to Service Area Operations for assignment for use by Terminal/CERAP/Industry/Unique
Purpose/Experimental Activities (USA)[13]
Non-discrete code assignments in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.65, 5-2 *Also for use in oceanic airspace,
unless another code is assigned by ATC (USA)[13]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight below 18,000' when no other code has been assigned (Canada)[6]
Non-discrete mode A code reserved use in Mode S radar/ADS-B environment where the aircraft identification will
be used to correlate the flight plan instead of the mode A code (ICAO)[11]
1000
1100
1200
1201
Visual flight rules (VFR) glider operations for gliders not in contact with ATC, through February 2012 (USA)[17]
1202
Visual flight rules (VFR) glider operations for gliders not in contact with ATC; effective February 2012 (USA)[13][17]
1203-1272
1255
Assigned via FAR 93.95 for use by VFR aircraft in the immediate vicinity of LAX (USA)[13]
Discrete 1200 series codes, unless otherwise allocated (for example, 1255), designated for DVFR aircraft and
only assigned by FSS (USA)[13]
Aircraft not in contact with an ATC facility while en route to/from or within the designated fire fighting area(s)
(USA)[13][18]
Page 2 / 6
1273-1275
1276
1277
1300
1400
VFR flight above 12,500'ASL when no other code has been assigned (Canada)[6]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Non-discrete code assignments in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.65, 5-2 *Also for use in oceanic airspace,
1500
1600, 1700
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Civil IFR flights in Class G airspace (Australia)[16]
Uncontrolled IFR at or above 18,000' (Canada)[6]
The code to be squawked when entering a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) area from a non-SSR area used as
2000
2100
3000
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Civil flights in classes A, C and D airspace, or IFR flights in Class E airspace (Australia)[16]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Civil flights not involved in special operations or SAR, operating in Class G airspace in excess of 15NM offshore
(Australia)[16]
4000
Aircraft on a VFR Military Training Route or requiring frequent or rapid changes in altitude (USA)[19]
Non-discrete code assignments in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.65, 5-2 *Also for use in oceanic airspace,
unless another code is assigned by ATC (USA)[13]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
4100
4200, 4300
4400-4477
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Internal ARTCC subsets assigned by En Route Safety and Operations Support (Discrete codes only except for
first primary block to be used as non-discrete if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Reserved for use by SR-71, YF-12, U-2 and B-57, pressure suit flights, and aircraft operations above FL600 (USA)
[13][19]
4401-4433
Reserved in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.67 (Fed Law Enforcement) (USA)[13]
4434-4437
4440-4441
4442-4446
Operations above FL600 for Lockheed from Air Force Plant 42 (USA)[13]
Page 3 / 6
4447-4452
4453
Operations above FL600 for SR-71/U-2 operations from Edwards AFB (USA)[13]
High balloon operations National Scientific Balloon Facility, Palestine TX, and other providers, some in
international operations (USA)[13]
4454-4465
Air Force operations above FL600 as designated in FAA Order 7610.4 (USA)[13]
4466-4477
Reserved in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.67 (Fed Law Enforcement) (USA)[13]
Internal ARTCC subsets assigned by En Route Safety and Operations Support (Discrete codes only except for
first primary block to be used as non-discrete if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
5000
5000
5100-5300
5400
5600, 5700
6000
Internal ARTCC subsets assigned by En Route Safety and Operations Support (Discrete codes only except for
first primary block to be used as non-discrete if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
May be used by DOD aircraft beyond radar coverage but inside US controlled airspace with coordination as
appropriate with applicable Area Operations Directorate (USA)[13]
Reserved for use by NORAD (USA and Canada)[13]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Military flights in Class G airspace (Australia)[16]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
6100
6200, 6300
6400
6500, 6600, 6700
7000
This code does not imply VFR; 7000 is used as a general conspicuity squawk (UK)[12]
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
7001
7004
7010
7070-7079
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
7500
7501-7577
7600
7601-7607
7610-7676
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
7615
7700
7701-7707
7710-7776
7777
External ARTCC subsets (Discrete codes of blocks only except for first primary block, which is used as the
ARTCCs non-discrete code if all discrete codes are assigned) (USA)[13]
Non-discrete code used by fixed test transponders (RABMs) to check correctness of radar stations (BITE)
(Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, USA)
DOD interceptor aircraft on active air defense missions and operating without ATC clearance in accordance with
FAA Order 7610.4 (USA)[13][20]
Page 4 / 6
[edit]
Most codes above can be selected by aircraft if and when the situation requires or allows it, without permission from ATC. Other codes are
generally assigned by ATC units.[6][7] For IFR flights, the squawk code is typically assigned as part of the departure clearance and stays the
same throughout the flight.[6][7]
VFR flights, when in uncontrolled airspace, will "squawk VFR" (or conspicuity code in the UK)[21](1200 in the U.S., 7000 in Europe). Upon
contact with an ATC unit, they will be told to squawk a certain unique code. When changing frequency, for instance because the VFR flight
leaves controlled airspace or changes to another ATC unit, the VFR flight will be told to "squawk VFR" again.[6][7]
In order to avoid confusion over assigned squawk codes, ATC units will typically be allocated blocks of squawk codes, not overlapping with the
blocks of nearby ATC units, to assign at their discretion.
NotallATCunitswilluseradartoidentifyaircraft,buttheyassignsquawkcodesnevertheless.Asanexample,LondonInformation the Flight
InformationServicestationthatcoversthelowerhalfoftheUK does not have access to radar images, but does assign squawk code 1177 to
all aircraft that receive a FIS from them. This tells other radar equipped ATC units that that specific aircraft is listening on the London Information
radio frequency, in case they need to contact that aircraft.[21]
See also
[edit]
Transponder-related accidents
AeromxicoFlight498 August 31, 1986 (Aircraft equipped with a Mode A, but not Mode C transponder)
Iran Air Flight 655 July 3, 1988 (Incorrect interpretation of transponder code a factor in mistaken identity and shoot down)
GolTransportesAreosFlight1907 September 29, 2006 (Accident where one aircraft had a non-functional transponder)
References
[edit]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Transport Canada (20 May 2010). "TP14371 Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) RAC 1.9
Transponder Operation" . Retrieved 21 August 2010.
7.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Peppler, I.L.: From The Ground Up, pages 238239. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, Ottawa Ontario, Twenty Seventh Revised
Edition, 1996. ISBN 0-9690054-9-0
^ Phil Vabre. "Air Traffic Services Surveillance Systems" . www.airwaysmuseum.com. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
8.
. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
9.
10.
^ Getline, Meryl (17 April 2006). "Ask the Captain: Strangle my WHAT?" . USA Today. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
^ Vabre, Phil. "Air Traffic Services Surveillance Systems, Including An Explanation of Primary and Secondary Radar"
Civil Aviation Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
11.
12.
13.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm
bn bo bp bq US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. "JO 7110.66D, National Beacon Code Allocation Plan" . US
Government. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
^ "Radio Communications". Cleared for Takeoff: Your Handbook for Becoming a Private Pilot (Revision E ed.). King Schools, Inc..2006.pp.416.
14.
15.
^ a b "Change of German VFR transponder codes A/C 7000 replaces A/C 0021 and A/C 0022"
November 2007.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
^ a b "FAAOrder7110.65R(AirTrafficControlproceduralmanual) chapter 5.2, Beacon Systems" . Federal Aviation Authority. 21 January 2008.
^ "AeronauticalInformationManual,chapter4 Air Traffic Control" . Federal Aviation Administration. 6 November 2007.
21.
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